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Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 Overview

This document is the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 of South Africa. It aims to establish a criminal justice system for children that is in line with the country's constitution and international obligations. Some key points: - It recognizes that South Africa had not given many children, especially black children, the opportunity to live as children before 1994. - It acknowledges the constitutional rights of children in conflict with the law, including rights to protection, family care, and to not be detained except as a last resort. - It aims to balance the interests of children with those of society, and create special mechanisms for children that take diversion away from the formal criminal system where appropriate.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

164 views89 pages

Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 Overview

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CHILD JUSTICE ACT 75 OF 2008 Page 1 of 89

CHILD JUSTICE ACT 75 OF 2008

[ASSENTED TO 7 MAY 2009] [DATE OF COMMENCEMENT: 1 APRIL 2010]

(English text signed by the President)

as amended by
Judicial Matters Amendment Act 42 of 2013
Judicial Matters Amendment Act 14 of 2014
Legal Aid South Africa Act 39 of 2014

also amended by
Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act 7 of 2013
[with effect from a date to be proclaimed - see PENDLEX]

Regulations under this Act

ACT
To establish a criminal justice system for children, who are in conflict with the
law and are accused of committing offences, in accordance with the values
underpinning the Constitution and the international obligations of the
Republic; to provide for the minimum age of criminal capacity of children; to
provide a mechanism for dealing with children who lack criminal capacity
outside the criminal justice system; to make special provision for securing
attendance at court and the release or detention and placement of children; to
make provision for the assessment of children; to provide for the holding of a
preliminary inquiry and to incorporate, as a central feature, the possibility of
diverting matters away from the formal criminal justice system, in
appropriate circumstances; to make provision for child justice courts to hear
all trials of children whose matters are not diverted; to extend the sentencing
options available in respect of children who have been convicted; to entrench
the notion of restorative justice in the criminal justice system in respect of
children who are in conflict with the law; and to provide for matters incidental
thereto.

Preamble
RECOGNISING-
that before 1994, South Africa, as a country, had not given many of its children,
particularly black children, the opportunity to live and act like children, and also that
some children, as a result of circumstances in which they find themselves, have come
into conflict with the law;
AND MINDFUL that-
the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as the supreme law of the
Republic, was adopted to establish a society based on democratic values, social and
economic justice, equality and fundamental human rights and to improve the quality of
life of all its people and to free the potential of every person by all means possible;
the Constitution, while envisaging the limitation of fundamental rights in certain
circumstances, emphasises the best interests of children, and singles them out for
special protection, affording children in conflict with the law specific safeguards, among
others, the right-
* not to be detained, except as a measure of last resort, and if detained, only for
the shortest appropriate period of time;
* to be treated in a manner and kept in conditions that take account of the child's
age;
* to be kept separately from adults, and to separate boys from girls, while in

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CHILD JUSTICE ACT 75 OF 2008 Page 2 of 89

detention;
* to family, parental or appropriate alternative care;
* to be protected from maltreatment, neglect, abuse or degradation; and
* not to be subjected to practices that could endanger the child's well-being,
education, physical or mental health or spiritual, moral or social development; and
the current statutory law does not effectively approach the plight of children in
conflict with the law in a comprehensive and integrated manner that takes into account
their vulnerability and special needs;
AND ACKNOWLEDGING THAT-
there are capacity, resource and other constraints on the State which may
require a pragmatic and incremental strategy to implement the new criminal justice
system for children;
THIS ACT THEREFORE AIMS TO-
establish a criminal justice system for children, who are in conflict with the law,
in accordance with the values underpinning our Constitution and our international
obligations, by, among others, creating, as a central feature of this new criminal
justice system for children, the possibility of diverting matters involving children who
have committed offences away from the criminal justice system, in appropriate
circumstances, while children whose matters are not diverted, are to be dealt with in
the criminal justice system in child justice courts;
expand and entrench the principles of restorative justice in the criminal justice
system for children who are in conflict with the law, while ensuring their responsibility
and accountability for crimes committed;
recognise the present realities of crime in the country and the need to be
proactive in crime prevention by placing increased emphasis on the effective
rehabilitation and reintegration of children in order to minimise the potential for re-
offending;
balance the interests of children and those of society, with due regard to the
rights of victims;
create incrementally, where appropriate, special mechanisms, processes or
procedures for children in conflict with the law-
* that in broad terms take into account-
the past and sometimes unduly harsh measures taken against some of these
children;
the long-term benefits of a less rigid criminal justice process that suits the needs
of children in conflict with the law in appropriate cases; and
South Africa's obligations as party to international and regional instruments
relating to children, with particular reference to the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child;
* in specific terms, by-
raising the minimum age of criminal capacity for children;
ensuring that the individual needs and circumstances of children in conflict with
the law are assessed;
providing for special processes or procedures for securing attendance at court of,
the release or detention and placement of, children;
creating an informal, inquisitorial, pre-trial procedure, designed to facilitate the
disposal of cases in the best interests of children by allowing for the diversion of
matters involving children away from formal criminal proceedings in appropriate cases;
providing for the adjudication of matters involving children which are not
diverted in child justice courts; and
providing for a wide range of appropriate sentencing options specifically suited to
the needs of children,
PARLIAMENT of the Republic of South Africa therefore enacts as follows:-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1
DEFINITIONS, OBJECTS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF ACT

1 Definitions
2 Objects of Act
3 Guiding principles

CHAPTER 2
APPLICATION OF ACT, CRIMINAL CAPACITY OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 14
YEARS AND MATTERS RELATED TO AGE

Part 1
Application of Act
4 Application of Act
5 Manner of dealing with children who are alleged to have committed offences
6 Seriousness of offences

Part 2
Criminal capacity of children under the age of 14 years
7 Minimum age of criminal capacity
8 Review of minimum age of criminal capacity
9 Manner of dealing with child under the age of 10 years
10 Decision to prosecute child who is 10 years or older but under the age of
14 years
11 Proof of criminal capacity

Part 3
Age estimation, age determination and error regarding age
12 Responsibility of police official where age of child is uncertain
13 Age estimation by probation officer
14 Age determination by inquiry magistrate or child justice court
15 Age determination by any other court
16 Error regarding age of child who is alleged to have committed offence

CHAPTER 3
WRITTEN NOTICE, SUMMONS AND ARREST
17 Methods of securing attendance of child at preliminary inquiry
18 Written notice to appear at preliminary inquiry
19 Summons
20 Arrest

CHAPTER 4
RELEASE OR DETENTION AND PLACEMENT OF CHILD PRIOR TO SENTENCE AND
RELATED MATTERS

Part 1
Release or detention
21 Approach to be followed when considering release or detention of child
after arrest
22 Release of child on written notice into care of parent or appropriate adult or
guardian before first appearance at preliminary inquiry
23 Duty of police official when releasing child into care of parent or
appropriate adult or guardian
24 Release of child into care of parent or appropriate adult or guardian or on
own recognisance at preliminary inquiry or child justice court
25 Release of child on bail

Part 2

Placement
26 Approach to be followed when considering placement of child
27 Placement options for child who has not been released before first
appearance at preliminary inquiry
28 Protection of children detained in police custody
29 Placement in a child and youth care centre
30 Placement in a prison
31 Error regarding placement

Part 3
Factors to be taken into account by presiding officer regarding further detention and
placement and conditions of detention at preliminary inquiry or child justice court
32 Factors to be taken into account by presiding officer regarding further
detention and placement at preliminary inquiry or child justice court
33 Conditions of detention at preliminary inquiry or child justice court

CHAPTER 5
ASSESSMENT OF CHILD
34 Duty of probation officer to assess children
35 Purpose of assessment
36 Confidentiality of information obtained at assessment
37 Place where assessment is to be conducted
38 Persons to attend assessment
39 Powers and duties of probation officer at assessment
40 Assessment report of probation officer

CHAPTER 6
DIVERSION BY PROSECUTOR IN RESPECT OF MINOR OFFENCES
41 Diversion by prosecutor before preliminary inquiry in respect of offences
referred to in Schedule 1
42 Diversion option to be made order of court

CHAPTER 7
PRELIMINARY INQUIRY
43 Nature and objectives of preliminary inquiry
44 Persons to attend preliminary inquiry
45 Confidentiality of information furnished at preliminary inquiry
46 Failure to appear at preliminary inquiry
47 Procedure relating to holding of preliminary inquiry
48 Postponement of preliminary inquiry
49 Orders at preliminary inquiry
50 Referral of children in need of care and protection to children's court

