PETERSONS

SAT Prep Guide:

The Ultimate Guide to
Mastering the SAT
About Petersons

Petersons is everywhere that education happens. For over five decades, Petersons has provided products and services that keep students and
their families engaged throughout the pre-college, college, and post-college experience. From the first day of kindergarten through high school
graduation and beyond, Petersons is a single source of educational content to help families maximize their students learning and opportunities
for success. Whether a fifth-grader needs help with geometry or a high school junior could benefit from essay-writing tips, Petersons is the ulti-
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Petersons SAT Prep Guide vii PART IV: WRITING STRATEGIES FOR THE
The Petersons Suite of SAT Products xi
SAT EXAM
WRITING AND LANGUAGE
PART I: BASICS FACTS ABOUT THE SAT 4 TEST STRATEGIES
A Closer Look at the Writing and Language Test 155
The Three Most Common Multiple-Choice
1 ALL ABOUT THE SAT
How the SAT Is Used for College Admissions 4
When to Take the SAT (and SAT Subject Tests) 4
Editing Questions 156
Expression of Ideas Questions: Words In Context 157
Expression of Ideas Questions: Adding or
How Your Scores Are Reported 5 Deleting Text 158
How Often to Take the SAT 5 Expression of Ideas Questions:
Registering for the SAT 5 Reordering Sentences 159
Get to Know the Current SAT Exam Format 7 Expression of Ideas Questions: Combining
Get to Know the SAT Question Types 8 Sentencesand Using Transitional Words and
Evidence-Based Reading Test Section 8 Phrases Correctly 160
Writing and Language Test Section 14 Graphic Organizer Questions 160
Math Test Sections 17 Exercise: Writing and Language Test 162
Grid-Ins 20 Summing It Up 171
SAT Essay (Optional) 24
The SAT Answer Sheet 24
ENGLISH LANGUAGE CONVENTIONS
How the SAT Is Scored 25
Strategies for SAT Success 26
Make an SAT Study Plan 27
5 Sentence Formation 174
Verb Tense, Mood, and Voice 181
Measuring Your Progress 28 Conventions of Usage 184
Simulate Test-Taking Conditions 29 Agreement 188
The Night Before and Day of the Exam 31 Frequently Confused Words 192
Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score 32 Conventions of Punctuation 225
Summing It Up 33 Summing It Up 240

PART II: THE DIAGNOSTIC TEST PART V: ESSAY WRITING STRATEGIES

FOR THE SAT

2
THE DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Introduction to the Diagnostic Test 37
Answer Sheets 39
6 THE SAT ESSAY
A Closer Look at the Essay Question 244
Section 1: Reading Test 45 Pacing Your Writing 244
Section 2: Writing and Language Test 57 Prewriting 244
Section 3: Math TestNo Calculator 69 Writing the Introduction 246
Section 4: Math TestCalculator 77 Developing Your Ideas 248
Essay 93 Writing the Conclusion 250
Answer Keys and Explanations 97 The Scoring Rubric for the SAT Essay 252
Computing Your Scores 120 Exercise: Practicing Your Essay Skills 253
Additional Essay Writing Practice 259
Summing It Up 262
PART III: READING STRATEGIES
FOR THE SAT PART VI: MATH STRATEGIES FOR
EVIDENCE-BASED READING THE SAT
3 TEST STRATEGIES
A Closer Look at the Evidence-Based 7 MULTIPLE-CHOICE MATH
Why Multiple-Choice Math Is Easier 267
Reading Test 129 Question Format 268
Basic Steps for Answering Evidence-Based Solving Multiple-Choice Math Questions 269
Reading Questions 130 Know When to Use Your Calculator 270
Tips for Taking the Reading Test 136 Learn the Most Important Multiple-Choice
Strategies for Answering Specific Question Types 138 Math Tips 271
Exercise: Evidence-Based Reading Test 139 Exercises: Multiple-Choice Math 284
Summing It Up 150 Summing It Up 296
8 GRID-IN STRATEGIES
Why Grid-Ins Are Easier Than You Think 297
How to Record Your Answers 298
12 FUNCTIONS AND INTERMEDIATE
ALGEBRA
Functions 473
Guessing on Grid-Ins Cant Hurt You 302 Exercises: Functions 479
Exercises: Grid-Ins 303 Integer and Rational Exponents 482
Summing It Up 317 Exercises: Integer and Rational Exponents 485
Solving Complex Equations 488
NUMBERS AND OPERATIONS Exercises: Solving Complex Equations 492

9 Operations with Fractions 320

Tests for Divisibility 320
Exercises: Operations with Fractions 323
Linear, Quadratic, and Exponential Functions 496
Exercises: Linear, Quadratic, and
Exponential Functions 505
Word Problems Involving Fractions 325 Summing It Up 511
Exercises: Word Problems Involving Fractions 327
Complex Numbers 333 DATA ANALYSIS, STATISTICS,
Exercises: Complex Numbers 336
Direct and Inverse Variation 341
Exercises: Direct and Inverse Variation 343
13 AND PROBABILITY
Averages 513
Finding Percents 347 Weighted Average 516
Exercises: Finding Percents 353 Exercises: Averages 517
Percent Word Problems 356 Probability 523
Exercises: Percent Word Problems 360 Exercises: Probability 526
Summing It Up 365 Data Interpretation 532
Exercises: Date Interpretation 538
Statistics 545

10 BASIC ALGEBRA
Signed Numbers 367
Exercises: Signed Numbers 368
Exercises: Statistics 552
Summing It Up 558

Linear Equations 372

Simultaneous Equations 380 PART VII: PRACTICE TESTS FOR
Exercises: Simultaneous Equations 387 THE SAT EXAM
Exponents 392
Exercises: Exponents 394
SAT PRACTICE TESTS
Quadratic Equations 397
Exercises: Quadratic Equations 400
Literal Equations 403
14 Introduction to the Practice Tests 561
Practice Test 1 563
Practice Test 1Answer Keys and Explanations 619
Exercises: Literal Equations 404
Computing Your Scores 643
Roots and Radicals 407
Practice Test 2 651
Exercises: Roots and Radicals 410
Practice Test 2Answer Keys and Explanations 709
Monomials and Polynomials 413
Computing Your Scores 734
Exercises: Monomials and Polynomials 416
Practice Test 3 741
Problem Solving in Algebra 419
Practice Test 3Answer Keys and Explanations 801
Exercises: Problem Solving in Algebra 424
Computing Your Scores 827
Inequalities 427
Practice Test 4 835
Exercises: Inequalities 431
Practice Test 4Answer Keys and Explanations 897
Summing It Up 434
Computing Your Scores 922
Practice Test 5 929
GEOMETRY Practice Test 5Answer Keys and Explanations 987
11 Geometric Notation 435
Angle Measurement 437
Computing Your Scores 1013

Intersecting Lines 439

Area 441
Circles 442
PART VIII: APPENDIX
Volume 445
Parents Guide to College Admission Testing 1023
Triangles 447
Parallel Lines 453
Coordinate Geometry 454
Exercises: Geometry 462
Summing It Up 472
INTRODUCTION TO PETERSONS SAT PREP GUIDE
Whether you have three long months or just four short weeks to prepare for the exam, Petersons SAT Prep Guide can help you
develop a study plan that caters to your individual needs and personal timetable. These step-by-step plans are easy to follow and
remarkably effective. No matter which plan you select, begin by taking a diagnostic practice test.

The Diagnostic Practice Test and Process

The diagnostic practice test does more than give you testing experience. Easy-to-use diagnostic tables help you track your perfor-
mance, identify your strengths, and pinpoint areas for improvement. At the end of the diagnostic testing process, you will know
which question formats are giving you the most difficulty. You will also know which topics to review in depth and which ones you
can spend less time on, whether they are algebra or geometry, literary analysis, or reading charts and graphs. By understanding your
testing profile, you can immediately address your weak areas by working through the relevant review chapters, learning the important
test-taking tips, and completing the additional practice exercises.

Five Full Practice Tests in This Book

When you have completed your formal review, take the practice tests to sharpen your skills further. Even if you understand the
redesigned SAT perfectly, you still need to practice applying the methods you have learned in Petersons SAT Prep Guide. Take the
practice tests under simulated test conditions. Find a quiet place where you wont be interrupted, set a timer for the required time
for each section, and work through each test as though it were test day. This will help you to get used to the time limits and to learn
to pace yourself. If you dont have time to take full-length practice tests, Petersons SAT Prep Guide explains how to use timing drills
to take shorter sections of the exams to combat your weaknesses, work on your pacing, and increase your level of confidence.

Comprehensive Answer Explanations

At the end of each practice session, read all the answers and explanations, even for the questions that you answered correctly. There
are comprehensive explanations for every one of the books 1,600+ questions! By reading the answer explanations, you can learn
from your mistakes.

Youll also find that Petersons SAT Prep Guide discusses all of the big picture issues other books ignore. For example, it addresses
questions such as:

How is the SAT really used for college admission?

When should you take the test?

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Peterson's SAT Prep Guide
 How many times should you plan to take the SAT exam?
Do all SAT exam sscores count in college admissions?

By addressing these questions, Petersons SAT Prep Guide debunks prevailing myths and helps you put the SAT into its proper
perspective. It also serves as your college guidance counselor, giving you the expert advice you need to apply to college. And when
you think about it, thats our number-one goal here. Our objective is to help you dramatically raise your scores so that you can
maximize the likelihood of getting into the college of your choice.

How This Book Is Organized

Petersons SAT Prep Guide is divided into eight parts to facilitate your study.

Part I explains everything you need to know about the SAT exam and provides an overview with examples of the different
question types youll find on the actual test.

Part II offers a diagnostic test to help you identify your areas of strength and those areas where you need to spend more time in
your review sessions.

Part III explores the Evidence-Based Reading Test section and offers expert strategies for answering each type of question.
Part IV goes into detail about the different types of questions youll see on the Writing and Language Test section of the SAT
exam. Youll also find a helpful review of Standard English Conventions.

Part V describes the optional Essay part of the SAT exam and provides strategies for developing a well-supported and coherent
response to the essay prompt in this section.

Part VI offers a thorough review of all math topics youll see on the Math TestNo Calculator and Math TestCalculator sections.
Youll find helpful information on multiple-choice and grid-in math strategies, plus helpful reviews of numbers and operations,
basic algebra, geometry, functions and intermediate algebra, and data analysis, statistics, and probability.

Part VII has five more tests that provide you with practice for the SAT exam so you can simulate taking the test under timed
conditions. Each of the practice tests has detailed answer explanations plus instructions on how to determine your scores for
the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing portion and the two Math sections. Youll also be able to calculate your subscores in
the categories of Expression of Ideas, Standard English Conventions, Words in Context, Command of Evidence, Heart of Algebra,
Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport to Advanced Math as well as the cross-test scores for the Analysis in History/
Social Studies and Analysis in Science questions.

Part VIII is the Appendix: Parents Guide to College Admission Testing, offering great information for parents in creating a plan to
help their teen prepare for college-admissions tests. It discusses the various roles parents play, how to approach teens on this
subject matter, and how to work with the guidance counselor. It also provides great tips on how to help teens improve their
time managementessential when preparing for standardized tests like the SAT exam.

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 Special Study Features

You will find four kinds of special study features scattered throughout the book. Each study feature highlights specific types of
information:

Tips point out valuable information you need to know when taking the SAT exam. Tips provide quick and
simple hints for selecting the correct answers for the most common SAT question types.

Alerts identify potential pitfalls in the testing format or question types that can cause common mistakes in
selecting answers.

NOTES: Notes address information about the test structure itself.

Cautions provide warnings, such as common grammatical errors or possible errors in computation or formulas
that can result in choosing incorrect answers.

How to Use This Book

Its understandable that all of the information youll be reading about the SAT exam might seem a little overwhelming. But even if
you are feeling confused by everything the exam requires, take some comfort in the knowledge that you are holding a great resource
to help you do well on test day. This books job is not to make you a genius; its job is to make sure you are prepared to take the SAT
exam. If you become a genius in the process, consider that a bonus.

The following four steps will help you get the most out of using this guide:

Step 1: First Things FirstGet to Know the Exam

You will get the most out of Petersons SAT Prep Guide by using this book as it is organized. You may want to skip Chapter 1: All About
the SAT because youre anxious to get right to the lessons, since thats where the real preparation begins, but Chapter 1 is very useful
for giving you a picture of the exams content as a whole.

ALERT: If you skip Chapter 1, you wont learn about when and how many times you should take the SAT; how to register
for the SAT; how the SAT is scored and how scores are reported; strategies for SAT success; the SAT test format and
question types, including a first look at kinds of questions on the Evidence-Based Reading Test, the Writing and Language
Test, and the Math Tests (Calculator and No Calculator); and much more!

Step 2: The Diagnostic Test Is Your FriendDont Skip It!

Once youve learned the essential information about the SAT in general, you will need to take the first step toward getting your
scores where you want them to be by taking the diagnostic test. The diagnostic test is a full-length practice test that you take before
you start studying or reviewing any subject material.

Understandably, taking a long diagnostic test may not seem the ideal way to get started on your test-preparation path. However,
the point of a diagnostic test is to give you an idea of what your strengths and weaknesses are before you dive into your SAT prepa-
ration. By taking the diagnostic test and analyzing your answers, you may discover that you retained more information from your
English classes than you realized. You might also learn that you arent quite the math expert you thought you were. Or maybe you

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Peterson's SAT Prep Guide
 will find that most of your math skills are really strong, but you need some help when it comes to quadratic equations.
Getting a clear idea of your strengths and weaknesses will help you know which chapters of this book really demand
your focus. The diagnostic test will help you get that clear idea.

Step 3: Build Your SkillsPractice, Practice, Practice!

After evaluating your diagnostic test results, you should

know the skills on which you need to focus. By diligently Familiarizing yourself with the way certain questions
studying the information presented, you will become are worded on the SAT may help you figure out the
kind of question you are answering, which may help
familiar with not only the question types that will appear
you select the best answer.
on the SAT, but also the language of the exam to help
you be prepared for how the test will be worded.

Throughout each review chapter (Chapters 313), you will find numerous practice questions, which will help familiarize
you with the language and presentation of the SAT exam. The exercises and quizzes in these review chapters are a
great way to practice, and the thorough answer explanations will help you understand why an answer is rightor more
importantly why an answer is wrong. This can hopefully keep you from making a similar mistake again when you take
the real test.

Step 4: See What You Have LearnedTest Yourself Again

Near the end of the book, in Part VII, you will have the opportunity to take five complete SAT practice tests. With each
practice test, you should see an improvement in your score since taking the diagnostic test.

You should take these tests under the same circumstances you will encounter on test day. That means completing each
test section in the exact same time that will be allotted for the actual test:

Reading Test: 65 minutes

Writing and Language Test: 35 minutes
Math TestNo Calculator: 25 minutes
Math TestCalculator: 55 minutes
Essay: 50 minutes

If you begin using this book to prepare for the SAT well in
advance of test day, you might want to hold off taking the
last practice test until a few days before taking the actual SAT
to re-familiarize yourself with the tests format and content.

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THE PETERSONS SUITE OF SAT PRODUCTS
In addition to Petersons SAT Prep Guide, Petersons has an array of cutting-edge SAT preparation resources designed to give you the
best test preparation possible. Our online course and interactive practice tests can be used alone or combined with other Petersons
SAT-focused products to help you succeed and get the test scores you want. Take a few minutes to discover whats available in
Petersons suite of SAT products or visit our website at www.petersons.com/sat.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide

Petersons SAT Prep Guide features content and strategies that will help you master the SAT. It contains a full-length diagnostic test
and access to eight full-length practice testsfive within the book and three online. The expert subject review and skill-specific
exercises in Petersons SAT Prep Guide can help familiarize you with the unique content, structure, and format of the test. Test-taking
tips and advice guide you smoothly from your first day of test preparation to test day.

In addition, taking online practice tests is ideal because you get immediate feedback and automated scoring. Petersons SAT Prep
Guide gives you access to three full-length online SAT practice tests, with detailed feedback to help you understand the concepts
presented. The content in these three practice tests was created by the test-prep experts at Petersons to help you boost your test-prep
confidence so you can score high on test day. You can access these three practice tests at www.petersons.com/sat.

Petersons Practice Tests for the SAT

Looking for even more online test practice? You can find it with Petersons Practice Tests for the SAT. This test-prep tool provides three
full-length tests with immediate feedback and explanations for each question. Your purchase allows you 90-day access to these tests,
which feature the Essay Self-Score optionyou can compare your essay to samples provided to give you an idea of how your essay
will be evaluated based on official scoring guidelines. Equipped with on-the-spot feedback and sample essays for comparison, you
can be confident that youre getting the guidance you need to improve your score in all sections of the SAT.

Petersons SAT Online Course

Petersons SAT Online Course is a comprehensive test prep course that is customized for you. In addition to practice tests, the online
course allows access to supplemental content, including additional subject-specific strategies and lessons, tips, and college search
options tailored to your projected test scores and interests.

Heres how the course works:

1. An initial diagnostic pretest determines your strengths and weaknesses.

2. Based on your diagnostic test results, interactive lessons teach you the subject areas you need to learn.
3. Quizzes after each lesson gauge how well you have learned the materials just taught.
4. Full-length practice tests allow you to apply all the skills youve learned and monitor your progress.

Petersons SAT Online Course gives you the opportunity to solidify your understanding and build your confidence about any concept
you may encounter on the SATno matter how close it is to test day!

Interested in going the extra mile and using additional online practice tests or the online course? Take advantage of
customer-friendly discounts available only to customers who purchase Petersons SAT Prep Guide. For more information and to
obtain your 20% discount on Petersons online courses, go to www.petersons.com/sat and enter the code: SAT2017.

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Peterson's SAT Prep Guide
 Give Us Your Feedback
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publications can be found at high school guidance offices, college libraries and career centers, and your local bookstore and
library. Petersons books are also available online at www.petersonsbooks.com.

We welcome any comments or suggestions you may have about this publication. Your feedback will help us make educational
dreams possible for youand others like you.

Now that you know why Petersons SAT Prep Guide is an essential resource to prepare you to take a very important
Good test, its time to make the most of this powerful preparation tool. Turn the page and find out everything you need
Luck! to know about the SAT!

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part i: basic facts
about the sat

Chapter 1: All About the SAT

 Chapter 1:
All About The SAT

OVERVIEW
How the SAT Is Used for College Admissions
When to Take the SAT (and SAT Subject Tests)
How Your Scores Are Reported
How Often to Take the SAT
Registering for the SAT
Get to Know the Current SAT Exam Format
Get to Know the SAT Question Types
Evidence-Based Reading Test Section
Writing and Language Test Section
Math Test Sections 3
SAT Essay (Optional)
The SAT Answer Sheet Chapter 1
All About
How the SAT Is Scored
the SAT
Strategies for SAT Success
Make an SAT Study Plan
Measuring Your Progress
Simulate Test-Taking Conditions
The Night Before and Day of the Exam
Summing It Up

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 HOW THE SAT IS USED FOR COLLEGE ADMISSIONS
The explicitly stated purpose of the SAT exam is to predict how students will perform academically as first-year college students.
But the more practical purpose of the test is to help college admissions officers make acceptance decisions. When you think
about it, admissions officers have a difficult job, particularly when they are asked to compare the academic records of students
from different high schools in different parts of the country taking different classes. Its not easy to figure out how one students
grade point average (GPA) in New Mexico correlates with that of another student in Florida. Even though admissions officers
can do a good deal of detective work to fairly evaluate candidates, they benefit a great deal from the SAT. The SAT provides a
single, standardized means of comparison. After all, virtually every student takes the SAT, and the SAT is the same for everyone.
It doesnt matter whether you hail from Maine, Maryland, or Montana.

So the SAT is an important test. But it is not the be-all, end-all. Keep it in perspective! It is only one of several important pieces
of the college admissions puzzle. Other factors that weigh heavily into the admissions process include GPA, difficulty of course
load, level of extracurricular involvement, and the strength of the college application itself.

WHEN TO TAKE THE SAT (AND SAT SUBJECT TESTS)

When you decide which schools youre going to apply to, find out if they require the SAT. Most do! Your next step is to determine
when they need your SAT scores. Write that date down. Thats the one you really dont want to miss.

You do have some leeway in choosing your test date. The SAT is typically offered on one Saturday morning in October, November,
December, January, March (or April, alternating), May, and June. Check the exact dates to see which ones meet your deadlines.
Tests are offered on a Sunday, usually the day after each Saturday test date, for students who cannot take the test on Saturday
due to religious observance.

4 What if you dont know which schools you want to apply to? Dont panic! Even if you take the exam in December or January of
your senior year, youll probably have plenty of time to send your scores to most schools.

Chapter 1 When you plan to take the SAT, there is something even more important than the application deadlines of particular schools.
All About You need to select a test date that works best with your schedule. Ideally, you should allow yourself at least two to three months
the SAT to use this book to prepare. Many students like to take the test in March of their junior year. That way, they take the SAT several
months before final exams, the prom, and end-of-the-year distractions. Taking the test in March also gives students early feedback
as to how they are scoring. If they are dissatisfied with their scores, there is ample opportunity to take the test again in the spring
or following fall. But your schedule might not easily accommodate a March testing. Maybe youre involved in a winter sport or
school play that will take too much time away from studying. Maybe you have a family reunion planned over spring break in
March. Or maybe you simply prefer to prepare during a different time of year. If thats the case, just pick another date.

If the schools youve decided on also require SAT Subject Tests, heres one good piece of advice: Try to take SAT Subject
Tests immediately after you finish the subject(s) in school. For most of you, this means taking the SAT Subject Tests in June.
By taking the exam then, youll save an awful lot of review work. Remember this, too: You have to register for the SAT Subject
Tests separately, and you cant take the Subject Tests on the same day as the SAT. So check the dates, think ahead, and plan
it out. Its worth it in the end.

Are you starting to prepare a little later than you had planned? Dont get upset;
it happens. Using the accelerated plan, you should be able to cover most of the
material within a month. You probably wont have much time to practice, but youll
get the most important facts about the test and be able to take a few sample exams.

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HOW YOUR SCORES ARE REPORTED
After you have taken the SAT, College Board scores your test and creates a score report. We will discuss in detail how the SAT
is scored later in this chapter. You and your high school receive score reports from each SAT and SAT Subject Test that you
decide to take.

At the time of registration, you can pick four colleges or universities to receive your score report. College Board will send your
scores to these four schools for free. Within nine days of taking the test, you can change your school selection. If you want to
send more than four reports or change your mind more than nine days after your test date, you will have to pay to do so.

If you decide to take the SAT, or any SAT Subject Test, more than once, you have the option to decide which scores to send
to the schools youve pickedscores from one, several, or all test dates.

You may only designate the test date or dates for your score reports; you cannot designate individual test sections. In other
words, if you take the SAT exam in October, December, and March, you cannot pick the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing
section score from October, Math score from December, and Essay score from March and ask to have those results sent to the
schools of your choice. You can only choose whether to send your complete results from one, two, or all three test dates.

If you choose not to take advantage of this option, all of your scores will be sent to the schools youve selected. However, no
score reports will ever be sent without your specific consent. You and your counselor will receive e-mail reminders, asking which
scores you want to send. You can find more information about this and how colleges and universities use your score reports on
the website https://sat.collegeboard.org/register/sat-score-choice.

HOW OFTEN TO TAKE THE SAT

Different colleges evaluate the exam in different ways. Some take your highest math, evidence-based reading and writing, and
essay scores, even if they were earned on different test days. So if you nailed the math portion in March, the evidence-based
5
reading and writing section in October, and the essay in December, the colleges will combine those scores to maximize your
overall score. However, many other colleges wont do that. Some pay most attention to your highest combined score from a Chapter 1
single day. Many others will average all of your scores or lend equal weight to all of them. All About
the SAT
So what does this mean? It means that you should only take the SAT when you are truly prepared. There is nothing wrong with
taking the SAT two or three times, as long as you are confident that your scores will improve substantially each time. Lets say
that you scored an 1100 on your first SAT. If you would have been thrilled to have hit 1120, its probably not worth taking the
test again. Most colleges look at SAT scores in ranges and will not hold 20 points against you. They understand that scoring an
1100 means that you were only one or two questions away from 1120. But if you scored an 1100 and expected to score closer
to 1200 or 1300 based on practice testing, then you should probably retake the exam. In other words, it is of little value to take
the SAT multiple times if you expect to earn roughly the same score. But it is worthwhile if you expect to score significantly
higher on a second or third try. For more advice about this, see your high school guidance counselor.

REGISTERING FOR THE SAT

You should register for the SAT at least six weeks before your testing date. That way you will avoid late registration fees
and increase your chances of taking the exam at your first-choice testing center. You can register through the mail by com-
pleting the SAT registration form found inside The SAT and SAT Subject TestsTM Student Registration Booklet, which can be
found in your guidance counselors office or online (printable PDF) at https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/pdf/
sat-registration-booklet-students.pdf. Registering online is probably the quickest and easiest method, and you will receive

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 immediate registration confirmation. You will need to pay by credit card, and you will need to upload a photo with your
registration. The photo you provide will become part of your Admission Ticket on test day. For more information, visit
https://sat.collegeboard.org/register.

Photo ID

The photo you provide (either uploaded with your online registration or mailed in with the printed registration) becomes
part of your Admission Ticket on test day.

Photos must be properly focused with a full-face view. The photo must be clearly identifiable as you, and it must match your
appearance on test day. IMPORTANT: If you are not easily recognizable in your photo, you will not be admitted to the test
center.

Choose a photo that:

Shows only youno other people in the shot

Shows a head-and-shoulders view, with the entire face, both eyes, and hair clearly visible
Is properly focused and has no dark spots or shadows
Shows a head covering only if it is worn for religious purposes

Visit https://sat.collegeboard.org/register/photo-requirements for more information about the required photo ID.

In addition, you are responsible for bringing an acceptable form of identification.

Some acceptable examples include:

State-issued drivers license

6 State-issued nondriver ID
School identification card
Chapter 1
Passport (required in India, Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, and Pakistan)
All About
Government-issued ID
the SAT School ID Form* prepared by your school
Talent Identification Program ID/Authorization to Test Form (grades 7 and 8 only); photo not required
* Your school can prepare an ID form for you. This form must include a recognizable photo, and the school seal must overlap the photo. Sign
the ID form in the presence of your counselor or principal. You will be asked to sign the ID form again at the test center. This form must be
dated and is good only for one year.

ALERT: You must provide a photo when you sign up for the SAT. The photo will be part of your Admission Ticket, and it will
be checked against your photo ID on test day.

Registration Fees
At the time of this books printing, the fee for the SAT (no essay) is $45. If you are planning to take the SAT with the Essay section,
you will need to pay $57. To determine if you are eligible for a fee waiver, visit https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/sat/
register/fees/fee-waivers.

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GET TO KNOW THE CURRENT SAT EXAM FORMAT
The SAT consists of sections on math, evidence-based reading and writing, and an optional essay. The sections are timed to
range from 25 to 65 minutes. The whole test takes 3 hours, plus 50 minutes for the optional essay. Dont worry. There are breaks.
The following chart gives you an idea of what to expect. The test sections appear in the following order: Reading Test, Writing
and Language Test, Math TestNo Calculator, Math TestCalculator, and the Essay.

Format of the SAT Test

Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Score 200800

Evidence-Based Reading questions based on: TimeTotal: 100 Minutes

Passages in U.S. and world literature, history/social Reading Test (65 minutes)
studies, and science Writing and Language Test (35 minutes)
Paired passages
Question Types
Lower and higher text complexities
Words in context, command of evidence, and analysis Multiple-choice with 4 answer choices
Writing and Language questions based on:

Passages in careers, history/social studies, humanities,

and science
Argument, informative/explanatory, and nonfiction
narrative passages
Words in context, grammar, expression of ideas,
and analysis

7
Math Score 200800

Real-world problems solved using: TimeTotal: 80 Minutes

Algebra Math TestNo Calculator (25 minutes) Chapter 1

Problem solving and data analysis Math TestCalculator (55 minutes) All About
Advanced math the SAT
Question Types
Area and volume calculations
Lines, triangles, and circles using theorems Multiple-choice with 4 answer choices
Trigonometric functions Student-produced responses (grid-ins)

Optional Essay

Whats involved: TimeTotal: 50 minutes

Read an argument-type passage written for a

Question Type
general audience
Analyze the passage in terms of how the writer uses One prompt that emphasizes analyzing the
evidence, reasoning, and stylistic elements to build argument presented in the passage
an argument to persuade his or her audience
Score: 312 (Reading: 14 scale, Analysis: 14 scale,
Writing: 14 scale)

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 GET TO KNOW THE SAT QUESTION TYPES
The question types in the SAT dont cover a wide variety of topics. They are very limitedno science, no world languages, no
social studies. Youll find only questions testing reading comprehension, writing skills, and math skillsskills that youve been
working on since kindergarten.

Most of the questions are multiple choice. Thats good, because it means the correct answer is right there on the page for you.
You just have to find iteasier said than done sometimes, but true. Only the math grid-ins and the essay are student-produced
answers. For the grid-ins, youll need to do the calculations and then fill in circles on the answer sheet to show your answers.
(More about the answer circles later in this chapter.) The following pages provide you with a closer look at the question types
and question formats that you will find in each section of the SAT.

On the SAT, all questions count the same. You wont get more points for answering a
really difficult question than you will get for answering a very simple one. Remember
that when youre moving through the test. The more time you spend wrestling with the
answer to one stumper, the less time you have to whip through several easier questions.

EVIDENCE-BASED READING TEST SECTION

The reading section tests your knowledge of words in context, command of evidence in the passages, and your analysis of the
passage, including graphics. All the questions are multiple choice. The questions in the Evidence-Based Reading section are all
passage-based. All passages are from previously published sources and cover topics in U.S. and world literature, history/social
studies, and science.
8
Chapter 1
Words in Context
All About Just as the name implies, words-in-context questions assess your ability to determine the meaning of words or phrases in the
the SAT
context of an extended passage. If you do not recognize the meaning of the word, its meaning may be determined by context.
Your job is to read the passage and the question, and then analyze the answer choices to figure out which one makes the most
sense based on the words around it. That means you must look for clues in the passage.

Here is an excerpt from a passage on the opah fish. There are three sample words-in-context questions. Read the passage excerpt
and try to answer each question on your own before you read the answer explanations on the next page.

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 Nicholas Wegner of NOAA Fisheries Southwest Fisheries Science The silvery fish, roughly the size of a large automobile
Center in La Jolla, California, is lead author of a new paper on the
tire, is known from oceans around the world and dwells
opah, or moonfish. He and his coauthor, biologist Owyn Snodgrass,
discovered that the opah has the unusual ability to keep its body hundreds of feet beneath the surface in chilly, dimly lit
warm, even in the cold depths of the ocean. An excerpt on their waters....
findingsfollows.
10 Fish that typically inhabit such cold depths tend to be
Courtesy: NOAA Fisheries
slow and sluggish, conserving energy by ambushing prey

Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator instead of chasing it. But the opahs constant flapping of its

fins heats its body, speeding its metabolism, movement and

New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or
reaction times, scientists report today in the journal
moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates
15 Science....
heated blood throughout its body much like mammals and
Line birds, giving it a competitive advantage in the cold ocean
Before this discovery, I was under the impression
5 depths.
this was a slow-moving fish, like most other fish in cold

environments, Wegner said. But because it can warm its

body, it turns out to be a very active predator that chases

20 down agile prey like squid and can migrate long distances.

Questions:

1. As used in the first paragraph, competitive advantage refers to 9

A. a way to seek out a mate.
Chapter 1
B. an ability to outperform rivals.
All About
the SAT
C. an aptitude for keeping itself moving.

D. a capacity to conceal itself from predators.

2. As it is used in paragraph 3, ambushing most nearly means

A. pursuing for long distances.

B. moving slowly at first.

C. hiding and then attacking.

D. weakening and then killing.

3. As it is used in paragraph 4, agile most nearly means

A. nimble.

B. inactive.

C. strong.

D. clever.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Answer Explanations:

1. Clues to the meaning of the phrase dont appear until the fourth paragraph: I was under the impression ... like
most other fish in cold environments and But ... it turns out to be a very active predator. Here, youre told that the
opah is unlike other fish in that it can swim faster and farther and catch more prey. Choices A, C, and D are specific
traits that might help the fish in its environment. But choice B is the only one that makes sense in the context of the
passage. The correct answer is choice B.

2. The biggest clue to the meaning of ambushing is instead of chasing it. Because you know that the fish dont chase
their prey, you can exclude choice A. Choices B and D dont make sense in the context of the sentence because neither
is a method for capturing prey, as chasing is. Choice C, however, makes sense when you consider the context clue.
The correct answer is choice C.

3. The clue very active predator is your clue that agile must mean that the squid provides a challenge for the opah.
This eliminates choice B. Choice D can also be eliminated because the context emphasizes physical, not mental,
abilities. Likewise, you can eliminate choice C because the level of activity, not strength, is the focus. Choice A fits
the context, as it suggests that the squid is able to move quickly and easily. The correct answer is choice A.

In SAT evidence-based reading questions, the answers will always be

directly stated or implied in the passage.

Command of Evidence
10 The evidence-based reading and writing sections of the SAT require you to interpret information or ideas in a passage and then
use evidence to support your conclusion. This element of the Reading Test, which makes up 20 percent of the questions, works
Chapter 1 like this: You answer a multiple-choice question in which you analyze a portion of the passage or pair of passages. You then answer
a second question requiring you to cite the best evidence in the text for the answer.
All About
the SAT
The passages include literary texts from U.S. and world literature, as well as nonfiction texts in science and history/social studies.
In some cases, related passages are paired and require you to make connections between the texts.

The following is an example of how these command of evidence questions work. The passage is a continuation of the NOAA
article cited previously, Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator.

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 Questions 12 refer to the following passage. There has never been anything like this seen in a fishs

gills before, Wegner said. This is a cool innovation by these

Gills Show Unusual Design animals that gives them a competitive edge. The concept

Courtesy: NOAA Fisheries of counter-current heat exchange was invented in fish long
20 before we thought of it.
Wegner realized the opah was unusual when a coauthor

of the study, biologist Owyn Snodgrass, collected a sample The researchers collected temperature data from opah

of its gill tissue. Wegner recognized an unusual design: caught during surveys off the West Coast, finding that

Line Blood vessels that carry warm blood into the fishs gills wind their body temperatures were regularly warmer than the

5 around those carrying cold blood back to the body core surrounding water. They also attached temperature monitors

after absorbing oxygen from water. 25 to opah as they tracked the fish on dives to several hundred

feet and found that their body temperatures remained

The design is known in engineering as counter-current
steady even as the water temperature dropped sharply. The
heat exchange. In opah it means that warm blood leaving
20 fish had an average muscle temperature about 5 degrees
the body core helps heat up cold blood returning from the
C above the surrounding water while swimming about 150
10 respiratory surface of the gills, where it absorbs oxygen.
30 to 1,000 feet below the surface, the researchers found. ...
Resembling a car radiator, its a natural adaptation that

conserves heat. The unique location of the heat exchange A few other fish ... warm certain parts of their bodies ...

within the gills allows nearly the fishs entire body to boosting their swimming performance. But internal organs,

maintain an elevated temperature, known as endothermy, including their hearts, cool off quickly and begin to slow

15 even in the chilly depths. down when they dive into cold depths, forcing them to 11
35 return to shallower depths to warm up.

