UNIT -3 (OLD) 2014-15

Geometric Modeling Techniques:

Geometric Modelling Techniques: Introduction: Requirement of
Geometric Modelling, features of a drafting package, Methods of
Geometric Modelling (CGS, B-rep, FBM), Representation of
curves and surfaces with examples,
Topology of the geometry [Link] splines and Bezier
curves and its characteristics, simple problems on Hermite Cubic
splines and Bezier curves, concept of B-splines and its
advantages.

SLE: Study the various Curves in Modelling and drawing

interchange files DXF, IGES and STEP.
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Unit 3 (NEW) 2015-16

Geometric Modeling Techniques: Introduction: Requirement of

Geometric Modeling, features of a drafting package, Methods of
Geometric Modeling (CGS, B-rep, FBM), Representation of
curves and surfaces with examples,

Topology of the geometry modeling. Cubic splines and Bezier

curves and its characteristics, simple problems on Hermite Cubic
splines and Bezier curves, concept of B-splines and its advantages.

SLE: Study the various Curves in Modelling and drawing

interchange files DXF, IGES and STEP.
07 Hrs
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 The difference between the impossible
and the possible lies in a person's
determination.

Thomas Tommy Lasorda (born 1927);

Athlete

RB/NIE/Mech 7th sem 2014

Geometric modeling
What does geometric modeling mean?

Product originate in the designers mind can be translated into reality.

What is expected to provide?

Duplication of work can be avoided.

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Geometric modeling
Modelling
Modelling is the representing the object or system.

1. Geometric modelling
2. Non-Geometric modelling.

Geometric modeling : GM is defined as the complete representation of an object

(or system) with the graphical and non-graphical information. It generates the
mathematical description of the geometry and non-geometry of an object (or system) in the
computer database and the image of an object on the graphics screen.

Non-Geometric modelling:

Non-geometric modelling is usually applied to physical process

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Geometric modeling
Types of GM

1. Two-dimensional, and

2. Three-dimensional
1. The line model
2. The surface model
3. The solid or volume model

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Function of GM
Design Analysis

Evaluation of areas and volumes

Evaluation of mass and inertia operatios.
Interference checking in assemblies
Analysis of tolerance build-up in assemblies
Analysis of kinematics-mechanics,robots
Automatic mesh generation for finite element analysis

Drafting

Automatic planar cross sectioning.

Automatic hidden line and surface removal
Automatic production of shaded images
Automatic dimensioning
Automatic creation of exploded views for technical illustrations

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 Manufacturing

parts classification
Process planning
Numerical control data generation and verification
Robot program generation

Production Engineering

Bill of materials.
Material requirement

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Salient feature of GM
1. As a geometric model is stored in a mathematical form,

2. Model modification can be carried out

3. Evaluate the various properties of an actual object

4. A GM provides a sophisticated tool for 3-D visualization of the object

5. A GM can be automatically converted to the two-dimensional views

6. A GM can be used by the FEA software to perform the different types of analysis

7. A GM can be used by the CAM software to generate a complete tool path required
for the automatic manufacturing.

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 Various Geometric Representation Schemes

Wire-frame Models

Surface Models

Solid Models

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 Geometry & Topology

Geometry: Describes the location and size of entities.

Example: coordinates of a point and position and radius of a circle.
Topology: Tells how the entities are connected with one another. It
describes how faces are bounded by edges, how edges are shared by
faces, how vertices are shared by edges and so on.

Topology:
Topology is the connectivity and associatively for the different entities
of the object.

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 Same Geometry but Different Topology

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 Geometry & Topology

Model Geometry Topology

Wire-Frame Points Edges (Connectivity among
vertices)
Surface Points Edges, Faces (Connectivity
among edges)

Solid Points Edges, Faces, Solids

(Connectivity among faces)

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 Features of Wire-frame Models

It is analogous to obtaining the shape by welding the wires

representing the edges.
It is the simplest and the fastest 3D rep. scheme.
It is a subset of any other higher level modeling scheme.
All modelers use it for quick displays.