CHAPTER 8
DIVERSION
51 Objectives of diversion
52 Consideration of diversion
53 Diversion options
54 Selection of diversion option
55 Minimum standards applicable to diversion
56 Provision and accreditation of diversion programmes and diversion service
providers

57 Monitoring of compliance with diversion order

58 Failure to comply with diversion order
59 Legal consequences of diversion
60 Register of children in respect of whom diversion order has been made
61 Family group conference
62 Victim-offender mediation

CHAPTER 9
TRIAL IN CHILD JUSTICE COURT
63 Child justice courts and conduct of trials involving children
64 Referral of children in need of care and protection to children's court
65 Parental assistance
66 Time limits relating to postponements
67 Child justice court may divert matter

CHAPTER 10
SENTENCING

Part 1
General
68 Child to be sentenced in terms of this Chapter
69 Objectives of sentencing and factors to be considered
70 Impact of offence on victim
71 Pre-sentence reports

Part 2
Sentencing options
72 Community-based sentences
73 Restorative justice sentences
74 Fine or alternatives to fine
75 Sentences of correctional supervision
[S. 75 substituted by s. 38 of Act 42 of 2013.]
76 Sentence of compulsory residence in child and youth care centre
77 Sentence of imprisonment
78 Postponement or suspension of passing of sentence
79 Failure to comply with certain sentences

CHAPTER 11
LEGAL REPRESENTATION
80 Requirements to be complied with by legal representatives
81 Legal representation at preliminary inquiry
82 Child to be provided with legal representation at State expense in certain
instances
83 Child may not waive legal representation in certain circumstances

CHAPTER 12
APPEALS AND AUTOMATIC REVIEW OF CERTAIN CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES
84 Appeals
85 Automatic review in certain cases
86 Release on bail pending review or appeal

CHAPTER 13
RECORDS OF CONVICTION AND SENTENCE

87 Expungement of records of certain convictions and diversion orders

CHAPTER 14
GENERAL PROVISIONS
88 Rules of court
89 Establishment and jurisdiction of One-Stop Child Justice Centres
90 Referral of information relating to age to Department of Home Affairs
91 Liability for patrimonial loss arising from execution of diversion order
92 Children used by adults to commit crime
93 National policy framework
94 Establishment of Intersectoral Committee
95 Meetings of Intersectoral Committee
96 Responsibilities, functions and duties of Intersectoral Committee
97 Regulations, directives, national instructions and register
98 Transitional arrangements
99 Repeal or amendment of laws
100 Short title and commencement
Schedule 1
Schedule 2
Schedule 3
Schedule 4
Schedule 5

CHAPTER 1
DEFINITIONS, OBJECTS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF ACT (ss 1-3)

1 Definitions
In this Act, unless the context indicates otherwise-
'acknowledges responsibility' means acknowledges responsibility for an
offence without a formal admission of guilt;
'adult' means a person who is 18 years or older but does not include a person
referred to in section 4 (2);
'appropriate adult' means any member of a child's family, including a sibling
who is 16 years or older, or care-giver referred to in section 1 of the Children's Act;
'assessment' means assessment of a child by a probation officer in terms of
Chapter 5;
'child' means any person under the age of 18 years and, in certain
circumstances, means a person who is 18 years or older but under the age of 21
years whose matter is dealt with in terms of section 4 (2);
'child and youth care centre' means a child and youth care centre referred to
in section 191 of the Children's Act;
'child justice court' means any court provided for in the Criminal Procedure
Act, dealing with the bail application, plea, trial or sentencing of a child;
'Children's Act' means the Children's Act, 2005 (Act 38 of 2005);
'children's court' means the court established under section 42 of the
Children's Act;
'community service' means work for a community organisation or other work
of value to the community performed by a child without payment;
'Constitution' means the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996;
'Criminal Procedure Act' means the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act 51 of

1977);
'detention' includes confinement of a child prior to sentence in a police cell or
lock-up, prison or a child and youth care centre, providing a programme referred to
in section 191 (2) (h) of the Children's Act;
'Director of Public Prosecutions' means a Director of Public Prosecutions
appointed in terms of section 13 of the National Prosecuting Authority Act, 1998
(Act 32 of 1998), acting in terms of any policy directives issued under this Act by
the National Director of Public Prosecutions, where applicable, or in terms of any
other prosecution policy or policy directives referred to in section 21 of the National
Prosecuting Authority Act, 1998;
'diversion' means diversion of a matter involving a child away from the formal
court procedures in a criminal matter by means of the procedures established by
Chapter 6 and Chapter 8;
'diversion option' means an option referred to in section 53, and includes a
diversion programme referred to in section 56;
'diversion service provider' means a service provider accredited in terms of
section 56;
'guardian' means a guardian referred to in section 1 of the Children's Act;
'family group conference' means a conference referred to in section 61;
'independent observer', for purposes of section 65 (6), means a representative
from a community or organisation, or community police forum, who is not in the
full-time employ of the State and whose name appears on a prescribed list for this
purpose, which is to be kept by the magistrate of every district;
'inquiry magistrate' means the judicial officer presiding at a preliminary
inquiry;
'Legal Aid Board' ......
[Definition of 'Legal Aid Board' deleted by s. 25 (1) of Act 39 of 2014.]
'Legal Aid South Africa' means the entity referred to in section 2 of the Legal
Aid South Africa Act, 2014'.
[Definition of 'Legal Aid South Africa' inserted by s. 25 (1) of Act 39 of 2014.]
'medical practitioner' means a medical practitioner referred to in section 1 of
the Children's Act;
'National Director of Public Prosecutions' means the person appointed in
terms of section 10 of the National Prosecuting Authority Act, 1998 (Act 32 of
1998);
'One-Stop Child Justice Centre' means a centre established in terms of section
89;
'police cell or lock-up' means any place which is used for the reception,
detention or confinement of a person who is in custody of the South African Police
Service or who is being detained by the South African Police Service, and includes
all land, buildings and premises adjacent to any such place and used in connection
therewith;
'police official' means a member of the South African Police Service or of a
municipal police service established in terms of the South African Police Service Act,
1995 (Act 68 of 1995);
'preliminary inquiry' means an inquiry referred to in Chapter 7;
'prescribed' means prescribed by regulation made under section 97;
'presiding officer' means an inquiry magistrate or a judicial officer presiding at
a child justice court;
'prison' means a prison as defined in the Correctional Services Act, 1998 (Act
111 of 1998);
'probation officer' means any person who has been appointed as a probation

officer under section 2 of the Probation Services Act, 1991 (Act 116 of 1991);
'restorative justice' means an approach to justice that aims to involve the child
offender, the victim, the families concerned and community members to collectively
identify and address harms, needs and obligations through accepting responsibility,
making restitution, taking measures to prevent a recurrence of the incident and
promoting reconciliation;
'suitable person' means a person with standing in the community who has a
special relationship with the child, identified by the probation officer to act in the
best interests of the child;
'symbolic restitution' means the giving of an object owned, made or bought by
a child or the provision of any service to a specified person, persons, group of
persons or community, charity or welfare organisation or institution as symbolic
compensation for the harm caused by that child;
'this Act' includes any regulation made under section 97;
'victim-offender mediation' means a procedure referred to in section 62.

2 Objects of Act
The objects of this Act are to-
(a) protect the rights of children as provided for in the Constitution;
(b) promote the spirit of ubuntu in the child justice system through-
(i) fostering children's sense of dignity and worth;
(ii) reinforcing children's respect for human rights and the fundamental
freedoms of others by holding children accountable for their actions
and safe-guarding the interests of victims and the community;
(iii) supporting reconciliation by means of a restorative justice
response; and
(iv) involving parents, families, victims and, where appropriate, other
members of the community affected by the crime in procedures in
terms of this Act in order to encourage the reintegration of
children;
(c) provide for the special treatment of children in a child justice system
designed to break the cycle of crime, which will contribute to safer
communities, and encourage these children to become law-abiding and
productive adults;
(d) prevent children from being exposed to the adverse effects of the formal
criminal justice system by using, where appropriate, processes, procedures,
mechanisms, services or options more suitable to the needs of children and
in accordance with the Constitution, including the use of diversion; and
(e) promote co-operation between government departments, and between
government departments and the non-governmental sector and civil
society, to ensure an integrated and holistic approach in the
implementation of this Act.

3 Guiding principles
In the application of this Act, the following guiding principles must be taken into
account:
(a) All consequences arising from the commission of an offence by a child
should be proportionate to the circumstances of the child, the nature of the
offence and the interests of society.
(b) A child must not be treated more severely than an adult would have been
treated in the same circumstances.
(c) Every child should, as far as possible, be given an opportunity to participate
in any proceedings, particularly the informal and inquisitorial proceedings in
terms of this Act, where decisions affecting him or her might be taken.

