Advanced Java
Applications
Overview
We will see some advanced techniques
and applications of Java
We will take a quick look at some data
structures built into the language
Next will show be how Java and Object
Orientation can be applied to networking
Finally we will be to show Reflection in Java
Hashtable Example
Hashtable numbers = new Hashtable();
key value
numbers.put("one", new Integer(1));
numbers.put("two", new Integer(2));
numbers.put("three", new Integer(3));
Hashtable Example
Specific
Object Object
Integer n = (Integer)numbers.get("two");
if (n != null) {
System.out.println("two = " + n);
}
Many Other Collections
Vector
Stack
LinkedList
Dictionary
ArrayList
http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/in
dex.html for a complete list
Networking
Using the networking capabilities provided in the
Java environment is quite easy
We will see how to use Sockets
Sockets
Lower-level network communication
- Client uses some service
- Server - provides some service
TCP provides a reliable, point-to-point
communication channel for client-server apps
What Is a Socket?
A socket is one endpoint of a two-way
communication link between two programs
running on the network.
A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP
layer can identify the application that data is destined
to be sent.
How do Sockets work?
A server runs on a specific computer and has a socket
that is bound to a specific port number.
Client knows the hostname and port of server
and tries to make a connection request
Connection established
If the server accepts the connection it gets a new
socket bound to a different port.
It needs a new socket (and consequently a
different port number) so that it can continue to
listen to the original socket
How does Java support Sockets
The java.net package provides a class, Socket, that
implements one side of a two-way connection
between your Java program and another program on
the network
It also includes the ServerSocket class, which
implements a socket that servers can use to listen for
and accept connections to client
Echo Echo Echo
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class EchoClient {
public static void main(String[] args)
throws IOException {
Socket echoSocket = null;
PrintWriter out = null;
BufferedReader in = null;
//
Establish the Socket connection
Host Port Output
try {
echoSocket = new Socket(image ", 7777);
out = new PrintWriter(echoSocket.getOutputStream(), true);
in = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(echoSocket.getInputStream()));
}
catch
Input
Need to Catch Exceptions
}
catch (UnknownHostException e) {
System.err.println("Don't know about host: avatar.");
System.exit(1);
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("Couldn't get I/O for "
+ "the connection to: avatar.");
System.exit(1);
}
Simple Socket Example
Set up a mechanism to read from standard input
BufferedReader stdIn = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String userInput;
Read from standard input
while ((userInput = stdIn.readLine()) != null) {
out.println(userInput); Write to
Server
System.out.println("echo: " + in.readLine());
} Output whats read back from Server
Close up Shop on Client side
out.close( );
in.close( );
stdIn.close( );
echoSocket.close( );
Basic Steps
Open a socket.
Open an input stream and output stream to the
socket.
Read from and write to the stream according to the
server's protocol.
Close the streams.
Close the socket.
Same Basic Steps
This client program is straightforward and simple
because the Echo server implements a simple
protocol
Even with more complicated protocols such as HTTP
server, your client program while more complicated
will follow the same basics as this simple example
Server
A server must open a SeverSocket
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket( 7777 );
Call accept on that socket creating a new socket
Socket socket = server.accept();
Socket acts as socket from client
If a socket is a pipe
We could conceptualize this like so:
Ports Client
Server
The Socket Plumbing The things flowing through
the Plumbing
The Answer Is ..
A Number of things can conceptually flow through the
pipe
We will focus on two:
Objects
Characters from a String
We looked at several examples last time
The first was a simple echo program a very simple
protocol give me back what I gave you (Strings)
We also looked at simpleprotocol example (Protocol
Objects)
Objects flow through the Pipe
Let first address the case where we want to have
objects flowing over the pipe
Must have at least the following mechanisms for
Objects to be written by the server
Objects to be read by the client
The newprotocol Client
public class Client {
Socket socket = new Socket( "127.0.0.1", 9999 );
//
ObjectInputStream input =
new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream() );
// read using serialization
NewProtocol protocol = (NewProtocol)(input.readObject() );
System.out.println(Protocol: + protocol);
socket.close();
The newprotocol Server
class ThreadedSocket extends Thread {
// here is where all the real work is done.
private Socket socket;
ThreadedSocket( Socket socket ) {
this.socket = socket;
//
ObjectOutputStream output =
new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream() );
output.writeObject( protocol );
Reading and Writing Objects
An ObjectOutputStream writes primitive data
types and graphs of Java objects to an
OutputStream.