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Examples: Wire-frame Models

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Limitations of Wire-frame Models
It is ambiguous leading to several interpretations of the same
model.

Nonsense objects may be created.

Topological information available with a wire-frame model

is inadequate.
Hidden line removed views are not possible. Therefore, when
large number of edges are present, display becomes messy.
Properties such as area, mass, CG and moment of inertia cannot be
calculated.
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 Ambiguity of Wire-frame Models

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 Features of Surface Models

A surface model is analogous to obtaining the shape by joining the cardboard

pieces representing the faces together.

Generated by using wire-frame entities or curves

Mesh are added on the surface.

Mesh improves its visualization

Rendering is possible

It is used for generating the NC/CNC tool paths for machning

Surface model is a subset of any solid model.

Faceted surface model is a simpler and faster way to display 3D objects with
hidden lines removed.
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Examples: Surface Models

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 Limitations of Surface Models

Faceted model is inaccurate. If accuracy is to be improved, the size of

the model will become very high.

Nonsense/Invalid objects may be created (joints of the faces gaps and

overlaps). Stitching of edges viz., obtaining water-tight models -
exactly is difficult. As a result, STL files may be erroneous.

On a pure surface model, only area can be calculated since its inside is
not defined.

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 Features of Solid Models

A solid model is an unambiguous and informatively complete

representation of a physical object.

A solid model can be created in several ways but the resulting object
can be interpreted in only one way.

Since inside the solid is also defined, all properties such as area, mass,
c.g., moment of inertia etc. can be easily calculated.

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Examples: Solid Models

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 Limitations of Solid Models

Costliest modeling scheme in terms of compute space (RAM and disc

space) and time.

However, this is no longer a limitation,

thanks to the availability of more powerful computers at low cost.

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 Types of Solid Models

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)

Boundary Representation (B-Rep)

Feature Based Modeling (FBM)

Space Decomposition (Exhaustive & Hierarchical - HSD)

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Various approaches used for creating the solid models of the
objects are as follows

1. Constructive solid Geometry (CSG or C-rep)

2. Boundary Representation (B-rep)
3. Sweeping
4. Parametric (Analytical) solid modeling
5. Primitive Instancing
6. Feature Based Modeling
7. Cell Decomposition
8. Spatial Enumeration
9. Octree Encoding
[Link] Encoding

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 Features of CSG Solid Models

CSG is the first solid rep. scheme; developed at University of

Rochester (PADL I & II).

In CSG, a complex object is constructed from simple shapes such as

box, cylinder etc. using Boolean operations.

The CSG model of an object is represented in the form of a binary tree

called CSG tree whose leaves are the primitives and the intermediate
nodes are the Boolean operators.

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 Primitives in CSG

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 Boolean Operators in CSG

Union

Intersection

Subtraction

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 CSG Tree of a Stepped Block with a Hole

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 Features of CSG Solid Models

Advantages:
- Simple to understand and use.
- Low memory requirements.

Limitations:
- CSG is an unevaluated or raw model. Therefore, for
any operation such as display or property calculations, it
takes more time.
- Data accession becomes more difficult as the
complexity of the part increases.
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 Features of B-Rep Models
Select IMP points
B-Rep. is a very powerful solid rep. scheme using the concept of half spaces.

In B-Rep., a complex object is constructed out of its constituent surfaces.

B-Rep. is nothing but a surface model with additional details and constraints:
Topology (outward normal)
Perfect water-tight stitching (no overlaps or gaps of surfaces)
Defining geometry in just one place and linking them extensively using topology
this eliminates redundancy and precision errors apart from memory saving.
Some data such as bounding box of the patches are redundantly stored.
Although these can be calculated on the fly, this little overhead on space
complexity helps in combating time complexity.

The B-Rep. model of an object is generally represented in the form of

winged data structure which has some amount of data redundancy to enhance speed.