(d) Every child should be addressed in a manner appropriate to his or her age
and intellectual development and should be spoken to and be allowed to
speak in his or her language of choice, through an interpreter, if necessary.
(e) Every child should be treated in a manner which takes into account his or
her cultural values and beliefs.
(f) All procedures in terms of this Act should be conducted and completed
without unreasonable delay.
(g) Parents, appropriate adults and guardians should be able to assist children
in proceedings in terms of this Act and, wherever possible, participate in
decisions affecting them.
(h) A child lacking in family support or educational or employment opportunities
must have equal access to available services and every effort should be
made to ensure that children receive similar treatment when having
committed similar offences.
(i) The rights and obligations of children contained in international and regional
instruments, with particular reference to the United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of
the Child.

CHAPTER 2
APPLICATION OF ACT, CRIMINAL CAPACITY OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF
14 YEARS AND MATTERS RELATED TO AGE (ss 4-11)

Part 1
Application of Act (ss 4-6)

4 Application of Act
(1) Subject to subsection (2), this Act applies to any person in the Republic who is
alleged to have committed an offence and-
(a) was under the age of 10 years at the time of the commission of the alleged
offence; or
(b) was 10 years or older but under the age of 18 years when he or she was-
(i) handed a written notice in terms of section 18 or 22;
(ii) served with a summons in terms of section 19; or
(iii) arrested in terms of section 20,
for that offence.
(2) The Director of Public Prosecutions having jurisdiction may, in accordance with
directives issued by the National Director of Public Prosecutions in terms of section 97
(4) (a) (i) (aa), in the case of a person who-
(a) is alleged to have committed an offence when he or she was under the age
of 18 years; and
(b) is 18 years or older but under the age of 21 years, at the time referred to in
subsection (1) (b),
direct that the matter be dealt with in terms of section 5 (2) to (4).
(3) (a) The Criminal Procedure Act applies with the necessary changes as may be
required by the context to any person referred to in this section, except in so far as
this Act provides for amended, additional or different provisions or procedures in
respect of that person.
(b) For purposes of paragraph (a), Schedule 5 to this Act, which is not part of
this Act and does not have the force of law, contains an exposition of the interface
between the Criminal Procedure Act and this Act.

5 Manner of dealing with children who are alleged to have committed

offences

(1) Every child who is alleged to have committed an offence and is under the age of
10 years, must be referred to a probation officer to be dealt with in terms of section 9.
(2) Every child who is 10 years or older, who is alleged to have committed an
offence and who is required to appear at a preliminary inquiry in respect of that
offence must, before his or her first appearance at the preliminary inquiry, be assessed
by a probation officer, unless assessment is dispensed with in terms of section 41 (3)
or 47 (5).
(3) A preliminary inquiry must be held in respect of every child referred to in
subsection (2) after he or she has been assessed, except where the matter-
(a) has been diverted in accordance with Chapter 6;
(b) involves a child who is 10 years or older but under the age of 14 years
where criminal capacity is not likely to be proved, as provided for in section
10 (2) (b); or
(c) has been withdrawn.
(4) (a) A matter in respect of a child referred to in subsection (2) may be
considered for diversion-
(i) by a prosecutor in accordance with Chapter 6; or
(ii) at a preliminary inquiry in accordance with Chapter 7.
(b) A matter which is for any reason not diverted in terms of paragraph (a) must,
unless the matter has been withdrawn or referred to a children's court, be referred to a
child justice court for plea and trial in terms of Chapter 9.
(c) A matter in respect of a child referred to in paragraph (b) may, before the
conclusion of the case for the prosecution, be considered for diversion by a child justice
court in terms of Chapter 9.

6 Seriousness of offences
(1) In order to determine the seriousness of offences for purposes of this Act, the
categories of offences are listed in the following order, beginning with the category of
least serious offences:
(a) Offences contained in Schedule 1;
(b) offences contained in Schedule 2; and
(c) offences contained in Schedule 3.
(2) In the case of a child being charged with more than one offence which are dealt
with in the same criminal proceedings, the most serious offence must guide the
manner in which the child must be dealt with in terms of this Act.
(3) In the case of a child being charged with more than one offence which are dealt
with in separate criminal proceedings, subsection (2) does not apply.

Part 2
Criminal capacity of children under the age of 14 years (ss 7-11)

7 Minimum age of criminal capacity

(1) A child who commits an offence while under the age of 10 years does not have
criminal capacity and cannot be prosecuted for that offence, but must be dealt with in
terms of section 9.
(2) A child who is 10 years or older but under the age of 14 years and who commits
an offence is presumed to lack criminal capacity, unless the State proves that he or
she has criminal capacity in accordance with section 11.
(3) The common law pertaining to the criminal capacity of children under the age of
14 years is hereby amended to the extent set out in this section.

8 Review of minimum age of criminal capacity

In order to determine whether or not the minimum age of criminal capacity as set
out in section 7 (1) should be raised, the Cabinet member responsible for the
administration of justice must, not later than five years after the commencement of
this section, submit a report to Parliament, as provided for in section 96 (4) and (5).

9 Manner of dealing with child under the age of 10 years

(1) Where a police official has reason to believe that a child suspected of having
committed an offence is under the age of 10 years, he or she may not arrest the child,
and must, in the prescribed manner, immediately hand the child over-
(a) to his or her parents or an appropriate adult or a guardian; or
(b) if no parent, appropriate adult or a guardian is available or if it is not in the
best interests of the child to be handed over to the parent, an appropriate
adult or a guardian, to a suitable child and youth care centre,
and must notify a probation officer.
(2) A probation officer who receives notification from a police official in terms of
subsection (1), must assess the child in terms of the provisions of Chapter 5 which are
applicable to children under the age of 10 years as soon as possible but not later than
seven days after being notified.
(3) (a) After assessing a child in terms of subsection (2), the probation officer may,
in the prescribed manner-
(i) refer the child to the children's court on any of the grounds set out in
section 50;
(ii) refer the child for counselling or therapy;
(iii) refer the child to an accredited programme designed specifically to suit the
needs of children under the age of 10 years;
(iv) arrange support services for the child;
(v) arrange a meeting, which must be attended by the child, his or her parent
or an appropriate adult or a guardian, and which may be attended by any
other person likely to provide information for the purposes of the meeting
referred to in subsection (4); or
(vi) decide to take no action.
(b) Any action taken under paragraph (a) does not imply that the child is
criminally liable for the incident that led to the assessment.
(4) The purpose of the meeting convened by a probation officer in terms of
subsection (3) (a) (v) is to-
(a) assist the probation officer to establish more fully the circumstances
surrounding the allegations against a child; and
(b) formulate a written plan appropriate to the child and relevant to the
circumstances.
(5) The written plan referred to in subsection (4) (b) must, at least-
(a) specify the objectives to be achieved for the child and the period within
which they should be achieved;
(b) contain details of the services and assistance to be provided for the child,
as prescribed;
(c) specify the persons or organisations to provide the services and assistance,
as prescribed; and
(d) state the responsibilities of the child and of the parent, appropriate adult or
a guardian.
(6) The probation officer must record, with reasons, the outcome of the assessment
and the decision made in terms of subsection (3) in the prescribed manner.
(7) In the event of a child failing to comply with any obligation imposed in terms of

this section, including compliance with the written plan referred to in subsection (4)
(b), the probation officer must refer the matter to a children's court to be dealt with in
terms of Chapter 9 of the Children's Act.

10 Decision to prosecute child who is 10 years or older but under the age of
14 years
(1) A prosecutor who is required to make a decision whether or not to prosecute a
child referred to in section 7 (2) must take the following into consideration:
(a) The educational level, cognitive ability, domestic and environmental
circumstances, age and maturity of the child;
(b) the nature and seriousness of the alleged offence;
(c) the impact of the alleged offence on any victim;
(d) the interests of the community;
(e) a probation officer's assessment report in terms of Chapter 5;
(f) the prospects of establishing criminal capacity in terms of section 11 if the
matter were to be referred to a preliminary inquiry in terms of Chapter 7;
(g) the appropriateness of diversion; and
(h) any other relevant factor.
(2) If a prosecutor decides in respect of a child referred to in subsection (1) that
criminal capacity is-
(a) likely to be proved in terms of section 11, he or she may-
(i) divert the matter in terms of Chapter 6 if the child is alleged to
have committed an offence referred to in Schedule 1; or
(ii) refer the matter to a preliminary inquiry as provided for in Chapter
7; or
(b) not likely to be proved in terms of section 11, he or she may cause the child
to be taken to a probation officer to be dealt with in terms of section 9.

