Why do we do it? 30 (Ea 1 ‘yawn, laugh Match the highlighted words with the pictures. Did you know: 1 babies start to yawn 2 adults laugh, on average, times a day? 3. the average baby cries for hours a day? 4 youuse ‘muscles in your face to smile; you use about to speak? 5. when you sneeze, air leaves your nose at months before they're born? muscles kilometres per hour? 2 Can you guess how to complete the sentences 1-5 with these numbers? 2ors 6 12 17 70 150 b + EZD Listen to check. @ 3 a Read the sentences, using the glossary to help you. Which do you think are true? Which are false? People who are deaf and blind don’t laugh, People usually laugh because they see or hear something funny. People yawn when their brains need more oxygen. Ifyou breathe through your nose, this wil stop you from yawning The human eye makes three different kinds of tears. When people cry, their bodies make a lot of hormones. 'b Work in groups of three, A, B and C. breathe - to take air into and out of your body deaf ~ not able to hear ede Roads eee | hormones chemicals | that make the body | grow and change Dagen a gesin the tno tears drops of water from the eyes Student A, read the article about laughing on this page and check sentences 1-2 in 3a Student B, read the article about yawning on p125 and check sentences 3-6 in 3a. Student C, read the article about crying on p130 and check sentences 5-6 in 3a. TY lo people [au ‘Babies start laughing very soon after they're born. Deaf and blind people can laugh even though they've never seen or heard anyone laughing. Laughing seems to be a part of Juman nature,but whats for? came after @ joke or something funny, ‘The other 80-50 percent followed normal, everyday expressions lke, “Il see you later of,"Itwas nice to meet you", No one really knows why we laugh, but one ‘thousands of yeas ago, before people could speak, laughter helped them to form groups and work together. It also seems that laughter can be good for your health. Laughing a hundred ‘Many people think that we laugh because ‘we see or hear something funny, but most of the time this isnt true. In one study, a professor of psychology and his students listened in and made notes on hundreds of ‘conversations in public places. They heard about 1,200 laughs, but only 10-20 percent idea is that the most important reason for laughing is to make other people feel good. ‘When you laugh, the people around you often start laughing too. Soon, the whole group is cheerful and relaxed. Laughter ‘can stop negative feelings and help people to feel closer to each other. It may be that times uses the same energy as riding on an exercise bike for fifteen minutes. The writer Norman Cousins, who suffers from back pain, wrote that watching comedy programmes on TV helped him to feel better. He said that ten minutes of laughter ‘gave him two hours of pain-free sleep.¢ Talk together. Are sentences 1-6 in 3a true or false? 4 Read your article again. Choose two or three more facts, then tell your group about them. 5 Which ideas from the articles do you find most interesting? Do you have any different ideas? tio el? 1 a Choose words from the table to complete the conversations. POE Extreme adjectives ordinary adjectives extreme adjectives ‘angry cold pleased hot | amazed boiling delighted | hungry frightened sure | exhausted freezing furious = surprised tired positive starving terrified 1 « I'mvery hungry. Shall we make some dinner? a 8 Good idea. I'm absolutely 2 A Areyou sure the shops will be open tomorrow? 8 Yes, I'm = Don’t worry. 3 & You look really Have you had a long day? 8 Yeah, I'm exhausted. I'm going to bed. 4 a It's very hot in here, isn’t it? 8 Hot?It's 1 Can we open a window? 