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 Features of B-Rep Models

Any physical object can be considered to be bounded by a set of faces.

In this approach, a solid model of an object is created by using a set of faces. Each
face is bounded by the edges and each edge is bounded by the vertices.

B-rep is more useful to model the objects of unusual shape which are difficult to
be modeled by CSG approach.

The database of boundary representation also contains both its topology and
geometry. It is important to note that, the topology and geometry are interrelated
and can not be separated entirely.

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 Features of B-Rep Models

Advantages:
- Algorithms work very fast due to its presence in evaluated
condition and data redundancy.

Limitations:
- High memory requirements.
- Difficult for a user to create since the user has to calculate the
intersections of various surfaces, i.e., poor user friendliness.
- Large amount of data redundancy.
- During the manipulative operations, the topology may be
disturbed leading to nonsense object if proper check is
not made.

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***Relative advantages and disadvantages
of CSG approach and B-rep approach***
CSG OR C-REP B-REP
(adv)Using the CSG approach , it is easy (adv)The boundary representation
to create a precise solid model out of the approach is useful to model the objects if
Primitives. unusual shapes, which are difficult to be
modeled by the CSG approach.

(adv)The database of CSG model The database of boundary

contains configuration parameters of the representation model contains explicit
primitives and the Boolean model. This definition of the model boundaries. This
requires less storage space. Thus, CSG requires more storage space. Thus B-rep
system results in more compact file of system results in larger file of the model
the model in the database. in the database.

The CSG approach requires more (adv)The B-rep approach requires less
computations to reproduce the model computations to reproduce the model
and its images. and its image.

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 It is difficult to convert back and forth (adv)It is relatively easy to convert back
between a constructive solid geometry and forth between a B-rep model and a
model and a corresponding wire-frame corresponding wire-frame model. This
model. It is totally like a creation of the is due to the fact that, the wire-frame
new model. definition. This results in compatibility
between the boundary representation
and the wire-frame modeling.

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 Practical Solid Modeling System

User No single solid representation

scheme is good enough in all
aspects. Therefore, any practical
CSG/ FBM
solid modeling system
invariably makes use of and
B-Rep/ HSD maintains two or more
representations - one being
user-friendly and the other
Application Program being system-friendly.

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Practical Solid Modeling Systems
Software User-friendly System-friendly
Representation Representation

AutoCAD MDT, CSG & FBM B-Rep

I-DEAS, Uni-graphics

Pro/E, Solid-Works, FBM B-Rep

Solid edge, CATIA
GIS, Medicine, NC Images, NC Program HSD (V-Rep or
Simulation (DSG) Octree)

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Hermite cubic spline

Q 1. Problem: The Coordinates of three points P0, P1, and P3 are:

(2,3), (10.1) and (8,6) respectively. Find the equation of the two-
dimensional Hermite cubic spline that connects points P0 and P1
and that is tangent to lines P0, P2 and P2P1. Calculate five points
on the curve.

Q.2 Derive Hermite cubic spline matrix.

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Bezier Curve.
Q1. Discuss characteristics of Bezier Curves
Q2. Make a short note on B-spline curves
Q3. Differentiate Analytical curves and synthetic curves
Q4. Differentiate Explicit and Implicit function in non parametric curve
representation
Q5. Differentiate Parametric and Non Parametric curve representation.

Problem 1. Given B0 [1,1], B1[2,3], B2[4,3], B3[3,1] the

vertices of a Bezier polygon, Find the equation of the Bezier
curve and determine seven points on the Bezier curve and plot
the result.