11 Proof of criminal capacity

(1) The State must prove beyond reasonable doubt the capacity of a child who is 10
years or older but under the age of 14 years to appreciate the difference between right
and wrong at the time of the commission of an alleged offence and to act in
accordance with that appreciation.
(2) In making a decision regarding the criminal capacity of the child in question-
(a) the inquiry magistrate, for purposes of diversion; or
(b) if the matter has not been diverted, the child justice court, for purposes of
plea and trial,
must consider the assessment report of the probation officer referred to in section 40
and all evidence placed before the inquiry magistrate or child justice court prior to
diversion or conviction, as the case may be, which evidence may include a report of an
evaluation referred to in subsection (3).
[NB: Sub-s. (2) has been substituted by s. 2 (a) of the Judicial Matters Amendment Act 14 of
2014, a provision which will be put into operation by proclamation. See PENDLEX.]

(3) An inquiry magistrate or child justice court may, on own accord, or on the
request of the prosecutor or the child's legal representative, order an evaluation of the
criminal capacity of the child referred to in subsection (1), in the prescribed manner,
by a suitably qualified person, which must include an assessment of the cognitive,
moral, emotional, psychological and social development of the child.
[NB: Sub-s. (3) has been substituted by s. 2 (a) of the Judicial Matters Amendment Act 14 of
2014, a provision which will be put into operation by proclamation. See PENDLEX.]

(4) If an order has been made by the inquiry magistrate or child justice court in
terms of subsection (3), the person identified to conduct an evaluation of the child
must furnish the inquiry magistrate or child justice court with a written report of the

evaluation within 30 days of the date of the order.

[NB: A sub-s. (4A) has been inserted by s. 2 (b) of the Judicial Matters Amendment Act 14 of
2014, a provision which will be put into operation by proclamation. See PENDLEX.]

(5) Where an inquiry magistrate or child justice court has found that a child's
criminal capacity has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, the inquiry
magistrate or child justice court may, if it is in the interests of the child, cause the
child to be taken to a probation officer for any further action in terms of section 9.

Part 3
Age estimation, age determination and error regarding age (ss 12-16)

12 Responsibility of police official where age of child is uncertain

If a police official is uncertain about the age of a person suspected of having
committed an offence but has reason to believe that-
(a) the person may be a child under the age of 10 years, the official must act in
accordance with the provisions of section 9; or
(b) the person may be a child who is 10 years or older but under the age of 14
years, or a child who is 14 years or older but under the age of 18 years, the
police official must treat the person as a child with due regard to the
provisions relating to-
(i) arrest in terms of Chapter 3; or
(ii) release or detention in terms of Chapter 4, and, in particular,
section 27 relating to placement options before a child's first
appearance at a preliminary inquiry, until a probation officer or
medical practitioner has expressed an opinion on the age of the
person or until the determination of that person's age at the
preliminary inquiry or child justice court, after which the police
official must treat the person in accordance with the opinion or
determination.

13 Age estimation by probation officer

(1) If, during an assessment of a child in terms of Chapter 5, the age of the child, at
the time of the commission of the alleged offence, is uncertain, the probation officer
must make an estimation of the child's age and must complete the prescribed form.
(2) In making the estimation, the probation officer must consider any available
information, including the following:
(a) A previous determination of age by a magistrate under this Act or under the
Criminal Procedure Act or an estimation of age in terms of the Children's
Act;
(b) statements made by a parent, an appropriate adult, guardian or any other
person, including a religious or community leader, likely to have direct
knowledge of the age of the child;
(c) a statement made by the child concerned;
(d) a school registration form, school report, other document of a similar
nature, a baptismal or other similar religious certificate; or
(e) an estimation of age by a medical practitioner.
(3) The probation officer must submit the estimation on the prescribed form,
together with any relevant documentation to the inquiry magistrate before the child's
appearance at a preliminary inquiry.
(4) Should evidence to the contrary emerge at any stage before sentence, the
estimation of age by a probation officer in terms of this section may be altered and a
different estimation of age may be recorded.

14 Age determination by inquiry magistrate or child justice court

(1) If, during a preliminary inquiry or during proceedings before a child justice
court, the age of a child at the time of the commission of the alleged offence is
uncertain, the presiding officer must determine the age of the child.
(2) In order to determine the age of a child, a presiding officer may-
(a) consider the form and any documentation submitted by the probation
officer in terms of section 13 (3);
(b) require any relevant documentation, information or statement from any
person;
(c) subpoena any person to produce the documentation, information or
statements referred to in paragraph (b); or
(d) if necessary, refer the child to a medical practitioner, in the prescribed
manner, for an estimation of age.
(3) (a) The presiding officer must enter the age determined in terms of subsection
(1) into the record of the proceedings as the age of the child.
(b) Should evidence to the contrary emerge, the presiding officer must alter the
record to reflect the correct age.

15 Age determination by any other court

Where there is any uncertainty as to whether a person appearing before any other
court was over or under the age of 18 years at the time of the commission of the
alleged offence, the court must-
(a) determine the age of that person in accordance with section 14; and
(b) where necessary, alter the record to reflect the correct age of that person,
in accordance with the provisions of section 16, which apply with the
changes required by the context.

16 Error regarding age of child or adult who is alleged to have committed

offence
(1) If, at any stage during proceedings in terms of this Act, a presiding officer is
satisfied on the basis of evidence placed before him or her that the age of a child or
adult who is alleged to have committed an offence (hereafter in this section referred to
as person) is incorrect, the age must be altered on the record of the proceedings in
accordance with section 14 and the proceedings must be finalised in accordance with
the provisions of-
(a) this Act, if the person is found to be a child; or
(b) the Criminal Procedure Act, if the person is found to be an adult, unless the
provisions of section 4 (2) are applicable.
(2) If a presiding officer is of the opinion that an error regarding age may have
caused any prejudice to a person during the proceedings in question, the presiding
officer must transmit the record of the proceedings to the registrar of the High Court
having jurisdiction, in the same manner as provided for in section 303 of the Criminal
Procedure Act, in which event the proceedings must be dealt with in terms of the
procedure on review as provided for in section 304 of the Criminal Procedure Act.
(3) Subject to subsection (1), if a presiding officer is of the opinion that an error
regarding age has not caused any prejudice to the person, the presiding officer must
continue with the proceedings in terms of the provisions of this Act, in accordance with
his or her age, as altered.

CHAPTER 3
WRITTEN NOTICE, SUMMONS AND ARREST (ss 17-20)

17 Methods of securing attendance of child at preliminary inquiry

(1) The methods of securing the attendance of a child at a preliminary inquiry are-

(a) a written notice, as provided for in section 18;

(b) a summons, as provided for in section 19; or
(c) arrest, as provided for in section 20.
(2) Where circumstances permit, a police official should obtain guidance from the
Director of Public Prosecutions or a prosecutor on whether or not the child is required
to attend a preliminary inquiry and, if so, the manner in which the child's attendance
should be secured.

18 Written notice to appear at preliminary inquiry

(1) A police official may, in respect of a child who is alleged to have committed an
offence referred to in Schedule 1, hand to the child a written notice provided for in
section 56 of the Criminal Procedure Act, but as amended by this section in respect of
children, requiring the child to appear at a preliminary inquiry.
(2) The provisions of section 56 (1) (c) of the Criminal Procedure Act relating to an
admission of guilt and payment of a fine do not apply to a written notice in terms of
this Act.
(3) (a) A written notice must specify the date, time and place of the preliminary
inquiry and be handed to the child in the presence of his or her parent, appropriate
adult or guardian, in which case both the child and parent, appropriate adult or
guardian must acknowledge receipt by way of a signature or mark.
(b) In exceptional circumstances, where it is not possible to hand a written notice
to the child in the presence of his or her parent, an appropriate adult or guardian, the
written notice must be handed to the child and a copy must, as soon as circumstances
permit, be handed to the parent, appropriate adult or guardian, and both the child and
parent, appropriate adult or guardian must acknowledge receipt by way of a signature
or mark.
(4) A police official must, in the prescribed manner-
(a) when handing a written notice to the child, parent, appropriate adult or
guardian-
(i) inform them of the nature of the allegation against the child;
(ii) inform them of the child's rights;
(iii) explain to them the immediate procedures to be followed in terms
of this Act;
(iv) warn the child to appear at the preliminary inquiry on the date, and
at the time and place specified in the written notice and to remain
in attendance; and
(v) warn the parent, appropriate adult or guardian to bring or cause
the child to be brought to the preliminary inquiry on the date and
at the time and place specified in the written notice and to remain
in attendance; and
(b) immediately but not later than 24 hours after handing the written notice to
the child, notify the probation officer concerned.