The objects can be read (reconstituted) using an
ObjectInputStream.
General Mechanism
This works for the sockets as was just shown
but is actually more general
Persistent storage of objects can be
accomplished by using a file for the stream.
File example
For example to write an object that can be read by
the example in ObjectInputStream
FileOutputStream ostream = new FileOutputStream(foo.bar");
ObjectOutputStream p = new ObjectOutputStream(ostream);
p.writeInt(12345);
p.writeObject("Today");
p.writeObject(new Date());
p.flush();
ostream.close();
The read counterpart
FileInputStream istream = new FileInputStream(" foo.bar ");
ObjectInputStream p = new ObjectInputStream(istream);
int i = p.readInt();
String today = (String)p.readObject();
Date date = (Date)p.readObject();
istream.close();
The Needed Java Framework
Only objects that support the java.io.Serializable
interface can be written to streams.
The class of each serializable object is encoded
including the class name and signature of the class, the
values of the object's fields and arrays, and the closure
of any other objects referenced from the initial objects
This relates to introspection/reflection which we will
discuss shortly
More about the Framework
The default deserialization mechanism for objects
restores the contents of each field to the value and
type it had when it was written.
Marshalling of Objects (Serialize)
Un marshaling of Object (Serialize)
Deserialization& Object Reflection
Fields declared as transient or static are ignored by the
deserialization process.
References to other objects cause those objects to be read
from the stream as necessary.
Graphs of objects are restored correctly using a Reflection
reference sharing mechanism.
New objects are always allocated when deserializing,
which prevents existing objects from being
overwritten
Reflection Allows
Determination of the class of an object.
Creation of an instance of a class whose name is not
known until runtime.
Obtaining information about a class's modifiers, fields,
methods, constructors, and superclasses.
Determination of constants and method declarations
that belong to an interface
Reflection Also Allows
Allows one to get and set the value of an
object's field, even if the field name is
unknown to your program until runtime.
Allows one to invoke a method on an
object, even if the method is not known
until runtime.
Create a new array, whose size and
component type are not known until
runtime, and then modify the array's
components.
Examining Classes
A way to get information about classes at runtime
For each class, the Java Runtime Environment
(JRE) maintains an immutable Class object that
contains information about the class. A Class
object represents, or reflects, the class
To get this information you need to get the Class
object that reflects the class
Retrieving Class Objects
You can retrieve a Class object in several ways:
Class c = foo.getClass() // for some object named foo
Bar b = new Bar();
Class c = b.getClass();
Class s = c.getSuperclass();
Foo
Foo
Bar
Bar
Other Ways of Retrieving Class Objects
If you know the name of the class at compile time,
you can retrieve its Class object by appending
.class to its name:
Class c = java.awt.Button.class;
You can also use the Class.forName static method:
Class c = Class.forName(commandNameToken)
Getting the Class Name
Every class in the Java programming language has a
name. When you declare a class, the name immediately
follows the class keyword
At runtime, you can determine the name of a Class object
by invoking the getName method. The String returned by
getName is the fully-qualified name of the class.
A good home study question: Given an instance prints the
names of the classes its inheritance hierarchy from least
specific to most specific excluding Object
An Example
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.awt.*;
class SampleName {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Need Reflection
Button b = new Button(); Package
To Do this
printName(b);
}
static void printName(Object o) {
Class c = o.getClass();
String s = c.getName();
System.out.println(s);
}}