5a, How could you do that parachute jump? Weren'tyou Yeah, | was absolutely terrified, but it was fun! & A [heard Kirsten found a job. She must be really s 8 Oh, yes, she's delighted 4 WillRon be ifwe don’t go to the meeting? ® | think he'll be absolutely furious! A Isitcold there at the moment? Should | bring a winter coat? 8 Yes. It's 4 Were you surprised you passed the exam? ® Iwas really __. don’t know how | did it. be Listen to check. @ EDD You say /™m very hungry not Hhavevery hungry. € Work in pairs, Take turns to start the conversations 1~9 and remember the responses. Vocabulary reference ‘and practice, p151 2 Which of these words in the box can we use: 1 only with ordinary adjectives? ‘absolutely 2 only with extreme adjectives? really 3. with both kinds of adjective? very EM 3 a Tryto think of a time when you were: delighted + exhausted » amazed © freezing - furious ~ boiling When was it? What happened? ‘Nocehstecy reference. D> I'm amazed and I'm amazing have different meanings, ‘and practice, p152 4 b Tell each other about your experiences. ry was delighted when | Z a | passed my driving test Sh yes. When was that?Reacting to news, thanking, apologising Vocabulary reference ‘and practice, p152 2 3 PSE 11a These pictures tell a story. Can you guess: 1. what's happening in each picture? 2. how Jean-Paul and Rachel feel about each other? b +225 Listen to Rachel and Jean-Paul's conversation in each picture. heck your ideas. ‘a Can you complete these sentences? Conversation 1 1 Jean-Paul bought Rachel a cactus because she needed some plants in her 2 Inthe evening Rachel's going out with Conversation 2 3. She didn’t get the job with NBS because she doesn’t have enough 4 She's worked for the company for almost years. Conversation 3 5 She didn’t come to the cinema because she had a call from her 6 Jean-Paul and Rachel planned to meet at Conversation 4 7 Rachel's new job is__ miles away, 8 She thinks she should start Looking for a b + 2D Listen again to check. What do you think Jean-Paul should do? ERECTUWGTM 4 @ Add these expressions from the conversations to the correct group. Cheers. Congratulations, I'm really sorry. [x2] Sorry. That's not good. That's very kind of you. Well done. Good news Bad news Thanking Apologising That's great! You I'msorrytohear Thanks very Id like to did well that much apologise. Cheers. b + 20 Listen to check. @ EHD Thanks and cheers are more informal than thank you, Look at conversations 1 and 3 on p166, Find two expressions Jean-Paul uses to respond to an apology and two expressions he uses to respond to thanks.EEUU] 6 2 +20 Listen to the expressions in A and B. Notice how the speakers use intonation to express different emotions. Intonation — speaking with ‘A Thanks very much, B_ I'd like to apologise. emotion That's great! I'm sorry to hear that, Practise saying all the expressions from 4a. 7 a Inpairs, choose one of the pictures A-D, and role play Jean-Paul and Rachel's conversation. bb Change roles and role play another conversation, Ean What's happened? 1. Look at the examples in the table, then(ireidthe correct words in 1 and 2. You use the present perfect to talk about an action which: 1. is finished / not finished, 2 hasa result in the past / present. EE Present perfect 3 giving news have /has + past participle Result I've bought you a present. (Here is your present. They've given the job to someone else. _ (Someone else has the job now.) She's just had her second baby. {My sister has two children now.) I've found a new job! (have a new job now.) 2 a Compléte the sentences with these verbs in the present perfect. nish forget lose build buy decide 1 I'mreally sorry.|__ your name. 2 |____mykeys. Can you help me find them? 3. Have you heard? Jean-Paul his driving test % We don’t have a lot of money at the moment because we _just_a new cat. The town’s changing really fast. They ‘bwo.new.hotels in the last six months. Rachel and Jean-Paul don’t work here any more, They__to another company. 7 That was the boss on the phone. He to cancel tomorrow's meeting. 8 |____ mywork for today. Let's go for a coffee. You can look up irregular past participles on p175, Irregular verbs. b Change the underlined words in the sentences in 2a with your own ideas. Write five sentences. lcrasunen sebngasel I'm really sorry. I've forgotten your email address. € Compare your sentences. Ean 3 a Talk about pictures 1-5 in pairs. How do you think each person feels? Why? ‘She looks happy.| Yeah, maybe she's passed an exam. Or she's just got a new job. b Compare your ideas. How many do you have for each person?