19 Summons
(1) A summons issued in respect of a child in terms of section 54 of the Criminal
Procedure Act who is to appear at a preliminary inquiry, must specify the date, time
and place of the preliminary inquiry.
(2) (a) A summons must be served on a child in the presence of his or her parent,
an appropriate adult or a guardian, in which case both the child and parent,
appropriate adult or guardian must acknowledge service by way of a signature or
mark.
(b) In exceptional circumstances, where it is not possible to serve a summons on
a child in the presence of his or her parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian, the

summons must be served on the child and a copy of the summons must, as soon
as circumstances permit, be served on the parent, appropriate adult or guardian, and
both the child and parent, appropriate adult or guardian must acknowledge service by
way of a signature or mark.
(3) A police official must, in the prescribed manner-
(a) when serving a summons on the child, parent, appropriate adult or
guardian-
(i) inform them of the nature of the allegation against the child;
(ii) inform them of the child's rights;
(iii) explain to them the immediate procedures to be followed in terms
of this Act;
(iv) warn the child to appear at the preliminary inquiry on the date and
at the time and place specified in the summons and to remain in
attendance; and
(v) warn the parent, appropriate adult or guardian to bring or cause
the child to be brought to the preliminary inquiry on the date and
at the time and place specified in the summons and to remain in
attendance; and
(b) immediately but not later than 24 hours after the service of the summons
notify the probation officer concerned.

20 Arrest
(1) A child may not be arrested for an offence referred to in Schedule 1, unless
there are compelling reasons justifying the arrest, which may include the following
circumstances:
(a) Where the police official has reason to believe that the child does not have
a fixed residential address;
(b) where the police official has reason to believe that the child will continue to
commit offences, unless he or she is arrested;
(c) where the police official has reason to believe that the child poses a danger
to any person;
(d) where the offence is in the process of being committed; or
(e) where the offence is committed in circumstances as set out in national
instructions referred to in section 97 (5) (a) (ii).
(2) A warrant of arrest issued under section 43 of the Criminal Procedure Act in
respect of a child must direct that the child be brought to appear at a preliminary
inquiry.
(3) The police official arresting a child must, in the prescribed manner-
(a) inform the child of the nature of the allegation against him or her;
(b) inform the child of his or her rights;
(c) explain to the child the immediate procedures to be followed in terms of this
Act; and
(d) notify the child's parent, an appropriate adult or guardian of the arrest:
Provided that if a police official is unable to notify the child's parent, an
appropriate adult or guardian of the arrest, the police official must submit a
written report to the presiding officer at the preliminary inquiry.
(4) (a) A police official, where possible the police official who arrested the child,
must immediately, but not later than 24 hours after the arrest, inform the probation
officer in whose area of jurisdiction the child was arrested of the arrest in the
prescribed manner.
(b) If a police official is unable to inform a probation officer of the arrest, the
police official must submit a written report to the inquiry magistrate at the preliminary

inquiry, furnishing reasons for non-compliance, as prescribed.

(5) Any child who has been arrested and who remains in custody must, whether or
not an assessment of the child has been done, be taken by a police official to the
magistrate's court having jurisdiction, in order to deal with the matter in terms of
section 5 (2) to (4), as soon as possible but not later than 48 hours after arrest, in
which case the provisions of section 50 (1) (d) of the Criminal Procedure Act dealing
with-
(i) ordinary court hours;
(ii) physical illness or other physical condition; and
(iii) arrest outside of the area of jurisdiction of the court,
apply in respect of the expiry of the period of 48 hours.

CHAPTER 4
RELEASE OR DETENTION AND PLACEMENT OF CHILD PRIOR TO SENTENCE
AND RELATED MATTERS (ss 21-33)

Part 1
Release or detention (ss 21-25)

21 Approach to be followed when considering release or detention of child

after arrest
(1) When considering the release or detention of a child who has been arrested,
preference must be given to releasing the child, as set out in subsections (2) and (3).
(2) Prior to the child's first appearance at a preliminary inquiry-
(a) a police official must, in respect of an offence referred to in Schedule 1,
where appropriate, release a child on written notice into the care of a
parent, an appropriate adult or guardian in terms of section 18, read with
section 22; or
(b) a prosecutor may, in respect of an offence referred to in Schedule 1 or 2,
authorise the release of a child on bail in terms of section 25, read with
section 59A of the Criminal Procedure Act, in which case the reference to
Schedule 7 in section 59A of that Act is to be regarded as a reference to
Schedule 2 of this Act.
(3) A presiding officer may, at a child's first appearance at a preliminary inquiry or
thereafter at a child justice court-
(a) in respect of any offence, release a child into the care of a parent, an
appropriate adult or guardian in terms of section 24 (2) (a);
(b) in respect of an offence referred to in Schedule 1 or 2, release a child on his
or her own recognisance in terms of section 24 (2) (b); or
(c) if a child is not released from detention in terms of paragraph (a) or (b),
release the child on bail in terms of section 25.

22 Release of child on written notice into care of parent, appropriate adult or

guardian before first appearance at preliminary inquiry
(1) A police official must release a child on written notice in terms of section 18 into
the care of a parent, an appropriate adult or guardian if the child is in detention in
police custody in respect of an offence referred to in Schedule 1, as soon as possible
and before the child appears at the preliminary inquiry, unless-
(a) the child's parent or an appropriate adult or guardian cannot be located or
is not available and all reasonable efforts have been made to locate the
parent or appropriate adult or guardian; or
(b) there is a substantial risk that the child may be a danger to any other
person or to himself or herself.
(2) Where a child has not been released in terms of subsection (1), the investigating

police official must provide the inquiry magistrate with a written report in the
prescribed manner, giving reasons why the child could not be released, with particular
reference to the factors referred to in subsection (1) (a) or (b).

23 Duty of police official when releasing child into care of parent, appropriate
adult or guardian
A police official who releases a child from detention in terms of section 22 and
places the child in the care of a parent or an appropriate adult or guardian, must, at
the time of the release of the child, hand to the child and to the person into whose
care the child is released, a written notice in accordance with section 18.

24 Release of child into care of parent, appropriate adult or guardian or on

own recognisance at preliminary inquiry or child justice court
(1) Where a child who is in detention in respect of any offence appears-
(a) at a preliminary inquiry and the inquiry is to be postponed, or the matter,
at the conclusion of the preliminary inquiry, is set down for trial in a child
justice court; or
(b) at a child justice court and the matter is to be postponed,
the presiding officer must, subject to subsection (2) (b), consider the release of the
child in terms of this section.
(2) The presiding officer may release a child referred to in subsection (1)-
(a) into the care of a parent, an appropriate adult or guardian; or
(b) if the child is alleged to have committed an offence referred to in Schedule
1 or 2, on the child's own recognisance,
if it is in the interests of justice to release the child.
(3) In considering whether or not it would be in the interests of justice to release a
child in terms of subsection (2), the presiding officer must have regard to the
recommendations of the probation officer's assessment report and all other relevant
factors, including-
(a) the best interests of the child;
(b) whether the child has previous convictions;
(c) the fact that the child is 10 years or older but under the age of 14 years and
is presumed to lack criminal capacity;
(d) the interests and safety of the community in which the child resides; and
(e) the seriousness of the offence.
(4) The presiding officer must, when releasing a child in terms of this section, warn
him or her to appear on a specified date and at a specified time and place and may
impose one or more conditions, namely that the child must-
(a) report periodically to a specified person or at a specified place;
(b) attend a particular school;
(c) reside at a particular address;
(d) be placed under the supervision of a specified person;
(e) not interfere with any witness, tamper with any evidence or associate with
any person or group of specified persons; or
(f) comply with any other condition that the presiding officer deems fit in the
circumstances.
(5) If a child is released into the care of a parent, appropriate adult or guardian, the
presiding officer must direct the parent, appropriate adult or guardian to appear and
warn the parent, appropriate adult or guardian to ensure that the child appears on a
specified date and at a specified time and place and, if a condition has been imposed in
terms of this section, to ensure that the child complies with that condition.