Chapter 1
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the SAT
Questions:

1. The author discusses the adaptations of some fish in the last paragraph mainly to show that

A. opah swim faster because they are able to keep themselves warm.

B. some fish maintain a body temperature warmer than the sea water.

C. biologists have found evidence that some fish are warm-blooded.

D. opah have a distinctive design that keeps them warm at greater depths.

2. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

A. Lines 1215 (The unique ... chilly depths.)

B. Lines 1820 (The concept ... of it.)

C. Lines 2124 (The researchers ... surrounding water.)

D. Lines 2730 (The 20 fish ... researchers found.)

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Answer Explanations:

1. In the first question, the authors intention is to contrast the warming ability of other fish with the warming ability of
the opah. Though the passage does note that some fish maintain a body temperature warmer than seawater for a
short period, this is not the reason the author includes details about other fish. Thus, choice B is not correct. Choices
A and C are incorrect because neither idea is noted in the text. The correct answer is choice D.

2. The second question asks you to determine which of four segments of the passage provides the best evidence to
support your answer to the first question. Choices B, C, and D do not provide textual support for the contrast the
author makes in the last paragraph. The correct answer is choice A.

Analysis and Graphics

Two passages in the SAT Reading Test include a graphic. Your job is to analyze the passage and interpret the information in the
graphic as it relates to the passage. Questions based on the graphic are multiple choice. Here is a sample reading passage with
an accompanying graphic, in this case a map, and a question that requires your analysis.

From About John Snow, by Professor Paul Fine, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and The John Snow Society.

John Snow (18131858)

John Snow is an iconic figure in epidemiology and public set up general practice in Soho. Early in his career he became
health, best known for his work on cholera, for a famous map, interested in the physiology of respiration in recognition of
and for organizing the removal of a pump handle in Soho. the major problem of asphyxia of the newborn.

Line Less well-known are his important contributions to These interests led him to be invited to witness one of the
12 5 anesthesia and to epidemiological methods, and his 25 first applications of ether anesthesia in the UK in December

engagement in public debates of the time. The breadth and 1846. He immediately recognized the importance of ambient
Chapter 1
depth of Snows activities provide a model for population temperature and within one month published tables of
All About
the SAT researchers concerned not only with sound method but also the vapor pressure of ether. This initiated an important line
with bringing their results to public benefit. of research on instruments for administering anesthetics

30 and led to his becoming the most prominent authority on

10 Indeed, though epidemiology is often described as the
anesthesia in the UK. He administered chloroform to Queen
study of health-related aspects of populations, its methods
Victoria at the birth of Prince Leopold in 1853.
are applicable to studies of virtually anything in populations,

and disciplines which now acknowledge the methods and The second great cholera epidemic arrived in London
terminology of epidemiology range from education to crime in 1848, and many attributed its cause to an atmospheric
15 science and economics. 35 effluence or miasma. Snows firsthand experience of the

disease in 1832, combined with studies of respiration, led

Snow was born in York on 15 March 1813, one of eight
him to question miasma theories and to publish the first
children in a family of modest means. He apprenticed with
edition of On the Mode of Communication of Cholera in 1849,
a surgeon-apothecary in Newcastle from 1827 to 1833, and
in which he proposed that cholera was attributable to a
there witnessed the first epidemic of cholera in the UK. He
40 self-replicating agent which was excreted in the cholera
20 then moved to London, qualified as physician in 1843 and

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 evacuations and inadvertently ingested, often, but not Though the epidemic was already in decline by that date,

necessarily, through the medium of water. the rapidity of his action, the logic of the analysis, and the

60 pragmatism of the response has made this a classic event

When cholera returned in 1853, Snow recognized an
in the history of public health, well known to students and
ideal opportunity to test his hypothesis by comparing
practitioners the world over. The combination of these
45 cholera mortality rates in populations of south London
studies provided overwhelming evidence for an infectious
supplied by water drawn from sewage-contaminated versus
agent, known now as Vibrio cholerae.
uncontaminated regions of the Thames. He personally carried

out a cohort study to make this comparison, recognizing the 65 Snow described this work in the second edition of On the

need to confirm the water source of each case and to assure Mode of Communication of Cholera. He then expanded his

50 comparability of the populations concerned. On 30 August public health interests by becoming involved in debates over

1854 while involved in these studies, a dramatic cholera legislation concerning nuisance industries in London, while

epidemic began near his home in Soho, leading to more than maintaining his research and practice in anesthesia until his

550 deaths within two weeks. Analysis of the addresses of 70 death in 1858.

the cholera deaths and interviews of residents of the area

The 200th anniversary of Snows birth provides an
55 led him to suspect that water from a pump on Broad Street
occasion to celebrate his achievements, to consider their
was responsibleand he prevailed upon the local council to
original context, to discuss their place in contemporary
remove the handle of the pump on 8 September 1854.
epidemiology, and consider their likely future, not only as

75 the armamentarium of public health, but as a framework of

method for science and society. 13

Chapter 1
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the SAT

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Question:

On John Snows map, deaths from the 1854 cholera epidemic are represented by stacks of black lines. Based on the
image and the passage, what can we assume about Blenheim Street (shown magnified in the upper-left side of the
map)?

A. No one lived there.

B. Broad Street did not supply their water.

C. Its residents were as affected as the rest of the neighborhood.

D. Relatives came to stay there to avoid the cholera outbreak.

Answer Explanation:

The passage explains that Snow determined that the pump on Broad Street supplied contaminated water to nearby
residents. You can infer that people living on streets containing stacks of bars used the Broad Street pump. Based on
the map, then, people on Blenheim Street likely did not use the Broad Street pump. The correct answer is choice B.

WRITING AND LANGUAGE TEST SECTION

The SAT Writing and Language Test consists of multiple-choice questions based on passages. The multiple-choice questions test
how well you understand and use Standard Written English, as well as recognize words in context and command of evidence in
the passages. Analysis of the passages and graphics is also included.

14
Standard Written English and Words in Context
Chapter 1
The Standard Written English questions require you to act as an editor and revise text so that it conforms to the standard rules for
All About
the SAT punctuation, sentence structure, and usage. In most instances, you will be given a multiparagraph passage that includes several
errors. The most common question format asks you to choose the best alternative to a potential error, identified as an underlined
portion of the passage. Here is a sample question that concerns sentence structure:

Question:

Scientists conducted a series of experiments with 1 Which choice most effectively combines the sentences
chimpanzees in the 1 Democratic Republic of the at the underlined portion?

Congo. The results were astounding. The conclusion, that A. Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the
chimpanzees would eventually learn to cook if provided an results were astounding.

oven, could help explain how and when early humans began B. Democratic Republic of the Congo, the results
were astounding.
to cook their food.
C. Democratic Republic of the Congo: the results
were astounding.

D. Democratic Republic of the Congo, but the results

were astounding.

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Answer Explanation:

Choice B creates a comma splice, which is a form of a run-on sentence, so thats not correct. Likewise, the colon in
choice C is not correct, as the clause it introduces does not really explain the first part of the sentence. Introducing
but in choice D changes the meaning of the sentences by setting up a contrasting scenario. Only choice A maintains
the two sentences meanings and combines them without confusion. The correct answer is choice A.

The words-in-context questions on the test measure your ability to choose appropriate words based on the context of the passage.
These questions are multiple choice and include the option to keep the word that is used.

Question:

There is a debate about whether early humans had 2

the mental capacity to cook. Though it may not seem
A. NO CHANGE
sophisticated, cooking requires planning, an ability to
B. apprehend
2 interrupt gratification, and the complicated use of tools.
C. delay

D. restrain

Answer Explanation:

Here, you must choose the word that makes the most sense in the context. The words interrupt, apprehend, and restrain
dont convey what is meant hereto hold off. Only delay, choice C, conveys that sense. The correct answer is choice C.
15
Command of Evidence Chapter 1
All About
To answer the Command of Evidence questions in the Writing and Language Test section, you need to carefully read the passage the SAT
in question. Here is an example of this type of question. The excerpt comes from the passage About John Snow.

Question:

The second great cholera epidemic arrived in London in 3 Which choice best summarizes the main idea of the
1848, and many attributed its cause to an atmospheric paragraph?

effluence or miasma. Snows firsthand experience of the A. In 1848, many people were incorrect to blame
disease in 1832, combined with studies of respiration, led atmospheric miasma for the spread of cholera.

him to question miasma theories and to publish the first B. John Snows study, On the Mode of Communication
of Cholera, was read by scholars worldwide.
edition of On the Mode of Communication of Cholera in 1849,
C. John Snow was curious, and he never took
in which he proposed that cholera was attributable to a
anything at face value.
self-replicating agent which was excreted in the cholera
D. Snows questioning of the miasma theory and
evacuations and inadvertently ingested, often, but not theories on water contamination changed the
necessarily, through the medium of water. 3 conversation of disease circulation.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Answer Explanation:

The question asks you to determine which sentence best summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choices A, B,
and C all contain ideas that are important in the paragraph. But choice D contains the crux of the paragraph: that Snow
questioned the prevailing wisdom and then proposed his own theory about how cholera was transmitted. The correct
answer is choice D.

Analysis and Graphics

One or two of the passages in the Writing and Language Test section include graphics. You will be asked to determine how the
passage needs to be revised based on the information in the graphic. Here is an excerpt from another paragraph in About John
Snow and a sample question to help illustrate this concept.

Question:

Snows mapping of the outbreak showed few surprising 4 Which choice completes the sentence using accurate data
results. Little Pulteney Street is a case in point. The street based on the map?

is blocks from Broad Street and closer to two other water

A. NO CHANGE
pumps. Among residents of the street, there 4 were no
B. was one new case of cholera
cases of cholera reported during the outbreak.
C. were fewer than ten new cases of cholera

D. were more than twenty new cases of cholera

16
Chapter 1
All About
the SAT

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Answer Explanation:

Here, you are being asked to interpret the information in the passage based on the map. If you look closely at the area
in question, Little Pulteney Street, youll see that there are about six bars, and we can infer that each bar represents a
case of cholera. The correct answer is choice C.

MATH TEST SECTIONS

The questions in the math sections (Math TestNo Calculator and Math TestCalculator) address concepts, skills, and practices
that are most useful for students after they graduate from high school. There are two question formats for math questions: mul-
tiple-choice and grid-ins (student-produced responses).

A four-function, battery-powered, scientific or graphing calculator is allowed for

the Math TestCalculator section of the SAT. You may not use the following:
handheld mini-computers, laptop computers, pocket organizers, calculators
that print or talk, or calculators with letters on the keyboard.

Multiple-Choice Math
SAT multiple-choice math questions look like all the other standard multiple-choice math questions youve ever seen. A problem
is given in algebra, problem solving, data analysis, advanced math, or additional topics, and four choices are presented from
which you must choose the correct answer. The major concepts that you might need in order to solve math problems are given
in the test section. You dont need to worry about memorizing these facts, but you do need to know when to use each one.
The directions are similar to the following:
17
Chapter 1
DIRECTIONS: For Questions 115, solve each problem, select the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the
corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For Questions 1620, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on All About
the SAT
the answer sheet. The directions before Question 16 will provide information on how to enter your answers in the grid.

Circle: Rectangle: Triangle:

a c x
x 2 2x
r h
x 3
w
b b
l x x
1
C = 2r A = lw A = bh a2 + b2 = c2 Special Right Triangles
A = r2 2

Rectangular Cylinder: Sphere: Cone: Rectangular-Based

Solid: Pyramid:
r h
w
h
l r h
V = r2h
V = lwh
r l
4 1
w
V = r3 V = r2h 1
3 3 V = lwh
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. 3
The number of radians in the arc of a circle is 2 .
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

1. The use of a calculator in this section is not permitted (is permitted for the Math TestCalculator section).
2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real
number.

Here are some sample multiple-choice math questions. Try them yourself before looking at the solutions that are given.

Example:

Michele is at the airport renting a car that costs $39.95 per day plus tax. A tax of 7% is applied to the rental rate, and
an additional one-time untaxed fee of $5.00 is charged by the airport where she picks up the car. Which of the
following represents Micheles total charge c(x), in dollars, for renting a car for x days?

A. c(x) = (39.95 + 0.07x) + 5

B. c(x) = 1.07(39.95x) + 5

C. c(x) = 1.07(39.95x + 5)

D. c(x) = 1.07(39.95 + 5)x

Solution:

18 The total cost, c(x), can be found by multiplying any daily charges by the number of days, x, and then adding any
one-time charges. The daily charges include the $39.95 daily rate and the 7% tax. This can be computed by:
Chapter 1
All About $39.95 + 0.07($39.95) = 1($39.95) + 0.07($39.95) = 1.07($39.95)
the SAT
Multiply the daily charge by x and add the one-time charge of $5 to obtain the function rule:

c(x) = 1.07(39.95)x + 5

The correct answer is choice B.

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Example:

The graph of y = (3x + 9)(x 5) is a parabola in the xy-plane. In which of the following equivalent equations do the
x- and y-coordinates of the vertex of the parabola appear as constants or coefficients?

A. y = 3x2 6x 45

B. y = 3x(x 2) 45

C. y = 3(x 1)2 + ( 48)

D. y = (x + 3)(3x 15)

Solution:

The equation y = (3x + 9)(x 5) can be written in vertex form y = a(x h)2 + k, where the vertex of the parabola is
(h, k). To put the equation in vertex form, first multiply the factors, then complete the square. The correct answer is
choice C.

Example:

The same final exam is given to two separate groups of students taking the same class. The students who took the
exam on the first floor had a mean score of 84. The students who took the exam on the second floor had a mean
score of 78. Which of the following represents the mean score x of both groups of students?

A. x = 81

B. x < 81

C. x > 81 19
D. 78 < x < 84
Chapter 1

Solution: All About

the SAT

Many students will select choice A as the answer because 81 is the mean of 78 and 84, but there is no information
about the size of the two groups that are being averaged. If the groups were equal in size, choice A would be correct. If
there were more students on the second floor, then choice B would be the correct answer. Similarly, if there were more
students on the first floor, then choice C would be correct. Since we dont know which floor has more students taking
the exam or if the number of students is equal, we can only say that choice D is true. The correct answer is choice D.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 GRID-INS
Unlike multiple-choice math, the grid-in section of the SAT does not give you the answers. You have to compute the answer and
then fill in your answer in the circles on your answer sheet. You may use the Reference Information table that appeared earlier
in this chapter for these problems also.

On the SAT, each set of grid-in questions starts with directions that look approximately like this:

DIRECTIONS: For these questions, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid, as described below, on the
answer sheet.

1. Although not required, it is suggested that you write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in
the circles accurately. You will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly.

2. Mark no more than one circle in any column.

3. No question has a negative answer.

4. Some problems may have more than one correct answer. In such cases, grid only one answer.
1 7
5. Mixed numbers such as 3 must be gridded as 3.5 or .
2 2

1 31 1
If 3 is entered into the grid as , it will be interpreted as , not 3 .
2 2 2

20 6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded
or truncated, but it must fill the entire grid.

Chapter 1
All About
the SAT

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 7
Answer: Answer: 2.5
12
Write answer .
in boxes. Fraction
line Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Grid in 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
result. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Answer: 201
Either position is correct.

0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2
Acceptable ways to grid are:
3
. . 21
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chapter 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
All About
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
the SAT
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Once you understand the following six rules, you can concentrate on just solving the math problems in this section.

1. Write your answer in the boxes at the top of the grid.

2. Mark the corresponding circles, one per column.

3. Start in any column.

4. Work with decimals or fractions.

5. Express mixed numbers as decimals or improper fractions.

6. If more than one answer is possible, grid any one.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 NOTE: Dont use a comma in a number larger than 999. Just fill in the four digits and the corresponding circles.
You only have circles for numbers, decimal points, and fraction slashes; there arent any for commas.

Now lets look at these rules in more detail:

1. Write your answer in the boxes at the top of the grid. Technically, this isnt required by the SAT. Realistically, it gives you
something to follow as you fill in the circles. Do itit will help you.
2. Make sure to mark the circles that correspond to the answer you entered in the boxes, one per column. The machine that
scores the test can only read the circles, so if you dont fill them in, you wont get credit. Just entering your answer in the
boxes is not enough!
3. You can start entering your answer in any column, if space permits. Unused columns should be left blank; dont put in zeroes.
Here are some examples of these kinds of problems:

Examples:

Use the grids provided to try the following grid-in quesions.

1. The circumference of a circle is 20. If the area of a sector of the circle with a central angle of

3p
is a, what is the value of a?
2

2. There are 70 students in a school who participate in the music program. If 35% of the students participate in the music
program, how many students are in the school?

1 3
22 3. What is one possible solution to the equation +
x x 1
= 4 ?

Chapter 1
1. 2. 3.
All About
the SAT / / / / / /
. . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

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Solutions:

1. C = 2pr = 20 p
r = 10
3 3
A = pr 2 = p(10 ) 2 = 75p = ap
4 4
a = 75

2. 35 = 70
100 x
35 x = 7, 000
x = 200

3. 1 + 3 = 4
x x 1
x 1+ 3 x = 4 x ( x 1)
4 x 1 = 4 x 2 +4 x
0 = 4 x 2 +1
0 = ( 2 x + 1)(2 x + 1)
x = 0.5

1
Only 0.5 or (1/2) can be entered in the grid because, as the directions stated, no answer requires a minus sign.
2

1. 2. 3. OR

/
.
/
. .
/
.
/
. .
/
.
/
. . .
/
.
/
. . 23
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chapter 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
All About
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 the SAT
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

You will learn more about grid-ins in Chapter 8: Grid-In Strategies.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 SAT ESSAY (OPTIONAL)
For the essay, you will be given a previously published passage that examines ideas in the sciences and arts, as well as in civic,
cultural, and political life. The passages are written for a broad-based audience, and prior knowledge of the topic is not expected.
Your task in writing the essay is to read and comprehend the text sufficiently to write a thoughtful analysis of the passage.

Though the passage contents may vary from test to test, the prompt will not change. You will be asked to explain how the author
of the passage builds an argument to persuade an audience. The prompt will likely look something like this:

As you read the following passage, consider how the author uses the following:

Evidence, such as facts, statistics, or examples, to support claims.

Reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.
Stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to
the ideas expressed.

Your response will be evaluated based on your comprehension of the text, as well as on the quality of your analysis and writing.
This means that you must show thoughtful understanding of the source text and appropriate use of textual evidence to support
your arguments. You will also be expected to organize your ideas in a coherent way and to express them clearly, using the con-
ventions of Standard Written English. The essay does not elicit your opinion or ask you to use your imagination to write creatively.
Instead, your response should depend entirely on the source text to support your analysis. You can learn more about the optional
Essay in Chapter 6: The SAT Essay.

THE SAT ANSWER SHEET

24
On the day of the test when you are given your test booklet, youll also be given a separate answer sheet. For each multiple-choice
question, youll see a corresponding set of answer circles. The circles are labeled A, B, C, and D. Remember the following about
Chapter 1
the answer sheet:
All About
the SAT Answer sheets are read by machinesand machines cant think. That means its up to you to make sure youre in the right place
on the answer sheet every time you record an answer. The machine wont know that you really meant to answer Question 25
when you marked the space for Question 26.
If you skip a question, list the number on your scratch paper. Dont mark the answer sheet in any way as a reminder. Any stray
marks may affect how the machine scores your answer sheet.
Always check to see that the answer space you have filled in corresponds to the question you are answering.
Be sure to fill in the answer circles completely so that there can be no mistake about which answers you chose.
These seem like simple things, but youd be surprised how many students fail to do them, especially keeping track of answer
lines if they skip a question.

Make sure youre in the right place! Always check to see that the answer space you
fill in corresponds to the question you are answering.

As you just read in the Grid-Ins section of this chapter, grid-inresponses are only for questions you will see in the math sections.
Youll still be filling in circles, but they will look a little different from the multiple-choice circles. Again, heres a sample of the
special grid you will use.

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 boxes to write your numerical answer
/ / fraction linesuse one at most per answer
. . . decimal pointsuse one at most per answer
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9

At the top of the grid, youll write in the numerical answer. The slashes that appear in the second row are used for answers with
fractions. If you need one of these fraction lines in your answer, darken one of the circles. The circles with the dots are for answers
with decimal pointsuse these circles just as you do the fraction line circles. In the lower part of the grid, fill in the numbered
circles that correspond to the numbers in your answer.

Here are some examples. Note that for grid-in responses, answers can begin on the left or the right.

.
/ / / / / / / / / /
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0
1 1
0
1 1
0 0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1 1
0 0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
25
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Chapter 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
All About
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 the SAT
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

HOW THE SAT IS SCORED

OK, youve filled in all your answer circles and perhaps written an essay. The 3 hours (and 50 minutes if you are taking the optional
essay portion) are up (not a minute too soon), and youve turned in your answer sheet and your essay sheet. What next? Off your
answers go to the machines at College Board and to the high school and college teachers who have been trained to read and
score the essays. The machines can scan the bubble sheets in seconds and calculate a score for most of your test. If you are taking
the optional essay portion, two readers will score it based on three criteria: reading, analysis, and writing. Their scores will be
combined and reported separately from the main portion of the SAT.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 In scoring the multiple-choice and grid-in sections of the SAT, the machines give one point for each correct answer. Incorrect
answers have no effect on your score. Each reader of your essay uses a rubric against which he or she reads your essay. Each reader
then gives your essay a score from 1 to 4. The two scores will be combined to give you an essay subscore.

The result of these calculations for each part of the SATMath and Evidence-Based Reading and Writingis your raw score.
This is then converted to a scaled score between 400 and 1600. Your essay will be given a score ranging between 6 and 24, and
it will be reported separately. These scores will be reported to you and to the colleges you have chosen.

Remember, if you take the SAT more than once, you can choose whether the schools you are applying to receive the scores
from each test date or just some of them.

NOTE: Because the SAT can vary in format, scaled scores allow the test-maker to account for differences from
one version of the SAT to another. Using scaled scores ensures that a score of 500 on one SAT is equivalent to
500 on another.

STRATEGIES FOR SAT SUCCESS

What makes some people better test-takers than others? The secret isnt just knowing the subject; its knowing specific test-taking
strategies that can add up to extra points. This means psyching out the test, knowing how the test-makers think and what theyre
looking for, and using this knowledge to your advantage. Smart test-takers know how to use pacing and guessing to add points
to their score.

Pace Yourself

26 Suppose there are 20 questions in one of the math sections and they need to be answered in 25 minutes. That means that you
have 1 minute and 15 seconds to answer each question. But smart test-takers know thats not the best way to use their time. If
you use less than a minute to answer the easier questions, youll have extra time to answer the more difficult ones. Thats why
Chapter 1 learning to pace yourself is so important.
All About
the SAT
ALERT: Dont spin your wheels by spending too much time on any one question. Give it some thought, take your best shot,
and move along.

Question Sets in Math Usually Go from Easiest to Most DifficultYou Should, Too
A question set is one set of similar questions within the larger math and evidence-based reading and writing sections. In the
math sections, SAT questions follow the pattern of easiest to hardest. Work your way through the easier questions as quickly as
you can. That way youll have more time for the more difficult ones.

But two words of caution: First, what may be easy to the test-writer may not be to you. Dont panic if Question 3 seems hard. Try
to work through it, but dont spend too much time on it if its a topic such as factoring that has just never been easy for you to
understand. Second, work quickly but carefully. Dont work so fast that you make a silly mistake and lose a point that you should
have gained.

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You Can Set Your Own Speed Limit
All right, how will you know what your speed limit is? Use the practice tests to check your timing and see how it affects your
answers. If youve answered most of the questions in the time limit but have a lot of incorrect answers, youd better slow down.
On the other hand, if you are very accurate in your answers but arent answering every question in a section, you can probably
pick up the pace a bit.

Its Smart to Keep Moving

Its hard to let go, but sometimes you have to. Dont spend too much time on any one question before youve tried all the ques-
tions in a section. There may be questions later on in the test that you can answer easily, and you dont want to lose points just
because you didnt get to them.

The Easy Choice Isnt Always Best

Are you at the end of a math section? Remember, thats where youll usually find the hardest questions, which means that the
answers are more complex. Look carefully at the choices and really think about what the question is asking.

You Dont Have to Read the Directions

What? Yes, you read it correctly the first timeyou dont have to read the directions. By the time you actually sit down to take the
SAT, youve read this book, youve taken all the practice tests you could find, and youve read enough SAT directions to fill a library.
So when the exam clock starts ticking, dont waste time rereading directions you already know. Instead, go directly to Question 1.

27
Youre Going to Need a Watch
Chapter 1
If youre going to pace yourself, you need to keep track of the timeand what if there is no clock in your room or if the only clock
is out of your line of vision? Thats why its a good idea to bring a watch to the test. A word of warning: Dont use a watch alarm All About
the SAT
or your watch will end up on the proctors desk.

MAKE AN SAT STUDY PLAN

As with almost any form of learning, preparing for the SAT is an investment of time. The more you have, the better your chances
of boosting your score significantly. Next, well walk you through two different study plans, each tailored to a specific amount of
preparation time. Choose the plan that fits your circumstances and adapt it to your needs.

Regardless of how much time you have before the actual exam, your first step should be to take the Diagnostic Test in Part II of
this book. After you score it, compute your category percentages to assess your relative strengths and weaknesses. Hang on to
the scoring sheet so you know where to get started.

The Complete Plan

If you have three or more months to prepare, you should congratulate yourself! This will give you sufficient time to familiarize
yourself with the test, learn critical strategies, review grammar and math fundamentals, practice writing, and take full-length tests.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Youll get the most out of your SAT preparation if you:

Reread this chapter to ensure that you understand the format, structure, and scoring of the SAT.
Take the Diagnostic Test and identify your areas that need improvement.
Read each and every strategy and review chapter.
Work through all the examples, exercises, and practice exams.
Read all the answer explanations.
Focus on the chapters where your scores show you need to improve.

The Accelerated Plan

If you have one month or less to prepare for the SAT or if you cannot devote a lot of time to studying for any other reason, follow
the accelerated plan. Youll get the most out of this plan if you:

Reread this chapter to ensure that you understand the format, structure, and scoring of the SAT.
Take the Diagnostic Test and identify your areas that need improvement.
Focus on the chapters that cover material that is most problematic for you and work through all the examples and
exercises in these chapters.
Work through as many practice exams as you can.
Read all the answer explanations.

NOTE: You may be wondering how you can possibly wade through all this information in time for the test. Dont be
discouraged! We wrote this book knowing that some of you would be on very condensed schedules. The information
in this section will help you construct a study plan that works for youone that will help you boost your score no
28 matter how limited your time may be. Remember, though, that practice and targeted study are essential elements
of that score boosting, so invest as much time as possible in your SAT preparation.

Chapter 1
All About
the SAT MEASURING YOUR PROGRESS
It does seem as if youre on a treadmill sometimes, doesnt it? Question after question after questionare you really getting
anywhere? Is all of this studying really working?

The way to find out is to monitor your progress throughout the preparation period, whether its three months or four weeks. By
taking a diagnostic examination at the beginning, youll establish your skill baseline, and youll be able to craft the study plan
thats right for you. Then, you can either start to read the entire book (if you are using the complete plan) or go directly to the
chapters that address your weaknesses (if you are using the accelerated plan). At the end of each chapter, complete the exercises
and compare your percentages to your original diagnostic percentages. How have you improved? Where do you still need work?
Even if you havent reached your ultimate performance goal, are you at least applying new test-taking methods?

Heres an important point: You dont have to go through the book in order. You might want to start with
the topic that you find most difficult, such as functions or grammar, or the question type that youre
most unsure about, such as grid-ins. Then move to the next most difficult and so on down the line,
saving the easiest topics or question types until the end. If you use the accelerated plan, you should
definitely take this approach.

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SIMULATE TEST-TAKING CONDITIONS
The five full-length practice exams in Chapter 14 can help you prepare for the experience of taking a timed, standardized test.
Taking these tests will improve your familiarity with the SAT, reduce your number of careless errors, and increase your overall
level of confidence. To make sure that you get the most out of this practice, you should do everything in your power to simulate
actual test-taking conditions.

Find a Block of Time

Because the SAT is administered in one long block of time, the best way to simulate test-taking conditions is to take an entire
practice exam in one sitting. This means that you should set aside 34 hours of consecutive time.

If you find it difficult to find approximately 4 quiet hours at home, maybe take the test in the library. If you decide to take a test
at home, take precautions. Let your friends know you are taking a practice test, put your phone in another room, and convince
siblings to stay out of your room. Easier said than done, right? Although infrequent interruptions wont completely invalidate
your testing experience, you should try to avoid them.

Work at a Desk and Wear a Watch

Dont take a practice test while you are lounging on your bed. After all, the SAT proctors wont let you take the test lying down!
Clear off sufficient space on a desk or table to work comfortably. Wear a watch to properly administer the sections under timed
conditions. Or use a timer. The time for each section is marked on the section, so check the beginning of each section and set
your timer or your watch for that amount of time.

You are not allowed to explore other sections on the test while you are supposed to be working on a particular one. So when you
take your practice tests, dont look ahead or back. Take the full time to complete each section. 29
Chapter 1
If youre worried that you wont be able to resist the temptation to check the answer keys All About
during the practice tests, cover them up before you take a test. Dont allow yourself to become the SAT
dependent upon a sneak look now and then. You wont have answer keys available on test
day, and the main purpose of the practice tests is to prepare you for the real experience.

Practice on a Weekend Morning

Since the SAT is typically administered at 8:30 a.m. on Saturday (or Sunday for religious observers), why not take the practice test
at the exact same time on a weekend morning? You should be most energetic in the morning anyway. If you are not a morning
person, now is a good time to become one since thats when youll have to take the actual SAT! When you take the practice test,
allow yourself two breaks. Give yourself a 5-minute break after Section 2: Writing and Language Test to run to the bathroom, eat
a snack, and re-sharpen your pencils. You can take another 5-minute break after Section 4: Math TestCalculator.

Remember that your goal is to take these practice tests in as true an environment as possible so that youre prepared to take the
real SAT. You will be accustomed to sitting for a long period of time, but you will get two breaks. This knowledge will make you
considerably less anxious on test day.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 The following table puts all of the SAT section times in a one-stop format, so you can refer to it often when planning your SAT
study time.

Section Number of Questions Time Allowed

Reading 52 65 minutes

Writing and Language 44 35 minutes

Math TestNo Calculator 20 25 minutes

Math TestCalculator 38 55 minutes

Essay -- 50 minutes

One Third of the Way Through Your Study

When you are approximately one third of the way through your plan of studythis can be after ten days or a monthits time
to take one of the practice tests. When you have finished scoring and reading the answer explanations, compare your scores with
your original diagnostic scores. Hopefully, youre doing better. But if youre not, dont panic. At this point in test preparation, its
not unusual to score about the same as you did at the beginning.

Whats more important than what you scored is how you took the practice test. Did you really use the test-taking strategies to
which youve been introduced? If you didnt, go back to the strategy chapters and either reread them, if you are doing the com-
plete plan, or at least reread the summaries, if you are on the accelerated plan. Then continue your review. Read more review
chapters and complete the exercises.

30
Two Thirds of the Way Through Your Study
Chapter 1 After you have worked through most of the review chapters (under the complete plan) or all of the material relating to your
All About areas of weakness (under the accelerated plan), its time to take another practice test. By now, you should be seeing some real
the SAT
improvement in your scores. If you are still having trouble with certain topics, review the problematic material again.

The Home Stretch

For the most part, the last phase of study should involve less learning and more practice. Take more practice tests! By now, you
probably understand how to take the exam. What you need is more practice taking the test under simulated test-day conditions
to work on your pacing and test-taking strategies.

When you take additional practice exams, be sure to do so in a near-test environment. Keep analyzing your scores to ensure that
all of this practice is working. Determine which areas need additional work. If you skipped over any of the review chapters in this
book, go back and use the exercises to improve your skills.

The Final Week

One last word of advice: No matter which study plan you select, you should probably take one full, timed practice SAT the week
before you take the actual SAT. This will get you ready for the big day. But dont take the practice test the day before the real
exam. Thats a time when you should be relaxing, not cramming.

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THE NIGHT BEFORE AND DAY OF THE EXAM
If you follow the guidelines in this book, you will be extremely well prepared. You will know the format inside and out; you will
know how to approach every type of question; you will have worked hard to strengthen your weak areas; and you will have taken
multiple practice tests under simulated testing conditions. The last 24 hours before the SAT exam is not the time to cramits
actually the time to relax. Remember that the SAT is primarily a test of how you think, not what you know. So last-minute
cramming can be more confusing than illuminating.

In the morning, take a shower to wake up and then eat a sensible breakfast. If you are a person who usually eats breakfast, you
should probably eat your customary meal. If you dont usually eat breakfast, dont gorge yourself on test day, because it will be
a shock to your system. Eat something light (like a granola bar and a piece of fruit) and pack that snack.

Test Day Checklist

On the night before the big day, find a diversion to keep yourself from obsessing about the SAT. Maybe stay home
and watch some of your favorite television shows. Or go out to an early movie. Do whatever is best for you. Just
make sure you get plenty of sleep.

You should also lay out the following items before you go to bed:

Test ticket
NOTE: Make sure you allow enough time to arrive at the
Acceptable photo ID test site at least 15 minutes before the 8 a.m. arrival time.
You dont want to raise your level of anxiety by having to
Sharp pencils with erasers
rush to get there.
Permissible calculator

Snack and bottle of water

31
Asweater or sweatshirt in case of cooler test center conditions (optional) Chapter 1
All About
the SAT

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 TOP 10 STRATEGIES TO RAISE YOUR SCORE
When it comes to taking the SAT, some test-taking skills will do you more good than others. There are concepts you can learn
and techniques you can follow that will help you do your best. Heres our pick for the top 10 strategies to raise your score:

1. Create a study plan and follow it. The right SAT study plan will help you get the most out of this book in whatever time
you have.
2. Dont get stuck on any one question. Since you have a specific amount of time to answer questions, you cant afford to
spend too much time on any one problem.
3. Learn the directions in advance. If you already know the directions, you wont have to waste your time reading them. Youll
be able to jump right in and start answering questions as soon as the testing clock begins.
4. If you choose to take the essay portion of the test, its important to develop your ideas and express them clearly, using
examples to back them up. Your essay doesnt have to be grammatically perfect, but it does have to be focused and orga-
nized, and it should explain how the author develops his or her argument.
5. For the Writing and Language Test multiple-choice questions, think about the simplest, clearest way to express an idea.
If an answer choice sounds awkward or overly complicated, chances are good that its wrong.
6. For relevant words in context, be sure to read the sentences around the word carefully. The SAT is no longer testing obscure
words but instead is focusing on defining words in the context of a passage.
7. For Evidence-Based Reading Test questions, first skim the passage to see what its about. Look for the main ideas, and then
tackle the questions that direct you straight to the answer by referring you to a specific line in the passage. Then work on
the detailed questions that require a closer reading of the passage.
8. For the math multiple-choice questions, it can help if you know how to approach the problems. If youre stuck, try substi-
tuting numbers for variables. You can also try plugging in numbers from the answer choices. Start with one of the middle

32 numbers. That way, if it doesnt work, you can strategically choose one thats higher or lower.
9. For the math grid-ins, you determine the answer and fill it into a grid. Be sure to make your best guess, even if youre
notsure.
Chapter 1
10. Finally, relax the night before the test. Dont cram. Studying at the last minute will only stress you out. Go to a movie or
All About
the SAT hang out with a friendanything to get your mind off the test!

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SUMMING IT UP
Learning the question types is the best way to prepare for the SAT exam. Knowing the test format and question types will
relieve test anxiety, because youll know exactly what to expect on test day.

1. Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: The answer to every question will be either directly stated or implied in the
passage.
2. Standard Written English: These question sets test your ability to spot and correct grammatical errors, usage problems,
and wordiness. You will also be expected to answer questions to improve the development and organization of a par-
ticular paragraph or the passage as a whole.
3. Multiple-Choice Math: A set of reference formulas is given at the beginning of each math section, so you dont have
to worry about forgetting an important formula.
4. Grid-ins: You have to calculate the answer and then fill in circles on the grids provided on the answer sheet. Only the
circles count, so fill in each one correctly.
5. Essay (Optional): You will have 50 minutes to write your essay, which tests reading, analysis, and writing skills. You will
be asked to produce a written analysis of a provided source text. You will need to explain how the author has effectively
built an argument to persuade his or her audience. The readers are trained to evaluate the essays as first drafts, not
polished final products.

When you take a full practice examination, try to simulate test-taking conditions:
Youll need to set aside approximately 4 quiet hours.

Work at a desk and wear a watch.

Cover the answers before you start the test.

Whenever possible, take the full practice tests on weekend mornings.

You may use a calculator on the SAT, but only in one math section. For some questions, you will need to decide if the
calculator will help you or slow you down. 33
Every SAT exam question is worth 1 point, whether it is an easy question or a difficult one. So nail the easier questionsand
quickly accumulate points. Chapter 1
Fill in the answer circles cleanly and completely, or you wont get credit for your answers. All About
the SAT
Random guessing will have little effect on your score, but educated guessing can boost your score.
Pace yourself and move through the test relatively quickly.
Relax the evening before the SAT, but also be sure youre prepared.
Assemble the supplies you will need for the test.

Pick out what youll wear and remember to layer your clothes.

Be sure your calculator has fresh batteries.

On the morning of the exam, eat breakfast, pack your snack, and leave for the test site in plenty of time to get there at least
15 minutes before the start time.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 ONLINE
PREP
Want to Know More?

Access more practice questions, valuable lessons, helpful tips, and expert strategies from the following introductory lessons about
the SAT in Petersons SAT Online Course:

About the SAT

Demystifying the SAT
Scoring
To purchase and access the course, go to www.petersons.com/sat.

34
Chapter 1
All About
the SAT

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part ii: the diagnostic test

Chapter 2: The Diagnostic Test

 Chapter 2:
The Diagnostic Test
OVERVIEW
Introduction to the Diagnostic Test
Answer Sheets
Section 1: Reading Test
Section 2: Writing and Language Test
Section 3: Math TestNo Calculator
Section 4: Math TestCalculator
Section 5: Essay
Answer Keys and Explanations
Computing Your Scores

INTRODUCTION TO THE DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Before you begin preparing for the SAT exam, its important to know your strengths and the areas where you need improvement.
37
If you find the questions easy for the Reading Test, for example, it would be a mistake to dedicate hours practicing them. Taking the
Diagnostic Test in this chapter and then working out your scores will help you determine how you should apportion your study time. Chapter 2

The
Preparing To Take the Diagnostic Test Diagnostic
Test
If possible, take the test in one sitting. Give yourself at least 4 hours to complete the Diagnostic Test. The actual test is 3 hours and
45 minutes, and youll be allowed to take three short breaksyou may even want to have some healthy snacks nearby for a quick
break youll want to take. Simulating the test this way will give you an idea of how long the sections are and how it feels to take the
entire test. You will also get a sense of how long you can spend on each question in each section, so you can begin to work out a
pacing schedule for yourself.

First, assemble all the things you will need to take the test. These include:

No. 2 pencils, at least three

A calculator with fresh batteries
A timer
The answer sheets and the lined paper for the essayprovided on the following pages

Set a timer for the time specified for each section, which is noted at the top of the first page of each test section. Stick to that time,
so you are simulating the real test. At this point, its as important to know how many questions you can answer in the time allotted
as it is to answer questions correctly. Good luck!

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Diagnostic TestAnswer Sheet

Section 1: Reading Test

1. 12. 23. 33. 43.

2. 13. 24. 34. 44.

3. 14. 25. 35. 45.

4. 15. 26. 36. 46.

5. 16. 27. 37. 47.

6. 17. 28. 38. 48.

7. 18. 29. 39. 49.

8. 19. 30. 40. 50.

9. 20. 31. 41. 51.

10. 21. 32. 42. 52.

11. 22.

Section 2: Writing and Language Test

1. 10. 19. 28. 37.

2. 11. 20. 29. 38.

3. 12. 21. 30. 39.

4. 13. 22. 31. 40.

5. 14. 23. 32. 41.

6. 15. 24. 33. 42.

7. 16. 25. 34. 43.

8. 17. 26. 35. 44.

9. 18. 27. 36.

Section 3: Math TestNo Calculator

1. 4. 7. 10. 13.

2. 5. 8. 11. 14.

3. 6. 9. 12. 15.

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Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic TestAnswer Sheet

Section 3: Math TestNo Calculator

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
/ / / / / / / / / /
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Section 4: Math TestCalculator

1. 7. 13. 19. 25.

2. 8. 14. 20. 26.

3. 9. 15. 21. 27.

4. 10. 16. 22. 28.

5. 11. 17. 23. 29.

6. 12. 18. 24. 30.

31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

/ / / / / / / / / /
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

36. 37. 38.

/ / / / / /
. . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

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 Diagnostic TestAnswer Sheet

Section 5: Essay
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 Diagnostic TestAnswer Sheet

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 Diagnostic Test

SECTION 1: READING TEST

65 Minutes52 Questions

TURN TO SECTION 1 OF YOUR ANSWER SHEET TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

DIRECTIONS: Each passage (or pair of passages) in this section is followed by a number of multiple-choice questions. After
reading each passage, select the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages
and in any supplementary material, such as a table, graph, chart, or photograph.

Questions 110 are based on the following passage. every Bee tree it meets with, Bears being, as you well

Diagnostic Test reading

know, expert at this operation. You also know that they
John James Audubon (17851851) is known primarily for his bird are good climbers, and may have been told, or at least
studies, but as this passage from Ornithological Biography shows, may now be told, that the Black Bear now and then
he wrote about the behavior of other animals as well. 35 houses itself in the hollow trunks of the larger trees for
weeks together, when it is said to suck its paws. You
Black Bear
are probably not aware of a habit in which it indulges,
The Black Bear (Ursus americanus), however clumsy and which, being curious, must be interesting to you.
in appearance, is active, vigilant, and persevering; At one season, the Black Bear may be seen examining
possesses great strength, courage, and address; and 40 the lower part of the trunk of a tree for several minutes
Line undergoes with little injury the greatest fatigues and with much attention, at the same time looking around,
5 hardships in avoiding the pursuit of the hunter. Like the and snuffing the air, to assure itself that no enemy is
Deer, it changes its haunts with the seasons, and for the near. It then raises itself on its hind legs, approaches
same reason, namely, the desire of obtaining suitable the trunk, embraces it with its forelegs, and scratches
food, or of retiring to the more inaccessible parts, where 45 the bark with its teeth and claws for several minutes
it can pass the time in security, unobserved by man, in continuance. Its jaws clash against each other, until
10 the most dangerous of its enemies. During the spring a mass of foam runs down both sides of the mouth.
months, it searches for food in the low rich alluvial lands After this it continues its rambles. In various portions
that border the rivers, or by the margins of such inland of our country, many of our woodsmen and hunters
lakes as, on account of their small size, are called by us 50 who have seen the Bear performing the singular oper-
ponds. There it procures abundance of succulent roots, ation just described, imagine that it does so for the
15 and of the tender juicy stems of plants, on which it chiefly purpose of leaving behind an indication of its size and
feeds at that season. During the summer heat, it enters power. They measure the height at which the scratches
the gloomy swamps, passes much of its time wallowing are made, and in this manner, can, in fact, form an
in the mud, like a hog, and contents itself with crayfish, 55 estimate of the magnitude of the individual. My own
roots, and nettles, now and then, when hard pressed opinion, however, is different. It seems to me that the
20 by hunger, seizing on a young pig, or perhaps a sow, or Bear scratches on the trees, not for the purpose of
even a calf. As soon as the different kinds of berries which showing its size or its strength, but merely for that of
grow on the mountain begin to ripen, the Bears betake sharpening its teeth and claws, to enable it better to
themselves to the high grounds, followed by their cubs. 60 encounter a rival of its own species during the amatory
In such retired parts of the country where there are no season. The Wild Boar of Europe clashes its tusks and
25 hilly grounds, it pays visits to the maize fields, which scrapes the earth with its feet, and the Deer rubs its
it ravages for a while. After this, the various species of antlers against the lower part of the stems of young
nuts, acorns, grapes, and other forest fruits, that form trees or bushes, for the same purpose.
what in the western country is called mast, attract its
attention. The Bear is then seen rambling singly through
30 the woods to gather this harvest, not forgetting to rob

CONTINUE
45
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

1 As used in line 3, address refers to 6 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
A. habitat.
A. Lines 1617 (During ... swamps)
B. anxiety.
B. Lines 1718 (passes ... mud)
C. skill. C. Lines 1920 (now and ... hunger)
D. direction. D. Lines 2021 (seizing on ... calf.)

2 What is the most likely reason that Audubon wrote about 7 According to Audubon, how are the claws of the black bear
the black bear? like the tusks of the wild boar?

A. He wanted to provide more information about A. Both are parts of the body that warn other animals
another animal to his readers. that they are predators.
B. Both animals use these parts of their bodies to
B. He was fascinated by mammals.
forage for crayfish and roots.
C. He wanted to prove he had interests other than
C. Both animals use these body parts to defend
birds.
themselves from human predators.
D. He wanted to show the commonalities in D. Both are parts of the body that the animal sharpens
behavioral patterns of bears and birds. to better compete for a mate.

3 Which of the following quotes from the text provides 8 The fact that Audubon calls man the bears most danger-
evidence to support the idea that certain dissimilar forest ous enemy (line 10) indicates that he
mammals share some of the same traits?
A. is a hunter himself.
A. Lines 56 (Like ... seasons) B. has some sympathy for hunted bears.
B. Line 14 (it procures ... roots) C. does not believe that bears are dangerous.

C. Lines 1820 (contents itself ... pig) D. thinks bears are more dangerous than people.

D. Lines 3032 (not forgetting ... operation)

9 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
4 Huntsmen and woodsmen claim that the bear scratches
tree bark with its teeth and claws to A. Lines 56 (Like the Deer ... seasons)
B. Lines 68 (for the same ... food)
A. sharpen its teeth.
C. Line 8 (retiring ... parts)
B. mark the tree for winter hibernation. D. Lines 910 (man, ... enemies.)
C. ward off potential predators by showing its size.
10 The author indicates that he believes that the reader
D. mark the tree so that other animals cant harvest its
nuts and acorns.
A. knows absolutely nothing about bears.

5 What is the main rhetorical effect of the authors descrip- B. already has some knowledge of bears.
tion of how black bears behave in swamps, lines 1621? C. needs help overcoming a fear of bears.

A. To show that the bear is an exceptional predator D. believes bears can climb trees as well as apes.

B. To explain why humans might want to hunt bears

C. To impress the reader with how varied a bears

diet is

D. To create an image of a bear placidly foraging for

food
46
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 Diagnostic Test

Questions 1121 are based on the following passage. ploughman and a professor. The former will decide it
as well, and often better than the latter, because he has
Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1787 to his nephew, Peter Carr, a student not been led astray by artificial rules.
at the College of William and Mary. *George Wythe, a well-respected scholar, the first American
law professor, and one of the signatories of the Declaration of
Paris, August 10, 1787 Independence, became an important teacher and mentor to
Thomas Jefferson.
Dear Peter, I have received your two letters of
December 30 and April 18 and am very happy to find by
11 What is the best description of Mr. Wythe and his relation-
Line them, as well as by letters from Mr. Wythe,* that you have
ship to the Jefferson family?
5 been so fortunate as to attract his notice and good will: I
am sure you will find this to have been one of the more
A. Teacher
fortunate events of your life, as I have ever been sensible
it was of mine. I enclose you a sketch of the sciences to B. Cousin
which I would wish you to apply in such order as Mr. Wythe C. Family friend
10 shall advise: I mention also the books in them worth your
reading, which submit to his correction. Many of these D. Public servant
are among your fathers books, which you should have
brought to you. As I do not recollect those of them not in 12 What is the purpose of Jeffersons letter to his nephew?
his library, you must write to me for them, making out a
15 catalogue of such as you think you shall have occasion for A. To advise him about his education
in 18 months from the date of your letter, and consulting
B. To advise him about leading a moral life
Mr. Wythe on the subject. To this sketch I will add a few
particular observations. C. To make sure he will learn a second language

1. Italian. I fear the learning of this language will D. To keep in touch with his family while abroad
20 confound your French and Spanish. Being all of them
degenerated dialects of the Latin, they are apt to mix in 13 What does Jefferson suggest his reader do about studying
conversation. I have never seen a person speaking the the Italian language?
three languages who did not mix them. It is a delightful
language, but late events having rendered the Spanish A. Ignore it to pursue Spanish instead
25 more useful, lay it aside to prosecute that.
B. Ignore it to study French instead
2. Spanish. Bestow great attention on this, and
C. Use it as a building block to studying Spanish
endeavor to acquire an accurate knowledge of it. Our
future connections with Spain and Spanish America will D. Use it in conversation with Spanish people
render that language a valuable acquisition. The ancient
30 history of a great part of America too is written in that
14 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
language. I send you a dictionary.
to the previous question?
3. Moral philosophy. I think it lost time to attend
lectures in this branch. He who made us would have been A. Lines 1920 (I fear ... Spanish.)
a pitiful bungler if he had made the rules of our moral B. Lines 2022 (Being all ... conversation.)
35 conduct a matter of science. For one man of science, there
are thousands who are not. What would have become of C. Lines 2223 (I have ... mix them.)
them? Man was destined for society. His morality therefore D. Lines 2325 (It is a ... prosecute that.)
was to be formed to this object. He was endowed with a
sense of right and wrong merely relative to this. This sense
40 is as much a part of his nature as the sense of hearing,
seeing, feeling; it is the true foundation of morality....The
moral sense, or conscience, is as much a part of man as
his leg or arm. It is given to all human beings in a stronger
or weaker degree, as force of members is given them
45 in a greater or less degree.. . . State a moral case to a
CONTINUE
47
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

15 In lines 4243, Jefferson compares conscience to a physical 18 Jefferson tells his nephew to lay Italian aside because it is
limb of the body to show
A. a degenerated dialect.
A. that it is natural and present in all human beings. B. not necessary since he already knows French.

B. how easily we take it for granted. C. not useful to be multilingual.

D. too easy to get it mixed up with Spanish.
C. that without it, humans are powerless.

D. how mental and physical states are integrated. 19 Which of the following best summarizes Jeffersons overall
view of morality?
16 Based on the passage, what country does Jefferson think
will most closely align with the newly independent colo- A. Morality is a science that can be taught by professors
nies in the future? and scholars.
B. Moral philosophy is self-taught.
A. England
C. A sense of morality is part of human nature.
B. France
D. Humans are moral beings who need rules to guide
C. Italy their behavior.
D. Spain

17 By lost time (line 32), Jefferson means

A. wasted time.
B. the past.
C. missing time.
D. youth.
Three Generations of the Jefferson Family

Peter Jefferson (b: 1708; d: 1757) - [spouse] Jane Randolph (b: 1721; d: 1776)
[children: 10]

Thomas (1743 - 1826) - [spouse] Martha Wales (1748 - 1782) Martha (1746 - 1811) - [spouse] Dabney Carr (1743 - 1773)

[children: 6] [children: 6]

(others died before reaching adulthood)

Martha (b: 1772; d: 1836) Mary (b: 1778; d: 1782) Peter (b: 1770; d: 1815)

20 Based on information in the family tree, Peter may have 21 Which of the following best describes the tone of Jeffer-
relied on advice from his uncle Thomas because Peter sons letter to his nephew?

A. considered Thomas to be a better parental figure A. Invested and warm

than his father was. B. Anxious and worried

B. did not receive reliable advice from his own mother. C. Objective and matter-of-fact
D. Distant and preoccupied
C. did not have a father, and his mother was busy with
her 5 other children.

D. wanted the best education so he could help take

care of his 5 siblings.

48
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 Diagnostic Test

Questions 2232 are based on the following passage 45 Once plastics have been consumed, laboratory tests
and supplementary material. show that chemical additives and adsorbed pollutants and
metals on their surface can desorb (leach out) and transfer
This excerpt is from the article New Link in the Food Chain? Marine into the guts and tissues of marine organisms....
Plastic Pollution and Seafood Safety, by Nate Seltenrich. It has been
reproduced from the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. Research has shown that harmful and persistent
50 substances can both bioaccumulate (or increase in
World plastics production has experienced almost concentration as exposures persist) and biomagnify (or
constant growth for more than half a century, rising from increase in concentration at higher trophic levels) within
approximately 1.9 tons in 1950 to approximately 330 organisms as they assume some of the chemical burden
Line million tons in 2013. The World Bank estimates that 1.4 of their prey or environment. Yet again, no research has yet
5 billion tons of trash are generated globally each year, 55 demonstrated the bioaccumulation of sorbed pollutants
10% of it plastic. The International Maritime Organization in the environment.
has banned the dumping of plastic waste (and most Three key questions remain to be determined. To
other garbage) at sea. However, an unknown portion of what extent do plastics transfer pollutants and additives to
the plastic produced each year escapes into the envi- organisms upon ingestion? What contribution are plastics
10 ronmentinstead of being landfilled, incinerated, or
60 making to the contaminant burden in organisms above
recycledand at least some of it eventually makes its way and beyond their exposures through water, sediments, and
to sea. food? And, finally, what proportion of humans exposure
Plastics that reach the ocean will gradually break to plastic ingredients and environmental pollutants occurs
down into ever-smaller pieces due to sunlight exposure, through seafood? Researchers are moving carefully in the
15 oxidation, and the physical action of waves, currents, and 65 direction of answers to these questions....
grazing by fish and birds. So-called microplasticsvariably New laws . . . could require handling plastics more
defined in the scientific literature and popular press as responsibly at the end of their useful life through recycling,
smaller than 1 or 5mm in diameterare understood to proper disposal, and extended producer responsibility.
be the most abundant type of plastic in the ocean. The 5
20 Gyres authors* found microplastics almost everywhere Rolf Halden, director of the Center for Environmental
they sampled, from near-shore environments to the open 70 Security at the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State Uni-

ocean, in varying concentrations, and they estimated versity, advocates for another solution: manufacturing
that particles 4.75 mm or smallerabout the size of a more sustainable plastics from the start. We need to
lentilmade up roughly 90% of the total plastic pieces design the next generation of plastics to make them more
25 they collected. biodegradable so that they dont have a long half-life,
75 they dont accumulate in the oceans, and they dont have
But the degradation of larger pieces of plastic is not the opportunity to collect chemicals long-term, he says.
the only way microplastics end up in the ocean. Nurdles Theres just no way we can shield people from all expo-
the plastic pellets used as a feedstock for producing sures that could occur. Lets design safer chemicals and
plastic goodscan spill from ships or land-based sources, make the whole problem moot.
30 and microbeads used as scrubbing agents in personal
*The 5 Gyres Institute addresses plastic pollution in the ocean.
care products such as skin cleansers, toothpastes, and
shampoos, can escape water-treatment facilities and pass
into water-sheds with treated water. (In June 2014, Illinois 22 According to the passage, plastic is
became the first US state to ban the manufacture and
35 sale of products containing microbeads, which have been A. wasted more than any other material.
documented in the Great Lakes and Chicagos North Shore B. responsible for a massive amount of waste.
Channel.)
C. not being produced as much as it once was.
Marine organisms throughout the food chain
commonly consume plastics of various sizes. The tiniest D. the single most dangerous material to the planet.
40 microplastics are small enough to be mistaken for food by
zooplankton, allowing them to enter the food chain at very
low trophic levels. Some larger predators are thought to
confuse nurdles (which typically measure less than 5 mm
in diameter) with fish eggs or other food sources.
CONTINUE
49
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

23 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer 25 What solution does Rolf Halden support to decrease the
to the previous question? effects of pollution from plastics on humans?

A. Lines 12 (World ... century) A. Passing laws to mandate more rigorous recycling

B. Lines 46 (The World ... it plastic.) B. Developing plastics that are biodegradable

C. Lines 68 (The International ... at sea.) C. Making plastics that are safe to ingest

D. Lines 810 (However ... environment) D. Banning the production of new plastic products

24 Which best describes the overall tone of the article? 26 This article was most likely written to

A. Neutral and scientific A. offer a theory about why the environment is in

danger.
B. Emotional and persuasive
B. inform the public of the problems of plastic in the
C. Personal and human
ocean.
D. Subjective and opinionated
C. start a movement to halt all plastic production.

D. inspire readers to clean up the oceans personally.

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 Diagnostic Test

27 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer 30 Which of the following words would be most helpful in
to the previous question? figuring out the meaning of the word adsorbed (line 46)?

A. Lines 4548 (Once plastics ... organisms ... ) A. Absolve

B. Lines 4951 (Research ... biomagnify) B. Adhere

C. Lines 5456 (Yet again ... environment.) C. Absorb

D. Line 57 (Three key ... determined.) D. Sorbet

28 Which of the following statements could be learned from 31 One of the questions the author raises in lines 5765 deals
the diagram on the previous page about how plastics with
disrupt the food chain?
A. how much plastic waste from the oceans people
A. Plastics enter the food chain when small fish eat might be ingesting.
small pieces of plastic.
B. how sea creatures happen to ingest plastic waste in
B. Sunlight breaks down larger pieces of plastic that the oceans.
have been tossed in the ocean.
C. what kinds of plastic waste can be found in the
C. Emptying wastewater directly into the ocean is oceans.
illegal in many places.
D. why people are so careless about dumping plastic
D. People should only eat a limited amount of seafood waste into the oceans.
because it may contain unsafe contaminants.
32 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
29 Why did Illinois ban the sale of certain personal care to the previous question?
products?
A. Lines 5759 (To what ... ingestion?)
A. Residues from the products were ending up in the
B. Lines 5962 (What contribution ... food?)
ocean.
C. Lines 6264 (And, finally ... seafood.)
B. The containers couldnt be recycled.
D. Line 6465 (Researchers ... questions ... )
C. The products were determined to be carcinogenic.

D. The products contained microbeads that were

getting into the water system.

CONTINUE
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 Diagnostic Test

Questions 3342 are based on the following passage. ground; so I said the prayer I had been taught, and
dropped my tobacco and red feathers into the opening
Angel Decora was born Hinookmahiwikilinaka on the Winnebago that nature itself had created.
Reservation in Nebraska in 1871. She worked as a book illustrator,
No sooner was the sacrifice accomplished than a
particularly on books by and about Native Americans, and lectured
45 feeling of doubt and fear thrilled me. What if my offering
and wrote about Indian art. The story from which this excerpt is
should never reach the earth? Would my little sister die?
taken, The Sick Child, may be autobiographical.
Not till I turned homeward did I realize how cold I
It was about sunset when I, a little child, was sent was. When at last I reached the house they took me in
with a handful of powdered tobacco leaves and red and warmed me, but did not question me, and I said
feathers to make an offering to the spirit who had caused 50 nothing. Everyone was sad, for the little one had grown
Line the sickness of my little sister. It had been a long, hard worse.
5 winter, and the snow lay deep on the prairie as far as
The next day the medicine woman said my little
the eye could reach. The medicine-womans directions
sister was beyond hope; she could not live. Then bitter
had been that the offering must be laid upon the naked
remorse was mine, for I thought I had been unfaithful,
earth, and that to find it I must face toward the setting
55 and therefore my little sister was to be called to the
sun.
spirit-land. I was a silent child, and did not utter my
10 I was taught the prayer: Spirit grandfather, I offer feelings; my remorse was intense.
this to thee. I pray thee restore my little sister to health.
My parents would not listen to what the medi-
Full of reverence and a strong faith that I could appease
cine-woman had said, but clung to hope. As soon as
the anger of the spirit, I started out to plead for the life
60 she had gone, they sent for a medicine-man who lived
of our little one.
many miles away.
15 But now where was a spot of earth to be found in
He arrived about dark. He was a large man, with
all that white monotony? They had talked of death at
a sad, gentle face. His presence had always filled me
the house. I hoped that my little sister would live, but I
with awe, and that night it was especially so, for he
was afraid of nature.
65 was coming as a holy man. He entered the room where
I reached a little spring. I looked down to its pebbly the baby lay, and took a seat, hardly noticing any one.
20 bottom, wondering whether I should leave my offering There was silence saving only for the tinkling of the
there, or keep on in search of a spot of earth. If I put my little tin ornaments on his medicine-bag. He began to
offering in the water, would it reach the bottom and speak: A soul has departed from this house, gone to the
touch the earth, or would it float away, as it had always 70 spirit-land. As I came I saw luminous vapor above the
done when I made my offering to the water spirit? house. It ascended, it grew less, it was gone on its way
to the spirit-land. It was the spirit of the little child who
25 Once more I started on in my search of the bare
is sick; she still breathes, but her spirit is beyond our
ground.
reach ...
The surface was crusted in some places, and
walking was easy; in other places I would wade through 33 The narrator wants to place her offering correctly because
a foot or more of snow. Often I paused, thinking to clear
she
30 the snow away in some place and there lay my offering.
But no, my faith must be in nature, and I must trust to it A. will have to explain her choice to everyone else.
to lay bare the earth.
B. wants to be trusted with similar tasks in the future.
It was a hard struggle for so small a child.
C. thinks doing so will save her little sisters life.
I went on and on; the reeds were waving their tas-
35 selled ends in the wind. I stopped and looked at them. D. is afraid of being punished if she does it incorrectly.
A reed, whirling in the wind, had formed a space round
its stem, making a loose socket. I stood looking into the
opening. The reed must be rooted in the ground, and
the hole must follow the stem to the earth. If I poured
40 my offerings into the hole, surely they must reach the

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 Diagnostic Test

34 The medicine man describes the appearance of the spirit 39 Based on the passage, which choice best describes the
of the narrators sister as narrators relationship with her parents?

A. luminous vapor. A. The parents seem to treat the narrator as if she

were an adult.
B. a tin ornament.
B. The narrator wishes her parents would give her
C. a baby.
more responsibility.
D. beyond our reach.
C. The parents love their youngest child, but not the
narrator.
35 Why didnt the girls parents send for the medicine man in
the first place? D. The narrator receives warmth and validation from
her parents.
A. He was busy helping another family at the time.
40 What is the central idea in the passage?
B. He had to come from a long distance.

C. They thought the medicine woman would be able A. A Native American recalls her experience of trying
to help their daughter. to save and losing her baby sister.
D. They preferred a woman to cure their female child. B. A Native American child is called upon to make an
offering to the spirits.
36 What evidence from the text shows the girls dilemma in C. A Native American family struggles with illness in
following the medicine womans directions? the depths of winter on the Plains.

A. Lines 78 (the offering ... naked earth) D. A Native American family uses their religious beliefs
to try to save their daughter.
B. Lines 2123 (If I put ... away)

C. Lines 2729 (The surface ... of snow. ) 41 When the girl says, bitter remorse was mine (lines 5354),

D. Lines 3435 (I went on ... the wind.) she feels

A. that she is responsible for her sisters illness.

37 Which title best expresses an important theme of the
passage? B. badly because she didnt listen to the medicine
woman.
A. The Medicine-Man C. angry about being given so much responsibility.
B. Acts of Faith D. guilty because she feels as though she has failed
C. Native American Culture her sister.

D. Walking on Snow
42 Which of the following best describes the meaning of
thrilled in line 45?
38 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question? A. Inspired

A. Lines 14 (It was ... little sister.) B. Refreshed

B. Lines 1213 (Full of ... spirit) C. Frightened

C. Lines 4445 (No sooner ... thrilled me.) D. Stimulated

D. Lines 5961 (As soon ... away.)

CONTINUE
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Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

Questions 4352 are based on the following No; I am no emissary. ... Sell my countrys indepen-
passages and supplementary material. dence to France! and for what? Was it a change of masters?
No, but for ambition. Oh, my country! Was it personal
Passage 1: Fanny Wright was a reformer, author, and orator, which 35 ambition that could influence me? Had it been the soul
were unusual occupations for a woman in the early nineteenth of my actions, could I not, by my education and fortune,
century. by the rank and consideration of my family, have placed
myself amongst the proudest of your oppressors? My
Passage 2: Young Robert Emmet was condemned to death for country was my idol! To it I sacrificed every selfish, every
treason after organizing a rebellion against the English in Ireland. 40 endearing sentiment; and for it I now offer up myself, O
He, too, had achieved fame as an orator, with speeches decrying God! No, my lords; I acted as an Irishman, determined
tyranny. on delivering my country from the yoke of a foreign
and unrelenting tyranny, and the more galling yoke of
PASSAGE 1 a domestic faction, which is its joint partner.... It was
Fanny Wright to a Fourth-of-July Audience 45 the wish of my heart to extricate my country from this
at New Harmony, Indiana (1828) double riveted despotismI wished to place her inde-
pendence beyond the reach of any power on earth. I
In continental Europe, of late years, the words patri-
wished to exalt her to that proud station in the world.
otism and patriot have been used in a more enlarged
Connection with France was, indeed, intended, but only
sense than it is usual here to attribute to them, or than
50 as far as mutual interest would sanction or require.
Line is attached to them in Great Britain. Since the political
5 struggles of France, Italy, Spain, and Greece, the word Were the French to assume any authority incon-
patriotism has been employed, throughout continental sistent with the purest independence, it would be the
Europe, to express a love of the public good; a preference signal for their destruction ...
for the interests of the many to those of the few; a desire I wished to prove to France and to the world that
for the emancipation of the human race from the thrall of 55 Irishmen deserved to be assisted ... I wished to procure
10 despotism, religious and civil: in short, patriotism there is for my country the guarantee which Washington pro-
used rather to express the interest felt in the human race cured for Americato procure an aid, ... which would
in general than that felt for any country, or inhabitants perceive the good, and polish the rough points of our
of a country, in particular. And patriot, in like manner, is character ... These were my objects; not to receive new
employed to signify a lover of human liberty and human 60 taskmasters, hilt to expel old tyrants. And it was for these
15 improvement rather than a mere lover of the country in ends I sought aid from France ...
which he lives, or the tribe to which he belongs. Used
in this sense, patriotism is a virtue, and a patriot is a Let no man dare, when I am dead, to charge me with
virtuous man. With such an interpretation, a patriot is a dishonor; let no man attaint my memory by believing
useful member of society capable of enlarging all minds that I could have engaged in any cause but that of my
20 and bettering all hearts with which he comes in contact; 65 countrys liberty and independence ... The proclamation

a useful member of the human family, capable of estab- of the provisional government speaks for our views;
lishing fundamental principles and of merging his own no inference can be tortured from it to countenance
interests, those of his associates, and those of his nation barbarity or debasement at home, or subjection,
in the interests of the human race. Laurels and statues humiliation, or treachery from abroad. I would not have
25 70 submitted to a foreign oppressor, for the same reason
are vain things, and mischievous as they are childish; but
could we imagine them of use, on such a patriot alone that I would resist the foreign and domestic oppressor.
could they be with any reason bestowed. ... In the dignity of freedom, I would have fought upon the
threshold of my country, and its enemy should enter only
PASSAGE 2 by passing over my lifeless corpse. And am I, who lived
Robert Emmet to the Court That 75 but for my country, and who have subjected myself to
Condemned Him to Death (1803) the dangers of the jealous and watchful oppressor, and
the bondage of the grave, only to give my countrymen
I am charged with being an emissary of France An
their rights, and my country its independence ... no,
emissary of France! and for what end? It is alleged that
God forbid!
30 I wish to sell the independence of my country; and for
what end?...

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 Diagnostic Test

43 Which of the following statements from Emmets speech 45 Based on the timeline, the historical events of which year
shows that he thinks he is a martyr? most likely influenced the American concept of patriotism?

A. Lines 3638 (could I not ... your oppressors) A. 1707

B. Lines 4647 (I wished to ... on earth) B. 1776

C. Lines 5455 (I wished to ... to be assisted) C. 1803

D. Lines 6263 (Let no man ... with dishonor) D. 1828

44 Which of the following of Emmets statements shows that 46 Based on information shown in the timeline, why might
he thinks he is a patriot? France have turned down Emmets request for help?

A. Line 32 (No; ... emissary) A. France was in the midst of trying to restore the
monarchy in Spain.
B. Lines 3435 (Was it ... influence me?)
B. France was engaged in the drawn-out Napoleonic
C. Lines 5455 (I wished ... assisted)
Wars.
D. Lines 6566 (The proclamation ... for our views)
C. France had fought its own revolution and didnt
want to get involved in that of another country.
Timeline
D. France was trying to keep the United States from
1707 Acts of Union between Scotland taking Louisiana.
and England create the Kingdom
of Great Britain
47 Emmet would not fit Wrights definition of a patriot
17761783 American colonies declare and win because he
independence
1789 French storm the Bastille (prison), A. saw no dishonor in his actions.
fight to end French monarchy
B. wanted to free his people.
1798 Society of United Irishmen rebel
unsuccessfully against British rule C. idolized his own country above all others.
1800 British Parliament passes The Act of D. declared the courts sentence to be unjust.
Union, abolishing the Irish parliament
1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and 48 Which one of the following statements is true?
Ireland created
1803 United States purchases Louisiana A. Although years apart, both Wright and Emmet were
Territory from France advocating to rethink their countrys ideas about
Robert Emmet leads a rebellion in patriotism.
Dublin against the union B. Emmet was focused on freedom and independence
18031815 Napoleonic Wars in Europe for his own country, while Wright was focused on
(France vs. European powers) freedom and independence for all humankind.
18081833 Spanish wars of independence
C. Emmet loved his country more than Wright loved
1823 France invades Spain to help restore her country.
monarchy
D. Wright didnt understand tyranny because she lived
1828 Andrew Jackson elected president of
in a democracy, while Emmet fought against
United States
tyranny.

CONTINUE
55
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

49 How does the tone of Wrights speech compare with that 51 Which of the following fits Wrights definition of a patriot?
of Emmets speech?
A. A person willing to die for their country
A. Both express anger, although in response to
B. A person who fights for improving the lives of
different causes.
others
B. Wrights expresses a calm plea while Emmet
C. A person who enlists in the armed forces of his
expresses desperation and anger.
country
C. Emmet speaks calmly, and Wright speaks
D. A person who loves his country
passionately.

D. Both use a tone that prevents their specific 52 When the British government claims that Emmet is an
positions from being convincing. emissary (line 29) of France, they are accusing him of
being
50 Which of the following statements is most analogous to
Emmets statement: In the dignity of freedom, I would A. an ambassador.
have fought upon the threshold of my country, and its en-
B. a spy.
emy should enter only by passing over my lifeless corpse.
(lines 7274) C. a minister.

D. a mercenary.
A. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently
overwhelming might of the enemy.

B. With the enemy at their back, with our bayonets at

their breasts, in the day of their distress, perhaps
the Americans would have submitted ...

C. Give me liberty or give me death.

D. It is sweet and fitting to die for ones country.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

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 Diagnostic Test

SECTION 2: WRITING AND LANGUAGE TEST

35 Minutes44 Questions

TURN TO SECTION 2 OF YOUR ANSWER SHEET TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

DIRECTIONS: Each passage below is accompanied by a number of multiple-choice questions. For some questions, you will
need to consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. Other questions will ask you to
consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage may
be accompanied by one or more graphicssuch as a chart, table, or graphthat you will need to refer to in order to best
answer the question(s).

Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passageit could be one word, a portion of a sentence, or the full

Diagnostic Test writing and language

sentence itself. Other questions will direct you to a particular paragraph or to certain sentences within a paragraph, or youll
be asked to think about the passage as a whole. Each question number refers to the corresponding number in the passage.