| 9.3 goals i wT i Jenny trom Dublin ireland, and Sharmila | eRe are ESAS 1 Talk together. Which of your family and friends do you see: everyday? about once a week? two or three times a year? less than of 2 +B Listen to Sharmita and Jenny. Tick (V1 the things they talk about. amovie Sharmila’s new home Sharmila'snewjob Mani’s new job a conc: A 3. a What do they say about the things? + 2D Listen again to check. | bb How often do you think they see each other? } To 4 a Match the expressions from the conversation. | fees i Asking for news A 8 1 What have you been upto? a. He's really happy ¥-_Imstil teaching maths 2 Ivejust started anewjob. \ > Not much Ww No? How atwork? 3. Howisit? \,€ Oh, great.Sowhat are you doing? x. Oh, that's good 4 How's Mani? \. 4 Same ofthe kids are difficult y Really? 1 5 Anyway, what's new with you? “e Erm, things are very busy right now. z Hm, that’s not good. b Read the script on p167 to check. \ irate urea ny Se steers (ee coe i og 5 a You're going to a café to meet a group of friends you haven't seen for six mont! Think of five pieces of news to tell them about. For example: * work * family » tripsand holidays » homestudies » free time b Think about how to: give news about the things in Sa. I've started say how you feel. 'ma bit ask your friends about their news. How are things at... ? react to your friends’ news. That's great! groups, tell each other your news. Ask questions to find out more.| Keyword just 41 @ Inwhich of these sentences from previous units does just mean: pearted a new Jeb. our ‘bought you a present. mut s Sone of the bale are very seall - zn 1900, 3 led, the ona from New Zealand. she's 2 ‘a short time ago? only, simply? bag a baby. mee 33 percent of the wold’ population lived in cities. mis 7 Cities won't have jus: one centre where everyone goes to work and shop. oi b Inthe sentences where just means a short time ago, which verb form is used? 2a Add just once to each line, 1- ofthe phone call, 3 ‘sen Hi, Rosy, t's Ben. Look, would you like to come ‘out to dinner tonight? 1 nosy Maybe I've got back from a hard day at work. Who's going? 2 een Well, me actually 3 rest Ob, right. You know, [think I'm going to stay in. sex That's OK, don't wom. By the woy, do you think Jen'l be at home? 4 nosy Actually I've seen her atthe bus stop. en Really? What's her mobile number? I have her ‘home number. 6 nest On, socond. Here you are. I's 077 145 9870. een Thanks, Rosy. You'e a star, Well have a nice evening. b +29 Listen to check. @ Then practise the conversation in pai Across cultures Where you live, do people use gestures to communicate these things? What are they? Tatk in groups. 1 Hello. 11 Stop! 2 Goodbye. 12 Be quiet 3. Yes and no. 13. What's the time? 4 don't know. 1% It's good, 5 Imnot sure 15. Its bad. & Come here. 16 Itsa secret. 7 Fd like the menu. 17 He's crazy. 8 Id like the bill 18 He's rich 9 OK, lunderstand. 17, Thank you, 10. Please wait 20 Sorry. + 2D Listen to Pete talk about a gesture he saw when he lived in Egypt. 1 Did he understand the gesture? 2 What does it mean? Read the script on p167 to check. ‘Ask and answer the questions together. 1 Have you ever had an experience like Pete's? 2. Doyou know any different gestures from other countries or places you've visited? 3, Doyou think people where you live use a lot of gestures when they speak? ‘a Match the sentences. Where do you think the conversations take place? Can | have the bill, please? Can | get you a coffee? Do you need any help? Hello, we have a reservation. Where are you going? I'm sorry but Lisa’s not in at the moment. Could you just tell me your names, please? Oh. Could I just leave a message? I'm just looking, thank you. No thanks, I've just had one. I just have to go to the bank. Il be back soon Yes, of course. Just a moment. b Take turns to say 1-6 and remember a-f.1 Sometimes we get invitations to parties but can’t go. What reasons can you think of? 2 Read the two emails from Adam, 1 Why didn’t he go to Kim’s party? 