(6) If a child is released on his or her own recognisance, the presiding officer must
warn the child to appear on a specified date and at a specified time and place and, if a
condition has been imposed in terms of this section, to comply with that condition.
(7) (a) If a child fails to appear on the date and at the time and place referred to in
subsection (4) or (6) or comply with any condition referred to in this section, the
presiding officer may, on being notified of the failure, in the prescribed manner, issue a
warrant for the arrest of the child or cause a summons to be issued in accordance with
section 19, for the child to appear at the preliminary inquiry or child justice court.
(b) When a child appears before a presiding officer pursuant to a warrant of
arrest or summons referred to in paragraph (a), the presiding officer must inquire into
the reasons for the child's failure to appear or comply with the conditions or to remain
in attendance and make a determination whether or not the failure is due to the child's
fault.
(c) If it is found that the failure is not due to the child's fault, the presiding officer
may-
(i) order the child's release on the same conditions; or
(ii) order the child's release on any other condition; and
(iii) if necessary, make an appropriate order which will assist the child and his
or her family to comply with the conditions initially imposed.
(d) If it is found that the failure is due to the child's fault, the presiding officer
may order the release of the child on different or further conditions or make an order
that the child be detained, subject to the provisions of section 26.
(e) A parent, an appropriate adult or guardian who fails to comply with
subsection (5) is guilty of an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine or to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.

25 Release of child on bail

(1) Chapter 9 of the Criminal Procedure Act applies to an application for the release
of a child on bail, except for section 59 and section 59A, to the extent set out in
section 21 (2) (b).
(2) An application for the release of a child, referred to in section 21 (3) (c), on bail,
must be considered in the following three stages:
(a) Whether the interests of justice permit the release of the child on bail; and
(b) if so, a separate inquiry must be held into the ability of the child and his or
her parent, an appropriate adult or guardian to pay the amount of money
being considered or any other appropriate amount; and
(c) if after an inquiry referred to in paragraph (b), it is found that the child and
his or her parent, an appropriate adult or guardian are-
(i) unable to pay any amount of money, the presiding officer must set
appropriate conditions that do not include an amount of money for
the release of the child on bail; or
(ii) able to pay an amount of money, the presiding officer must set
conditions for the release of the child on bail and an amount which
is appropriate in the circumstances.

Part 2
Placement (ss 26-31)

26 Approach to be followed when considering placement of child

(1) If after due consideration of the options for release of a child in terms of Part 1,
a decision is made that the child is to be detained or is to remain in detention a police
official or presiding officer must give preference to the least restrictive option possible
in the circumstances, as set out in subsections (2) and (3), beginning with the least
restrictive option.

(2) Prior to a child's first appearance at a preliminary inquiry within 48 hours after
arrest-
(a) a police official must, depending on the age of the child and the alleged
offence committed by the child, consider the placement of the child in a
suitable child and youth care centre in accordance with section 27 (a); or
(b) if placement referred to in paragraph (a) is not appropriate or applicable, a
police official must detain the child in a police cell or lock-up, in accordance
with section 27 (b).
(3) A presiding officer may, at a child's first or subsequent appearance at a
preliminary inquiry or thereafter at a child justice court order the detention of a child
in-
(a) a child and youth care centre in accordance with section 29; or
(b) prison in accordance with section 30, subject to the limitations set out in
that section.

27 Placement options for child who has not been released before first
appearance at preliminary inquiry
If, at any stage before a child's first appearance at a preliminary inquiry, the child
has not been released from detention in police custody and is charged, in the case of a
child who is-
(a) (i) 10 years or older but under the age of 14 years, with any offence;
or
(ii) 14 years or older, with an offence referred to in Schedule 1 or 2,
the police official must give consideration to the detention of the child in an
appropriate child and youth care centre, if a centre is available and there is
a vacancy, or if a centre or vacancy is not available, in a police cell or lock-
up; or
(b) 14 years or older, with an offence referred to in Schedule 3, the police
official must cause the child to be detained in a police cell or lock-up.

28 Protection of children detained in police custody

(1) A child who is in detention in police custody must be-
(a) detained separately from adults, and boys must be held separately from
girls;
(b) detained in conditions which take into account their particular vulnerability
and will reduce the risk of harm to that child, including the risk of harm
caused by other children;
(c) permitted visits by parents, appropriate adults, guardians, legal
representatives, registered social workers, probation officers, assistant
probation officers, health workers, religious counsellors and any other
person who, in terms of any law, is entitled to visit; and
(d) cared for in a manner consistent with the special needs of children,
including the provision of-
(i) immediate and appropriate health care in the event of any illness,
injury or severe psychological trauma; and
(ii) adequate food, water, blankets and bedding.
(2) (a) If any complaint is received from a child or any other person during an
arrest or while the child is in detention in police custody relating to any injury
sustained or severe psychological trauma suffered by the child or if a police official
observes that a child has been injured or is severely traumatised, that complaint or
observation must, in the prescribed manner, be recorded and reported to the station
commissioner, who must ensure that the child receives immediate and appropriate
medical treatment if he or she is satisfied that any of the following circumstances
exist:

(i) There is evidence of physical injury or severe psychological trauma;

(ii) the child appears to be in pain as a result of an injury;
(iii) there is an allegation that a sexual offence as defined in section 1 of the
Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007
(Act 32 of 2007), has been committed against the child; or
(iv) there are other circumstances which warrant medical treatment.
(b) In the event of a report being made as referred to in paragraph (a), that
report must, in the prescribed manner, as soon as is reasonably possible, be submitted
to the Provincial Commissioner of Police concerned and a copy of the report must be
submitted simultaneously to the National Commissioner of Police, indicating-
(i) the nature of the injury sustained or severe psychological trauma suffered
by the child;
(ii) an explanation of the circumstances surrounding the injury or trauma; and
(iii) a recommendation as to whether any further action is required.
[Para. (b) amended by s. 35 of Act 42 of 2013.]
(c) A copy of the medical report, if applicable, must accompany the report by the
station commissioner referred to in paragraph (b), and a further copy must be filed in
the docket.
(3) The station commissioner of each police station must keep a register in which
prescribed details regarding the detention of all children in police cells or lock-ups must
be recorded in a manner that entries regarding the detention of children are clearly
distinguishable from those of adults.
(4) The register may be examined by any person, as may be prescribed.

29 Placement in a child and youth care centre

(1) A presiding officer may order the detention of a child who is alleged to have
committed any offence in a specified child and youth care centre.
(2) When a presiding officer must decide whether to place a child in a child and
youth care centre referred to in subsection (1), consideration must be given to the
following factors:
(a) The age and maturity of the child;
(b) the seriousness of the offence in question;
(c) the risk that the child may be a danger to himself, herself or to any other
person or child in the child and youth care centre;
(d) the appropriateness of the level of security of the child and youth care
centre when regard is had to the seriousness of the offence allegedly
committed by the child; and
(e) the availability of accommodation in an appropriate child and youth care
centre.
(3) Whenever a presiding officer is required to make a decision in terms of
subsection (1), the presiding officer must consider the information referred to in
section 40 (2).
(4) Where the information referred to in subsection (3) is, for any reason, not
available, called into question or no longer current, the presiding officer may request
the functionary responsible for the management of a child and youth care centre to
furnish a prescribed sworn statement in respect of-
(a) the availability or otherwise of accommodation for the child in question; and
(b) all other available information relating to the level of security, amenities
and features of the centre.

30 Placement in a prison
(1) A presiding officer may only order the detention of a child in a specified prison,

if-
(a) an application for bail has been postponed or refused or bail has been
granted but one or more conditions have not been complied with;
(b) the child is 14 years or older;
(c) the child is accused of having committed an offence referred to in Schedule
3;
(d) the detention is necessary in the interests of the administration of justice or
the safety or protection of the public or the child or another child in
detention; and
(e) there is a likelihood that the child, if convicted, could be sentenced to
imprisonment.
(2) A child who is 14 years or older but under the age of 16 years may only be
detained in a prison if, in addition to the factors referred to in subsection (1) (a), (c),
(d) and (e), the Director of Public Prosecutions or a prosecutor authorised thereto in
writing by him or her issues a certificate which confirms that there is sufficient
evidence to institute a prosecution against the child for an offence referred to in
Schedule 3 and is charging the child with the offence.
(3) Before a decision is made to detain or further detain a child in prison, the
presiding officer must consider any recommendations relating to placement in the
probation officer's assessment report, the information referred to in section 40 (2) and
any relevant evidence placed before him or her, including evidence, where applicable,
in respect of-
(a) the best interests of the child;
(b) the child's state of health;
(c) previous convictions, previous diversions or charges pending against the
child;
(d) the risk that the child may be a danger to himself, herself or to any other
person or child in a child and youth care centre;
(e) any danger that the child may pose to the safety of members of the public;
(f) whether the child can be placed in a child and youth care centre, which
complies with the appropriate level of security;
(g) the risk of the child absconding from a child and youth care centre;
(h) the probable period of detention until the conclusion of the matter;
(i) any impediment to the preparation of the child's defence or any delay in
obtaining legal representation which may be brought about by the detention
of the child;
(j) the seriousness of the offence in question; or
(k) any other relevant factor.
(4) A presiding officer ordering the detention of a child in prison in terms of this
section must direct that the child be brought before him or her or any other court
every 14 days to reconsider the order.
(5) (a) A presiding officer may order the detention of a child who is alleged to have
committed an offence referred to in Schedule 1 or 2 in a prison instead of a child and
youth care centre, if he or she, in addition to the factors referred to in subsections (1)
and (3), finds substantial and compelling reasons, including any relevant serious
previous convictions or any relevant pending serious charges against the child,
provided that the child is 14 years or older.
(b) A presiding officer who makes an order to place a child in a prison in terms of
paragraph (a), must enter the reasons for the decision on the record of the
proceedings.