After reading each passage, select the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in
the passage or that makes the passage follow the conventions of Standard Written English. Many questions include a NO
CHANGE option. Select that option if you think the best choice is to leave that specific portion of the passage as it is.

Questions 111 are based on the following passage. 1 Which choice provides the most logical introduction to
the sentence?
While most American cities must adapt to constant growth, Detroit
is undergoing change as a result of depopulation. A. NO CHANGE
B. Civic growth caused by the depression
A city of 139 square miles, with a long history of growth and
C. The improvement in living conditions
middle-class success, Detroit now faces an unusual, though D. The decrease in pollution
not entirely novel, situation for U.S. cities: depopulation. 1

Economic transformations caused by recessions, the loss of 2

manufacturing, and other factors have wreaked havoc on the A. NO CHANGE

once prosperous city, driving away its middle class and 2 it B. having left behind vast tracts of urban blight.

left behind vast tracts of urban blight. C. to leave behind vast tracts of urban blight.
D. leaving behind vast tracts of urban blight.

CONTINUE
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Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

The statistics 3 are staggeringsince 1950, some 60 3

percent of the population has gone elsewhere, leaving the A. NO CHANGE

city with 4 20,000 new residents. When the people left, B. are staggering since: 1950 some
thousands of businesses went with them. C. are staggering since 1950 some
D. are staggering since; 1950 some
City planners have been responding to the challenge of

depopulation. Over several years, they have studied their 4 Which choice provides information that best supports
the claim made by this sentence?
urban spaces and used varying and innovative techniques

to 5 confuse the input of some 30,000 of their residents. A. NO CHANGE

B. 100,000 vacant residences or lots
Planners have come up with what 6 she calls Detroit
C. 50,000 more middle-class residents
Future City, a vision that takes the long view and is projected
D. 30,000 homeless people
to take some fifty years to implement. Within this plan are

different strands of redevelopment, development, andmost 5

dramaticallyun-development. 7 Similarly, the strategic
A. NO CHANGE
plan includes a concept not often seen in U.S. city planning:
B. belittle
downsizing, or what some prefer to call right sizing. C. solicit
D. return

A. NO CHANGE
B. they call
C. he calls
D. we call

A. NO CHANGE
B. In fact,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Besides,

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 Diagnostic Test

[1] One of the boldest suggestions of the plan is a basic 8

conversion of about one third of all Detroits urban space. [2]
A. NO CHANGE
Making the city more compact, the planners 8 reasoned, B. insisted
would save money on services and allow them to devote C. noted
more resources to a smaller total area. [3] Walking paths, D. commented

parks, ponds for rainwater collection and retention (the citys

9 To improve the flow of this paragraph, sentence 4 should
sewage system is overburdened), sports fields, meadows,
be placed
forested areas, campgrounds, and other green space
A. where it is now.
initiatives would then gradually transform the shutdown area.
B. before sentence 1.
9 [4] The plan contained some creative and bold
C. after sentence 5.
suggestions. [5] Controversially, the plan suggests shutting
D. after sentence 6.
down services in certain areas to drive current residents

out of them and into neighborhoods being targeted 10

for strengthening. [6] The plan also calls for remaining A. NO CHANGE
neighborhoods to be 10 transformed butnot by the B. transformedbut not by the
traditional models of economic growth. [7] For example, the C. transformed but notby the

city, if organized carefully with viable public transportation D. transformed, but not bythe

options, hopes to create jobs right where people live. In

11
part, the plan is predicated on the idea that within their
A. NO CHANGE
own various redevelopment areas, or natural economic
B. has; namely, healthcare and education; government
zones, people can both live and work in fields that every
and transportation, local businesses
city 11 has, namely, healthcare, education, government, C. has; namely, healthcare; education; government;
transportation, and local businesses that meet core needs, transportation; and local businesses

such as grocery stores and eating places. The plan is also D. has; namely, healthcare, education, government,
transportation; and local businesses
predicated on the idea that the well-planned urban space

generates its own economic success, as well as on the idea

that such areas will eventually draw some outside business

and industry. Debt-ridden Detroit is definitely going to

need the latter. A recent NPR report on Detroit posited that

commercial real estate taxes can make up a substantial 70

percent of the revenue for a city.

CONTINUE
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Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

Questions 1222 are based on the following passage. 12

A. NO CHANGE
In a public square on the Indonesian island of Java, dusk falls.
B. stock
Families gather; it is a festival day. Children dart around while,
C. advertise
on the edges of the square, vendors 12 hawk snacks and
D. trade
toys. A large screen, lit from behind, stands prominently in

the square. A twenty-piece percussion orchestra, or gamelan, 13 At this point, the author is considering deleting the un-
derlined sentence. Should the writer do this?
prepares to play.
A. Yes, because it inserts an irrelevant opinion.
13 The scene is traditional Java, hundreds of years ago. B. Yes, because it distracts from the main ideas of the
The performance is wayang kulit, or shadow puppetry, one paragraph.
C. No, because it provides a transition from the
of the worlds oldest storytelling 14 traditions its origins
previous paragraph to this one.
stretch back to the ancient spiritual practices of Indonesias
D. No, because it explains what wayang kulit is.
original inhabitants, who believed that the spirits of the

ancestors governed the living world. Ceremonial puppet plays 14

addressed the spirits, asking them to help the living. A. NO CHANGE

B. traditions and its origins stretch
Over two thousand years ago, islands such as Java, Bali, and
C. traditions, its origins stretch
Sumatra saw their first 15 Indian migrants, a nation to which D. traditions. Its origins stretch
Indonesia was linked through trade relations. In the centuries

that followed, Indian culture influenced every aspect of 15

Indonesian life. A. NO CHANGE

B. migrants from India, a nation to which Indonesia
The puppet plays reflected these cultural changes. 16 They C. Indian migrants, to which a nation Indonesia
began to depict narratives from Hindu religious texts, D. Indian migrants, a nation of people to which
including the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, and the Serat Indonesia

Menak. Traditional Indonesian stories were blended into Hindu

16 At this point, the writer is considering adding the follow-
epics or lost altogether. Later, when Islam began to spread ing sentence.
throughout Indonesia, puppet plays again transformed.
A master of shadow puppetry is called a dalang.

Should the writer make this addition here?

A. Yes, because it provides relevant and new
information about the practice of wayang kulit.
B. Yes, because it adds an important fact to the
paragraphs focus on shadow puppetry.
C. No, because it repeats information that has already
been given.
D. No, because it distracts from the paragraphs focus
on cultural changes.

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 Diagnostic Test

The Islamic religion 17 prohibited the display of gods in 17

human form, so Indonesians adapted their art by making flat, A. NO CHANGE

leather puppets that cast shadows on a screen. The puppets B. discouraged
18 themselves remain unseen during the performances; C. hindered

only their shadows were visible. Wayang kulit was born. D. restricted

Java is particularly well-known for its continuation of the 18

shadow puppet tradition. 19 Performances are epic events, A. NO CHANGE

lasting all night long from sunset to sunrise with no break at B. themselves will remain unseen during the
performances
all. They take place in public spaces and are performed on
C. themselves remained unseen during the
holidays and at family celebrations. At the center is a large
performances
screen, backlit by a gas or electrical light. Behind this screen D. themselves had been remaining unseen during the
sits the dalang, or shadow master, traditionally a man. He performances

manipulates the puppetssometimes more than a hundred

19
of them in one showwith rods, voicing and singing all of the

roles. 20 Simultaneously he directs the gamelan the large A. NO CHANGE

B. Performances are epic events, lasting from sunset to
percussive orchestra which consists of percussive instruments
sunrise with no break.
some of which are mallets.
C. Performances are epic events, lasting all night long
from sunset to sunrise without taking a break.
D. Performances are epic events, lasting all night.

20

A. NO CHANGE
B. Simultaneously he directs, the gamelan the large,
percussive orchestra which consists of percussive,
instruments some of which are mallets.
C. Simultaneously, he directs the gamelanthe large
percussive orchestra, which consists of percussive
instruments, some of which are mallets.
D. Simultaneously, he directs, the gamelan, the large,
percussive orchestra, which consists, of percussive
instruments, some of which, are mallets.

CONTINUE
61
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

Each puppet is carefully crafted, a flat figure that is perforated 21

to project a detailed shadow. Artists begin creating a puppet
A. NO CHANGE
by tracing the outline of a paper model on leather. The leather B. to manipulate his parts
figure is painstakingly smoothed and treated before being C. to manipulate its parts
passed onto another craftsperson, who paints it. Then, the D. to manipulate her parts

puppets moving partsthe arms and handsare added,

22
along with the sticks used 21 to manipulate their parts.

These puppets follow an established set of conventions: evil A. NO CHANGE

characters have grotesque faces, while noble ones have more B. that
C. than
refined features. They are highly stylized caricatures,rather
D. this
22 then realistic figures.

Questions 2333 are based on the following passage

and supplementary material.

Water issues are hardly unknown to the American Southwest, but

they have recently taken on a new urgency.

23 The arid climate and limited water resources of the 23 Which of the following sentences would make the most
effective introductory sentence to this passage?
American Southwest 24 has always influenced the peoples

of the region. The Anasazi, ancient people of some of the A. Consider a vacation to the American Southwest!
B. What do you know about the majestic American
most inhospitable areas of the Southwest, made a series of
Southwest?
accommodations to 25 theyre hot, arid environment by
C. The Anasazi are the original people who inhabited
means of adaptive agricultural practices, cliff-side residences, the American Southwest.
and elaborate catchment systems. D. Theres a serious problem occurring in the American
Southwest.

24

A. NO CHANGE
B. had always influence
C. have always influenced
D. is always influenced

25

A. NO CHANGE
B. their hot, arid environment
C. there hot, arid environment
D. its hot, arid environment

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 Diagnostic Test

Today, the American Southwest, simplistically defined in this 26 Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at
document as encompassing all of Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, the underlined portion?

Arizona, and California, is the countrys fastest-growing A. region, but it is home

26 region. It is home to more than 50 million people who B. region; home

are the source of ever-increasing water demands. Yet, the C. region it is home
D. region, home
region is dependent for its water on just two river systems,

the Colorado and the Rio Grande, of which the former is

27
unequivocally the primary.
A. NO CHANGE

The Colorado supplies water to some 38 million users and B. California. However,
C. California? However,
irrigates some 300 million acres of farmland, much of it in
D. California, however,
27 California! However, the mighty Colorados flow was
apportioned almost one hundred years ago to include not just 28
the southwestern United States but also Mexico. It was also
A. NO CHANGE
apportioned according to a volume that simply does not exist
B. hoped
in current years; for example, in the years 20012006, river
C. desired
water that had been 28 projected to flow versus river water D. thought
that did flow came up a staggering 34 percent short.
29 At this point, the writer is considering deleting this
In 2014, the U.S. Department of the Interior warned that the sentence. Should the writer do this?

Colorado River basin area is in the midst of a fourteen-year A. Yes, because it repeats information that has already
drought nearly unrivaled in 1,250 years. 29 It further been presented in the passage.
B. Yes, because it blurs the paragraphs focus by
noted that the rivers two major reservoirs, Lake Powell and
introducing a new idea.
Lake Meadthe once-massive backup systems for years
C. No, because it illustrates the severity of drought
in which drought occurswere, alarmingly, more than 50 conditions with a specific example.
percent depleted. 30 Equally dire, and possibly, more D. No, because it introduces the argument that the
Southwests water supply is drying up.
alarming, predictions came out of a recent study, cited in

the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the

30
United States, that suggested a 50 percent chance of Lakes
A. NO CHANGE
Powell and Mead reaching a level so low that they become
B. Equally dire, and possibly more alarming,
inoperable by the 2020s. 31 For all intensive purposes, the
C. Equally dire and possibly more alarming
Southwests water supply is drying up. D. Equally dire and, possibly more alarming,

31

A. NO CHANGE
B. For all intentional purposes,
C. For all intents and purposes,
D. For all intended purposes,

CONTINUE
63
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

32 Compounding the problems of drought, increasing 32

population, and an overly optimistic historical assessment A. NO CHANGE

of water resources are problems related to climate change. B. Escalating
For example, between 2000 and 2014, the 33 highest air C. Inflating

temperatures in much of the Southwest rose as much as 2 D. Exaggerating

degrees, increasing the negative effects of evapotranspiration,

33 Which choice makes appropriate and effective use of the
the evaporation of water from the soil. Finally, climate change
data in the accompanying map?
and drought are leading to the greater prevalence and
A. NO CHANGE
intensity of fires, including so-called super fires, a result,
B. lowest air temperatures
in part, of the beetle infestations and dying trees that are
C. hottest water temperature
weakened by the lack of water. D. average air temperatures

Average Temperatures in the Southwestern United States 20002014 Versus Long-Term Average

This map shows how the average air temperature from 2000 to 2014 has differed from the long-term average (18952014). To provide
more detailed information, each state has been divided into climate divisions, which are zones that share similar climate features.

64
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 Diagnostic Test

Questions 3444 are based on the following passage. 34 Which choice most effectively establishes the main topic of
the paragraph?
Women in Film: Troubling Inequalities
A. There are many actresses in Hollywood with
34 In a society in which television and movies have been extraordinary talent, but they cannot seem to get the
well documented as 35 roles of social change, current same roles as men.
B. Though women land far fewer leading roles than
data about women in the movies are far from reassuring.
men, in other categories of filmmaking, they do a little
36 Women simply cant expect to play the leading roles men better.
play or even, in general, to be on-screen for as many minutes C. Women are not adequately represented in Hollywood,
either by the roles they play or by the amount of time
as men are in any given film, while there seems to be no end
they appear on-screen.
of extraordinary acting talent among women in Hollywood. As
D. The movie industry needs to pay female actresses
for other categories of filmmaking, at least by Oscar standards, more than their male counterparts, in an effort to
women seem barely to exist at all. attract new and extraordinary talent.

35

A. NO CHANGE
B. agents
C. necessities
D. relationships

36

A. NO CHANGE
B. Women simply cant expect to play the leading roles
men play or even, in general, while there seems to be
no end of extraordinary acting talent among women
in Hollywood, to be on-screen for as many minutes as
men are in any given film.
C. Women simply cant expect to play the leading roles
men play or to be on-screen for as many minutes as
men, and there seems to be no end of extraordinary
acting talent among women in Hollywood in general.
D. While there seems to be no end of extraordinary
acting talent among women in Hollywood, women
simply cant expect to play the leading roles men
play or even, in general, to be on-screen for as many
minutes as men are in any given film.

CONTINUE
65
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

Indeed, 37 women were the protagonists in only 15 37

percent of the top grossing films of 2013, according to a study A. NO CHANGE

conducted at San Diego State University. Other study findings B. women were the protagonist
included the fact that when women are on-screen, 38 their C. a woman was the protagonists

marriage status is more identifiable than men. Also, males over D. the protagonists were a woman

age 40 are much more commonly represented on-screen than

38
women in the same age group.
A. NO CHANGE
Other inequities have been revealed by Cinemetrics, which B. their marriage status is more identifiable than of a
man.
strives to gather objective data on movies, and by other
C. their marriage status is more identifiable than that of
organizations. 39 For example, in 2013, lead actresses in
men.
full-length films spent 57 minutes on-screen, while lead actors D. their marriage status is more identifiable than mens
spent 85 minutes on-screen. Compounding the inequity is marriage.

the tendency of the camera to stay on a female actress longer

39 Which choice most effectively maintains support for claims
in a single shot, or stare at 40 them passively, while the
or points in the text?
camera moves more actively when it shows a male character.
A. NO CHANGE
In other aspects of films, women 41 are treated even more
B. For example, women direct more documentaries
outrageously. Since the Oscars began in 1928, only 16 percent than narrative films.
of all nominees have been women. In fact, there were no C. For example, the highest paid actress in 2013 made
women nominees at all in seven categories of achievement for $33 million dollars.
D. For example, women buy about half of movie tickets
the 2014 Oscars. More significantly, Oscar trends do not seem
purchased in the United States.
to be improving over time.
40

A. NO CHANGE
B. him
C. her
D. us

41

A. NO CHANGE
B. are taken advantage of.
C. are cheated.
D. fare even worse.

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 Diagnostic Test

Some women, however, have managed to shine despite 42

these inequities. Actress Meryl Streep has been nominated
A. NO CHANGE
for 19 Oscars as of 2015, easily surpassing both male and B. famous
female competitors for the record of most Academy Award C. forgotten
nominations. She is 42 confused for her strong, authoritative D. lambasted

roles; she portrayed a powerfulif terrifyingboss in The

43
Devil Wears Prada (2006) and a formidable leader in The Giver

(2014). Streep has received 43 accolades for such parts, as 15 A. NO CHANGE

of her 19 Academy Award nominations were in the category of B. privileges

C. recognition
Best Actress in a Leading Role. Even Streep, however, is subject
D. attention
to the inequities of the film industry: in The Devil Wears Prada

her 44 characters love life was brought to the forefront and 44

depicted as a sacrifice that she, as a woman in power, had to
A. NO CHANGE
continually make for the good of her career.
B. character love life
C. characters love life
D. character loves life

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

67
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

SECTION 3: MATH TESTNO CALCULATOR

25 Minutes20 Questions

TURN TO SECTION 3 OF YOUR ANSWER SHEET TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

DIRECTIONS: For Questions 115, solve each problem, select the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the
corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For Questions 1620, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on
the answer sheet. The directions before Question 16 will provide information on how to enter your answers in the grid.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

Diagnostic Test math no calculator

1. The use of a calculator in this section is not permitted.
2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real number.

Circle: Rectangle: Triangle:

a c x
x 2 2x
r h
x 3
w
b b
l x x
1
C = 2r A = lw A = bh a + b2 = c2
2 Special Right Triangles
A = r2 2

Rectangular Cylinder: Sphere: Cone: Rectangular-Based

Solid: Pyramid:
r h
w
h
l r h
V = r2h
V = lwh
r l
4 1
w
V = r3 V = r2h 1
3 3 V = lwh
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. 3
The number of radians in the arc of a circle is 2 .
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

CONTINUE

69
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 Diagnostic Test

1 SHOW YOUR WORK HERE

2 0 2 4 6

If the line drawn above is translated 3 units to the left and

6 units down, what is the slope of the new line?

1
A.
9
4
B.
3
7
C.
10
D. 2

2 Catherine is performing a science experiment on the dis-

tance traveled by a snail. She sets the snail on her driveway
and records the time it takes the snail to crawl to the end
of her driveway. She uses the equation D = 0.4t + 12, where
D is the total distance traveled in feet, and t represents the
time in minutes. Which of the following statements best
interprets the meaning of 12 in Catherines equation?

A. It would take the snail 12 minutes to reach the end

of the driveway.

B. The snail began 12 feet from the beginning of the

driveway.

C. The snail traveled a total distance of 12 feet.

D. The snail traveled at a rate of 12 feet per minute.

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 Diagnostic Test

3 If 2x + 5 = 2 (5 2x), what is the value of x? SHOW YOUR WORK HERE

A. 2

B. 2

C. 3

D. 5

4
15"
6"
6"

15"

The figure shows one square inside another and a rectangle

with diagonal T. The best approximation of the value of T,
in inches, is given by which of the following inequalities?

A. 8 < T < 9

B. 9 < T < 10

C. 10 < T < 11

D. 11 < T < 12

5 The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 13 inches long. If the

two legs are in a ratio of 2:3, what is the length, in inches,
of the shorter leg?

A. 13

B. 26

C. 2 13

D. 4 13

CONTINUE
71
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

6 A grain silo has a maximum capacity of 45,000 cubic feet. SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
It currently contains 32,500 cubic feet of grain. Each week,
farmers add 1,000 bushels of grain. If one cubic foot is ap-
proximately 0.8 bushel, which of the following inequalities
can be used to model the number of weeks, w, until the
silo reaches its maximum capacity?

A. 32,500 + 1,250w 45,000

B. 32,500 + 800w 45,000

C. 32,500 + 1,250w 45,000

D. 32,500 + 800w 45,000

7 The graph of y = (3x 4)(x + 3) is a parabola in the xy-plane.

In which of the following equivalent equations do the
x- and y-coordinates of the vertex show as constants or
coefficients?

A. y = 3 x 2 + 5 x 12

4
B. y = 3 x ( x ( 3))
3
5
C. y = 3 x 2 + x 4
3
2
5 169
D. y = 3 x
6 12

8 What is the difference when x y is subtracted from

x2 + 2y?

A. x2 x 3y

B. x2 + 3y

C. x2 + x + 3y

D. x2 + x 3y

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 Diagnostic Test

9 A semitruck has a fuel tank that holds 125 gallons of diesel SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
fuel. When driven at 55 miles per hour, the truck can travel
6 miles on 1 gallon of fuel. If Jorge fills the tank in his truck
and drives at 55 miles per hour, which of the following
functions of d shows the number of gallons of diesel fuel
that remains after driving h hours?

6
A. d (h) = 125
55h
55h
B. d (h) = 125
6
125 6h
C. d ( h) =
55

125 55h
D. d ( h) =
6

10 A=
M
MN
Solve for M.

AN
A. M=
A 1
AN
B. M=
1 A
N
C. M=
A 1
N
D. M=
1 A

11 y = 90x + 75

Donna bought a sofa with 0% interest for the first 36

months. She makes a small down payment, and then she
makes equal monthly payments until she pays off the sofa.
The above equation models the number of payments, x,
that she makes to pay for a sofa that costs y dollars. What
does the 90 represent in this equation?

A. The total paid after x months.

B. The pay-off amounts for the loan.

C. Donnas monthly payment.

D. Donnas down payment.

CONTINUE
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 Diagnostic Test

12 What is the sum of all values of n that satisfy SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
2n2 11n + 15 = 0?

A. 11

B. 5.5

C. 5.5

D. 15

13 The Matthews family is driving to the beach, which is 480

miles away. The function that represents the distance (in
miles) it takes them to get to the beach is f(t) = 480 60t,
where t represents time (in hours). In this equation, t is the
independent variable, and f(t) is the dependent variable. At
which point does the graph of the function f(t) = 480 60t
cross the x-axis?

A. (0, 480)

B. (6, 0)

C. (0, 8)

D. (8, 0)

14 The population of a small town is growing. The town

currently has 500 people. Based on the growth of the
population in past years, it is estimated that the population
will be 650 after 1 year. Similarly, it is estimated that after
2 years, the population will be 845, and after 3 years, the
population will be 1,099. Which of the following is an ex-
pression which represents the towns population growth?

A. 500 1.3x

B. 150x + 500

C. 500 (1.3) x 1

D. 650 (1.3) x 1t

15 The 4x +1
expression is equivalent to which of the
x +2
following?

A. 4 +1
2

B. 1
4+
2
1
C. 4+
x +2

D. 7
4
x +2

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 Diagnostic Test

DIRECTIONS: For Questions 1620, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid, as described below, on the answer
sheet.

1. Although not required, it is suggested that you write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in
the circles accurately. You will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly.
2. Mark no more than one circle in any column.
3. No question has a negative answer.
4. Some problems may have more than one correct answer. In such cases, grid only one answer.
1 7
5. Mixed numbers such as 3 must be gridded as 3.5 or .
2 2
1 31 1
If 3 is entered into the grid as , it will be interpreted as , not 3 .
2 2 2
6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded
or truncated, but it must fill the entire grid.

7
Answer: Answer: 2.5
12
Write answer .
in boxes. Fraction
line Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Grid in 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
result. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Answer: 201
Either position is correct.

0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2
Acceptable ways to grid are:
3
. .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

CONTINUE
75
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 Diagnostic Test

16 SHOW YOUR WORK HERE

A B

In the figure above, AC = BC. If mB = 50 , what is the

measure of ECD? (Do not grid the degree symbol.)

17 5 x - 4 y = 13
x + 2y = 4

If (x, y) is a solution of the system of equations above, what

is the value of the ratio x ?
y

18 9x + 5 = 9(x b)

For which value of b will this equation have infinitely

many solutions?

19 If f(x) = 5x + 12, what is the value of f(p + 3) f(p)?

20 What is the sum of the solutions of the equation

9 16
+ =5?
x 2 x +3

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

76
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 Diagnostic Test

SECTION 4: MATH TESTCALCULATOR

55 Minutes38 Questions

TURN TO SECTION 4 OF YOUR ANSWER SHEET TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

DIRECTIONS: For Questions 115, solve each problem, select the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the
corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For Questions 1620, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on
the answer sheet. The directions before Question 16 will provide information on how to enter your answers in the grid.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

Diagnostic Test math calculator

1. The use of a calculator in this section is not permitted.
2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real number.

Circle: Rectangle: Triangle:

a c x
x 2 2x
r h
x 3
w
b b
l x x
1
C = 2r A = lw A = bh a + b2 = c2
2 Special Right Triangles
A = r2 2

Rectangular Cylinder: Sphere: Cone: Rectangular-Based

Solid: Pyramid:
r h
w
h
l r h
V = r2h
V = lwh
r l
4 1
w
V = r3 V = r2h 1
3 3 V = lwh
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. 3
The number of radians in the arc of a circle is 2 .
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

CONTINUE

77
Peterson's SAT Prep Guide 2017
 Diagnostic Test

1 The usual price for 10 audio singles sold by an online SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
vendor is $12.50. During a sale, this price is reduced by
15%. What is the savings if one were to purchase 40 audio
singles during such a sale?

A. $1.88

B. $2.50

C. $7.50

D. $10.00

2 Ifit costs $1.30 a square foot to lay linoleum, what

will be the cost of laying 20 square yards of linoleum?
(3 ft. = 1 yd.)

A. $26.00

B. $78.00

C. $156.00

D. $234.00

3 Bill averaged a score of 182 for 6 games of bowling. His

scores for the first three games were 212, 181, and 160.
Of the remaining three games, two scores were identical,
and the third was 20 points higher than one of these two
games. What was the second highest score of these 6
games?

A. 173

B. 181

C. 183

D. 193

4 A gallon of water is equal to 231 cubic inches. How many

gallons of water are needed to fill a fish tank that measures
11" high, 14" long, and 9" wide?

A. 6

B. 9

C. 12

D. 14

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 Diagnostic Test

5 The recommended daily protein intake for an adult weigh- SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
ing 50 kg (approximately 110 pounds) is 40 grams. One cup
of milk contains 8 grams of protein, and one egg contains
6 grams of protein. Which of the following inequalities
represents the possible number of cups of milk, m, and
eggs, n, an adult weighing 50 kg could consume in a day
to meet or exceed the recommended daily protein intake
from these alone?

A. 8m + 6n 40

B. 8m + 6n > 40
8 6
C. + 40
m n

D. 8 6
+ > 40
m n

6 Amy is renting a moving van that charges $19.99 per day,

plus an additional $0.15 per mile. A tax of 7.5% is applied
to both the daily rate and the mileage rate. Which of the
following represents the total charge, y, that Amy will pay
to rent the van for one day and drive it miles?

A. y = 19.99 + 0.075x + 0.15

B. y = 1.075(19.99) + 0.15x

C. y = 1.075(19.99 + 0.15x)

D. y = 1.075(19.99 + 0.15)x

7 If nails are bought at 35 cents per dozen and sold at 3 for

1
10 cents, the total profit on 5 dozen is
2
A. 25 cents.
1
B. 27 cents.
2
1
C. 31 cents.
2
D. 35 cents.

8 A cubic foot of concrete weighs approximately 150 pounds.

How many pounds will a similar block of concrete weigh
if the edges are twice as long?

A. 300 pounds

B. 450 pounds

C. 800 pounds

D. 1,200 pounds

CONTINUE
79
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 Diagnostic Test

9 Which of the following expressions is equivalent to SHOW YOUR WORK HERE

2(1 x)2 + 2(1 x2)?

A. 2x

B. 4x2 + 4x

C. 4x2 4x 4

D. 0

10 An organization is giving away t-shirts for its 5-kilometer

road race. The cost to produce the t-shirts is defined by the
equation C(x) = 7x + 60, where x is the number of t-shirts
produced. The organization gives away the t-shirts for free
to people who sign up for the race more than one month
in advance and pay the $20 sign-up fee. What is the few-
est number of people who must sign up in order for the
organization to profit if the only cost is manufacturing the
t-shirts and the only income is the sign-up fee?

A. 3

B. 5

C. 13

D. 20

11 A small college, which has a population of 2,180 students,

recently held a fundraiser in which each male student
raised $20, and each female student raised $25. Together,
they raised a total of $50,000. If x represents the number of
male students in the college and y represents the number
of female students in the college, which system of equa-
tions can be used to represent the scenario?

A. x + y = 50 , 000
20 x + 25 y = 2,180

B. x + y = 2,180
20 x + 25 y = 50 , 000

C. x + y = 2,180
25 x + 20 y = 50 , 000

D. x + y = 50 , 000
25 x + 20 y = 50 , 000

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 Diagnostic Test

12 Which of the following is an expression equivalent to SHOW YOUR WORK HERE

3
9 x 3 y 5z 6 ?

A. 3y2z3

B. 3xy2z3
1
C. 9 3 xy 2 z 3
1 5
D. 9 3 xy 3 z 2

13
4

4 2 0 2 4

y = x +1
y = x2 +1

A system of equations and their graphs are shown above.

Which of the following are solutions to the system?
I. (0, 1)
II. (1, 0)
III. (1, 0)
IV. (0, 1)

A. I only

B. II only

C. I and III only

D. II and IV only

14 x y
If = 5 , what is the value of 8x 6y?
3 4

A. 120

B. 60

C. 60

D. 120

CONTINUE
81
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 Diagnostic Test

15 At a restaurant, the rates for meals are $7.50 for a lunch SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
and $12.00 for a dinner. One weekend, the restaurant sold
a total of 241 meals for $2,523.00. Which of the following
systems of equations can be used to determine the num-
ber of lunches, x, and the number of dinners, y, that the
restaurant sold?

A. 7.5 x + 12 y = 241
x + y = 2, 523

B. 12 x + 7.5 y = 241
x + y = 2, 523

C. 7.5 x + 12 y = 2, 523
x + y = 241

D. 12 x + 7.5 y = 2, 523
x + y = 241

16
United States Population

400M
Number of people (in millions)

300M

200M

100M

0 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Years

The graph shows the relationship between the population

of the United States (in millions) and the year the population
was recorded. Which of the following statements is true
about the data shown on the graph?

A. There is a weak correlation between the variables.

B. There is a strong correlation between the variables.

C. There is no clear correlation between the variables.

D. There is an exponential correlation between the

variables.

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 Diagnostic Test

17 SHOW YOUR WORK HERE

GDP of China
10T

D olla r s in t r illions 8T

6T

4T

2T

0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Years

The graph shows data representing the gross domes-

tic product (GDP), in trillions of dollars, of China from
1970 through 2013. Which of the following function
types would best represent the data?

13
A. y = ( x 1970 )
8
B. y = ln (2015 x)

C. y = (x 1970)3 + 2

D. y = 1970e0.0003x

18 A college graduate goes to work for x dollars per week.

After several months, the company gives all the employees
a 10% pay cut. A few months later, the company gives all
the employees a 10% raise. Which expression is equal to
the college graduates weekly salary resulting from these
changes?

A. 0.90x

B. 0.99x

C. x

D. 1.01x

CONTINUE
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 Diagnostic Test

19 Which of the following systems of inequalities has a solu- SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
tion set that intersects the first quadrant of the xy-plane?

y 2 x + 4
A.
y > 2 x + 2
x 2
B.
y 5
y x
C.
y < 3 x
y > 5 + 3x
D.
y 3 + 3 x

20 Suppose two legs of a right triangle are such that the

length of one is 3 units shorter than the other. If the hy-
potenuse is 4 units long, what is the length of the longer
leg of the triangle?

A. 3.5 units

B. (3 + 7 ) units
C. 3 + 23 units
2
D. 3 units

21 What is the original price of an item if it costs $12.60 after

a 10% discount is applied to the selling price?

A. $11.34

B. $12.48

C. $13.86

D. $14.00

22 A recipe for a homemade weed killer calls for 1

1 gallons of
3
white vinegar and 2 cups of table salt. Miguel made a large
batch of the weed killer and used 7 cups of table salt. If he
followed the recipe correctly, how many gallons of white
vinegar did he use?

A. 4
2
B. 4
3
1
C. 5
3
D. 6

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 Diagnostic Test

23 A circle has a circumference that is equal to the perimeter

of a hexagon. The sides of the hexagon are each 22 inches
long. Which of the following is closest to the length of the
radius of the circle?

A. 7

B. 14

C. 21

D. 28

24 If (x 4) and (x + 2) are factors of f(x), which of the following

graphs could represent the function f(x)?

A. C.

4 4

2 2

4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

2 2

4 4

B. D.

4 4

2 2

4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

2 2

4 4

CONTINUE
85
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 Diagnostic Test

25 SHOW YOUR WORK HERE

None 1 to 3 4 or more

Group A 8 23 19

Group B 14 21 5

Total 22 44 24

The table above shows data from demographic research-

ers studying the number of living siblings people have. If
a person is chosen at random from Group A, what is the
probability that the person has no living siblings?

A. 4
25
4
B.
11
7
C.
11
22
D.
25

26 During the Apollo 14 mission, astronaut Alan Shepard hit

a golf ball on the moon. The height of the ball in meters is
modeled by the function f(t) = 0.81t2 + 55t + 0.02, where
t is the time in seconds after the ball was hit. What does
0.02 stand for in this equation?

A. Acceleration of the ball due to gravity

B. Vertical velocity of the ball

C. Horizontal velocity of the ball

D. Height of the ball before it is hit

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 Diagnostic Test

27 If k is a positive constant other than 1, which of the follow-

ing could be the graph of kx + y = c?

A. C.

4 4

2 2

4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

2 2

4 4

B. D.

4 4

2 2

4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

2 2

4 4

CONTINUE
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 Diagnostic Test

28 The Cyber Corporation buys a new machine for $80,000. SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
If the machine loses 15% of its value each year, what is its
value after 4 years?

A. $41,760.50

B. $42,750.50

C. $48,000.00

D. $49,130.00

29 The table below shows the total number of medals won

by the United States in the last six Winter Olympics.

Number of
Year
Medals

12 1994
13 1998
31 2002
25 2006
37 2010
28 2014

How many medals will the United States have to win in the
2018 Olympics in order for the average number of medals
for the years 1994 to 2018 to be one more than the average
number of medals won during the years 1994 to 2014?

A. 29

B. 31

C. 32

D. 36

30 6x A
If the expression is written in the form 3 + ,
2x + 4 x +2
what is the value of A?

A. 12

B. 6

C. 6

D. 12

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DIRECTIONS: For Questions 3138, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid, as described below, on the answer
sheet.

1. Although not required, it is suggested that you write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in
the circles accurately. You will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly.
2. Mark no more than one circle in any column.
3. No question has a negative answer.
4. Some problems may have more than one correct answer. In such cases, grid only one answer.
1 7
5. Mixed numbers such as 3 must be gridded as 3.5 or .
2 2
1 31 1
If 3 is entered into the grid as , it will be interpreted as , not 3 .
2 2 2
6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded
or truncated, but it must fill the entire grid.

7
Answer: Answer: 2.5
12
Write answer .
in boxes. Fraction
line Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Grid in 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
result. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Answer: 201
Either position is correct.

0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2
Acceptable ways to grid are:
3
. .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

CONTINUE
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31 If (ax 1)(2x + b) = 4x2 + 4x 3, what is the value of a + b? SHOW YOUR WORK HERE

32 Derek has $50 to spend on organic produce at the local

farmers market. A pint of berries costs $4.00, a 1-pound
bag of peaches costs $3.75, and a head of lettuce costs
$1.50. If he buys at least two of each item, what is the
maximum number of pints of berries he could purchase?