2 Why can’t he go to the lunch on the 14th? 3 Read the emails again and put these events in order from 1 (first) to 7 (last). Kim's party(H] goto Porto] mest Seant] phone Kim(] return from Porto C1] retirement lunch for Marina L]. see Kim] || HiKim, | 'Sorry 1 couldn't come to your party last Saturday. #1 had a bad cold and was in bed all weekend. I've just started to feel better in the last day or two. * Hope you had a great time. How are things at work? Everything's OK here but have to go to Porto next week for a few days. TI give you a call tomorrow night and hopefully wwe can get together this weekend See you soon, Adam, 4 a Match the highlighted expressions 1-8 with Possible endings a-t @ Daway on business. / on hotiday. b CDi great party. /a wonderful evening ¢ take my children to the doctor's, / work late TD come to your party. / attend the meeting Cla bad cold. / a dentist's appointment. Orttmiss the tunch. / I won't see you e f b Which expressions 1-8 are for: 1 apologies 2 excuses 3 good wishes 5 a You're going to write an email of apology. Choose ‘one of the situations, 1 You've been invited to an event by a friend or relative. You can't go because you have other things to do on that day. 2 You were invited to an event by someone from another company. You didn’t go because you had to do something important, or something you didn’t expect. 6 Dear Sean, ‘Thank you very much for the invitation to the retirement lunch for Marina Lopez on the 14th, “Unfortunately | won't be able to come because *1' Porto. #1 have to make a couple of presentations to our ‘ales tearm there but I'l be back on Friday. Is it possible to $2¢ You on the 18th (Monday)? I've just received a copy c Yutia's report and would like to discuss it with you “I'm sory Il miss the lunch. *1 hope you have a good time. Please give Marina my best wishes, Yours, Adam Adam Clarke “Technical Manager Then think about; Who invited you? What is / was the event? When is / was it? Why can’t / didn’t you go? ‘ b Write your email. Read some other students’ emails. Do you think they give good reasons for not going?Look again <> Review Exten PEER eed SESE ee 4 a Can you remember the extreme adjectives? 1 angry ~ furious & pleased - d 2 cold-f 7 sure-p 3. frightened - t 8 surprised -a 4 hot -b. 9 tired-e 5 hungry-s Ask and answer the questions in groups. How do you feel: 1 on Monday morning? at the end of a working week? when you meet an old friend? after you've just finished some housework? when you've been too busy to eat lunch? GE 1a yD You say -ge and -dge as /ds/. Whe it’s not stressed, you say -age as /ids/. Listen and repeat. Has/ Adsl age bridge huge judge average language | b Add the correct endings for these words, -ge, ~dge or -age. Vill... chan... lug... fri.. mess... oran. pa... lar... arran, ¢ €B Spelicheck. Close your book. Listen to ten words and write them down. d Look at the script on p167 to check your spelling 2 @ Complete the questions with Have you ever, recently, How long. Poses 2. a Can you complete the sentences about laughing? 1 ridden a camel or an elephant? Look at the article on p74 again to check. (present perfect 1, Unit 2) % 2 have you known your ¢losest friend? [present perfect 2, Unit 2) Have you bought anything nice ___? loresent perfect 8, U 1 Itseems that laughter can be good for your . 2 One idea is that the most important reason for laughing is to make other people feel 9 3. Itmay be that, before people could speak, laughter helped them to b Which questions in 2a are about: 2 anunfinished action or situation? b_ afinished action with a present result? © your whole life up to now? ¢ Write three more questions for a partner, with Have you ever, recently, How long. Ask and answer all the questions. Find out more details. PEE 3. a Match sentences 1-7 with responses 2-9. b Why do people yawn? Why do they cry? Read one of the texts on p125 and p130 that you haven't read before, Then tell each other what you remember using the highlighted expressions. 1 Can tryit on? 2 Doyou need any help? 3. Can see the big rug at the top? 4 Lecould give you seventy. 5 What size is it? & Can | have a look at those shoes there? Self-assessment 7 ro aru eno . Pare et Rea b c d e ' Do you have any other colours? It’s.a medium IU do it for seventy-five. No, thanks, I'm just looking, I'm afraid not. Only red. Yes, of course. The blue one? 9 The black ones? b Inpairs, cover a-g and take turns to answer 1-7 [ggg ara ae ge with your own ideas. Sheen eee eatin 81