16
Energy Balances on Reactive Process
hg
Manolito E. Bambase Jr
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering
CEAT, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
An iron pyrite ore containing 85.0% FeS2 and 15.0% gangue
(inert dirt, rock, etc.) is roasted with an amunt equal to 200%
excess air according to the reaction
4 FeS2 + 11 O2 ======> 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2
in order to produce SO2. All the gangue plus the Fe2O3 and
unreacted FeS2 end up in the solid waste product (cinder).
Analysis shows the cinder contains 4.0% FeS2.
Determine the heat transfer per kilogram of ore to keep the
product stream at 250C if the entering stream streams are at 250C.
Assume that pressure is constant at 1 atm.
1
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
Ore, F = 100 kg Gas Products, P mol
0.85 kg FeS2/kg F n1 mol SO2
0.15 kg gangue/kg F n2 mol O2
n3 mol N2
Reactor
Air, A mol Cinder, C kg
0.21 mol O2/mol A m1 kg gangue
0.79 mol N2/mol A m2 kg Fe2O3
200% excess m3 kg FeS2
4 FeS2 + 11 O2 ======> 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2
2
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
The heat transfer required is calculated form the energy balance
equation. Assuming DK = DP = WS = 0, then
Q = DH = SHout SHin
The total enthalpy at the inlet is:
SHin = (Hgangue + HFeS2 + HN2 + HO2)1
The total enthalpy at the outlet is:
SHout = (HSO2 + HO2 + HN2 + Hgangue + HFe2O3 + HFeS2)2
3
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
Hence,
Q = (HSO2 + HO2 + HN2 + Hgangue + HFe2O3 + HFeS2)2
(Hgangue + HFeS2 + HN2 + HO2)1
Since the amount of N2 and gangue are the same at the inlet and
out let and the there are no changes in T and P conditions at the
inlet and outlet, then
(Hgangue)1 = (Hgangue)2 and (HN2)1 = (HN2)2
And the heat transfer equation becomes,
Q = (HSO2 + HO2 + HFe2O3 + HFeS2)2 (HFeS2 + HO2)1
4
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
From Table F.1,
(fo)FeS2 = 177.9 kJ/mol
(fo)Fe2O3 = 822.156 kJ/mol
(fo)SO2 = 296.90 kJ/mol
(fo)O2 = 0.00 kJ/mol
These are the specific enthalpies at 250C. The actual enthalpy at
the given temperature condition is:
T
H H f CP dT
TR
5
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
Since the actual temperature is also at 250C, then
= fo
The total enthalpy of each component at the inlet and outlet is
determined as:
H = n = nfo
The molar amount of each component can be obtained thru
material balances.
6
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
From excess air information:
Total O2 in = 5.8437 kmol
Total N2 in = 21.983 kmol
Gangue Balance: m1 = 15.0 kg
N2 Balance: n3 = 21.983 kmol
S Balance (kmol) 2(85.0/120.0) = n1 + (m3/120.0)(2)
Fe Balance (kmol) (85.0/120.0) = (m2/159.02)2 + (m3/120.0)
O2 Balance (kmol) 5.8437 = n2 + n1 + (m2/159.02)(1.5)
7
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
Also,
m3/(15.0 + m2 + m3) = 0.04
Solving the last 4 equations simultaneously,
Fe2O3: m2 = 54.63 kg ====> 0.342 kmol
FeS2: m3 = 2.90 kg ====> 0.0242 kmol
SO2: n1 = 1.368 kmol
O2: n2 = 3.938 kmol
8
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
Solving for the total enthalpy of the inlet:
SHin = (85.0/120.0 kmol)(177.9 kJ/mol)(1000 mol/kmol)
+ (5.8437)(0)
SHin = 126,007 kJ
Solving for the total enthalpy of the outlet:
SHout = (1.368)(296.90)(1000) + (0.0242)(177.90)(1000)
+ (1.368)(296.90)(1000)
SHout = 691,641 kJ
9
16-1. Roasting of Iron Pyrite Ore
Solving for Q:
Q = 691,641 ( 126,007) = 565,634 kJ per 100 kg of ore
Per kg of ore:
Q = 5,656 kJ per kg of ore
The negative sign indicates that meat must be removed during the
process in order to maintain the temperature at 250C.
10
Example 16-2. Combustion of Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide at 500F is completely burned at 2 atm pressure
with 50% excess air that is at 10000F. The products of
combustion leave the combustion chamber at 8000F.
Calculate the heat evolved from the combustion chamber
expressed as Btu/lbm CO entering.
1 lbmol CO, 500F
Flue Gas, 8000F
Air, 10000F Combustion
n3 lbmol CO2
n1 lbmol O2/lbmol Chamber n4 lbmol O2
n2 lbmol N2/lbmol n5 lbmolN2
50% excess
11
Example 16-2. Combustion of Carbon Monoxide
With DK = DP = WS = 0, the heat evolved is calculated as:
Q = DH = SHout SHin
Q = (HCO2 + HN2 + HO2)2 (HCO + HN2 + HO2)1
Calculate total enthalpy of each component:
Hi = nii = ni(fo + CPidT)
The standard heat of formation can be obtained from Table F.1.
12
Example 16-2. Combustion of Carbon Monoxide
The CP can be expressed as a function of temperature:
CP = a + bT + gT2
Values of the constants for CO, CO2, O2, and N2 can be obtained
from Table E.1.
The molar amount of each component can be obtained thru
material balance.
n1 = ____ lbmol O2 ; n2 = ____ lbmol N2
n3 = ____ lbmol CO2; n4 = ____ lbmol O2
n5 = ____ lbmol N2
13
Example 16-2. Combustion of Carbon Monoxide
Standard heat of formation (Table F.1):
(fo)CO = __________ Btu/lbmol
(fo)CO2 = __________ Btu/lbmol
(fo)N2 = (fo)O2 = 0
Heat capacity equations (Table E.1):
(T is in 0F and CP is Btu/lbmol-0F)
(CP)CO2 = _____ + __________ T ___________ T2
(CP)CO = _____ + __________ T ___________ T2
(CP)N2 = _____ + __________ T ___________ T2
(CP)O2 = _____ + __________ T ___________ T2
14
Example 16-2. Combustion of Carbon Monoxide
Solving for the specific enthalpy:
Products
H CO2 169,179 CP )CO2 dT _________ Btu / lbmol
___
CO 2 :
___
H N2 (0) CP ) N2 dT _________ Btu / lbmol
___
N2 :
___
H CO2 (0) CP )O2 dT _________ Btu / lbmol
___
\O 2 :
___
15
Example 16-2. Combustion of Carbon Monoxide
Reactants:
H CO 47,515 CP )CO dT _________ Btu / lbmol
___
CO :
___
H N2 (0) T CP ) N2 dT _________ Btu / lbmol
___
N2 :
___
H CO2 (0) CP )O2 dT _________ Btu / lbmol
___
\O 2 :
___
16
Example 16-2. Combustion of Carbon Monoxide
Solving for the total enthalpy of the products and reactants:
SHout = - 143,743 Btu
SHin = -22,170 Btu
And the heat transfer is:
Q = SHout SHin = - 121,570 Btu per 1 lbmol CO
Q = - 121,570 Btu/lbmol CO (1 lbmol CO/28 lbm CO)
Q = - 4,342 Btu/lbm CO
17