33 In a 3-hour examination of 350 questions, there are 50

mathematical problems. If twice as much time should be
allowed for each mathematical problem as for each of the
other questions, how many minutes should be spent on
the mathematical problems?

34 In the 192425 season of the National Hockey League

(NHL), the Montreal Canadiens won 57% of their games.
During the 194748 season, they won 33% of their games.
If there were twice as many games played in the 194748
season as in the192425 season, what percentage of the
games did the Montreal Canadiens win in these two sea-
sons of the league? (Do not grid the percentage sign.)

35 A polling company surveys 625 randomly selected reg-

istered voters to determine whether a proposed ballot
measure might pass. Of those surveyed, 400 voters were in
favor of the ballot measure. The polling company reports
that the poll results have a conservative margin of error
of 4%. If 9,000 people actually vote, what is the minimum
number of people likely to vote for the ballot measure?

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36 The average weight of a medium-sized bottlenose dolphin SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
is 400 pounds. If a particular medium-sized bottlenose
dolphin weighs 110% of the average, how many pounds
does the dolphin weigh?

37
3 x + y = 4
x + y = 13

If (x, y) is a solution for the system of equations above, what

is the value of y?

38
3 x + 2 y = 1
6 x by = 8

What is the value for b that will make the system above
have no solution?

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

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SECTION 5: ESSAY

50 Minutes1 Essay

Directions: The essay gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can read and comprehend
a passage and write an essay analyzing the passage. In your essay, you should demonstrate that you
have read the passage carefully, present a clear and logical analysis, and use language precisely.

Your essay will need to be written on the lines provided in your answer booklet. You will have enough
space if you write on every line and keep your handwriting to an average size. Try to print or write
clearly so that your writing will be legible to the readers scoring your essay.

Diagnostic Test essay

As you read the passage below, consider how Peter Krapp uses the following:

Evidence, such as facts, statistics, or examples, to support claims

Reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence
Stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power
to the ideas expressed

Adapted from Penn State Hack Exposes Theft Risk of Student PersonalData by Peter Krapp, originally published in The
Conversation on May 20, 2015. Peter Krapp is a professor of film & media studies at University of California, Irvine.
(This passage was edited for length.)

1 Pennsylvania State Universitys College of Engineering took its computer network offline on May 15 after disclosing two
cyberattacks. The perpetrators were able to access information on 18,000 students, who are being contacted this week with
the news that their personal identifying information is in hackers hands.

2 Three days later, the computer network is back online, with new protections for its users. One of the two attacks is ascribed
by a forensic cybersecurity corporation retained by Penn State to computers apparently based in China.

3 As a researcher who has published on hacking and hacktivism and serves on the board of the UC Irvine data science
initiative, I believe two aspects of this news story deserve particular attention.

Compromising student data

4 Penn State announced last week that the FBI alerted it on November 21, 2014, about an attack with custom malware that
started as early as September 2012.

5 Why did it take so long for Penn State to disclose the breach, despite the fact that the experience of large-scale hacks
in 2013 and 2014 (against Target, Home Depot, and others) clearly demonstrated an urgent need for quick and full
disclosureboth to help the victims and to preserve a modicum of trust?

6 Penn State stated only that any disclosure would have tipped off the perpetrators before their access to the College of
Engineering computers could be cut off. Meanwhile, student data may have been compromised for at least six months,
maybe longer.

7 Another conspicuous problem with public discussion of events like this is, in fact, the lack of distinction often made in the
media between actual appropriation of data (as at Penn State) and mere temporary disabling or defacement of websites
(as happened to Rutgers University last month). That is like being unable to make a difference between a grand theft auto
and keying a car.

8 The question is, what can universities do to limit the risk to their students?

CONTINUE
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9 The exposure of student data in higher education is not limited to Social Security numbers or email passwords. Information
collected and retained by educational institutions includes full name, address, phone number, credit and debit card
information, workplace information, date of birth, personal interests and of course academic performance and grade
information.

Concern with data practices

Data Storage and Security Transparency About Data Use Legal Standards & Oversight

Very much 75% Very much 80% Very much 81%

Somewhat Somewhat Somewhat
Only a little Only a little Only a little
Not at all Not at all Not at all
No response No response No response

Collection of Location Data Collection of Video/Audio Data Collection of Telecom Data

Very much 58% Very much 59% Very much 64%

Somewhat Somewhat Somewhat
Only a little Only a little Only a little
Not at all Not at all Not at all
No response No response No response

A survey conducted by the Obama administration collected responses from 24,092 individuals on how much they
trusted various institutions to keep their data safe. There was a high level of concern around transparency and legal
standards.

...

10 President Obama only recently called for laws covering data hacking and student privacy. Were saying that data collected
on students in the classroom should only be used for educational purposes, he stated in his speech to the Federal Trade
Commission (FTC) earlier this year.

Data privacy concerns

11 If students right to privacy needs to be protected from the specter of foreign intelligence agencies poking around the Penn
State Engineering School, then by the same logic it should be protected also against data-mining by for-profit actors right
here in the US.

12 Until May 2014, Google, for instance, routinely mined its apps for education services for advertising and monetizing
purposes. When Education Week reported that Google was mining student emails, it quickly led not only to lawsuits but also
to landmark legislation. The California Senate Bill 1177 was enacted to prevent educational services from selling student
information or mining it for advertising purposes.

13 Yet, almost a year later, students in California remain just as concerned about their data privacy as beforesince the new
state law was watered down to apply only to K12 and not to higher education. And when it was disclosed earlier this spring
that education publisher Pearson secretly monitored social media to discern references to their content, the legislative
response was one that, according to the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) in Washington, DC, fails to uphold
President Obamas promise that the data collected in an educational context can be used only for educational purposes.

14 Students in higher education nationwide are still in a position where they cannot opt out of the computer services of their
learning institutions, and so they have no expectation of privacy.

15 Despite President Obamas promises for safeguarding the privacy of consumers and families, and despite the fact that a
number of technology companies concerned with growing consumer distrust recently signed a pledge to safeguard student
privacy, neither Google nor Apple signed on.

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16 The Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) was tasked to examine current and likely future
capabilities of key technologies, both those associated with the collection, analysis, and use of big data and those that can
help to preserve privacy, resulting in a direct recommendation to strengthen US research in privacy-related technologies.

17 And overwhelmingly, respondents to a White House survey recently expressed severe reservations about the collection,
storage, and security and use of private information.

18 Maybe it is time for higher education to heed those signals.

Write an essay in which you explain how Peter Krapp builds an argument to persuade his audience that
the use of college students personal information for anything other than educational purposes is a
serious violation of privacy and a major breach of computer security. In your essay, analyze how Peter
Krapp uses one or more of the features listed above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen
the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant
features of the passage. Your essay should not explain whether you agree with the writers claims, but
rather explain how he builds an argument to persuade his audience.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

Section 1: Reading Test

1. C 12. A 23. B 33. C 43. D

2. A 13. A 24. A 34. A 44. D

3. A 14. D 25. B 35. C 45. B

4. C 15. A 26. B 36. B 46. B

5. D 16. D 27. B 37. B 47. C

6. B 17. A 28. A 38. B 48. B

7. D 18. D 29. D 39. A 49. B

8. B 19. C 30. B 40. A 50. C

9. D 20. C 31. A 41. D 51. B

10.B 21. A 32. C 42. C 52. B

11.A 22. B

READING TEST RAW SCORE

(Number of correct answers)

1. The correct answer is C. Address appears in the authors is incorrect because it assumes the reader is more
description of the black bear, including qualities that interested in what Audubon knows than the topic
the bear possesses. So the context here tells us that he is actually discussing, shifting the focus from
address is not being used to mean direction, choice D, bears and placing it onto the author, himself.
because one can possess a great sense of direction but Choice D is incorrect because Audubon never
not direction. Habitat, choice A, can also be eliminated compared the black bear to any species of bird in
because the correct answer choice should refer to a trait the passage.
of the black bear, and ones habitat is not a personal
3. The correct answer is A. In lines 56, the author
trait. Anxiety is a personal trait, but it contradicts the
compares the bears migratory behavior to that of
authors description of the black bear as possessing
the deer, so even though the deer and the bear are
great courage, so choice B can be eliminated. Therefore,
very dissimilar mammals, they do share some
the correct answer is choice C, since skill is a positive
significant traits. Choice B is incorrect because the
personality trait that would be listed among traits such
author is not making a direct comparison here even
as strength and courage.
if it is likely that other mammals eat roots. Choice C
2. The correct answer is A. Choice A is correct because is incorrect because the comparison between the
Audubon clearly wanted to inform readers about black bear and the hog ended with the discussion of how
bears even though he was mainly known as a studier of both animals wallow in mud, and it is unlikely a hog
birds. Had this not been his goal, he would not have would eat its own species, so the author clearly is
written this particular passage, nor would he address not comparing the bear to a hog when stating that
the reader directly with phrases such as, You are the bear might eat a young pig. Choice D is
probably not aware ... Choice B can be eliminated incorrect because the author is not making a
because its conclusion is too general; Audubon seems comparison between bees and bears in these lines;
as though he was likely fascinated by the black bear, but a bee would not rob its own tree.
there is no strong evidence that this man, who mostly
studied birds, was fascinated by all mammals. Choice C

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4. The correct answer is C. The author explicitly states more dangerous than people, so choices C and D are
that many of our woodsmen and hunters who have also incorrect.
seen the Bear performing the singular operation just
9. The correct answer is D. By referring to man as the
described, imagine that it does so for the purpose of
most dangerous of its enemies, Audubon creates an
leaving behind an indication of its size and power,
image of man as almost villainous in his treatment of
which supports choice C. Choice A represents
hunted bears, which indicates that he has sympathy for
Audubons claim, which begins with the phrase It
the creatures. Choice A refers to the bears migratory
seems to me, not that of the huntsmen and woodsmen.
habits in a neutral way, indicating nothing about the
Theres no indication that the tree will be used for
authors feelings for the bear. Neither does choice B,
hibernation, choice B, nor that such behavior is a way of
which merely refers to a basic instinct of the bear.
obtaining food, choiceD.
Choice C only indicates how the bear protects itself
5. The correct answer is D. The author explains how bears from its most dangerous enemies; it does not comment
forage for food by using descriptive phrases that create on those enemies in a way that expresses the authors
a placid, or peaceful, image. The author mentions that sympathy for bears.
bears may eat livestock, but that is not the main focus,
10. The correct answer is B. The author addresses the
so choices A and B are incorrect. While the lines in
reader directly with such phrases as as you well know
choice C do show that the bear eats a wide range of
and you also know that when stating information
foods, the authors use of descriptive phrases is
about bears. This shows that he believes the reader
evidence that he is creating an image as opposed to
already has some knowledge about bears and contra-
making a scientific list of what the bear eats.
dicts the assumption in choice A. While it is entirely
6. The correct answer is B. The previous question possible that some readers may have a fear of bears,
indicated that the author was trying to create a placid, there is no evidence that the author believes this in the
or peaceful, effect with his description of how bears passage, so choice C is not the best answer. Although
behave in swamps in lines 1718, and the words passes the author assumes that the reader knows that bears
much of its time and wallowing help achieve that are good climbers, he never compares their climbing
effect. The wording in lines 1617 creates a sense of abilities to that of apes, so choice D is incorrect.
discomfort by using phrases such as During the
11. The correct answer is A. The first paragraph of the
summer heat and gloomy, so choice A is not the best
letter indicates that Wythe and Jefferson have an
answer. Focusing on the bears hunger, as choice C does,
established relationship and Jefferson believes Wythe
or how it seizes prey, as choice D does, does not
had a positive influence on Jeffersons education, thus
contribute to the placid atmosphere the author is trying
we can infer that Wythe was a teacher. The letter does
to achieve.
not imply any familial relationship or that Wythe and
7. The correct answer is D. Audubon explains that the Jefferson are friendschoices B and Crather, it shows
bear sharpens its claws and the wild boar sharpens its a more formal connection. There is no indication of how
tusks for the same purpose: to prepare themselves for Wythe is employedchoice D. While he could be a
competition during the mating season, choice Dnot public servant of some kind, that conclusion could not
for defense from human predators, choice C, which are be drawn from the information provided.
only mentioned very briefly in the passage. A predator
12. The correct answer is A. Jeffersons overall concern is
would not be very effective if it went out of its way to
that his nephew should receive a solid education,
warn potential prey that it was a predator, so choice A
choice A. This letter has a greater purpose than merely
does not make much sense. The author only mentions
staying in touch, choice D. His advice about studying
that the black bear forages for crayfish and roots and
languages, choice C, is part of the overall advice about
does not indicate what the wild boar eats, so choice B is
education, and morality is also a part of his course of
incorrect.
study, choice B.
8. The correct answer is B. The fact that Audubon calls
13. The correct answer is A. Jefferson indicates that
man the bears most dangerous enemy shows that he
learning Italian might actually make it harder to learn
has some sympathy for hunted bears, making choice B
Spanish, which he views as the more useful language.
the correct answer. Nothing indicates that Audubon
This contradicts the conclusion in choice C. Jefferson
hunts, so choice A is incorrect. He never denies that
only briefly mentions French to indicate that it is a
bears are dangerous nor does he state that bears are

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similar language to Italian and Spanish and never recommends learning Spanish. Jefferson states that it is
indicates he believes that it is more important to learn useful to be multilingual, as he advocates the study of
French than Spanish or Italian, so choice B is incorrect. Spanish; he only suggests that one should be careful
Although he mentions that Spanish and Italian are when choosing which languages to study, so choice C is
similar, Jefferson never suggests that they are so similar incorrect.
that it makes sense to speak Italian to Spanish people,
19. The correct answer is C. Jefferson says morality is
which eliminates choiceD.
innate, therefore it doesnt need to be taught. In fact, he
14. The correct answer is D. The word prosecute in this argues, teaching it can have a negative effect of leading
context is used to mean pursue, so in lines 2325, astray (lines 4748).
Jefferson is suggesting that Peter lay Italian aside to
20. The correct answer is C. The family tree shows that
learn Spanish instead. Choices A and B introduce the
Peters father died when Peter was only 3 years old, and
problem of learning Italian and Spanish at the same
that his mother had 5 other children to care for, so
time, but neither choice suggests how Peter should deal
choice C is the best conclusion to reach. The fact that
with this problem. Choice C is incorrect because it
Peters father was already dead when Thomas wrote this
merely indicates Jeffersons own observations about
letter eliminates choice A, since a comparison cannot be
people who speak Italian, French, and Spanish.
fairly made between someone currently living and
15. The correct answer is A. Jefferson compares con- someone who is dead. Choice B is too speculative and is
science to a physical limb of the body to show that it is not as logical a conclusion as choice C. Choice D
natural and present in all human beings, choice A. assumes that Peter was responsible for caring for his 5
Choices B, C, and D may be true, but Jefferson only siblings, and there is no evidence of this in the family
covers the first point: that morality is as natural as an tree or the passage.
arm or leg and is given to all in a stronger or weaker
21. The correct answer is A. The letter shows Jefferson to
degree (lines 4344).
be very involved in ensuring that his nephew gets the
16. The correct answer is D. In advising Peter about best education since it refers to a number of important
language studies, Jefferson tells him to learn Spanish study topics and how Peter should approach them.
(lines 2629). He predicts that it will be valuable in the Expressing that he felt very happy to receive letters
future because of connections with Spain and Spanish from Peter also helps create a warm tone. Although
America, choice D. He dismisses Italian, choice C, as Jefferson clearly cares for his nephew, he does not seem
unworthy of Peters attention and doesnt discuss particularly worried about the boy since there is no
Americas future with France, choice B, or England, anxious language in this letter, so choice B can be
choiceA. eliminated. The letters warmth also eliminates choices
C and D since an objective and matter-of-fact tone
17. The correct answer is A. By lost time, Jefferson means
would be contrary to warmth, as would a distant and
wasted time, choice A. In his third point, Jefferson tells
preoccupied tone.
Peter that he shouldnt bother to study moral phi-
losophy because it is something everyone knows 22. The correct answer is B. In the first paragraph, the
intuitively, stating that morality is as much a part of his author provides a number of statistics that support
nature as the sense of hearing, seeing, feeling. Lost choice B. However, the author never compares plastic
time could refer to the past, choice B, or mean missing waste to other kinds of waste, so choice A cannot be
time, choice C, but Jefferson is not discussing the past concluded based on information in this particular
or a gap in time in this context. He says nothing about passage. The author writes that World plastics pro-
youth either, so choice D does not make much sense. duction has experienced almost constant growth for
more than half a century, which contradicts choice C.
18. The correct answer is D. Jefferson claims that he has
While the entire passage discusses the impact of plastic
never seen anyone who spoke French, Spanish, and
waste on the planet, the author never compares that to
Italian who didnt get them confused, choice D. All three
the impact other forms of waste have, so choice D is not
languages are derived from Latin, choice A, as Jefferson
the best answer.
notes (all of them degenerated dialects of the Latin),
but that is not the reason he gives to avoid the study of 23. The correct answer is B. Lines 46 provide specific
Italian. Jefferson does think it is necessary to learn a statistics about how plastic accounts for 10 percent of
language other than French, choice B, because he the 1.4 billion tons of trash the world generates each

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year. By any standards, that is a massive amount of plastic pollution in the ocean is a problem by specifying
waste. Choice A indicates that plastic production that they are harmful. Choice A merely states what
continues to grow, but, without specific numbers, there happens when animals eat plastics without suggesting
is no way to use this information to conclude that that this is or is not a problem, so choice A is not the
plastic is responsible for a massive amount of waste. best answer. Choice C describes how certain problems
That the International Maritime Organization has had to associated with plastic pollution are still unknown, so it
ban dumping of plastic waste indicates it is a big fails to support the previous questions conclusion that
enough problem to warrant such action, but choice C is plastic pollution is a problem. Choice D merely sets up
simply not as specific as choice B is, so it is not the best questions to follow without providing evidence that
answer choice. Choice D also refers to a problem but plastic pollution in the ocean is a problem.
fails to supply specific numbers.
28. The correct answer is A. Choice A is the only choice
24. The correct answer is A. The overall tone is neutral, that refers specifically to the food chain as detailed in
choice A. The author provides facts and data using the diagram. Choices B and D may have some bearing
scientific terminology and explanations. Nowhere does on how plastics impact the ocean, but they dont
he attempt to persuade the reader to a particular view, explain the disruption to the food chain. Although the
choice B, inject a personal story, choice C, or offer his diagram depicts the emptying of wastewater into the
own opinion, choice D, although he does offer differing ocean, it makes no statement about the legality of this
viewpoints on possible solutions. practice, so choice C is incorrect.

25. The correct answer is B. In lines 7274, Haldens quote 29. The correct answer is D. The author explains that a law
(We need to design the next generation of plastics to was passed in Illinois to prevent infiltration of these tiny
make them more biodegradable) shows that he microbeads into the water system (lines 3337), choice
believes science can find a way to make plastics D. The microbeads were ending up in the Great Lakes
biodegradable, choice B, which he says will eliminate and Chicagos waterways. None of the other options are
the problem. The author states that new laws may help offered as a reason for the law.
minimize the problem (New laws could require
30. The correct answer is B. Knowing the meaning of
handling plastics more responsibly at the end of their
absorb, choice C, does not assist in understanding the
useful life through recycling, proper disposal, and
meaning of adsorbed. The words share the same suffix,
extended producer responsibility), not Halden, so
but its the prefix that makes the word less familiar.
choice A is incorrect. The author describes how some
Absolve, choice A, has the same prefix as absorb but
sea creatures have ingested plastic, but Halden never
does not help in figuring out the meaning of adsorb.
advocates for the invention of edible plastic in this
The sorb in sorbet (a frozen dessert) has nothing to
passage, so choice C is incorrect. Banning all new plastic
do with the word adsorbed, so choice D is incorrect.
production is an extreme and unrealistic solution that
Adhere, choice B, is when something sticks to something
Halden never suggests, so choice D is incorrect.
else; so adsorb must mean when one substance sticks to
26. The correct answer is B. The article includes scientific another.
data and explanations of the effects of plastics in the
31. The correct answer is A. The author indicates that
ocean and waterways, offering information to the public,
there are ways humans may be ingesting plastic waste
choice B. The specific data in this passage contradict the
in lines 5765. The author had already discussed how
idea that the author is merely theorizing that the
sea creatures ingest such waste in the previous
environment could be in danger, and this conclusion is
paragraphs, so choice B is not the best answer. Choice C
too general in any event, so choice A is not the best
had already been discussed earlier, too. Choice D is
answer. Choices C and D are too extreme and unrealistic;
incorrect because the author never theorizes about why
it is unlikely a movement will halt all plastic production,
people dump plastic waste into the oceans in this
which is not even something the author advocates, and
passage.
cleaning up the oceans is too huge a job for readers to
personally take on. Choice B remains the most logical 32. The correct answer is C. These lines (And, finally, what
and realistic answer. proportion of humans exposure to plastic ingredients
and environmental pollutants occurs through
27. The correct answer is B. Lines 4951: Research has
seafood?) deal with how much plastic waste from the
shown that harmful and persistent substances can both
oceans people might be ingesting by eating seafood.
bioaccumulate and biomagnify indicate that

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Choice A has to do with the transference of plastic 37. The correct answer is B. The narrator has faith that her
pollutants, not the amount of such pollutants people offering will save her sister, and the medicine man has
are ingesting. Choice B deals with the effects of plastic faith that the girls spirit still exists. Choice B emphasizes
pollutants. Choice D is a general statement about the the theme of faith in this passage. Choice A is not the
efforts to answer the questions the author raises. best answer because it places the medicine man at the
center of the story when it is mainly about the narrators
33. The correct answer is C. As she places the offering, the
faith that her actions will save her sister. Choice C
narrator wonders whether or not her sister will die, so it
implies that the passage is mostly concerned with
is logical to conclude that she wants to place her
Native American culture when the rituals in the story
offering correctly to prevent that from happening. No
are not as important as how the characters feel about
one at home asks her about the offering once she
them. Choice D describes one passing incident in the
returns, so choices A and D can be eliminated. By
passage that says nothing about the storys overall
worrying about her sisters potential death, the narrator
theme.
indicates that she has more important things on her
mind than whether or not shell be trusted to make 38. The correct answer is B. Choice B most effectively
offerings again in the future, so choice B is not the best indicates the strength of the narrators faith by
answer. describing how she believes her offering will save her
sister. Choice A merely describes the offering without
34. The correct answer is A. In line 70, the medicine man
indicating the narrators faith that it has any power to
describes seeing a luminous vapor above the house,
save her sister. Choice C describes a moment in the
and clarifies that It was the spirit of the little child who
story in which the narrators faith is shaken, so it
is sick in line 72. Choice B describes objects that were in
contradicts the conclusion in the previous question.
his medicine bag, not the appearance of the sisters
Choice D mistakes the correct answer to the previous
spirit. The sister was a baby, but the medicine man
question.
never describes her as a baby, so choice C is not the best
answer. In line 73, the medicine man says the spirit is 39. The correct answer is A. The parents seem oblivious to
beyond our reach, but this describes the spirits the natural emotions of a child. Though they give the
location, not its appearance. narrator responsibility and take care of her physical
needs (lines 4849), they dont seem to offer comfort or
35. The correct answer is C. The family didnt send for the
consolation. The narrator is probably given more
medicine man until the medicine woman had given up
responsibility than she wants, which makes choice B
hope, which makes choice C the most logical answer.
incorrect. The parents naturally focus on the child likely
What the medicine man had been doing before arriving
to die, but there is no indication they prefer the younger
at the familys house is never indicated, so there is no
child, so choice C is incorrect. The narrator seems very
evidence for choice A. Although we are told that the
alone and her parents display little warmth or affection,
medicine man had to travel quite a distance, choice B,
making choice D incorrect.
this is not offered as a reason why he was not contacted
in the first place. Although the family did have a 40. The correct answer is A. Choice A covers the central
medicine woman attempt to cure their child before idea of the passage best by including its most important
calling the medicine man, the narrator never implies details: the sisters death and the narrators efforts to
that the healers genders were of any significance. save her. Choice B narrowly focuses on the girl following
the instructions of the medicine woman without
36. The correct answer is B. These lines show the girl
indicating why she was following those instructions.
having trouble analyzing how nature will affect the
Choices C and D do not capture the concept of the
delivery of her offering and unsure if she is making the
narrative and the point of view because they both shift
right decision. Choice A describes the instructions given
focus from the narrator to the entire family.
by the medicine woman; it doesnt explain why they
were difficult to follow. Choice C describes the variance 41. The correct answer is D. The narrator feels remorseful
in the terrain where she was searching for the right because she feels as if she failed since her sister dies
spot, but it does not describe any particular problem. despite her own efforts to save the baby. The narrator
Choice D describes the narrators surroundings without may feel responsible for her sisters death, but there is
indicating that they were causing her any particular no evidence that she has any reason to feel as though
problem. she caused her sisters illness, so choice A is not the best

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

answer. The narrator follows the instructions of the country overburdened and uninterested in becoming
medicine woman meticulously, so choice B is not the involved elsewhere. The French Revolution had started
best conclusion. The narrator may have felt burdened in 1789, triggering the rise of Napoleon, but this was
by the amount of responsibility she took on, but her not directly related to its refusal to aid Emmet.
remorse is more directly related to her sisters death, so
47. The correct answer is C. Emmet loved his country and
choice C is not the best answer.
declared his patriotism toward Ireland as his reason for
42. The correct answer is C. The modern meaning of his actions, choice C. Wrights view was more inclusive,
thrilled is usually excited, but in line 45, the author is defining it as freeing all people, whatever the country.
talking about fear and doubt. Choices A, B, and D all Emmets primary focus was on his own people, choice B,
have positive connotations that fail to capture the not all of humankind. He defended his actions, choice A,
feelings of heightened fear the narrator was experi- but this action is unrelated to Wrights concept of a
encing when she began thinking that her offering had patriot, as is a court that renders an unjust sentence,
failed to save her sisters life. choice D.

43. The correct answer is D. In choice D, Emmet acknowl- 48. The correct answer is B. Although both Emmet and
edges his death sentence and declares that he is dying Wright wanted freedom from tyranny, Emmets focus
for a cause. Choice C explains why he asked France for was on Ireland, and Wright had a broader objective of
assistance, and choice B explains that he was fighting freedom and independence for all humankind, choice B.
for his countrys independence and freedom from Choice A is incorrect because only Wright states that her
tyranny. In choice A, he defends his actions by saying countrys concept of patriotism needs to be rethought.
that he could have stood by and done nothing, given Wright was focused on advancing an expansive concept
his familys privileged position, but chose instead to of patriotism that included other countries, which does
defend liberty. not mean that she did not love her country, so choice C
is not the best answer. Choice D is incorrect because
44. The correct answer is D. Choice D shows Emmets
Wright indicates that she does understand tyranny by
pride in his country by saying that his government
advocating for its opposite: freedom and concern for all
speaks for him. In choice A, he merely states that he is
people.
not working for France, but this alone does not prove
that he feels pride in his own country. In choice B, he 49. The correct answer is B. Wrights speech reads as a
theorizes about the different influences that could have sincere yet calm plea for understanding and concern for
caused him to betray his country. Choice C makes a all people, while Emmets feels more motivated by his
statement about how he feels the people in his country desperation to save himself and his anger regarding the
deserve assistance from France, but that alone does not charges of treason against him, which is clear through
make a strong case for the authors patriotism. his regular use of exclamations throughout his speech.
Wright does not express anger, so choice A is incorrect.
45. The correct answer is B. According to the timeline,
It is Emmet who is passionate and angry and Wright
American colonies declare independence in 1776, and
who is calm, not the other way around, so choice C is
the fact that the country needed to define itself outside
incorrect. Someone can speak calmly yet sincerely, as
of the rule of another country probably caused
Wright does, or desperately and angrily, as Emmet does,
Americas view of patriotism to focus more on the
and still be convincing, so choice D is not the best
country, itself, rather than a greater concern for all
answer.
people. Choice A refers to events that did not concern
America. Choices C and D do refer to events that 50. The correct answer is C. All the options refer to patri-
concerned America, but neither had as significant an otism, but choice A is mostly about perseverance and the
impact on the country and its views as declaring importance of freedom. Choice B speculates on how
independence in 1776 did. Americans might react if attacked and suggests sub-
mission as one possibility. Choice C sets up the either-or
46. The correct answer is B. Noting the date of Emmets
scenario in which there can only be one of two outcomes:
speech in his defense of his actions prior to his exe-
liberty or death. Emmets statement is analogous because
cution, choice A is not possible. The Louisiana Purchase
there are only two choices: if the enemy wishes to come
by the United States, choice D, would have given France
into his homeland (symbolized by the word threshold),
more resources to help. However, the Napoleonic Wars
he will defend it to the death. Choice D expresses too
were draining the French treasury, choice B, leaving the

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

much pleasure in the act of fighting for and dying for ones 52. The correct answer is B. Emmet speaks of being
country while Emmets statements show that he is accused of secretly selling his country out to France,
motivated more by his belief in the righteousness of which would be the actions of a spy. In this context, an
freedom than more romantic ideas about dying for ones emissary is a spy, choice B. The government wouldnt
country. accuse someone of being an ambassador, an official
position as a representative, choice A. Similarly, a
51. The correct answer is B. Wright says Americans idea of
minister is an official head of a government department,
a patriot is someone who loves his/her country, choice
which eliminates choice C. Choice D is incorrect
D, but that idea is too narrow. She explains that
because a mercenary is a paid soldier, and there is
Europeans see patriotism as a more expansive concept
nothing that suggests the government thinks Emmet is
that extends to freedom for all humans. This idea, she
a hired gun.
explains, includes working toward the best interests of
all human lives, wherever they are, so that they are free
from despotism. This statement suggests that she
herself holds these ideas, choice B, and wants others to
consider them. Physically fighting for ones country,
choices A and C, is an example of vanity.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

Section 2: Writing and Language Test

1. A 11. A 21. C 31. C 41. D

2. D 12. A 22. C 32. A 42. B

3. A 13. C 23. D 33. D 43. A

4. B 14. D 24. C 34. C 44. C

5. C 15. B 25. B 35. B

6. B 16. D 26. D 36. D

7. B 17. A 27. B 37. A

8. A 18. C 28. A 38. C

9. B 19. B 29. C 39. A

10. B 20. C 30. B 40. C

WRITING TEST RAW SCORE

(Number of correct answers)

1. The correct answer is A. Choice A correctly sets up the 5. The correct answer is C. Choice C, solicit, correctly
sentences focus on the various causes of depopulation establishes the implied intent of the city planners within
and their negative impact. Choices B, C, and D are the context of the passageto solicit, or ask for, the
incorrect because they present potentially positive input of city residents while studying their urban
developments. spaces. Choices A, B, and D do not make sense within
the context of the passage, as all of these terms imply
2. The correct answer is D. Choice D follows the same
the opposite of the city planners intent.
parallel construction as the preceding gerund phrase,
driving away its middle class. Choices A, B, and C are 6. The correct answer is B. The plural pronoun they is
incorrect because they do not demonstrate parallel required here to agree with the plural noun planners, so
construction. they call (choice B) is the correct answer. Choices A and
C are incorrect because they incorrectly use singular
3. The correct answer is A. Choice A is correct because
pronouns. Choice D is incorrect because we call is
the dash is being used to indicate the following
first-person plural, not third-person plural, which is what
explanation of what is staggering. Choice C is incorrect
is required here.
because it creates a run-on sentence. Choices B and D
are incorrect because they move the punctuation to the 7. The correct answer is B. Choice B is correct because in
wrong part of the sentence. fact properly suggests an elaboration of the previous
sentence. Choice A is incorrect because it suggests the
4. The correct answer is B. Choice B correctly maintains
second sentence is an equal example, rather than an
the sentences focus on the effects of depopulation.
elaboration of the first. Choice C is incorrect because it
Choices A and C are incorrect because they suggest a
implies the author is drawing a conclusion despite a
growth in residency, which contradicts the main
contradiction. Choice D is also incorrect because it
argument of the passage. Choice D is incorrect because
implies that the second sentence is a second example
homelessness is unrelated to the main focus of the
supporting a contrast scenario, which is not the case.
passage, which is Detroits depopulation.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

8. The correct answer is A. In choice A, the sentence 15. The correct answer is B. Choice B is correct because
explains the planners logic. Choice B implies that there the phrase, a nation to which Indonesia was linked
was resistance to their thinking or that their thinking through trade relations should refer to the country of
was absolute, which is incorrect. Choices C and D do not India, not migrants. Choices A and D are incorrect
denote the careful calculation that the rest of the because the modifier is misplaced. Choice C is incorrect
sentence implies. because it is awkward and doesnt make sense.

9. The correct answer is B. This sentence would best 16. The correct answer is D. Choice D is correct because
serve as a transition between the previous and current this sentence is tangential to the paragraphs focus on
paragraphs. The previous paragraph refers to the city the cultural influences of Hindu culture on the
planners strategic plan, and the current paragraph Indonesian way of life. Choice A is incorrect because this
begins with an example of one of the plans boldest information is not relevant. Choice B is incorrect
suggestions. A sentence that mentions that the plan because this paragraph is not focused on the actual
contained bold suggestions, choice B, would work well practice of shadow puppetry. Choice C is incorrect
here. The other choices would place this notion after because this information has not been presented before
providing examples of the plans bold suggestions, this sentence.
rendering it ineffective and unnecessary.
17. The correct answer is A. Choice A reflects the para-
10. The correct answer is B. Choice B correctly places the graphs emphasis that depicting gods in human form
dash so that it separates the two clauses. Choices A, C, was not allowed under any circumstance. Choices B, C,
and D are incorrect because they place the dash in the and D are incorrect because these words do not suggest
wrong place. complete proscription the way choice A does.

11. The correct answer is A. Choice A is correct because 18. The correct answer is C. Choice C is correct because it
items in a series should be separated by commas. places the verb in the past tense. Choice A is incorrect
Choice B is incorrect because it is unnecessarily wordy because the present tense is an inappropriate shift from
and misuses semicolons. Choice C is incorrect because it the past tense that the rest of the paragraph uses.
misuses semicolons. Choice D is also incorrect because Choices B and D are incorrect because the sentence
it incorrectly mixes a semicolon with commas. requires the simple past tense.

12. The correct answer is A. Choice A is correct because 19. The correct answer is B. Choice B conveys both the
hawk means to call out and sell, which is what vendors duration of the events and the lack of interruptions
at festivals do. Choice B is incorrect because, while the without being redundant or wordy. Choice A is incorrect
vendors may stock merchandise, the authors intent because all night long is redundant. Choice C is
here is to describe how they sell that merchandise. incorrect because it is redundant and wordy; while it is
Similarly, choices C and D are incorrect because the constructed better by omitting at all, all night long
vendors are sellingnot advertising or tradinggoods. from sunset to sunrise is still redundant. Choice D is
incorrect because just noting that the performance
13. The correct answer is C. Choice C correctly suggests
lasted all night isnt as informative as noting that, from
that this sentence provides a transition between the
dusk to dawn, the performance had no interruptions.
scene depicted in the first paragraph and the ancient
and modern tradition of puppetry, and the writer 20. The correct answer is C. As written, the sentence is a
should not delete it. Choice A is incorrect because this run-on and needs some added punctuation to reduce
sentence is not an opinion. Choice B is incorrect confusion. Choice C fixes the run on by adding the
because this sentence does not distract from but rather appropriate commas and an em-dash. Choices B and D
helps in contextualizing the main ideas of the para- add commas in inappropriate places, creating addi-
graph. Choice D is incorrect because it is the following tional confusion.
sentence that explains what wayang kulit is.
21. The correct answer is C. Choice C is correct because
14. The correct answer is D. Choice D correctly uses end the pronoun its should refer back to the antecedent
punctuation to correct this run-on sentence. Choices A, the puppet. Choice A is incorrect because their is
B, and C are incorrect because they do not employ the plural and puppet is not. Choices B and D are incorrect
correct punctuation to denote two independent because the puppet is neither male nor female.
clauses.