Problem 2. The coordinate of four data points P0, P1, P2, and P3
are : [2,2,0], [2,3,0], [3,3,0] and [3,2,0] respectively. Find the
equation of the Bezier curve and determine the coordinates of
points on curves for u= 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1
Plot the result.
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 SLE: Study the various Curves in Modelling
and drawing interchange files DXF, IGES
and STEP

RB/NIE/Mech 7th sem 2014

Drawing interchange files DXF,IGES and STEP

What is DXF?
DXF- Drawing Exchange format
DXF, or Drawing Exchange Format, is an open sourced CAD data file format. It was
developed by Autodesk in 1982 to enable data interoperability of 2D and 3D drawings between
AutoCAD and other programs. Ever since, it has been updated several times, and the latest
version (Release 14) supports both ASCII and binary forms. Files created with the earlier
versions can also be opened with the later releases.

File structure

Header Objectives
Classes Thumbnail images
Tables End of file
Blocks
Entities

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Info DXF file structure
ASCII versions of DXF can be read with a text-editor. The basic organization of a DXF file is as follows:
HEADER section General information about the drawing. Each parameter has a variable name and an
associated value.
CLASSES section Holds the information for application-defined classes whose instances appear in the
BLOCKS, ENTITIES, and OBJECTS sections of the database. Generally does not provide sufficient
information to allow interoperability with other programs.
TABLES section This section contains definitions of named items.
Application ID (APPID) table
Block Record (BLOCK_RECORD) table
Dimension Style (DIMSTYPE) table
Layer (LAYER) table
Linetype (LTYPE) table
Text style (STYLE) table
User Coordinate System (UCS) table
View (VIEW) table
Viewport configuration (VPORT) table
BLOCKS section This section contains Block Definition entities describing the entities comprising each
Block in the drawing.
ENTITIES section This section contains the drawing entities, including any Block References.
OBJECTS section Contains the data that apply to nongraphical objects, used by AutoLISP and
ObjectARX applications.
THUMBNAILIMAGE section Contains the preview image for the DXF file.
END OF FILE

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IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) was the first specification for CAD
data exchange published in 1980 as a NBS (National Bureau of Standards) report
in USA. IGES version 1.0 was accepted and released in 1981 as an ANSI standard.
All major CAD vendors support IGES and it is currently by far the most
widespread standard for CAD data exchange.

The current version, IGES 5.2, provides the following capabilities:

Geometry: 2D/3D wireframes, 2D/3D curves and surfaces, CSG (since version
4.0 in 1988), B- Rep (since version 5.1 in 1991);
Presentation: Drafting entities for technical drawings;
Application dependent elements: Piping and electronic schematics, AEC
elements;
Finite Element Modeling: Elements for FEM systems.

An IGES file consists of six sections: Flag, Start, Global, Directory Entry, Parameter
Data, and Terminate

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The size of IGES files and consequently the processing time are practical problems.
IGES files are composed of fixed format records and each entity has to have records
in both the directory entry section and the parameter data section with bi-directional
pointers. This causes also errors in pre- and post-processor implementations.

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STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data)
STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data) is a new International
Standard (ISO 10303) for representing and exchanging product model
information. It includes an object-flavored data specification language,
EXPRESS, to describe the representation of the data. STEP defines also
implementation methods, for instance, a physical transfer file, and offers
different resources, e.g. geometric and topological representation.

The development of STEP started in 1984 as a worldwide collaboration.

EXPRESS is a formal data specification language used to specify the

representation of product information

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 STEP does not only define the geometric shape of a product: it also includes
topology, features, tolerance specifications, material properties, etc. necessary to
completely define a product for the purposes of design, analysis, manufacture, test,
inspection and product support. The use of STEP is still very modest but it is
growing all the time. The majority of CAD system vendors has implemented or is
implementing STEP pre- and postprocessors for their CAD systems. STEP is an
evolving standard that will cover the whole product life cycle in terms of data
sharing, storage and exchange. It is the most important and largest effort ever
established in engineering domain and will replace current CAD exchange standards.

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RB/NIE/Mech ME0303
 The difference between the impossible
and the possible lies in a person's
determination.

Thomas Tommy Lasorda (born 1927);

Athlete

RB/NIE/Mech 7th sem 2014