Lec:4

6th Mar., 2017

Internal Combustion Engines

ME 4143
Dr. Saif ur Rahman
Department of Mechanical Engineering

1
Chapter 1 and 2 Plus Information
About 2-Stroke Engine

2
 Air-Standard Dual Cycle (Cont.)
The specific internal energies and temperatures
at each principal state are determined using
methods similar to those used for the Otto and
Diesel Cycles.
Areas on the T-s and p-v diagrams of the Dual
cycle can be interpreted as heat and work,
respectively, as in the cases of the Otto and Diesel
cycles.

3
Actual Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines

As implied by the discussion of the Otto, Diesel,

and Dual cycles, it is advantageous for actual
reciprocating internal combustion engines to have
high compression ratios.
However, since the temperature of the fuel-air
mixture being compressed in spark-ignition
engines also increases with compression ratio,
the possibility of autoignition or knock limits
the compression ratio of such engines to the
range 9.5-11.5, when fueled with unleaded
gasoline.
4
 Actual Reciprocating Internal Combustion
Engines (Cont.)
Since only air is compressed in the cylinder,
compression-ignition engines do not experience
engine knock due to premature autoignition of fuel.
Accordingly, such engines can
operate at higher compression ratios than spark-
ignition engines.
use less refined fuels having higher ignition
temperatures than the volatile fuels required by spark-
ignition engines.

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 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ENGINES
The chemical energy of the fuel is firstly converted into heat
through combustion, and then the heat is converted into
mechanical work by means of a working medium.
This working medium can be a liquid or a gas. Indeed, the
heat produced by combustion increases its pressure or its
specific volume, and due to its expansion, either propulsion or
mechanical work is obtained.

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7
Cylinder Head

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Engine Internal

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Piston and Connecting Rod

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TYPES OF IC ENGINES

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 Largest Internal Combustion Engine
Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel, built in Finland, used
in container ships
14 cylinder version: weight 2300 tons; length 89 feet; height 44 feet; max. power
108,920 hp @ 102 rpm; max. torque 5,608,312 ft lb @ 102 RPM
Power/weight = 0.024 hp/lb
Also one of the most efficient IC engines: 51%

12
 Smallest internal combustion engine
Cox Tee Dee 010
Application: model airplanes
Weight: 0.49 oz.
Displacement: 0.00997 in3
(0.163 cm3)
RPM: 30,000
Power: 5 watts
Ignition: Glow plug
Typical fuel: castor oil (10 - 20%),
nitromethane (0 - 50%), balance
methanol
Good power/weight (0.22 hp/lb) but poor performance
Low efficiency (< 5%)
Emissions & noise unacceptable for many applications

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 IC ENGINE COMPONENTS

NOTE: We will concentrate on Engine Block and its components first! 14

 Engine Block
Foundation of the engine and
contains pistons, crank shaft,
cylinders, timing sprockets and
sometimes the cam shaft.

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ENGINE CYLINDER
Diagram of a cylinder as
found in 4 stroke gasoline
engines.:
C crankshaft.
E exhaust camshaft.
I inlet camshaft.
P piston.
R connecting rod.
S spark plug.
V valves. red: exhaust, blue: intake.
W cooling water jacket.
gray structure engine block.

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 Engine valve
Valves: Minimum
Two Valves pre Cylinder

Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases escape the combustion

Chamber. (Diameter is smaller then Intake valve)

Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber. (Diameter is larger than the exhaust valve)
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 Engines

Valve Springs: Keeps the valves

Closed.

Valve Lifters: Rides the cam lobe

and helps in opening the valves.

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 Engines
Different arrangement of valve and camshaft.

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 Engines

Cam Shaft: The shaft that has intake and

Exhaust cams for operating the valves.

Cam Lobe: Changes rotary motion

into reciprocating motion.

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 Engines
Piston Rings

Four stroke: Three rings

Top two are compression rings (sealing
the compression pressure in the cylinder)
and the third is an oil ring (scrapes
excessive oil from the cylinder walls)

Two Stroke: Two Rings

Both the rings are Compression rings.

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 Engines
Piston

A movable part fitted into a

cylinder, which can receive and
transmit power.
Through connecting rod, forces
the crank shaft to rotate.

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 Engines
Crank Shaft

Converts up and down or

reciprocating motion into
circular or rotary motion.

DAMPNER PULLEY
Controls Vibration

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 Engines
Connecting Rod

Attaches piston (wrist-pin)

to the crank shaft (conn. rod
caps).

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 Engines
Cylinder head

Part that covers and encloses the

Cylinder.

It contains cooling fins or water jackets

and the valves.

Some engines contains the cam shaft

in the cylinder head.

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 Engines
Flywheel

Attached to the crankshaft

Reduces vibration

Cools the engine (air cooled)

Used during initial start-up

Transfers power from engine to

drivetrain 26
 2 Stoke Engines part names

Cylinder Still uses a flywheel

Combustion (not shown)
Exhaust port
chamber

Crankcase

Reed valve
Piston
Connecting Crankshaft
Intake port
Rod
Transfer port
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 REED VALVES
Reed valves are a type of check valve which restrict
the flow of fluids to a single direction, opening and
closing under changing pressure on each face.
Modern versions often consist of flexible metal or
composite materials (fiberglass or carbon fiber)

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WHY ENGINE OIL IS USED IN 2 STROKE
ENGINE
Unlike four-stroke engine whose crankcase is closed except for its
ventilation system, two-stroke engines use the crankcase as part of the
induction tract, and therefore, oil must be mixed with gasoline to be
distributed throughout the engine for lubrication.
[1] The resultant mix is referred to as petroil.
[2] This oil is ultimately burned along with the fuel as a total-loss oiling
system. This results in increased exhaust emissions, sometimes with
greyish-blue smoke and/or a distinctive odor

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 Oil mixing

Pre-mix
Have to mix before
filling tank

Oil injection
Has separate fuel and
oil tank and carburetor
to mix proper amounts

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 Compare intake strokes
Two Stroke Four Stroke
Piston BDC to TDC Piston TDC to BDC
A/F/O mixture sucked A/F mixture sucked
into crankcase into cylinder

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 Intake/________ Stroke

TDC BDC Reed Valve

Is sucked
open

Piston moves from BDC to TDC

Air/Fuel/Oil mixture is sucked into crankcase

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 Power Stroke
TDC BDC Reed Valve
Shuts

Piston gets to
TDC
Air/Fuel/Oil mixture is now trapped in crankcase
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 Crankcase compression (primary compression)

TDC BDC Reed Valve

sealing

Piston moves back

To BDC
Air/Fuel/Oil mixture is now pressurized in crankcase
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 Crankcase compression
Is only a few pounds of pressure per square
inch (psi) [very weak]
Cylinder compression in a four stroke engine
was several psi [very strong]
The crankcase in a two stroke engine has to be
very small so we can build some pressure
when the piston is moving to BDC

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What is going to happen when the top
of piston gets to here?

Crankcase
Compression

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A/F/O mixture squirts into cylinder
because of crankcase compression

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 Piston reaches BDC

Cylinder fills with

A/F/O mixture

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 CompressionStroke
Intake/________

Another A/F/O mixture is sucked into crankcase while

First one is compressed in cylinder 39