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22. The correct answer is C. Choice C is correct because forecast or prediction about water flow has been made.
comparisons require than, not then Choice A is Choices B and C are incorrect because they reflect
incorrect because then is an adverb that refers to time. subjective impulses and do not maintain the neutral
Choices B and D are incorrect because they dont make and scientific tone of the passage. Choice D is incorrect
sense in the sentence. because it is vague and fails to suggest a basis in
research.
23. The correct answer is D. The intent of this passage is to
bring attention to the serious water issues occurring in 29. The correct answer is C. This sentence adds new and
the American Southwest, so choice D would be the relevant information by providing an example that
most effective introductory sentence. The passage is not shows the reader how severe the drought really is.
an enticement to vacation in the American Southwest, Choice A is incorrect because this information has not
so choice A is incorrect. It is also not focused on been presented previously in the passage. Choice B is
pointing out the majestic aspects of the American incorrect because this sentence does not blur the
Southwest, so choice B is incorrect. The Anasazi people paragraphs focus; rather, it is relevant to the paragraphs
are a supporting detail about the American Southwest main argument. Choice D is incorrect because this
in the context of this passage, so choice C is also sentence does not introduce this argument; rather, it
incorrect. supports the argument.

24. The correct answer is C. Choice C is correct because 30. The correct answer is B. Choice B is correct because
the sentence subject that includes arid climate and the dependent clause and possibly more alarming
limited water resources, is a compound subject, which must be set off by commas. Choice A is incorrect
means the verb must also be plural. Choice A is because it contains one too many commas. Choice C is
incorrect because has is singular. Choice B is incorrect incorrect because it contains no commas. Choice D is
because it is the past perfect instead of the present incorrect because the comma should be before and.
perfect tense. Choice D is incorrect because it is present
31. The correct answer is C. Although it may sound
tense and changes the meaning of the sentence.
otherwise, the conventional expression is for all intents
25. The correct answer is B. Choice B is correct because and purposes, choice C. Choices A, B, and D are
the sentence requires a possessive pronoun in order to incorrect.
refer back to the Anasazi people. Choice A is incorrect
32. The correct answer is A. Choice A is correct because
because theyre is a contraction, not a possessive.
the authors intent is to suggest that there are other
Choice C is incorrect because there is an adverb, not a
factors that make the problems of drought worse and
possessive. Choice D is incorrect because its is singular
more complicated. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect
possessive, while the antecedent, people, is plural.
because each word emphasizes an increase in severity
26. The correct answer is D. Choice D combines the rather than an increase in the number of factors
sentences in a way that helps emphasize the con- contributing to problems in the area.
nection between the two. Choice A is incorrect because
33. The correct answer is D. The accompanying map
but implies that the two ideas are contradictory.
measures average air temperatures, so choice D is
Choice B is incorrect because it misuses a semicolon to
correct. The map does not measure the highest or
connect an independent clause and what is now a
lowest air temperatures, so choices A and B are
dependent clause. Choice C is incorrect because it
incorrect. It also doesnt measure water temperature, so
creates a run-on sentence.
choice C is incorrect.
27. The correct answer is B. Choice B is correct because
34. The correct answer is C. Choice C is correct because
the sentence is a statement, and thus it should end in a
this first paragraph establishes that women do not get
period. Choice A is incorrect because the sentence does
as many leading roles as men nor do they spend as
not warrant the excitement or surprise that an excla-
much time on-screen. Choice A is incorrect because it
mation point conveys. Choice C is incorrect because the
does not stress the number of roles nor the amount of
sentence is not a question. Choice D is incorrect
on-screen time. Choice B is incorrect because it does not
because it creates a run-on sentence.
cite the amount of on-screen time, alluding to it only
28. The correct answer is A. Choice A is correct because vaguely. Choice D is incorrect because the main idea of
the context of the sentence suggests that a scientific the passage is not a plea to pay female actresses more
than their male counterparts to attract new talent.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

35. The correct answer is B. Choice B is correct because 40. The correct answer is C. Choice C is correct because
only agents expresses the idea that television and the pronoun should refer to the female actress using
movies play an active role in causing social change. her. Choice A is incorrect because it is plural. Choice B
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they dont is incorrect because it is masculine. Choice D is incorrect
suggest a causal relationship to social change. because it is plural and first person.

36. The correct answer is D. Choice D is correct because 41. The correct answer is D. Choice D maintains the
the subordinate clause that begins with while is tied to objective and neutral tone of the passage while noting
the central premise of the sentence and needs to be at unfavorable comparisons. Choices A, B, and C are
the beginning. Choice A is incorrect because at the end incorrect because the tone of each choice is emotionally
of the sentence, the relationship of the clause to the charged, which is inconsistent with the objective tone
central idea is lost. Choices B and C are incorrect of the passage.
because they obscure the relationship of the clause to
42. The correct answer is B. Given the context of the
the central idea of the sentence.
sentence and paragraph, famous is the most appro-
37. The correct answer is A. Choice A is correct because priate word choice. Streep is offered as an example of a
the noun women should agree in number with woman who has achieved great acclaim as an actress,
protagonists. Choice B is incorrect because protago- despite gender inequalities in the film industry. The
nists should be plural. Choice C is incorrect because previous sentence mentions her many award nomina-
protagonist should be singular if it is to agree with the tions, so referring to her fame here makes the most
subject. Choice D is incorrect because a woman is not sense. The other answer choices either dont make
plural. sense given the context, or we are not given enough
information to determine if they are appropriate
38. The correct answer is C. Choice C clarifies that the
choices, so they are incorrect.
comparison is between womens marital status and the
marital status of men. Choice A is incorrect because it 43. The correct answer is A. Choice A is correct because
makes an illogical comparison between womens accolades connotes the achievements, honor, and
marital status and men in general. Choice B is incorrect respect that the passage goes on to describe. Choice B
because it uses the singular man, meaning that only is incorrect because the awards were not privileges.
one mans marriage status is being compared. Choice D Choices C and D are incorrect because they do not
is incorrect because it compares womens marital status connote the honor and respect that accolades does.
to the grammatically incorrect phrase mens marriage.
44. The correct answer is C. The word characters should
39. The correct answer is A. Choice A supports the be the possessive characters, so choice C is correct.
paragraphs claim that women are underrepresented in Choice A is incorrect because characters is plural
the film industry. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect instead of possessive. Choice B is incorrect because
because they dont support the paragraphs main focus character is not possessive. Choice D is incorrect
that women are underrepresented in the film industry. because it does not convey the appropriate meaning.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

Section 3: Math TestNo Calculator

1. B 6. A 10. A 14. A 18. 0.55

or 5/9
2. B 7. D 11. C 15. D
19. 15
3. B 8. C 12. C 16. 80
20. 4
4. C 9. B 13. D 17. 6

5. C

MATH TESTNO CALCULATOR RAW SCORE

(Number of correct answers)

1. The correct answer is B. The slope of a line can be 5. The correct answer is C. Let the legs equal 2x and 3x.
determined by finding the difference in the y-coordi- By the Pythagorean theorem,
nates divided by the difference in the x-coordinates for
any two points on the line. Using the points indicated, (2 x ) 2 + (3 x ) 2 = 13 2
5 1 4 4 x 2 + 9 x 2 = 169
the slope is = . Translating the line moves all the
03 3 13 x 2 = 169
points on the line the same distance in the same
x 2 = 13
direction, and the image will be a parallel line. x = 13
4
Therefore, the slope of the line is .
3 The shorter leg measures 2x, or 2 13 .
2. The correct answer is B. The constant 12 represents the
6. The correct answer is A. The amount of grain added
starting distance on the driveway. In other words,
each week is 1,000 bushels. Divide 1,000 bushels by 0.8
before the snail even moved, it was already 12 feet from
bushels per cubic foot to obtain 1,250 cubic feet per
the beginning of the driveway. Therefore, Catherine
week. So, the total amount of grain in the silo is 32,500
must have placed the snail 12 feet from the start of her
(what is already there) plus 1,250w (the amount added
driveway before she began recording the time it took
each week times the number of weeks), which must be
for the snail to get to the end of her driveway.
less than or equal to the volume of the silo, 45,000 cubic
3. The correct answer is B. Solve for x: feet.

7. The correct answer is D. The vertex of a parabola is

2 x + 5 = 2 (5 2 x )
found when the equation is written in the form
2 x + 5 = 2 5 + 2 x
y = a(x h)2 + k. You dont need to perform any
2 x + 5 = 3 + 2 x Add 2x to booth sides. calculations, because only choice D is written in this
5 = 3 + 4 x Add +3 to both sides. form.
8 = 4x Divide by 4.
2= x 8. The correct answer is C.

x 2 + 2 y ( x y ) = x 2 + 2 y + x + y
4. The correct answer is C. The right triangle, of which T is
= x 2 + x + 3y
the hypotenuse, has legs that are 6 inches and 9 inches.
Hence,
T 2 = 62 + 92
T 2 = 36 + 81 = 117
T = 117

Therefore, 10 < T < 11.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

9. The correct answer is B. Since Jorges truck is traveling 14. The correct answer is A. The initial population of the
at an average speed of 55 miles per hour and the truck town is 500. The rate of change between consecutive x
gets 6 miles per gallon, the number of gallons of diesel values (1 year, 2 years, 3 years) is not constant. As a
used each hour can be found by the equation result, the expression cannot be linear, but exponential.
55 miles 1 gallon 55 . The truck uses 55 gallons of Determine the percent of increase of the population
=
1 hour 6 miles 6 6 from the initial population to that of one year:
55
diesel per hour, so it uses h gallons of diesel in h 650 500 150
6 = = 0.3
hours. The trucks fuel tank has 125 gallons of diesel at 500 500

the beginning of the trip. Therefore, the function that Since the population is growing, add the percent of
change, in decimal format, to 1 to get 1.3.
models the number of gallons of diesel remaining in the
Therefore, the expression representing the population
55h
tank h hours after the trip begins is d (h) = 125 . growth is 500 1.3x.
6

10. The correct answer is A. 15. The correct answer is D. You can see right away that
4 +1
choice A is not correct, because = 2.5, which is not
M 2
A= equivalent to the fraction for all values of x. The three
MN
A(M N) = M other answer choices all start with a whole number, so
to find out which of them is correct, rewrite the given
AM AN = M
fraction as a mixed number. Since the denominator is
AM M = AN
x + 2 and the numerator includes a 4x, rewrite it so that
M( A 1) = AN
it is the sum of two fractions where one has a 4(x + 2), or
AN
M= 4x + 8, in the numerator. Then, simplify the expression
A 1
until you have a whole number and check the result
against the three answer choices to find the correct one.
11. The correct answer is C. The down payment is only
made once, and the sum of the down payment plus the
monthly payments is equal to the cost of the sofa. 4x +1 4x 1
= +
x +2 x +2 x +2
12. The correct answer is C. The sum of the values that 4x 8 1 8
= + +
satisfy the equation is the sum of the solution x +2 x +2 x +2 x +2
2.5 + 3 = 5.5. 4 x + 8 1 8
= +
x +2 x +2
2n 2 11n + 15 = 0 7
=4
x +2
(2n 5) (n 3) = 0
2n 5 = 0 , n 3 = 0
n = 2.5, n = 3

13. The correct answer is D. The graph will cross the x-axis
at the point where the function (that is, the y-coor-
dinate) has a value of 0. As a result, the following
equation needs to be solved:

480 60t = 0
60t = 480
t =8

Since t represents the independent variable, the point

is (8, 0).

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

16. The correct answer is 80. If AC = BC, then mA = 19. The correct answer is 15. To begin,
mB = 50. f(p + 3) = 5(p + 3)+ 12 = 5p + 15 + 12 = 5p + 27.
Similarly, f(p) = 5p + 12. Thus,
A B
50 50
f ( p + 3) f ( p) = 5p + 27 (5p + 12)
= 5p + 27 5p 12
= 15

20. The correct answer is 4. Solve for x:

80

C 9 16
+ =5
80 x 2 x +3
E 9 16
+
x 2 x + 3
( x 2) ( x + 3) = 5 ( x 2) ( x + 3)
9 x + 27 + 16 x 32 = 5 x 2 + 5 x 30
D 0 = 5 x 2 20 x 25
0 = 5( x + 1)( x 5)
In ABC, m ACB = 180 (m A + m B). So, x = 1 or x = 5
m ACB = 80. Further, m ACB = m ECD because
they are vertical angles. Therefore, m ECD = 80. To get the sum of the solutions, simply add 1 and 5:
1 + 5 = 4.
17. The correct answer is 6. First, solve for x by multiplying
the second equation and adding it to the first one:

5 x 4 y = 13
2[ x + 2 y = 4 ]
7 x = 21
x =3

Then, substitute x = 3 into the second equation to get

the value of y:

3 + 2y = 4
2y = 1
1
y=
2
1 x
Finally, substitute x = 3 and y = into to get the
2 y
value of the ratio:

x 3
= =6
y 1
2

5
18. The correct answer is = 0.55 . Solve for b:
9

9 x + 5 = 9 ( x b)
9 x + 5 = 9 x + 9b
5 = 9b
5
=b
9

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

Section 4: Math TestCalculator

1. C 9. B 17. D 25. A 33. 45

2. D 10. B 18. B 26. D 34. 41

3. D 11. B 19. A 27. D 35. 5400

4. A 12. D 20. C 28. A 36. 440

5. A 13. C 21. D 29. A 37. 21.5

6. C 14. D 22. B 30. B 38. 4

7. B 15. C 23. C 31. 5

8. D 16. B 24. A 32. 9

MATH TESTCALCULATOR RAW SCORE

(Number of correct answers)

1. The correct answer is C. 15% of $12.50 is (0.15)($12.50) 4. The correct answer is A. The volume of the fish tank is
= $1.875. So, the discount for every 10 audio singles 11(14)(9) = 1,386 cubic inches. The amount needed to
purchased is $1.875. Multiply this by 4 to get the savings fill the tank is 1,386 231 = 6 gallons.
when purchasing 40 audio singles: 4($1.875) = $7.50.
5. The correct answer is A. The amount of protein in m
2. The correct answer is D. 20 square yards = 180 square cups of milk is 8m grams, and the amount of protein in
feet. At $1.30 per square foot, it will cost 180 $1.30 = n eggs is 6n grams. The problem asks for the amount to
$234.00. meet or exceed the recommended daily intake, which
sets up a greater-than-or-equal-to scenario.
3. The correct answer is D. Let x represent the score of
one of the two games for which he scored identically. 6. The correct answer is C. The total charge that Amy will
Then, the score of the third game is x + 20. Since the pay is the daily rate, the mileage rate, and the 7.5% tax
average of all six games is 182, solve the following on both. If Amy drove x miles, then the total charge is
equation for x: (19.99 + 0.15x) + 0.075(19.99 + 0.15x), which can be
rewritten as 1.075(19.99 + 0.15x).
1
212 + 181+ 160 + x + x + ( x + 20) 7. The correct answer is B. 5 dozen nails are bought for
= 182 2
6
573 + 3 x 1
= 182 5 dozen 35 cents per dozen = 192.5 cents. There are
6 2
1
573 + 3 x = 1, 092 66 nails in 5 dozen and 66 3 = 22 sets sold at 10
2
3 x = 519
cents per set, so 22 sets 10 cents per set = 220 cents.
x = 173
1
The profit is 220 192.5 = 27 cents.
So, his six scores were 160, 173, 173, 181, 193, and 2
212. Therefore, the second highest score is 193. 8. The correct answer is D. The weights are proportional
to the volumes, and the volumes vary as the cubes of
their dimensions. If the edges are doubled, the volume
becomes 23 = 8 times as large. Therefore, the weight is
8 150 = 1,200 pounds.

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9. The correct answer is B. 16. The correct answer is B. The scatterplot shows a strong
correlation between the variables. As the years increase,
2(1 x ) 2 + 2(1 x 2 ) = 2(1 2 x + x 2 ) + 2(1 x 2 )
the population also increases.
= 2 + 4 x 2 x 2 + 2 2 x 2
17. The correct answer is D. The points on the graph
= 4 x 2 + 4 x
display a pattern of exponential growth, as a curve
10. The correct answer is B. One method to find the could be used to connect them; therefore, an expo-
correct answer is to create an inequality. The income nential curve would best represent the data.
from the sign-up fees for x people is 20x. For the 18. The correct answer is B. The graduate starts at x dollars
organization to profit, 20x must be greater than the cost per week. After the pay cut, the graduate receives 90%
of x t-shirts Therefore, 20x > 7x + 60 can be used to of the original salary. The 10% raise adds 9% to the
model the situation. Solving this inequality yields x > salary (10% of 90%), so the new salary is 0.99x.
4.6. Since there cant be 4.6 people, round the answer
up to 5. 19. The correct answer is A. The solution set is as follows.
Note that it extends into all quadrants except the third.
11. The correct answer is B. The total number of students,
x + y, is equal to 2,180, so the answer must be choice B y
or choice C. The male students raised $20 each, and the
female students raised $25 each. Since x represents the
4
number of male students, then the amount the male y = 2x+ 4
students raised is represented by 20x, and the amount
2
the female students raised is represented by 25y. The
total amount raised is $50,000, so the sum is 20x + 25y = x
1 2
50,000. That leaves choice B as the only correct answer.

12. The correct answer is D. The cube root of an expression

y = 2y+ 4
1
is equal to that expression raised to the power, so
3
1
3
(
9 x 3 y 5z 6 = 9 x 3 y 5z 6 ) 3

1 5
= 9 3 xy 3 z 2 20. The correct answer is C. The legs have lengths x and
13. The correct answer is C. The two intersections of the x 3, and the hypotenuse has length 4. Using the
graphs of the equations are at the points (0, 1) and Pythagorean theorem yields:
(1, 0). Substituting 0 for x and 1 for y makes both
equations true.Also, substituting 1 for x and 0 for y
x 2 + ( x 3)2 = 4 2
makes both equations true.
x 2 + x 2 6 x + 9 = 16
14. The correct answer is D. Find the solution to this 2x2 6x 7 = 0
problem by using the structure of the given equation.
( 6 ) ( 6 )2 4(2) i ( 7)
x y x=
Multiplying both sides of the equation = 5 by 24 2(2)
3 4
will clear fractions from the equation and yield 6 92 6 2 23 3 + 23
x= = =
8x 6y = 120. 4 4 2

15. The correct answer is C. If x is the number of lunches A length cannot be negative, so the hypotenuse has
sold and y is the number of dinners sold, then x + y 3 + 23
length units.
represents the number of meals sold during the 2
weekend. The equation 7.5x + 12y represents the total 21. The correct answer is D. If the discount is 10%, then
amount collected in the weekend. Therefore, the correct $12.60 is 90% of $14.00.
system of equations is x + y = 241 and 7.5x + 12y =
2,523.

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22. The correct answer is B. To solve for the number of 29. The correct answer is A. To find the current average,
gallons of white vinegar, set up a proportion. add all of the medals and divide by 6:

1 12 + 13 + 31+ 25 + 37 + 28 146
1 =
3=x 6 6
2 7 = 24.3
28 24
2x =
3
4 2 The new average will have to be 25, but it will be
x =4 =4
6 3 spread over 7 Winter Olympics:

23. The correct answer is C. A hexagon with 22-inch sides 12 + 13 + 31+ 25 + 37 + 28 + x 146 + x
= = 25
has a perimeter of 6 22, or 132 inches. 7 7
146 + x = 175
C = 2pr
x = 29
132 = 2pr
132 = 2(3.14 )r 6x
30. The correct answer is B. Simplify the ratio by
132 = 6.28r 2x + 4
21.02 = r factoring out the greatest common factor (2).
3x 3x A
24. The correct answer is A. Because the function f has The result is . Set = 3+ and solve.
x +2 x +2 x +2
(x 4) and (x + 2) as factors, the function should have A = 6.
zeros when x 4 = 0 and x + 2 = 0. The only graph that
31. The correct answer is 5. Expand the left side and then
shows a curve that has x-intercepts at 2 and 4 is
equate corresponding coefficients:
choice A.

25. The correct answer is A. There are a total of 8 + 23 + 19 (ax 1) (2 x + b ) = 4 x 2 + 4 x 3

= 50 people in Group A. Then, reduce the fraction to 2ax 2 2 x + abx b = 4 x 2 + 4 x 3
8 4 2ax 2 + (ab 2) x b = 4 x 2 + 4 x 3
find that = .
50 25
So, 2a = 4, ab 2 = 4, and b = 3. So, a = 2 and b = 3.
26. The correct answer is D. When t = 0, the height of the
Therefore, a + b = 5.
ball is 0.02 m, so 0.02 represents the height of the ball
before it is hit. 32. The correct answer is 9. Since he must buy at least two
of each item, first determine the cost of buying exactly 2
27. The correct answer is D. If k is a positive constant other
of each:
than 1, then the equation kx + y = c can be rewritten as
y = kx + c. If k is positive, then k is negative, and it
2($4.00 + $3.75 + $1.50) = $18.50
must be something other than 1. The only graph with
a negative slope other than 1 is answer choice D. Now, subtract that from $50: $50 $18.50 = $31.50.
28. The correct answer is A. If the machine loses 15% of its Divide this difference by the cost of a pint of berries
value each year, then each year its value is 85% of what ($4.00) to get $7.875.
it was the year before. Therefore, we are looking for the So, Derek would be able to buy at most 7 more pints
fifth term of a geometric sequence with first term of berries. This, together with the 2 pints we account-
$80,000 at time zero and common ratio 0.85. Using the ed for at the start of the solution, gives a maximum of
formula a n = a1 r n 1, we can compute a5 = $80,000 9 pints of berries that he could purchase.
(0.85)4 = $41,760.50.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

33. The correct answer is 45. Letting m be the time per 37. The correct answer is 21.5. First, combine the
regular question, 2m is the time per math problem. The equations by subtracting (x + y = 13) from (3x + y= 4):
total time for all the regular questions is 300m, and the
total time for all the math problems is 50(2m). Since the 3 x + y = 4
exam is 3 hours, or 180 minutes, 300m + 100m = 180
( x + y = 13)
180 9
minutes, 400m = 180, and m = = . The time to 2 x = 17
400 20
x = 8.5
9 9
do a math problem is 2 = . All 50 math
20 10
9 Then solve for x and substitute into one of the equa-
problems can be done in 50 = 45 minutes.
10 tions to solve for y:

34. The correct answer is 41. The number of games that

8.5 + y = 13
the Montreal Canadiens played is not provided, but it is y = 21.5
given that the ratio of the number of games played in
the 194748 season to that in the 192425 season is 2:1. 38. The correct answer is 4. To find the value that will
Problems like this can be solved by plugging in real make the system have no solution, you must show that
numbers. Lets say that there were 100 games in the the two equations are parallel lines. In standard form,
192425 season, so they won 57 of those games. In the parallel lines are equal on the left side of their equa-
194748 season, there were twice as many games, or tions, but not the right. In standard form, the first
200 games, so they won 33% of 200 games, or 66 equation would need to be equal to the second on the
games. Altogether they won 123 out of 300 games, and left side. Find a factor that you could multiply the first
this fraction can be simplified to 41 out of 100, or 41%. equation by:
35. The correct answer is 5400. Of the number of voters 3 x + 2 y = 1
polled, 400 of 625, or 64%, were in favor of the measure. 6 x by = 8
If the margin of error is 4%, the likely population
proportion will be between 60% and 68%: 60% of 9,000
total voters is (0.6)(9,000) = 5,400. ( 3 x + 2 y = 1)( 2)
6x 4y = 2
36. The correct answer is 440. If the dolphin weighs 110%
so b = 4
of the average, it weighs 10% more than the average
weight of 400 pounds, or 0.10 400 = 40 pounds. The
dolphin weighs 400 + 40 = 440 pounds. If b = 4, the left side of both equations are equal, but
not the right. Therefore, they are parallel.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

Section 5: Essay

Analysis of Passage
The following is an analysis of the passage by Peter Krapp, noting how the writer used evidence, reasoning, and stylistic or persuasive
elements to support his claims, connect the claims and evidence, and add power to the ideas he expressed. Check to see if you
evaluated the passage in a similar way.

1 Pennsylvania State Universitys College of Engineering took 1 The writer cites a specific example of a computer security
its computer network offline on May 15 after disclosing breach and uses facts and statistics to show the seriousness
two cyberattacks. The perpetrators were able to access of the problem.
information on 18,000 students, who are being contacted
this week with the news that their personal identifying
information is in hackers hands.

Three days later, the computer network is back online, with

new protections for its users.

2 One of the two attacks is ascribed by a forensic 2 By mentioning that the computer hackers appear to be
cybersecurity corporation retained by Penn State to located in China, the writer underscores the global risks of
computers apparently based in China. the security breach.

3 As a researcher who has published on hacking and 3 The writer establishes his credentials to write about and offer
hacktivism and serves on the board of the UC Irvine data an argument on this topic.
science initiative, I believe two aspects of this news story
deserve particular attention.

Compromising student data

4 Penn State announced last week that the FBI alerted it on 4 The writer uses facts and dates to lay the groundwork for the
November 21, 2014, about an attack with custom malware point he is about to make.
that started as early as September 2012.

5 Why did it take so long for Penn State to disclose the breach, 5 The writer poses a rhetorical question to address one
despite the fact that the experience of large-scale hacks in aspect of this story that he earlier said deserves particular
2013 and 2014 (against Target, Home Depot, and others) attention. His first point is that Penn State took too long to
clearly demonstrated an urgent need for quick and full disclose the security breach. He cites two past breaches to
disclosureboth to help the victims and to preserve a support his argument about the need for quick disclosure
modicum of trust? and uses evocative words (help the victims and to preserve
a modicum of trust) to emphasize how important early
disclosure is.

6 Penn State stated only that any disclosure would have 6 The writer states Penn States justification for delaying
tipped off the perpetrators before their access to the disclosure. He uses the word only to imply that Penn State
College of Engineering computers could be cut off. should have been more forthcoming, thus strengthening
his own position. At the same time, he presents himself as
reasonable because he offers Penn States argument before
going on with his own.

7 Meanwhile, student data may have been compromised 7 The writer shows why, in his opinion, Penn States position is
for at least six months, maybe longer. weak.

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8 Another conspicuous problem with public discussion 8 The writer now addresses the second point that he feels
of events like this is, in fact, the lack of distinction often deserve[s] particular attention The media do not treat
made in the media between actual appropriation of breaches like the one at Penn State seriously, often viewing
data (as at Penn State) and mere temporary disabling them more like nuisance problems. He supports his view that
or defacement of websites (as happened to Rutgers the media should be able to make a distinction between
University last month). That is like being unable to make a serious and non-serious security breaches by juxtaposing a
difference between a grand theft auto and keying a car. significant crime (grand theft auto) with a minor infraction
(keying a car).
The question is, what can universities do to limit the risk
to their students?

9 The exposure of student data in higher education is not 9 The writer shows how dangerous these kinds of security
limited to Social Security numbers or email passwords. breaches are, using specific examples of the kinds of
Information collected and retained by educational information that can fall into hackers hands.
institutions includes full name, address, phone number,
credit and debit card information, workplace information,
date of birth, personal interests and of course academic
performance and grade information.

10 A survey conducted by the Obama administration 10 The writer strengthens his viewpoint by providing statistical
collected responses from 24,092 individuals on how evidence in the form of a survey that reveals how concerned
much they trusted various institutions to keep their people are about the safety of their personal data.
data safe. There was a high level of concern around
transparency and legal standards. (https://www.
whitehouse.gov/issues/technology/big-data-review)

...

11 President Obama only recently called for laws covering 11 The writer supports his argument by quoting an authority
data hacking and student privacy. Were saying that data no less than the president of the United States. (He also
collected on students in the classroom should only be makes the point that he believes the presidents concern is
used for educational purposes, he stated in his speech to overdue, by saying this statement was made only recently.)
the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) earlier this year.

Data privacy concerns

12 If students right to privacy needs to be protected from 12 The writer underscores the depth of the problem by pointing
the specter of foreign intelligence agencies poking out that there are many entities that might access students
around the Penn State Engineering School, then by the computer data: not only foreign intelligence agencies (as was
same logic it should be protected also against data- the case with the Penn State breach), but US companies that
mining by for-profit actors right here in the US. mine computer data for profit. The writer argues that just as
foreign breaches have been recognized as serious, so should
13 Until May 2014, Google, for instance, routinely mined
domestic for-profit breaches.
its apps for education services for advertising and
monetizing purposes. When Education Week reported 13 The writer offers a specific example of a US company mining
that Google was mining student emails, it quickly led not personal data for profit to strengthen his case.
only to lawsuits but also to landmark legislation.

14 The California Senate Bill 1177 was enacted to prevent 14 The writer underscores the validity of his argument by citing
educational services from selling student information or legislation enacted to address the problem.
mining it for advertising purposes.

15 Yet, almost a year later, students in California remain just 15 The writer points out that the final form of the legislation to
as concerned about their data privacy as beforesince protect students data does not extend to college students.
the new state law was watered down to apply only to
K12 and not to higher education.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

16 And when it was disclosed earlier this spring that 16 The writer reinforces his argument that not enough is being
education publisher Pearson secretly monitored social done to protect college students personal data by citing
media to discern references to their content, the legislative another example of a US company data-mining for profit. He
response was one that, according to the Electronic Privacy also quotes an authoritative source to support this claim.
Information Center (EPIC) in Washington, DC, fails to
uphold President Obamas promise that the data collected
in an educational context can be used only for educational
purposes.

17 Students in higher education nationwide are still in a 17 The writer points out a reality that makes and keeps college
position where they cannot opt out of the computer students vulnerable: they cannot opt out of the computer
services of their learning institutions, and so they have no services of their learning institutions.
expectation of privacy.

18 Despite President Obamas promises for safeguarding 18 The writer underscores college students vulnerability by
the privacy of consumers and families, and despite the pointing out that two major companies (Google and Apple)
fact that a number of technology companies concerned have refused to sign a pledge to safeguard student privacy.
with growing consumer distrust recently signed a pledge
to safeguard student privacy, neither Google nor Apple
signed on.

19 The Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and 19 The writer points out that an advisory board to the US
Technology (PCAST) was tasked to examine current president has recommended strengthening research on the
and likely future capabilities of key technologies, both problem.
those associated with the collection, analysis, and use
of big data and those that can help to preserve privacy,
resulting in a direct recommendation to strengthen US
research in privacy-related technologies.

20 And overwhelmingly, respondents to a White House 20 The writer cites a White House survey that reflected severe
survey recently expressed severe reservations about reservations about the collection, storage, and security and
the collection, storage, and security and use of private use of private information. The survey shows that despite
information. the measures that have been put in place, the public still
feels their data is at risk.
21 Maybe it is time for higher education to heed those
signals.
21 The writer concludes his argument by saying its time for
colleges (where people are particularly vulnerable) to pay
attention toand act onthe information they have, in
order to remedy the situation.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

Sample Essays
The following are examples of a high-scoring and low-scoring essay, based on the passage by Peter Krapp.

High-Scoring Essay
Peter Krapp builds a well-constructed argument designed to persuade readers that computer hacking is a danger that steals
our most valuable possessionpersonal informationfrom our most vulnerable peoplestudents. The article focuses on
personal information about college students stolen from college computer networks. The writer builds his argument brick by
brick. He starts by giving an example of student data stolen from a college by hackers in China, relating his topic to an event
that really happened. The writer quickly establishes himself as an expert in the topic so readers can trust his information.
Krapp asks and answers questions about the theft of data, goes into more depth about the type of information stolen from
college networks, and then briefly touches on the laws, or the lack of laws, to protect students. He points out that data is
stolen from students by not only foreign hackers, but also by American companies. The writer finishes with a call for colleges
to protect student data, clearly stating his purpose.

The theft of 18,000 students data from Pennsylvania State Universitys College of Engineering is a strong example to start the
article. Naming the college and identifying the large number of students tells the reader immediately that a single incident
affected many people. The location of the hackers shows that protecting the physical location of the data is useless, and it
adds a bit of foreign intrigue.

The second paragraph is a single sentence, but accomplishes two important things. It gives the reader his credentials,
proving that he is qualified to speak as an authority on the topic. It also provides structure for the next section by telling the
reader that the writer will focus on two aspects of the news story.

Krapp reveals the first aspect to be discussed right awayPenn State knew that data was being stolen for six months before
doing anything about it. To emphasize just how astonishing Penn States behavior is, Krapp asks the same question that any
reader might ask: Why? He asks the question in words that urge a fast response such as urgent need and help the victims.
He demonstrates that Penn States response is weak by describing the response as stated only.

The next paragraph starts with Another conspicuous problem. This phrase presents the second aspect he wants to discuss,
which is the medias lack of understanding about the difference between the major problem of stealing data and the minor
problem of disabling a website for a short period of time. He helps readers to understand the difference by comparing
stealing a car to causing only minor damage to the car.

Krapp follows the readers natural thought process by asking the next question: If its a problem, how do we fix it? He presents
information in two ways, listing the type of information at risk and displaying bar charts that show the results of a presidential
survey on the publics perception of data security.

The section title, Data privacy concerns, informs readers that Krapp is addressing another concern, the theft of student data
by US companies that want to mine data for profit. He gives two examples that are recognized and used by college students:
Google and Pearson. He points out that students are particularly vulnerable to theft by the corporations that provide the
apps and class materials that students must use for school. The school dictates which apps are to be used, so students cannot
opt out. He touches again on the law, but reveals that it doesnt protect college students. This information reinforces his
arguments that college students are vulnerable to data theft. Presenting the facts this way says that college students are not
only vulnerable, they are betrayed by the universities, US companies, and laws that should protect them.

The argument Krapp has built leads to a solid conclusion that Krapp states in a single, final sentence that is brief but
summarizes the conclusion readers should draw. The brevity of the statement ensures that readers will get the point of the
article and remember it in the future. The information that Krapp presents in examples, lists, survey results and bar charts
provides a solid foundation for the conclusion that becomes obvious to any reader. Protect student data.

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 Answer Keys and Explanations

Low-Scoring Essay
Peter Krapp tries to persuade us that students should be allowed to opt out of giving their data to colleges and companies.
This would protect them from having their full name, address, phone number, credit and debit card information, workplace
information, date of birth, personal interests and of course academic performance and grade information stolen by people
like Chinese hackers and companies like Google and Pearson.

Peter Krapp persuades us by giving lots of examples of data being stolen, like Pennsylvania State Universitys College of
Engineering, Target, Home Depot, Google, and Pearson. One of the examples includes a chart that shows how much 24,092
individuals trusted various institutions to keep their data safe. Most of them didnt think their data was safe.

All of this information, charts, and examples that Peter Krapp included in his essay is very convincing. I think we should pass
some laws like Peter Krapp suggested. The laws would keep American companies from stealing our data and punish hackers
from other countries who steal our data.

All college students should try to opt out of giving away all of their private information because we know the colleges wont
protect it. The colleges actually tell students to use apps that they know companies steal data from. This makes college
students more vulnerable than anyone else to losing their data.

If companies are going to use the data they take from students, they should pay the students for the data. Then, students
might not mind so much if companies take their data because the students would make money from it and college is very
expensive.