31 Error regarding placement

Where a child is placed in a child and youth care centre, police cell or lock-up or a
prison and it comes to the attention of the person admitting the child that an error has
been made regarding placement, that person must act in accordance with the order of
the court, committing the child to the child and youth care centre, police cell, lock-up
or prison and receive the child but must, as soon as practicable, not later than the next
court day, in the prescribed manner, refer the child back to the presiding officer in
question for the error to be corrected.

Part 3
Factors to be taken into account by presiding officer regarding further
detention and placement and conditions of detention at preliminary inquiry or
child justice court (ss 32-33)

32 Factors to be taken into account by presiding officer regarding further

detention and placement at preliminary inquiry or child justice court
Where a child, in terms of Parts 1 and 2 of this Chapter, has been or is to be
detained and placed in a child and youth care centre or prison, the presiding officer at
a preliminary inquiry or child justice court must, at every subsequent appearance of
the child or at any time thereafter-
(a) determine whether or not the detention is or remains necessary and
whether the placement is or remains appropriate;
(b) enter the reasons for the detention or further detention on the record of the
proceedings;
(c) consider a reduction of the amount of bail, if applicable;
(d) inquire whether or not the child is being treated properly and being kept in
suitable conditions, if applicable;
(e) if not satisfied that the child is being treated properly and being kept in
suitable conditions, order that an inspection or investigation be undertaken
into the treatment and conditions and make an appropriate remedial order;
and
(f) enter the reasons for any decision made in this regard on the record of the
proceedings.

33 Conditions of detention at preliminary inquiry or child justice court

(1) No child may be subjected to the wearing of leg-irons when he or she appears at
a preliminary inquiry or child justice court, and handcuffs may only be used if there are
exceptional circumstances warranting their use.
(2) (a) A child held in a police cell or lock-up while waiting to appear at a
preliminary inquiry or child justice court must be kept separately from adults and be
treated in a manner and kept in conditions which take account of his or her age.
(b) Girls must be kept separately from boys and must be under the care of an
adult female.
(c) Where a child is transported to or from a preliminary inquiry or child justice
court, the child must be transported separately from adults: Provided that where it is
not possible to comply, the police official must, within 48 hours, submit a prescribed
written report to the presiding officer, furnishing reasons for non-compliance.

CHAPTER 5
ASSESSMENT OF CHILD (ss 34-40)

34 Duty of probation officer to assess children

(1) Every child who is alleged to have committed an offence must be assessed by a
probation officer, as set out in subsections (2) and (3), unless assessment has been
dispensed with in terms of section 41 (3).
(2) A probation officer who has been notified by a police official that a child has

been handed a written notice, served with a summons or arrested must assess the
child before the child appears at a preliminary inquiry within the time periods provided
for in section 43 (3) (b).
(3) A probation officer who has been notified by a police official that a child under
the age of 10 years has been dealt with in terms of section 9, must make
arrangements to assess the child within seven days of the notification.

35 Purpose of assessment
The purpose of an assessment is to-
(a) establish whether a child may be in need of care and protection in order to
refer the child to a children's court in terms of section 50 or 64;
(b) estimate the age of the child if the age is uncertain;
(c) gather information relating to any previous conviction, previous diversion or
pending charge in respect of the child;
(d) formulate recommendations regarding the release or detention and
placement of the child;
(e) where appropriate, establish the prospects for diversion of the matter;
(f) in the case of a child under the age of 10 years or a child referred to in
section 10 (2) (b), establish what measures need to be taken in terms of
section 9;
(g) in the case of a child who is 10 years or older but under the age of 14
years, express a view on whether expert evidence referred to in section 11
(3) would be required;
(h) determine whether the child has been used by an adult to commit the crime
in question; and
(i) provide any other relevant information regarding the child which the
probation officer may regard to be in the best interests of the child or which
may further any objective which this Act intends to achieve.

36 Confidentiality of information obtained at assessment

(1) Any information obtained at an assessment is confidential and-
(a) may only be used for any purpose authorised by this Act, including at a
preliminary inquiry; and
(b) is inadmissible as evidence during any bail application, plea, trial or
sentencing proceedings in which the child appears.
(2) Any person who contravenes the provisions of subsection (1) (a) is guilty of an
offence and, if convicted, liable to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding
three months.

37 Place where assessment is to be conducted

(1) The assessment of a child may take place in any suitable place identified by the
probation officer, which may include a room at a police station, a magistrate's court,
the offices of the Department of Social Development or a One-Stop Child Justice
Centre.
(2) The place identified in terms of subsection (1) must, as far as possible, be
conducive to privacy.

38 Persons to attend assessment

(1) The child must be present at his or her assessment in terms of this Act.
(2) A child's parent or an appropriate adult or a guardian must attend the
assessment of the child, unless he or she has been-
(a) exempted by the probation officer from attending; or

(b) excluded by the probation officer from attending because he or she has
disrupted, undermined or obstructed the assessment or it is in the best
interests of the child or the administration of justice.
(3) A probation officer may permit the following persons to attend an assessment:
(a) A diversion service provider;
(b) a researcher; or
(c) any other person whose presence is necessary or desirable for the
assessment.
(4) A probation officer may, if there is any risk that the child may escape or
endanger the safety of the probation officer or any other person, request a police
official to be present at an assessment.
(5) A probation officer may, where appropriate, elicit the views of the child in
private regarding the presence of any person who is attending the assessment.
(6) (a) A probation officer must make every effort to locate a parent or an
appropriate adult or a guardian in order to conclude the assessment of a child and may
request a police official to assist in the location of that person.
(b) A probation officer may conclude the assessment of a child in the absence of
a parent, appropriate adult or guardian if all reasonable efforts to locate that person
have failed or if that person has been notified of the assessment and has failed to
attend.

39 Powers and duties of probation officer at assessment

(1) The probation officer must-
(a) explain the purpose of the assessment to the child;
(b) inform the child of his or her rights in the prescribed manner;
(c) explain to the child the immediate procedures to be followed in terms of this
Act; and
(d) inquire from the child whether or not he or she intends acknowledging
responsibility for the offence in question.
(2) The probation officer may, at any stage during the assessment of a child,
consult with any person who may provide information necessary for the assessment,
including a prosecutor, police official or diversion service provider.
(3) The probation officer may, at any stage during the assessment, consult privately
with any person present.
(4) The probation officer may consult any person who is not at the assessment and
who has any information relating to the assessment, but if additional information is
obtained, the child must be informed accordingly.
(5) Where a child is accused with another child or other children, the probation
officer may conduct the assessment of the children simultaneously if this will be in the
best interests of all the children concerned.
(6) The probation officer must encourage the participation of the child during the
assessment.

40 Assessment report of probation officer

(1) The probation officer must complete an assessment report in the prescribed
manner with recommendations on the following issues, where applicable:
(a) The possible referral of the matter to a children's court in terms of section
50 or 64;
(b) the appropriateness of diversion, including a particular diversion service
provider, or a particular diversion option or options, as provided for in
section 53;

(c) the possible release of the child into the care of a parent, an appropriate
adult or guardian or on his or her own recognisance, in terms of section 24;
(d) if it is likely that the child could be detained after the first appearance at the
preliminary inquiry, the placement of the child in a specified child and youth
care centre or prison in terms of section 29 or 30;
(e) in the case of a child under the age of 10 years, establish what measures
need to be taken in terms of section 9;
(f) the possible criminal capacity of the child if the child is 10 years or older but
under the age of 14 years, as provided for in section 10, as well as
measures to be taken in order to prove criminal capacity;
(g) whether a further and more detailed assessment of the child is required in
order to consider the circumstances referred to in subsection (3); and
(h) an estimation of the age of the child if this is uncertain, as provided for in
section 13.
(2) A recommendation referred to in subsection (1) (d) relating to the placement of
the child in a child and youth care centre must be supported by current and reliable
information in a prescribed form, obtained by the probation officer from the
functionary responsible for the management of the centre regarding-
(a) the availability or otherwise of accommodation for the child in question; and
(b) the level of security, amenities and features of the centre.
(3) A recommendation referred to in subsection (1) (g) may be made in one or
more of the following circumstances:
(a) The possibility that the child may be a danger to others or to himself or
herself;
(b) the fact that the child has a history of repeatedly committing offences or
absconding;
(c) where the social welfare history of the child warrants a further assessment;
and
(d) the possibility that the child may be admitted to a sexual offenders'
programme, substance abuse programme or other intensive treatment
programme.
(4) The probation officer must indicate in the assessment report whether or not the
child intends to acknowledge responsibility for the alleged offence.
(5) The report referred to in subsection (1) must be submitted to the prosecutor
before the commencement of a preliminary inquiry, with due regard to the time
periods referred to in section 43 (3) (b).