When I go to college, I will opt out of giving my data to colleges and companies. My information is important to me and I
dont want it stolen from me.

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 Computing Your Scores

COMPUTING YOUR SCORES

Now that you've completed this diagnostic test, it's time to compute your scores. Simply follow the instructions on the following
pages, and use the conversion tables provided to calculate your scores. The formulas provided will give you as close an approximation
as possible on how you might score on the actual SAT exam.

To Determine Your Practice Test Scores

1. After you go through each of the test sections (Reading, Writing and Language, MathNo Calculator, and MathCalculator)
and determine which answers you got right, be sure to enter the number of correct answers in the box below the answer
key for each of the sections.
2. Your total score on the practice test is the sum of your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Section score and your Math
Section score. To get your total score, convert the raw scorethe number of questions you got right in a particular section
into the scaled score for that section, and then calculate the total score. It sounds a little confusing, but well take you
through the steps.

To Calculate Your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Section Score

Your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Section score is on a scale of 200800. First determine your Reading Test score, and then
determind your score on the Writing and Language Test.

1. Count the number of correct answers you got on the Section 1: Reading Test. Remember that there is no penalty for wrong
answers. The number of correct answers is your raw score.
2. Go to Raw Score Conversion Table 1: Section and Test Scores on page123. Look in the Raw Score column for your raw
score, and match it to the number in the Reading Test Score column.
3. Do the same with Section 2: Writing and Language Test to determine that score.
4. Add your Reading Test score to your Writing and Language Test score.
5. Multiply that number by 10. This is your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Section score.

To Calculate Your Math Section Score

Your Math score is also on a scale of 200800.

1. Count the number of correct answers you got on the Section 3: Math TestNo Calculator and the Section 4: Math
TestCalculator. Again, there is no penalty for wrong answers. The number of correct answers is your raw score.
2. Add the number of correct answers on the Section 3: Math TestNo Calculator and the Section 4: Math TestCalculator.
3. Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 1: Section and Test Scores on page 123 and convert your raw score into your Math
Section score.

To Obtain Your Total Score

Add your score on the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Section to the Math Section score. This is your total score on this SAT
Practice Test, on a scale of 4001600.

Subscores Provide Additional Information

Subscores offer you greater details about your strengths in certain areas within literacy and math. The subscores are reported on
a scale of 115 and include Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, Passport to Advanced Math, Expression of Ideas,
Standard English Conventions, Words in Context, and Command of Evidence.

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 Computing Your Scores

Heart of Algebra

The Heart of Algebra subscore is based on questions from the Math Test that focus on linear equations and inequalities.

Add up your total correct answers from these questions:

Math TestNo Calculator: Questions 13, 6, 9, 11, 17, 18
Math TestCalculator: Questions 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 27, 29, 37, 38
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 2: Subscores on page 124 to determine your Heart of Algebra subscore.

Problem Solving and Data Analysis

The Problem Solving and Data Analysis subscore is based on questions from the Math Test that focus on quantitative reasoning,
the interpretation and synthesis of data, and solving problems in rich and varied contexts.

Add up your total correct answers from these questions:

Math TestNo Calculator: None
Math TestCalculator: Questions 13, 7, 8, 1618, 21, 22, 25, 28, 32, 3336
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 2: Subscores on page 124 to determine your Problem Solving and Data Analysis
subscore.

Passport to Advanced Math

The Passport to Advanced Math subscore is based on questions from the Math Test that focus on topics central to your ability
to progress to more advanced math, such as understanding the structure of expressions, reasoning with more complex equations,
and interpreting and building functions.

Add up your total correct answers from these questions:

Math TestNo Calculator: Questions 7, 8, 10, 1215, 19, 20
Math TestCalculator: Questions 9, 12, 13, 24, 26, 30, 31
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 2: Subscores on page 124 to determine your Passport to Advanced Math subscore.

Expression of Ideas

The Expression of Ideas subscore is based on questions from the Writing and Language Test that focus on topic development,
organization, and rhetorically effective use of language.

Add up your total correct answers from these questions in Section 2: Writing and Language Test:
Questions 1, 4, 5, 79, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 28, 29, 3235, 39, 4143
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 2: Subscores on page 124 to determine your Expression of Ideas subscore.

Standard English Conventions

The Standard English Conventions subscore is based on questions from the Writing and Language Test that focus on sentence
structure, usage, and punctuation.

Add up your total correct answers from these questions in Section 2: Writing and Language Test:
Questions 2, 3, 6, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 3638, 40, 44
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 2: Subscores on page 124 to determine your Standard English Conventions
subscore.
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 Computing Your Scores

Words in Context

The Words in Context subscore is based on questions from the Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test that address
word/phrase meaning in context and rhetorical word choice.

Add up your total correct answers from these questions in Sections 1 and 2:
Reading Test: Questions 1, 5, 12, 16, 27, 30, 41, 42, 51, 52
Writing and Language Test: Questions 5, 8, 12, 17, 28, 32, 35, 43
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 2: Subscores on page 124 to determine your Words in Context subscore.

Command of Evidence

The Command of Evidence subscore is based on questions from the Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test that ask
you to interpret and use evidence found in a wide range of passages and informational graphics, such as graphs, tables, and charts.

Add up your total correct answers from these questions in Sections 1 and 2:
Reading Test: Questions 3, 6, 9, 14, 19, 23, 28, 32, 36, 38, 42, 43, 44
Writing and Language Test: Questions 1, 4, 13, 16, 29, 33, 34, 42
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 2: Subscores on page 124 to determine your Command of Evidence subscore.

Cross-Test Scores
The SAT exam also reports two cross-test scores: Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science. These scores are based
on questions in the Reading Test, Writing and Language Test, and both Math Tests that ask you to think analytically about texts and
questions in these subject areas. Cross-test scores are reported on a scale of 1040.

Analysis in History/Social Studies

Add up your total correct answers from these questions:
Reading Test: Questions 1121, 4352
Writing and Language Test: Questions 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20
Math TestNo Calculator: Question 14
Math TestCalculator: Questions 11, 16, 17, 25, 29, 34, 35
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 3: Cross-Test Scores on page 126 to determine your Analysis in History/Social
Studies cross-test score.

Analysis in Science
Add up your total correct answers from these sections:
Reading Test: Questions 110, 2232
Writing and Language Test: Questions 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33
Math TestNo Calculator: Questions 2, 13
Math TestCalculator: Questions 4, 5, 8, 22, 26, 36
Your Raw Score = the total number of correct answers from all of these questions
Use the Raw Score Conversion Table 3: Cross-Test Scores on page 126 to determine your Analysis in Science cross-test
score.

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 Computing Your Scores

Raw Score Conversion Table 1: Section and Test Scores

Writing and Language

Writing and Language

Writing and Language

Math Section Score

Math Section Score

Math Section Score

Reading Test Score

Reading Test Score

Reading Test Score

Raw Score

Raw Score

Raw Score
Test Score

Test Score

Test Score
0 200 10 10 20 450 22 23 40 610 33 36
1 200 10 10 21 460 23 23 41 620 33 37
2 210 10 10 22 470 23 24 42 630 34 38
3 230 11 10 23 480 24 25 43 640 35 39
4 240 12 11 24 480 24 25 44 650 35 40
5 260 13 12 25 490 25 26 45 660 36
6 280 14 13 26 500 25 26 46 670 37
7 290 15 13 27 510 26 27 47 670 37
8 310 15 14 28 520 26 28 48 680 38
9 320 16 15 29 520 27 28 49 690 38
10 330 17 16 30 530 28 29 50 700 39
11 340 17 16 31 540 28 30 51 710 40
12 360 18 17 32 550 29 30 52 730 40
13 370 19 18 33 560 29 31 53 740
14 380 19 19 34 560 30 32 54 750
15 390 20 19 35 570 30 32 55 760
16 410 20 20 36 580 31 33 56 780
17 420 21 21 37 590 31 34 57 790
18 430 21 21 38 600 32 34 58 800
19 440 22 22 39 600 32 35

Conversion Equation 1 Section and Test Scores

READING TEST WRITING AND LANGUAGE TEST

RAW SCORE (052) RAW SCORE (044)

CONVERT CONVERT

10
EVIDENCE-BASED
READING AND WRITING
SECTION SCORE (200800)
READING WRITING AND LANGUAGE READING AND WRITING
TEST SCORE (1040) TEST SCORE (1040) TEST SCORE (2080)

MATH TEST EVIDENCE-BASED

RAW SCORE READING AND WRITING
(058) SECTION SCORE (200800)

MATH TESTNO CALCULATOR MATH TESTCALCULATOR CONVERT

RAW SCORE (020) RAW SCORE (038)

MATH SECTION
SCORE (200800)

MATH SECTION
SCORE (200800)
TOTAL SAT SCORE
(4001600)

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 Computing Your Scores

Raw Score Conversion Table 2: Subscores

Standard English Conventions

Passport to Advanced Math

Command of Evidence
(# of correct answers)

Expression of Ideas

and Data Analysis

Words in Context
Heart of Algebra

Problem Solving
Raw Score

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 5 2 2
3 2 2 3 3 6 3 3
4 3 2 4 4 7 4 4
5 4 3 5 5 8 5 5
6 5 4 6 6 9 6 6
7 6 5 6 7 10 6 7
8 6 6 7 8 11 7 8
9 7 6 8 8 11 8 8
10 7 7 8 9 12 8 9
11 8 7 9 10 12 9 10
12 8 8 9 10 13 9 10
13 9 8 9 11 13 10 11
14 9 9 10 12 14 11 12
15 10 10 10 13 14 12 13
16 10 10 11 14 15 13 14
17 11 11 12 15 14 15
18 11 12 13 15 15
19 12 13 15
20 12 15
21 13
22 14
23 14
24 15

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 Computing Your Scores

Conversion Equation 2 Subscores

HEART OF ALGEBRA EXPRESSION OF IDEAS COMMAND OF EVIDENCE PROBLEM SOLVING AND DATA
RAW SCORE (019) RAW SCORE (024) RAW SCORE (018) ANALYSIS RAW SCORE (017)

CONVERT CONVERT CONVERT CONVERT

HEART OF ALGEBRA EXPRESSION OF IDEAS COMMAND OF EVIDENCE PROBLEM SOLVING AND DATA
SUBSCORE (115) SUBSCORE (115) SUBSCORE (115) ANALYSIS SUBSCORE (115)

STANDARD ENGLISH CONVENTIONS WORDS IN CONTEXT PASSPORT TO ADVANCED

RAW SCORE (020) RAW SCORE (018) MATH RAW SCORE (016)

CONVERT CONVERT CONVERT

STANDARD ENGLISH CONVENTIONS WORDS IN CONTEXT PASSPORT TO ADVANCED

SUBSCORE (115) SUBSCORE (115) MATH SUBSCORE (115)

Raw Score Conversion Table 3: Cross-Test Scores

Analysis in History/Social

Analysis in History/Social
Studies Cross-Test Score

Studies Cross-Test Score

(# of correct answers)

(# of correct answers)
Analysis in Science

Analysis in Science
Cross-Test Score

Cross-Test Score
Raw Score

Raw Score

0 10 10 18 28 26
1 10 11 19 29 27
2 11 12 20 30 27
3 12 13 21 30 28
4 14 14 22 31 29
5 15 15 23 32 30
6 16 16 24 32 30
7 17 17 25 33 31
8 18 18 26 34 32
9 20 19 27 35 33
10 21 20 28 35 33
11 22 20 29 36 34
12 23 21 30 37 35
13 24 22 31 38 36
14 25 23 32 38 37
15 26 24 33 39 38
16 27 24 34 40 39
17 28 25 35 40 40

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 Computing Your Scores

Conversion Equation 3: Cross-Test Scores

ANALYSIS IN
HISTORY/SOCIAL STUDIES ANALYSIS IN SCIENCE
TEST QUESTIONS RAW SCORE QUESTIONS RAW SCORE

Reading Test 1121, 4352 110, 2232

Writing and
12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33
Language Test

Math TestNo
14 2, 13
Calculator

Math 11, 16, 17, 25, 29,

4, 5, 8, 22, 26, 36
TestCalculator 34, 35
TOTAL

ANALYSIS IN HISTORY/ ANALYSIS IN SCIENCE

SOCIAL STUDIES RAW SCORE (035)
RAW SCORE (035)

CONVERT CONVERT

ANALYSIS IN HISTORY/ ANALYSIS IN SCIENCE

SOCIAL STUDIES CROSS-TEST SCORE (1040)
CROSS-TEST SCORE (1040)

126
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 part iii: reading
strategies for the sat

Chapter 3: Evidence-Based Reading Test Strategies

 Chapter 3:
Evidence-Based Reading
Test Strategies
OVERVIEW
A Closer Look at the Evidence-Based Reading Test
Basic Steps for Answering Evidence-Based
Reading Questions
Tips for Taking the Reading Test
Strategies for Answering Specific Question Types
Exercise: Evidence-Based Reading Test
Answer Key and Explanations
Summing It Up

A CLOSER LOOK AT THE EVIDENCE-BASED READING TEST

The SAT Evidence-Based Reading Test is focused on demonstrating comprehension and reasoning skills through responses to 129
a variety of reading passages. The passages are chosen to reflect the complexity and reading levels appropriate to college and
career readiness. The questions will require you to analyze the text and use textual evidence to assess meaning and to support Chapter 3
ideas. The emphasis is on using the text to support your answers and on understanding the overall concepts and how they are
developed through the course of the passage. Evidence-
Based
Passage topics are drawn from U.S. and world literature, historical and social science documents, and scientific writing. There will Reading Test
Strategies
be four single passages and one paired passage, with a total of 52 questions. The single passages lengths are between 500750
words; the paired passage has the same word length between the two passages.

The reading comprehension questions are designed to assess how well you read and understand information. The questions
dont test the specifics you have learned in your course work. They are based solely on explicit and implicit information contained
in the passage. At least one passage will be accompanied by an informational graphic from which one or more questions will be
drawn. These questions require you to analyze the data presented in such formats as tables, graphs, and charts.

NOTE: Evidence-based reading questions are not arranged in order of difficulty. The questions
for each passage will generally begin with broader questions about the overall ideas in the
text and will then focus on specific portions of the passage.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Question Format
On the SAT exam, each evidence-based reading passage and question set starts with a direction line that looks like this:

Questions 110 are based on the following passage.

OR

Questions 110 are based on the following passage[s] and supplementary material.

OR

Questions 110 are based on the following two passages.

The direction line is followed by a brief introduction to the text. The introduction describes the origin of the passage. Sometimes,
the introduction will include additional background information.

The questions for each passage are in standard multiple-choice format with four answer choices each. Most often, these questions
ask you to do one of the following:

Determine central themes and ideas as presented in the passage.

Determine the authors purpose or point of view of the text.
Cite textual evidence to support inferences, conclusions, or arguments.
Cite evidence to illustrate or support interpretations of meaning, mood, or tone of the passage.
Analyze words and phrases in the context of the passage.

130 Analyze information in an accompanying table, graph, chart, etc.

Chapter 3
BASIC STEPS FOR ANSWERING EVIDENCE-BASED READING QUESTIONS
Evidence-
Based To answer the reading questions, follow these five steps:
Reading Test
Strategies 1. Read the introduction.
2. Read the questions.
3. Read the passage with the questions in mind.
4. Answer the questions.
5. For any question youre not sure of, eliminate obviously wrong answers and take your best guess. Answer all the questions.

Lets look at the five steps in more detail.

1. You dont want to blow past the introductory paragraph because it can be very helpful to you. It might provide some
important background information about the passage, or it might set the stage so you know what youre reading about.
2. Read the questions so you know what to look for in the passage. For example, if theres a question about the theme,
consider that as you read. If theres a question that references a particular word or phrase, or perhaps a quotation in
the text, look for it as you read the passage.
3. Now read the passage as quickly as you can without getting lost. Dont fret over details; focus on the larger ideas and
try to follow the sequence, argument, or plot.

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 4. Answer the questions that are easiest for you. Then tackle the others in order, referring to the text to find and confirm
answers as time permits.
5. Eliminate answer choices that you know are incorrect and guess at the remaining choices. Remember, there is no
penalty for incorrect answers, so be sure not to leave any answer circles blank.

Now that youre familiar with how to approach evidence-based reading passages and questions, lets try a few. Note that in the
SAT and all of the practice tests in this book, the reading passages will appear in two columns. For instructional purposes, we
have placed the passages full page in this chapter.

NOTE: Never skip the introduction as it is likely to contain some important information about both the passage and the
types of questions that accompany it. The introduction will identify the type of passage being presented, the source or
author of the passage, the era in which the passage was written, or the event that the passage describes. All of this infor-
mation will help you focus your reading and find the correct answers to the questions.

Sample Reading Passage 1

Questions 14 are based on the following passage.

Jos Mart was a Cuban teacher, organizer, writer, and poet. The lyrics to the popular folksong Guantanamera were adapted from
one of Marts poems. Although Cuban by birth, he is considered one of the most influential writers in all of Latin America. He died in
the battle for Cubas independence from Spain, a cause to which he had devoted much of his life.

The following excerpt comes from an article by Mart that was published in El Partido Liberal (Mexico City), March 5, 1892.

Our America
131
The prideful villager thinks his hometown contains the whole world, and as long as he can stay on as mayor or
humiliate the rival who stole his sweetheart or watch his nest egg accumulating in its strongbox he believes the universe
Chapter 3
to be in good order, unaware of the giants in seven-league boots who can crush him underfoot or the battling comets
Line in the heavens that go through the air devouring the sleeping worlds. It is the hour of reckoning and of marching in Evidence-
5 unison, and we must move in lines as compact as the veins of silver that lie at the roots of the Andes. Based
Reading Test
Our youth go out into the world wearing Yankee- or French-colored glasses and aspire to rule by guesswork a Strategies
country they do not know. To know is to solve. To know the country and govern it in accordance with that knowledge
is the only way of freeing it from tyranny. The European university must yield to the American university. The history of
America from the Incas to the present must be taught in its smallest detail, even if the Greek Archons go untaught. Our
10 own Greece is preferable to the Greece that is not ours; we need it more. Statesmen who arise from the nation must
replace statesmen who are alien to it.

What a vision we were: the chest of an athlete, the hands of a dandy, and the forehead of a child. We were a whole
fancy dress ball, in English trousers, a Parisian waistcoat, a North American overcoat, and a Spanish bullfighters hat.
The Indian circled about us, mute, and went to the mountaintop to christen his children. The black, pursued from afar,
15 alone and unknown, sang his hearts music in the night, between waves and wild beasts. The campesinos, the men of
the land, the creators, rose up in blind indignation against the disdainful city, their own creation. We wore epaulets
and judges robes, in countries that came into the world wearing rope sandals and Indian headbands. The wise thing
would have been to pair, with charitable hearts and the audacity of our founders, the Indian headband and the judicial
robe, to undam the Indian, make a place for the able black, and tailor liberty to the bodies of those who rose up and
20 triumphed in its name. No Yankee or European book could furnish the key to the Hispanoamerican enigma. So the
people tried hatred instead, and our countries amounted to less and less each year. Weary of useless hatred we are
beginning, almost unknowingly, to try love. The nations arise and salute one another. What are we like? they ask, and

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 begin telling each other what they are like. The young men of America are rolling up their sleeves and plunging their
hands into the dough, and making it rise with the leavening of their sweat. They understand that there is too much
25 imitation, and that salvation lies in creating. Create is this generations password. Make wine from plantains; it may be
sour, but it is our wine!

Anyone who promotes and disseminates opposition or hatred among races is committing a sin against humanity.
To think is to serve. We must not, out of a villagers antipathy, impute some lethal congenital wickedness to the continents
light-skinned nation simply because it does not speak our language or share our view of what home life should be or
30 resemble us in its political failings, which are different from ours, or because it does not think highly of quick-tempered,
swarthy men or look with charity, from its still uncertain eminence, upon those less favored by history who, in heroic
stages, are climbing the road that republics travel. But neither should we seek to conceal the obvious facts of the problem,
which can, for the peace of the centuries, be resolved by timely study and the urgent, wordless union of the continental
soul. For the unanimous hymn is already ringing forth, and the present generation is bearing industrious America along
35 the road sanctioned by our sublime forefathers. From the Rio Bravo to the Straits of Magellan, the Great Cemi,* seated
on a condors back, has scattered the seeds of the new America across the romantic nations of the continent and the
suffering islands of the sea!

*Cemi is a deity or ancestral spirit of the Tano peopleone of the indigenous groups of the Caribbean.

1. What is the most likely reason Mart wrote this article?

A. To appeal to fellow Latin Americans to be more like the Europeans

B. To gain support from fellow Latin Americans to join in a fight against European invaders

C. To rally support for himself as a leader of a revolution to free his country from tyranny

D. To encourage fellow Latin Americans to educate themselves about their own mixed heritage

Review the introduction and note that Mart was a teacher, writer, and organizer and that he spent a good part of his life fighting

132 for Cuban independence. You can infer from that information that he would try to persuade people to educate themselves. Mart
talks about how little his fellow countrymen know of their own heritage and says that they cannot expect to govern themselves
unless they understand their own heritage (lines 68). Choice D pinpoints one rationale Mart gives for education. Overall, the
Chapter 3 excerpt does not address revolution, nor does Mart present himself as revolutionary. He appeals to pride in ones heritage. These
ideas are connected, because Mart believes that his fellow Latin Americans can free themselves through education (lines 78:
Evidence-
Based To know the country and govern it in accordance with that knowledge is the only way of freeing it from tyranny.). The correct
Reading Test answer is choice D.
Strategies
2. As used in line 12, vision refers to

A. how others perceive the peoples of Latin America.

B. a picture of a unified culture.

C. Marts ideals about freedom.

D. the opportunity to create a new beginning.

When a question refers to a specific part of the text, quickly reread the line(s) and the surrounding text. In paragraph 3, Mart
offers a detailed, mocking description of the disparate parts blended to compose the peoples of Latin America. The picture he
paints is of a person comprising various elements of other culturesnone his or her own. This, he says, is how Europeans saw
the people of Latin America. The vision is the image others have of them and how it is misunderstood and even hated by others.
So, the correct answer is choice A.

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 3. Which statement represents Marts attitude toward education?

A. Universal education is of the utmost importance.

B. Everyone should learn about Latin American history.

C. Education is necessary for new leadership.

D. Education should include the study of Greek democracy as a model for freedom.

This question is asking for an overview, so you need to think about the points Mart makes and his overall message. You can
eliminate choices A and B because they are general statements that anyone could makethey are not ideas that are represented
in the passage (though they are related). Choice D is an incorrect interpretation of the text. Choice C is the best answer because
Mart says that education is important for new leaders, and these leaders must be well-versed in the history of Latin America.
People who are educated about their own country and heritage will rise as leaders and take over for statesmen who are alien to
it (line 11). The correct answer is choice C.

4. Which of the following best describes of the overall tone of the article?

A. Passionate and resolute

B. Angry and bitter

C. Scolding and arrogant

D. Inflammatory and rebellious

This type of question also requires you to think about the point of view and presentation, which determine the tone. Mart tries
to persuade his readers, advising them to wake up to threats from those who dont understand them or hate them (lines 2021:
No Yankee or European book could furnish the key to the Hispanoamerican enigma. So the people tried hatred instead, and
our countries amounted to less and less each year.). His passion comes through in the use of flowery and emotional language:
the hour of reckoning and of marching in unison (lines 45); similes: move in lines as compact as the veins of silver (line 5);
and metaphors: sang his hearts music in the night, between waves and wild beasts (line 15). He expresses a resolve, not anger
133
or bitterness: Make wine from plantains; it may be sour, but it is our wine! (lines 2526). Although Mart admonishes his fellow
countrymen for being nave and for ignoring dangers (line 3): they are unaware of the giants in seven-league boots who can Chapter 3
crush him underfoot), he does not take the position of preacher. Rather, he speaks as one of the people (lines 45: It is the
Evidence-
hour of reckoning and of marching in unison, and we must move in lines as compact as the veins of silver that lie at the roots of
Based
the Andes.). Mart does not use inflammatory language; nor does he call for rebellion, choice D. Rather, he tries to persuade his Reading Test
fellow Latin Americans to unite in spite of their differences and to defend their lands from foreigners who do not understand Strategies
them. The correct answer is choice A.

Sample Reading Passage 2

Questions 14 are based on the following two passages.

The following passages discuss theories of how culture and language spread across Europe and Central Asia to form modern European
and Asian peoples. Two teams of scientistsone based at the University of Copenhagen and one at the University of Adelaidepre-
sented studies about the DNA of ancient Europeans, based on 170 skeletons found in countries from Spain to Russia.

Passage 1 is excerpted from When modern Eurasia was born, originally published by the University of Copenhagen on June 10, 2015,
by the Center for GeoGenetics and the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 PASSAGE 1

When Modern Eurasia Was Born

With this new investigation, the researchers confirm that the changes came about as a result of migrations. The
researchers think that this is interesting also because later developments in the Bronze Age are a continuation of this new
social perception. Things add up because the migrations can also explain the origin of the northern European language
Line families. Both language and genetics have been with us all the way up to the present. Kristian Kristiansen [professor of
5 archaeology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden] even thinks that it was crucial that events happened during these
few centuries, as crucial as the colonization of the Americas.

One of the main findings from the study is how these migrations resulted in huge changes to the European gene-pool,
in particular conferring a large degree of admixture on the present populations. Genetically speaking, ancient Europeans
from the time post these migrations are much more similar to modern Europeans than those prior to the Bronze Age.

Mobile warrior people

10 The re-writing of the genetic map began in the early Bronze Age, about 5,000 years ago. From the steppes in the
Caucasus, the Yamnaya Culture migrated principally westward into North and Central Europe, and to a lesser degree, into
western Siberia. Yamnaya was characterized by a new system of family and property. In northern Europe the Yamnaya
mixed with the Stone Age people who inhabited this region and along the way established the Corded Ware Culture,
which genetically speaking resembles present-day Europeans living north of the Alps today.

15 Later, about 4,000 years ago, the Sintashta Culture evolved in the Caucasus. This cultures sophisticated new weapons
and chariots were rapidly expanding across Europe. The area east of the Urals and far into Central Asia was colonized
around 3,800 years ago by the Andronovo Culture. The researchers investigation shows that this culture had a European
DNA background.

During the last part of the Bronze Age, and at the beginning of the Iron Age, East Asian peoples arrived in Central Asia.

134 20 Here it is not genetic admixture we see, but rather a replacement of genes. The European genes in the area disappear.

A new scale
Chapter 3
These new results derive from DNA analyses of skeletons excavated across large areas of Europe and Central Asia, thus
Evidence- enabling these crucial glimpses into the dynamics of the Bronze Age. In addition to the population movement insights, the
Based
Reading Test data also held other surprises. For example, contrary to the research teams expectations, the data revealed that lactose tol-
Strategies erance rose to high frequency in Europeans, in comparison to prior belief that it evolved earlier in time (5,0007,000 years ago).

Passage 2 is excerpted from European invasion: DNA reveals the origins of modern Europeans, published in March 2015, by Alan
Cooper, a director at the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA at the University of Adelaide, and Wolfgang Haak, a senior research fellow
at the University of Adelaide.

PASSAGE 2

European Invasion: DNA Reveals the Origins of Modern Europeans

25 What we have found is that, in addition to the original European hunter-gatherers and a heavy dose of Near Eastern
farmers, we can now add a third major population: steppe pastoralists. These nomads appear to have invaded central
Europe in a previously unknown wave during the early Bronze Age (about 4,500 years ago).

This event saw the introduction of two very significant new technologies to western Europe: domestic horses and
the wheel. It also reveals the mysterious source for the Indo-European languages.

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 30 The genetic results have answered a number of contentious and long-standing questions in European history. The
first big issue was whether the first farmers in Europe were hunter-gatherers who had learnt farming techniques from
neighbours in southeast Europe, or did they instead come from the Near East, where farming was invented.

The genetic results are clear: farming was introduced widely across Europe in one or two rapid waves around 8,000
years ago by populations from the Near Easteffectively the very first skilled migrants.

35 At first the original hunter-gatherer populations appear to have retreated to the fringes of Europe: to Britain, Scan-
dinavia and Finland. But the genetics show that within a few thousand years they had returned, and significant amounts
of hunter-gatherer genomic DNA was mixed in with the farmers 7,000 to 5,000 years ago across many parts of Europe.

Wheeling across Europe

But there was still a major outstanding mystery. Apart from these two groups, the genomic signals clearly showed
that a thirdpreviously unsuspectedlarge contribution had been made sometime before the Iron Age, around 2,000
40 years ago. But by whom?

We have finally been able to identify the mystery culprit, using a clever new system invented by our colleagues at
Harvard University.

Instead of sequencing the entire genome from a very small number of well-preserved skeletons, we analysed 400,000
small genetic markers right across the genome. This made it possible to rapidly survey large numbers of skeletons from
45 all across Europe and Eurasia.

This process revealed the solution to the mystery. Our survey showed that skeletons of the Yamnaya culture from
the Russian/Ukrainian grasslands north of the Black Sea, buried in large mounds known as kurgans, turned out to be the
genetic source we were missing.

1. How do the passages illustrate the contributions of DNA evidence to scientific inquiry?

A. Both provide examples of how DNA evidence enabled scientists to fill in gaps in their knowledge about human
migrations.
135
B. Both describe how DNA analysis is used in scientific investigations.
Chapter 3
C. The passages imply that DNA evidence can solve evolutionary questions.
Evidence-
D. The passages show how scientists solved the mysteries of DNA evidence. Based
Reading Test
Strategies
Both passages illustrate how DNA has been used to answer questions about human migration patternsquestions that had
been unresolved before the ability to use DNA as evidence for such studies, choice A. Neither passage gives details about the
actual scientific methodology as both are focused on the results. Choices C and D are not correct interpretations of the passages.
The correct answer is choice A.

2. Which lines from the text support the idea that migration of human populations can be tracked through DNA testing?

A. Line 1: (With this migrations.)

B. Lines 89: (Genetically the Bronze Age.)

C. Lines 2627: (These nomads 4,500 years ago).)

D. Lines 2829: (This event Indo-European languages.)

This type of question requires that you find specific text to support an answer to a question. Although the concept giventhat
DNA testing was used to track population migrationscan be found in both passages, you only need to review the specific lines
given in the answer choices to find the correct answer. Review only the options to find the one that that best supports the concept.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Choices C and D are not directly related to DNA evidence. Choice A confirms the idea of migration, but the text does not refer
to DNA as the process that tracked the migration. Choice B refers to the genetic evidence, another term for DNA, which shows
a similarity between ancient and modern Europeans. This evidence illustrates that scientists have been tracking the migration
patterns. The correct answer is choice B.

3. What is the best description of the two passages?

A. They show conflicting claims about the migrations.

B. They describe different scientific methodologies.

C. They provide supplementary information.

D. They are written from a different perspective.

When reading paired passages, compare the passages as you read. This question asks you to compare the information. On your
first reading, you probably noticed that they do not contradict one another, choice A; nor do they show different points of view,
choice D. Both passages describe scientific studies and what scientists were able to learn from them, and both describe using
DNA as the methodology, so you can eliminate choice B. But the second passage adds to the information in the first, making
them supplements, choice C, to one another. The correct answer is choice C.

4. Based on information in the two passages, which of the following statements could be made about scientific inquiry?

A. DNA evidence showed why many Europeans are lactose intolerant.

B. Research can provide historical information.

C. Evidence showed that the steppe pastoralists introduced horses and the wheel to Western Europe.

D. Scientific investigation can provide evidence about human history not obtainable through other means.

136 Like the preceding question, this one asks you to compare the two passages, except this question looks at a topic not directly
discussed in the passages but one that is implicit within itthe nature of scientific inquiry. So while choices A and C are true,
neither one answers the question. Choice B is also true, but it doesnt address the nature of scientific investigations; it is simply
Chapter 3 a general statement that could apply to many texts. Choice D, however, states a fact about scientific inquiry that can be gleaned
from the text: Both passages describe how scientists were able to use DNA data to answer questions they were unable to address
Evidence- before the use of DNA testing was available. The correct answer is choice D.
Based
Reading Test
Strategies
NOTE: The paired passages have the same types of questions as the single passages. Some
of the questions, however, may ask you to synthesize the information presented in the two
passages by noting commonalities or comparing them in some way.

TIPS FOR TAKING THE READING TEST

You will be allotted 65 minutes to answer the 52 questions in the Reading section. Thats a lot of questions in a short period of
time. However, you can use some specific strategies and techniques to move through this portion of the SAT efficiently. Check
out these strategies for answering the evidence-based reading questions quickly and accurately.

Answer All of the Questions Before You Start the Next Passage
There wont be time to go back to reread the passages and recheck your answers, so answer every question that you can about
the passage. If you dont know an answer, skip the question and return to it when you have answered the other questions in

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the passage. Check your time, and if you think you can answer one of the skipped questions with a quick reread of part of the
passage, go ahead. If not, or if you find it is taking too long, just give it your best guess and then move on. Remember, wrong
answers are not held against you, so dont leave anything blank. Make sure you have answered every question for each passage
before you move on to the next one.

Remember That the Questions Get More Specific

The question order often holds a key to understanding a passage. The SAT Reading Test organizes the questions from broader
questions about themes, purpose, point of view, and main ideas to more specific questions about explicit and implicit meaning,
specific language, and structure of the text. Review the questions and take note of the information they ask for before reading
the passage. As you read, underline or make notes to highlight text that may answer a question. Remember, answers will be in
the texteither stated or implied.

Paired Passages
For the paired passages, look for the characteristics in each passage that tie them together. Skim the questions so you know
what to look for and underline parts of the text that you may want to refer to. Try to form an overview of the two passages. Ask
yourself why they are paired: what do they have in common; how are they different. In answering the questions for this type of
passage, follow the same strategy: first answer all the questions you are fairly sure about. Then fill in the others based on best
guesses, and, if time allows, review the evidence in the text to support your guess and answer the question accordingly. Make
sure you have answered all the questions, and then go to the next passage.

Dont Panic When You Read an Unfamiliar Passage

The passages can be unfamiliar. In their attempt to be fair, the test-makers purposely choose a variety of passages. This helps
make sure that each test-taker can demonstrate his or her reading and analysis skills. Remember, youre not being tested on your
knowledge of the topic but on how well you do the following: 137
Understand the authors assumptions, point of view, and theme
Chapter 3
Determine how the author supports the main ideas in the text
Determine how the author uses specific language to create mood or tone Evidence-
Based
Analyze the logical structure of the text Reading Test
Strategies
Analyze overall meaning as well as specific words and phrases in context of the passage

Remember That Everything You Need to Know Is Right There in Front of You
The introductory paragraph and the passage have all the information youll need to answer the questions. Even if the passage is
about the price of beans in Bulgaria or the genetic makeup of a wombat, dont worry. Its all right there on the page.

Start with the Passages That Interest You

A point is a point. It doesnt matter if the point comes from answering correctly a question about a piece of fiction or a scientific
experiment. If the style and subject matter appeal to you, you will probably go through a passage more quickly and answer the
questions more easily. So before you start, quickly check the topics by skimming the titles and introductions. Start with the topics
that are most familiar or most interesting. Then work your way down to the ones that you think will be hardest. Make a notation
so you know which passages you have completed, and double check that your answers on the answer sheet correspond to the
correct question numbers.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Highlight Important Information as You Read the Passages
It pays to be an active reader, and making quick notes is a part of this process. Let the questions guide your notations. Based on
the questions, actively use your pencil to look for and bracket the text evidence that addresses questions about the big ideas,
themes, and purpose as you read. Use other markings to indicate places in the text that may provide evidence for other questions,
for example, a specific word or phrase referred to in a question. The questions will be related to the most important information in
the passage. If youve highlighted those pieces of information, youll be able to find them more easily to help answer the questions.

Dont Get Bogged Down in the Details

Remember, you dont have to understand every bit of information. You just have to find the information you need to answer the
questions. Dont waste your time trying to analyze technical details or information not related to a question.

Dont Confuse a True Answer with a Correct Answer

The fact that an answer choice is true doesnt mean its right. What does that mean? It means that a certain answer choice may be
perfectly truein fact, all of the answer choices may be true. But the right answer must be the correct answer to the question thats
being asked. Only one of the answer choices will be correct and, therefore, the right choice. Read carefullyand dont be fooled!

STRATEGIES FOR ANSWERING SPECIFIC QUESTION TYPES

As you learned earlier, each reading question asks you to do one of the following:

Determine central themes and ideas as presented in the passage.

Determine the authors purpose or point of view of the text.
Cite textual evidence to support inferences, conclusions, or arguments.
138 Cite evidence to illustrate or support interpretation of meaning, mood, or tone of the passage.
Analyze words and phrases in the context of the passage.
Chapter 3
Analyze quantitative information in an accompanying graphic, such as a table, graph, or chart.
Evidence-
Based The following tips present strategies for dealing with specific types of SAT reading questions. You should use these strategies
Reading Test in combination with the basic steps for approaching the reading test. These strategies dont take the place of the basic steps but
Strategies are extra tools to help you with certain types of questions. These tools work with both single and paired passages on any topic.

1. A broad question about the passage requires you to think about the passage as a whole. Keep this in mind as you read
the passage, noting any references to an overview in the introduction and/or conclusion of the passage.
2. Before you begin, note the subject of the passage and the voice/perspective. These items can often be found in the
introduction. Ask yourself if the author is providing information about a specific topic, making an argument for or
against something, or telling a story. Whether fiction or nonfiction, ask yourself who is telling the story and why.
3. Look for evidence of inferences in the text and evaluate how they support the authors ideas.
4. As you read, notice the overall tone and mood of the passage and find textual evidencespecific words or phrases
that contribute to these elements.
5. If a question asks about a specific word, read the surrounding text to verify the context in which the word isused.
6. Examine the graphic illustration specifically in response to the question associated with it. If it asks to apply the illus-
tration to the text, read that portion of the text in conjunction with the graphic illustration.

To help you see how these tips work, read the passage in the exercise on the next page. Then read each tip and try to use it to help
you answer each question before you read the answer explanation. Note, again, that on the real exam and in the practice tests
in this book, reading passages will appear in two columns. For instructional purposes, the following passages appear full page.

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EXERCISE: EVIDENCE-BASED READING TEST
30 Minutes23 Questions

DIRECTIONS: Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading each passage
or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any
accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph).

Questions 16 are based on the following passage.

The passage below discusses how Alaska Native cultural practices and heritage are being preserved in the twenty-first century.
(For the full article, please visit http://nps.gov.)

Alaska Native cultural practices continue to be a central force in virtually all villages throughout Alaska. In order to
maintain cultural knowledge and ensure its survival, Alaska Native people need to learn the best methods of recording
and archiving music, dance, and oral history. Along with the expansion of Europeans and Americans into Alaska were
Line accompanying hardships for the indigenous people: epidemic diseases, strong Christian missionary activities, and western
5 educational policies such as English language-only rules. These resulted in decimated populations throughout the entire
territory of Alaska, a decline in indigenous languages, and, in many cases, the abolishment of traditional religion and
associated music and dance repertoires.

Native people are deeply spiritual people; historically, they had a rich ceremonial life that was profoundly expressed
through music and dancecore means by which people communicate their identities and beliefs. With the introduction
10 of Christianity, traditional cultures, including aspects such as music and dance, were not viewed favorably by the mission-
aries. Sadly, most of the missionaries did not tolerate masked dancing and other forms of religious expressions. Dance,
language, and ceremonial practices either had to be practiced in secret, or were lost.

In the 1960s, during the Native Solidarity Movement, as Alaska Native people became more politically active, their
139
re-identification with their cultures, languages, music, and dance became a banner of their newfound political and social
15 strength. One of the major outcomes of that movement has been a renaissance in traditional music and dance practices, Chapter 3
resulting in multiple dance festivals and younger people becoming actively involved in their village dance groups.
Evidence-
The Fifth Annual Kingikmiut Dance Festival featured a large Russian dance group, as well as the Tikigaq Traditional Based
Reading Test
Dancers of Point Hope and dance groups from Brevig Mission and other villages on the Seward Peninsula. Kingikmiut, Strategies
or Wales, was once known as the dance capital of the Seward Peninsula. Captain Henry Trollope visited Wales in 185354
20 and wrote the place is sort of a capital in these parts and has four dancing houses, which is a very expressive manner
of estimating the extent and population for a place. (Ray 1975) Because of its strategic location, Kingikmiut flourished.
Before the 1900 and 1917 epidemics, it consisted of two related villages and consolidated into one village once the pop-
ulations had been decimated by disease. After these terrible epidemics, western educators English-only policies forced
music, dance, and other expressions of traditional Native culture to go underground.

25 Repression of Native culture by western educators and missionaries was common all over Alaska and is a major
reason why many Alaska Native languages are threatened today. In the first part of the twentieth century, traditional
dance and music became associated with the old ways and were looked down upon. After the 1960s, a strong revital-
ization movement arose. Today there is a renaissance in traditional music and dance practices. In Wales and other Seward
Peninsula communities, the younger people, who make up a large percentage of the population, have a great thirst for
30 learning to sing and dance their traditional songs.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 1. Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage?

A. There has been a recent surge in interest in Native cultures everywhere.

B. Native Alaskans have always tried to preserve their history and culture.

C. Western expansion into Alaska resulted in loss of native cultures.

D. Native Alaskan traditions were revived in the 1960s.

2. What can you infer about how the U.S. civil rights movement of the 1960s might have influenced the Native Solidarity
Movement?

A. It was a catalyst for the Native Solidarity Movement, which provided an avenue for political activity and renewed
cultural identity.

B. It led to new laws that give the Native Alaskan people the right to practice their religion and express their native
culture.

C. It allowed the Native Alaskan people to rebel against the forced repression of their culture.

D. It revived Native Alaskan cultural practices that had been lost.

3. What was the relationship between the missionaries in Alaska and the Native Alaskans?

A. The Native Alaskans and missionaries lived in harmony because they had the same religious beliefs.

B. The missionaries embraced the Native Alaskans and rescued them from epidemics of disease.

C. The Native Alaskans resented the missionaries and tried to make them leave.

D. The missionaries repressed native culture and the Native Alaskans rebelled by holding on to their culture.

140
4. What evidence does the passage provide to suggest that Alaskan culture was influenced by Russia?

A. Lines 34: (Along with indigenous people)

Chapter 3 B. Line 17: (The Fifth Annual dance group)

C. Lines 1819: (Kingikmiut, or Wales, Seward Peninsula.)

Evidence-
Based D. Line 21: (Because of Kingikmiut flourished.)
Reading Test
Strategies
5. What conclusion could you infer from the passage?

A. Native Alaskan cultures are still thriving.

B. Cultural ties are very strong and cant be easily extinguished.

C. Many minor native languages are being lost.

D. Music and dance is a common way to express ones culture.

6. As used in line 24, go underground most nearly means

A. hide in a hut.

B. be practiced in an ice hut.

C. practice in secret.

D. be wiped out.

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 Questions 711 are based on the following passage.

The following is an excerpt from The Purloined Letter, a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. Poe is best known for writing poems and stories
in the horror and mystery genre. However, he is also considered the inventor of detective fiction. The Mystery Writers of America call
their awards for excellence in the genre Edgars, in honor of Poe.

The Purloined Letter

Well, then; I have received personal information, from a very high quarter, that a certain document of the last
importance, has been purloined from the royal apartments. The individual who purloined it is known; this beyond a
doubt; he was seen to take it. It is known, also, that it still remains in his possession.

Line How is this known? asked Dupin.

5 It is clearly inferred, replied the Prefect, from the nature of the document, and from the non-appearance of certain
results which would at once arise from its passing out of the robbers possession; that is to say, from his employing it as
he must design in the end to employ it.

Be a little more explicit, I said.

Well, I may venture so far as to say that the paper gives its holder a certain power in a certain quarter where such
10 power is immensely valuable. The Prefect was fond of the cant of diplomacy.

Still I do not quite understand, said Dupin.

No? Well; the disclosure of the document to a third person, who shall be nameless, would bring in question the
honor of a personage of most exalted station; and this fact gives the holder of the document an ascendancy over the
illustrious personage whose honor and peace are so jeopardized.

15 But this ascendancy, I interposed, would depend upon the robbers knowledge of the losers knowledge of the
robber. Who would dare

The thief, said G., is the Minister D, who dares all things, those unbecoming as well as those becoming a man. 141
The method of the theft was not less ingenious than bold. The document in questiona letter, to be frankhad been
received by the personage robbed while alone in the royal boudoir. During its perusal she was suddenly interrupted Chapter 3
20 by the entrance of the other exalted personage from whom especially it was her wish to conceal it. After a hurried and
vain endeavor to thrust it in a drawer, she was forced to place it, open as it was, upon a table. The address, however, was Evidence-
Based
uppermost, and, the contents thus unexposed, the letter escaped notice. At this juncture enters the Minister D. His lynx
Reading Test
eye immediately perceives the paper, recognises the handwriting of the address, observes the confusion of the personage Strategies
addressed, and fathoms her secret. After some business transactions, hurried through in his ordinary manner, he produces
25 a letter somewhat similar to the one in question, opens it, pretends to read it, and then places it in close juxtaposition to
the other. Again he converses, for some fifteen minutes, upon the public affairs. At length, in taking leave, he takes also
from the table the letter to which he had no claim. Its rightful owner saw, but, of course, dared not call attention to the
act, in the presence of the third personage who stood at her elbow. The minister decamped; leaving his own letterone
of no importanceupon the table.

30 You looked among Ds papers, of course, and into the books of the library?

Certainly; we opened every package and parcel; we not only opened every book, but we turned over every leaf in
each volume, not contenting ourselves with a mere shake, according to the fashion of some of our police officers. We
also measured the thickness of every book-cover, with the most accurate ad measurement, and applied to each the most
jealous scrutiny of the microscope. Had any of the bindings been recently meddled with, it would have been utterly
35 impossible that the fact should have escaped observation. Some five or six volumes, just from the hands of the binder,
we carefully probed, longitudinally, with the needles.

You explored the floors beneath the carpets?

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 Beyond doubt. We removed every carpet, and examined the boards with the microscope.

And the paper on the walls?

40 Yes.

You looked into the cellars?

We did.

Then, I said, you have been making a miscalculation, and the letter is not upon the premises, as you suppose.

I fear you are right there, said the Prefect. And now, Dupin, what would you advise me to do?

45 To make a thorough re-search of the premises.

That is absolutely needless, replied G. I am not more sure that I breathe than I am that the letter is not at the Hotel.

7. Which of the following best describes the mystery to be solved in The Purloined Letter?

A. What information is in the letter?

B. What will happen if the letter is exposed?

C. Where is the letter?

D. Who has the letter?

8. Who is being blackmailed, and by whom?

A. The royal lady is being blackmailed by the Minister D.

B. The Minister D is being blackmailed by the Prefect G.

142 C. The Prefect G is being blackmailed by Dupin.

D. The royal lady is being blackmailed by the Prefect G.

Chapter 3
9. What is the most likely reason that Dupin asks the Prefect to describe the search in such detail?
Evidence-
Based A. To make sure the police havent missed anything
Reading Test
Strategies
B. To look for other clues

C. To hear a good story

D. To verify his own ideas

10. As used in line 10, cant most nearly means

A. inclination.

B. jargon.

C. music.

D. inability.

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 11. Which of the following is a line that could be in the letter?

A. It would be such an honor to have you in attendance at this surprise gala.

B. You know how much I would like to be in your employ again.

C. Im so sorry that this is late notice, but can I meet with you and the prince next week?

D. I beg of you to meet me on Monday when the prince is in Monaco.

Questions 1217 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

This passage is the introduction to a report from the Office of the Chief Technologist at the U.S. space agency NASA, entitled Emerging
Space: The Evolving Landscape of the 21st Century American Spaceflight
(http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Emerging_Space_Report.pdf).

America stands today at the opening of a second Space Age. Innovative NASA programs and American entrepreneurs
together are transforming the space industry. These initiativesboth at NASA and in the private sectorare expanding
the nations opportunities for exploration and for the economic development of the solar system.

Line Todays space economy extends some 36,000 kilometers (22,369 miles) from the surface of the Earth and includes an
5 array of evidence-based technologiessatellite communications, global positioning satellites, and imaging satelliteson
which our economy depends. These technologies are now an integral part of our economy, and they would not exist
if not for the over 50 years of research, development, and investment in the enabling technologies by NASA and other
government agencies that seeded these efforts and allowed them to bloom. As we expand our activities in the solar
system over the next decades, NASA programs and investments will provide the seed and soil that encourage economic
10 development increasingly farther from Earth. The first signs of this are already visible.

The next era of space exploration will see governments pushing technological development and the American
private sector using these technologies as they expand their economic activities to new worlds. NASAs next objectives 143
for explorationvisits to asteroids and Mars are more complex than any previous space mission attempted. They will
happen in the context of relatively smaller NASA budgets and an expanding commercial space economy. Teaming with Chapter 3
15 private-sector partners to develop keystone markets like low Earth orbit (LEO) transportation and technological capa-
bilities like asteroid mining will help NASA achieve its mission goals, help the space economy evolve to embrace new Evidence-
ambitions, and provide large economic returns to the taxpayer through the stimulation and growth of new businesses Based
Reading Test
and 21st-century American jobs. Strategies
Motivated by an intrinsic desire to explore space, successful American entrepreneurs have pledged and spent
20 hundreds of millions of dollars to develop technologies aimed at fundamentally improving space access. Since 2003,
commercial human spaceflight has received $2.5 billion in private investment.1 At the same time, a new generation of
space enthusiasts are engaging directly though small-scale projects. Through cubesats, suborbital and orbital adventures,
and citizen science opportunities, the United States is transitioning from a spacefaring nation to a nation of spacefarers.

In addition to executing its scientific and human spaceflight programs, NASA also has a legislated responsibility to
25 encourage, to the maximum extent possible, the fullest commercial use of space. As part of fulfilling this responsibility,
this report examines how NASA has collaborated with American private-sector individuals and companies investing in
space exploration, collectively known as emerging space. Today, more than fifty years after the creation of NASA, our
goal is no longer just to reach a destination. Our goal is to develop the capabilities that will allow the American people to
explore and expand our economic sphere into the solar system. Although when NASA was founded only a government
30 program could undertake a voyage from the Earth to the Moon, this may not be true in the future. By taking full advantage
of the combined talents of government and the American private sector, our next journeys beyond Earth will come sooner
and we will catalyze new industries and economic growth in the process.

1. 2013 Commercial Spaceflight Industry Indicators, Commercial Spaceflight Federation

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 NASA provides a number of resources for people willing to contribute as citizen scientists. All are available online, meaning all you need
is access to the Internet. Software tools are also provided. More than 1.2 million people from 80 countries have participated in NASAs
citizen science projects. This table captures just a few of the projects.

Project Citizen Scientist Role Number of Participants

Tag rover images and map craters
Be a Martian 1,230,000
from satellite pictures
Help translate NASAs HiRISE project
HiTranslate 1,021 new in 2012
captions into different languages
Develop mobile applications,
software, hardware, data
International Space visualization, and platforms to 2,083 from 17 countries in
Apps Challenge address current challenges relevant 2012
to space exploration and social
need
Independent observers can
monitor the rates and sizes of large
Lunar Impacts 26 impact candidates
meteoroids striking the far side of
the Moon
Help Mars scientists better
Rock Around the World understand the red planet by 12,461 rocks received
sending rocks to NASA for analysis
Search for the first samples of
Stardust at Home solid matter from outside the solar 30,649 from 2006 to 2012
system
144 Observe asteroids, to help scientists
refine orbits and determine the
104 registered users from 23
Chapter 3 Target Asteroids! composition of near-Earth objects
countries
(NEOs) in support of the OSIRIS-Rex
Evidence- mission
Based
Reading Test
12. How did the government investment in space boost the economy?
Strategies
A. It expanded the knowledge about space beyond our solar system.

B. It led to the development of popular commercial products.

C. It led to human spaceflight programs, which required specialized products.

D. It expanded space exploration farther from the Earth.

13. How will the next era of space exploration be different from the past?

A. It will include private and public investment.

B. It will require citizen participation.

C. It will send people to explore and perhaps live on other planets.

D. It will be much more expensive.

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 14. What is meant by: the United States is transitioning from a spacefaring nation to a nation of spacefarers. (line 23)?

A. The United States will no longer be able to use space for warfare.

B. People will be more interested in space exploration.

C. The United States will be able to dominate space exploration.

D. People will be able to travel in space.

15. Which of the following is the best summary of the passage?

A. NASA is ushering in a new chapter in the space age that will allow the commercialization of space.

B. In the next decades, ordinary people will be able to travel in space.

C. NASA is the U.S. agency that is charged with developing space programs.

D. The Second Space Age will expand the economy and increase complex technologies in space exploration.

Questions 16 and 17 refer to the table.

16. What is the most likely reason that the Be a Martian project has so many more participants than the other projects?

A. More people are interested in exploring Mars than in other aspects of the program.

B. Other projects require more sophisticated/complex technology skills.

C. It is the only project that is designed for young people.

D. The other projects all require more time as a volunteer.

17. What skills are needed to participate in the NASA projects as a citizen-scientist? 145
A. The ability to identify different kinds of rocks
Chapter 3
B. The ability to use a telescope
Evidence-
C. The ability to use software technology and the Internet
Based
D. The ability to locate and recognize the planets and other celestial bodies Reading Test
Strategies

Questions 1823 are based on the following two passages.

The following passages are excerpted from narratives written by two explorers. Passage 1 is by Sir Earnest Shackleton from an account
he wrote entitled: South! The Story of Shackletons Last Expedition (19141917). Passage 2 is part of an account by Hiram Bingham
III, from The Discovery of Machu Picchu, first published in Harpers Monthly magazine in 1913.

PASSAGE 1

Some intangible feeling of uneasiness made me leave my tent about 11 p.m. that night and glance around the
quiet camp. The stars between the snow-flurries showed that the floe had swung round and was end on to the swell, a
position exposing it to sudden strains. I started to walk across the floe in order to warn the watchman to look carefully
Line for cracks, and as I was passing the mens tent the floe lifted on the crest of a swell and cracked right under my feet. The
5 men were in one of the dome-shaped tents, and it began to stretch apart as the ice opened. A muffled sound, suggestive
of suffocation, came from beneath the stretching tent. I rushed forward, helped some emerging men from under the
canvas, and called out, Are you all right?

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 There are two in the water, somebody answered. The crack had widened to about four feet, and as I threw myself
down at the edge, I saw a whitish object floating in the water. It was a sleeping-bag with a man inside. I was able to
10 grasp it, and with a heave lifted man and bag on to the floe. A few seconds later the ice-edges came together again with
tremendous force. Fortunately, there had been but one man in the water, or the incident might have been a tragedy. The
rescued bag contained Holness, who was wet down to the waist but otherwise unscathed. The crack was now opening
again. TheJames Cairdand my tent were on one side of the opening and the remaining two boats and the rest of the
camp on the other side. With two or three men to help me I struck my tent; then all hands manned the painter and rushed
15 theJames Cairdacross the opening crack. We held to the rope while, one by one, the men left on our side of the floe
jumped the channel or scrambled over by means of the boat. Finally I was left alone. The night had swallowed all the
others and the rapid movement of the ice forced me to let go the painter. For a moment I felt that my piece of rocking
floe was the loneliest place in the world. Peering into the darkness; I could just see the dark figures on the other floe.

PASSAGE 2

Nor was I in a great hurry to move. The water was cool, the wooden bench, covered with a woolen poncho, seemed
20 most comfortable, and the view was marvelous. On both sides tremendous precipices fell away to the white rapids of
the Urubamba River below. In front was the solitary peak of Huay-na Picchu, seemingly inaccessible on all sides. Behind
us were rocky heights and impassable cliffs. Down the face of one precipice the Indians had made a perilous path, which
was their only means of egress in the wet season, when the bridge over which we had come would be washed away. Of
the other precipice we had already had a taste. We were not surprised to hear the Indians say they only went away from
25 home about once a month.

Leaving the huts, we climbed still farther up the ridge. Around a slight promontory the character of the stone-faced
andenes began to improve, and suddenly we found ourselves in the midst of a jungle-covered maze of small and large
walls, the ruins of buildings made of blocks of white granite, most carefully cut and beautifully fitted together without
cement. Surprise followed surprise until there came the realization that we were in the midst of as wonderful ruins as any
30 ever found in Peru. It seemed almost incredible that this city, only five days journey from Cuzco, should have remained

146
so long undescribed and comparatively unknown. Yet so far as I have been able to discover, there is no reference in the
Spanish chronicles to Machu Picchu. It is possible that not even the conquistadors ever saw this wonderful place. From
some rude scrawls on the stones of a temple we learned that it was visited in 1902 by one Lizarraga, a local muleteer.
Chapter 3 It must have been known long before that, because, as we said above, Wiener [an Austrian-French explorer], who was
35 in Ollantaytambo in the 70s, speaks of having heard of ruins at a place named Matcho Picchu, which he did not find.
Evidence-
Based
Reading Test
18. How do the two passages differ in their tone?
Strategies
A. Passage 1 has a tone of surprise, and Passage 2 has a tone of fear.

B. Passage 1 has a threatening tone, and Passage 2 has an adventurous tone.

C. Passage 1 exhibits a tone of danger, and Passage 2, a tone of awe.

D. Passage 1 features a gloomy tone, and Passage 2, a festive tone.

19. What does the passage reveal about Shackletons character?

A. He is fearful for himself and others.

B. He is a risk-taker who likes adventure.

C. He is a heroic man who likes attention.

D. He is a leader who puts others first.

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 20. Which of the following best describes a purpose common to both passages?

A. They want to tell the world about the dangers of undeveloped places.

B. They want to tell the world about new and undiscovered places.

C. They want to persuade others to visit undeveloped places.

D. They want to persuade people to help develop the locales described.

21. As used in line 12, unscathed most nearly means

A. fearless.

B. not whole.

C. not harmed .

D. harmless.

22. What idea in the text leads to the conclusion that Bingham thought he discovered Machu Pichu?

A. It would take five days to get there from the closest city of Cuzco.

B. The Native Indians didnt seem to know about it.

C. He dismisses the others who may have been there.

D. It was hidden behind thick jungle growth.

23. Based on the two passages, what can be inferred about the nature of expeditions?

A. They are often dangerous and cant be undertaken alone.

B.
147
They usually add to the knowledge about a place.

C. They are good travel destinations for people who enjoy going to little-known places.

D. They represent undiscovered parts of the world. Chapter 3

Evidence-
Based
Reading Test
Strategies

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 ANSWER KEY AND EXPLANATIONS

1. C 6. C 11. D 16. B 20. B

2. A 7. C 12. B 17. C 21. C

3. D 8. A 13. A 18. C 22. C

4. B 9. D 14. D 19. D 23. B

5. B 10. B 15. D

1. The correct answer is C. The first paragraph in the pas- as in choice C, the passage does not explain its geographic
sage provides a summary. It explicitly states the reasons relationship to Russia, choice D.
that the Native Alaskan culture was almost wiped out and
5. The correct answer is B. The main idea of the text shows
what needs to be done to ensure that it is not lost forever.
that although missionaries tried to impose their beliefs on
The rest of the passage supports the concepts introduced
the Native Alaskans, they were not completely successful.
here.
The Native Alaskans maintained their belief systems and
2. The correct answer is A. Lines 1315 explain that the passed on their traditions in secret when it was not possi-
Native Solidarity Movement led to increased political ble to be open about them. Today, these traditions are no
activity. Although the passage doesnt mention the civil longer repressed and are thriving. Overall, this suggests
rights movement by name, the question identifies its era, the conclusion in choice B. Although choice A is true, it is
and the passage states that the Native Solidarity Movement neither a conclusion nor an inference; that idea is stated in
occurred during the same time period. A logical inference, the text. Both answer choices C and D are general concepts
therefore, could be that the civil rights movement had some that could be applied to the Native Alaskan culture, but
impact on the Native American Solidarity Movement. There nothing in the text suggests such a generality.
is no information about laws that might have affected
6. The correct answer is C. The idiom go underground
148 Native Alaskans, choice B. The passage does not indicate
that the Native Alaskans rebelled, choice C. The passage
means doing something in secret. In this case, the west-
ern educators who had come to Alaska forced their own
does indicate that the cultural practices have been revived,
culture onto the Native Alaskans, who then practiced their
Chapter 3 but the text does not connect the revival, even indirectly,
traditions in secret rather than give them up.
to the civil rights movement.
Evidence-
7. The correct answer is C. The conversation in the excerpt
Based 3. The correct answer is D. The passage does not directly
Reading Test reveals, in general terms, the responses listed in the other
state the relationship of the Native Alaskan people to the
Strategies choices A, B, and D. The mystery to be solved by either the
missionaries, but it does describe how the missionaries
Prefect or Dupin is in locating the letter, choice C.
imposed Christianity on them and tried to force the Native
Alaskans to abandon their own belief systems. There is no 8. The correct answer is A. It is the royal lady who has told
indication of living in harmony, choice A, nor of the mission- the Prefect the story, which he retells to Dupin and the
aries rescuing them in the face of epidemic disease, choice narrator (line 1: I have received personal information,
B. Although the passage suggests that Native Alaskans from a very high quarter.). His retelling also describes the
may have had reason to resent the missionaries, there is identity of the thief (minister D), and the importance of
no indication that they tried to make them leave, choiceC. the document (line 910: that the paper gives its holder
a certain power in a certain quarter where such power is
4. The correct answer is B. The presence of a Russian dance
immensely valuable.).
group among other native groups indicates that the Russian
culture had been mixed with that of the Native Alaskan 9. The correct answer is D. We can infer from his advice (line
groups. Choice A does not explain any influences on culture. 45: To make a thorough re-search of the premises.) that
There is no information that explains the proximity of the Dupin has an idea about the whereabouts of the letter,
Seward Peninsula to Russia, choice C. Kingikmuit is located which he wants to confirm through the details of the search.
on the Seward Peninsula, as described in the passage, but, Dupin listens carefully, demonstrating that he is interested

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 in the specifics of the investigation. The details confirm his 18. The correct answer is C. The first line of Passage 1 sets
own ideas. the tone of danger (feeling of uneasiness) that continues
after the crack in the ice. Although the men arent killed,
10. The correct answer is B. The word cant is used in a state-
the path to the boat was nevertheless full of danger. Pas-
ment made by the unnamed narrator. He is commenting
sage 2 begins with Binghams observations that show his
about the language of the Prefects statement.Jargon(the
appreciation of the beauty of the place. He marvels at the
language or idiom of a particular group) is the only choice
Indians who make their way down the steep precipice on
related to language.
a regular basis (lines 2223). As Bingham makes his way
11. The correct answer is D. We know that the royal lady is through the jungle and sees Machu Picchu for the first
being blackmailed. Therefore, the contents must reveal time, detailed descriptions show awe and surprise at the
something she is hiding from the man in the room with wonderful ruins (line 29).
her, most likely her husband. Choice D is the only one that
19. The correct answer is D. Shackleton describes the scene
contains information that is to be kept from the prince.
and how he warned to look carefully for cracks (lines 34),
12. The correct answer is B. The passage describes the space which shows he was checking the ice to make sure he and
economy and the many products that were developed his men were safe. When he saw the ice cracking, his first
because of space exploration and then applied to com- instinct was to throw himself down at the edge (lines 89)
mercial markets. Lines 68 explain that these products and save one of the men. He made sure the others were
are now part of our economy. The space program was safe, leading them back to the boat; he was the last in line
responsible for introducing new products to the market to board.
and new products that people want and buy increase
20. The correct answer is B. Both passages record the experi-
economic activity.
ences of men who are drawn to exploring places that most
13. The correct answer is A. The passage discusses the in- people dont ever see. Both use detailed descriptions of
clusion of private investment (lines 1112). Commercial the physical terrain of remote places that are void of other
companies are already gearing up to provide new space people. There is no call inviting others to join themjust
services based on the ability to travel in space and explore descriptions that inform.
places beyond Earth. Formerly, space travel was only done
by NASA.
21. The correct answer is C. The surrounding text describes
the condition of the man (who was wet down to the waist), 149
14. The correct answer is D. People have always been inter- and we know from the rest of the text that the water was
ested in space but the passage talks about how the next bitter cold. The word otherwise shows that what follows Chapter 3
phase of space exploration will include ordinary citizens is an exception, so he isnot harmedexcept for being
who will be able to take advantage of the commercialization wet (and presumably cold). Evidence-
Based
of space exploration and travel. Reading Test
22. The correct answer is C. In lines 3235, Bingham describes
Strategies
15. The correct answer is D. This statement represents the the others who may have come before him. He remarks on
best summary because it states the main idea by providing the beauty of the ancient city and how incredible it is that
the two most important aspects of the commercialization others missed it. Surely the conquistadors would have told
of space exploration. others about it; Weiner never found it; and the muleteer
didnt understand what he was looking at.
16. The correct answer is B. The table shows that the Be a
Martian project involves tagging on the Internet, and the 23. The correct answer is B. Both passages describe places
table caption explains that participants are provided with about which little was known at the time. Both men under-
any needed software. According to the descriptions of the took the trip and wrote detailed accounts of their experi-
other projects, they all require some additional skill, for ences so that others could learn about them and perhaps
example, translating text or doing more complex searches. follow their footsteps to gain even more knowledge.

17. The correct answer is C. Reading the descriptions, the skill

required in all of the projects is how to use the Internet to
conduct searches. Even for projects that involve language
translation, a participant would have to access the Internet
to get the text that needs to be translated.

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 SUMMING IT UP
You do not need information beyond what is provided by the passage to answer any question.

Complete familiar and interesting passages first.

Read the introduction; it often provides background that will help form an overview of the passage.

Read the questions and their answer choices.

Read the passage as quickly as possible, marking the text to note information that may be relevant to the questions. Let the
questions drive your focus and the notations you make.

Dont get bogged down in details. Most questions will not be focused on details unless they are used to support a major idea
or theme.

Go back into the passage to find answers as needed.

Reading Test questions are ordered from those related to the central ideas and overall themes to those involving structural
and language-related concepts. Approach each passage by first looking for the big ideas and then the more structural
concepts.

For any question youre not sure of, eliminate obviously wrong answers and take your best guess. Wrong answers are not
counted against you, so answer every question.

Answer every question for a passage before starting the next passage.

150
Chapter 3

Evidence-
Based
Reading Test
Strategies

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Access more practice questions, helpful lessons, valuable tips, and expert strategies for the following reading topics in Petersons
SAT Online Course:

Advanced Reading Strategies

Advanced Question Types
Analyzing Arguments
Analyzing Structure
Common Question Types
Hard Prose Passages
Hard Science Passages
Other Reading Questions
Paired Passages
Passage Technique
Point of View
Quantitative Information
Reading Actively
Understanding Difficult Text
Wrong Answer Types

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151
Chapter 3

Evidence-
Based
Reading Test
Strategies

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 part iv: writing
strategies for the sat

Chapter 4: Writing and Language Test Strategies

Chapter 5: English Language Conventions
 Chapter 4:
Writing and Language
Test Strategies
OVERVIEW
A Closer Look at the Writing and Language Test
The Three Most Common Multiple-Choice Editing
Questions
Expression of Ideas Questions: Words in Context
Expression of Ideas Questions: Adding or
Deleting Text
Expression of Ideas Questions: Reordering
Sentences
Expression of Ideas Questions: Combining
Sentences and Using Transitional Words and
Phrases Correctly
Graphic Organizer Questions
Exercise: Writing and Language Test 155
Answer Keys and Explanations
Summing It Up Chapter 4

Writing and
Language
A CLOSER LOOK AT THE WRITING AND LANGUAGE TEST Test
Strategies
The Writing and Language Test gives you opportunities to demonstrate your college and career readiness by revising and editing
four passages. Each passage is 400450 words long. There are 11 multiple-choice questions about each onea total of 44
questions in all. You have 35 minutes to complete this section; that is about 48 seconds per question. If that doesnt sound like
enough time to you, be assured that you will be able to answer many of the questions in fewer than 48 seconds. You can save up
your extra seconds for the harder questions youll encounter.

One passage of the four will be career-related; for example, this chapter includes a passage on technical writing careers. Another
passage will be humanities-related; it might be about visual art, music, theater arts, or literature. For example, this chapter includes
a short critical essay on a nineteenth-century novel by British author Jane Austen. The other two passages will be about history/
social studies and science. Some of the passages will be accompanied by graphic organizers such as tables, charts, or graphs.

The passages writing modes will include argument, informative/explanatory text, and nonfiction narrative. For example, this
chapters sample passage on technical writing is an informative/explanatory text. The essay on Jane Austen that appears later in
this chapter includes both argument and nonfiction narrative.

Answering the multiple-choice questions on each passage will place you in an editors role. You will be revising and editing the
work of an unspecified writer. You will be asked to improve each passages development, organization, and use of language. Your

Petersons SAT Prep Guide 2017

 tasks will include making sure that each passage conforms to standard rules of English grammar, usage, and punctuation. When a
passage is accompanied by one or more graphic organizers, you may need to correct the passages inaccurate interpretation of data.

These editing and revising goals may sound overwhelming, but dont worry. Every answer is right there on your test page. All you
have to do is to select one out of four possible solutions [A, B, C, or D] to choose the best use of language.

THE THREE MOST COMMON MULTIPLE-CHOICE EDITING QUESTIONS

The Writing and Language Test contains three primary categories of multiple-choice questions:

1. Expression of Ideas Questions

More than half of the questions fall into this category. This group includes questions about the following:

Words in context
Adding, deleting, or changing text
Transitional language that smoothly and clearly takes the reader from one idea to another
Relevant (or irrelevant) details
Combining sentences to make text more concise and less choppy-sounding
Eliminating awkward language and wordiness
Reordering sentences so that paragraphs make better sense
Consistency of style and tone
Cohesion and precision of language

156 You will learn how to approach Expression of Ideas questions later in this chapter.

Chapter 4

Writing and
2. Standard English Conventions Questions
Language
Test About 45 percent of the questions fall into this category of grammar, usage, and punctuation rules. It includes questions that
Strategies require you to demonstrate your knowledge of the following:

Consistent (or inconsistent) verb tenses

Punctuation
Sentence structure
Correct (or incorrect) word usage

The Exercise section of this chapter provides practice with answering some questions from this category. In Chapter 5, you will
learn more about grammar, usage, and punctuation questions.

3. Graphic Organizer Questions

This is the smallest percentage of the three primary categories. There may be only a few questions that deal with graphic orga-
nizers on the Writing and Language Test. This type of question asks you to make revising and editing decisions about passages
in light of information and ideas conveyed through graphic organizers such as tables, charts, and graphs. However, you will not
need to do any mathematical computation in order to answer the questions in this category. Later in this chapter, you will learn
how to approach Graphic Organizer questions.

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EXPRESSION OF IDEAS QUESTIONS: WORDS IN CONTEXT
Words-in-Context questions are perhaps the easiest type of question on the Writing and Language Test. Most of the questions
on the test, including words in context, do not have a question right before the answer choices. Instead, you should choose the
response that corrects the sentence or paragraph and makes the writing stronge