CHAPTER 6
DIVERSION BY PROSECUTOR IN RESPECT OF MINOR OFFENCES (ss 41-42)

41 Diversion by prosecutor before preliminary inquiry in respect of offences

referred to in Schedule 1
(1) A prosecutor may divert a matter involving a child who is alleged to have
committed an offence referred to in Schedule 1 and may, for this purpose, select any
level one diversion option set out in section 53 (3) or any combination thereof, if the
prosecutor is satisfied-
(a) that the factors referred to in section 52 (1) (a) to (d) have been complied
with; and
(b) in the case of a child who is 10 years or older but under the age of 14
years, that criminal capacity is likely to be proved in terms of section 11.
(2) The diversion referred to in subsection (1) must take place-
(a) in accordance with directives issued by the National Director of Public
Prosecutions, as provided for in section 97 (4) (a) (i) (bb);

(b) subject to subsection (3), after an assessment of the child in accordance

with Chapter 5; and
(c) before a preliminary inquiry as provided for in Chapter 7.
(3) If the child has not been assessed, the prosecutor may dispense with the
assessment if it is in the best interests of the child to do so: Provided that the reasons
for dispensing with the assessment must be entered on the record of the proceedings
by the magistrate in chambers referred to in section 42.
(4) If the prosecutor is of the opinion that the child is in need of care and protection
as envisaged by section 150 of the Children's Act, he or she must not divert the matter
but refer the matter to a preliminary inquiry for consideration of referring it to a
children's court.
(5) In order to decide whether to divert the matter or not, the prosecutor must take
into account whether the child has a record of previous diversions.
(6) If the prosecutor decides not to divert a matter in terms of this section, he or
she must immediately make arrangements for the child to appear at a preliminary
inquiry referred to in Chapter 7.

42 Diversion option to be made order of court

(1) If a matter is diverted in terms of section 41, the child and, where possible, his
or her parent, appropriate adult or guardian must appear before a magistrate in
chambers, in order to have the diversion option that has been selected by the
prosecutor, made an order of court.
(2) The provisions of section 58 apply with the changes required by the context, to
a child who fails to comply with any order referred to in subsection (1).

CHAPTER 7
PRELIMINARY INQUIRY (ss 43-50)

43 Nature and objectives of preliminary inquiry

(1) A preliminary inquiry-
(a) is an informal pre-trial procedure which is inquisitorial in nature;
(b) may be held in a court or any other suitable place; and
(c) must be presided over by a magistrate of the district within which the child
is alleged to have committed the offence.
[Para. (c) added by s. 36 (a) of Act 42 of 2013.]

(2) The objectives of a preliminary inquiry are to-

(a) consider the assessment report of the probation officer, with particular
reference to-
(i) the age estimation of the child, if the age is uncertain;
(ii) the view of the probation officer regarding the criminal capacity of
the child if the child is 10 years or older but under the age of 14
years and a decision whether an evaluation of the criminal capacity
of the child by a suitably qualified person referred to in section 11
(3) is necessary; and
(iii) whether a further and more detailed assessment of the child is
needed as referred to in section 40 (1) (g);
(b) establish whether the matter can be diverted before plea;
(c) identify a suitable diversion option, where applicable;
(d) establish whether the matter should be referred in terms of section 50 to a
children's court referred to in section 42 of the Children's Act;
(e) ensure that all available information relevant to the child, his or her
circumstances and the offence are considered in order to make a decision

on diversion and placement of the child;

(f) ensure that the views of all persons present are considered before a decision
is taken;
(g) encourage the participation of the child and his or her parent, an
appropriate adult or a guardian in decisions concerning the child; and
(h) determine the release or placement of a child, pending-
(i) the conclusion of the preliminary inquiry;
(ii) the appearance of the child in a child justice court; or
(iii) the referral of the matter to a children's court, where applicable.
(3) (a) A preliminary inquiry must be held in respect of every child who is alleged to
have committed an offence, except where-
(i) the matter has been diverted by a prosecutor in terms of Chapter 6;
(ii) the child is under the age of 10 years; or
(iii) the matter has been withdrawn.
(b) A preliminary inquiry referred to in paragraph (a) must be held-
(i) within 48 hours of arrest as provided for in section 20 (5) if a child is
arrested and remains in detention; or
(ii) within the time periods specified in a written notice in terms of section 18 or
a summons in terms of section 19.
(c) A child's appearance at a preliminary inquiry is regarded as his or her first
appearance before a lower court, in terms of section 50 of the Criminal Procedure Act.
(4) Section 90 of the Magistrates' Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944), applies with
the changes required by the context to subsection (1) (c).
[Sub-s. (4) added by s. 36 (b) of Act 42 of 2013.]

44 Persons to attend preliminary inquiry

(1) The following persons must, in addition to the inquiry magistrate and
prosecutor, attend the preliminary inquiry, subject to subsections (2) and (3):
(a) The child;
(b) the child's parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian; and
(c) the probation officer.
(2) If a diversion order is likely to be made, a diversion service provider identified
by the probation officer should be present at the preliminary inquiry.
(3) The inquiry magistrate may, subject to section 81, exclude any person from
attending the preliminary inquiry if that person's presence is not in the best interests
of the child or undermines the inquisitorial nature and objectives of a preliminary
inquiry.
(4) (a) A preliminary inquiry may proceed in the absence of the child's parent, an
appropriate adult, guardian or the probation officer if the inquiry magistrate is satisfied
that to do so would be in the best interests of the child.
(b) An inquiry magistrate who proceeds in the absence of the child's parent, an
appropriate adult, guardian or probation officer in terms of paragraph (a), must enter
the reasons for the decision on the record of the proceedings.
(5) The inquiry magistrate may permit the attendance of any other person who has
an interest in attending or who may contribute to the proceedings.
(6) The inquiry magistrate may subpoena or cause to be subpoenaed any person
whose presence is necessary at the preliminary inquiry.

45 Confidentiality of information furnished at preliminary inquiry

(1) Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Act relating to the publication of
information that reveals or may reveal the identity of a child or a witness under the

age of 18 years applies with the changes required by the context to proceedings at
a preliminary inquiry.
(2) No information furnished by any person at a preliminary inquiry in relation to
the child may be used against that child in any bail application, plea, trial or sentencing
proceedings.

46 Failure to appear at preliminary inquiry

A child or his or her parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian, who has been
directed to appear at a preliminary inquiry in terms of-
(a) a written notice in terms of section 18;
(b) a summons in terms of section 19;
(c) a written notice by a police official in terms of section 22, read with section
23;
(d) a warning by a presiding officer in terms of section 24 (4), (5) or (6),
or is otherwise obliged to appear at a preliminary inquiry and who fails to appear at the
inquiry or to remain in attendance at the proceedings must be dealt with in accordance
with the provisions of section 24 (7), which apply with the changes required by the
context.

47 Procedure relating to holding of preliminary inquiry

(1) The inquiry magistrate must conduct the preliminary inquiry in an informal
manner by asking questions, interviewing persons at the inquiry and eliciting
information, and must keep a record of the proceedings.
(2) At the start of the preliminary inquiry the inquiry magistrate must-
(a) in the prescribed manner-
(i) explain the purpose and inquisitorial nature of the preliminary
inquiry to the child;
(ii) inform the child of the nature of the allegation against him or her;
(iii) inform the child of his or her rights; and
(iv) explain to the child the immediate procedures to be followed in
terms of this Act;
(b) in order to consider diversion, ascertain from the child whether he or she
acknowledges responsibility for the alleged offence, and if the child-
(i) does not acknowledge responsibility, no questions regarding the
alleged offence may be put to the child and no information
regarding a previous diversion or conviction or charge pending
against the child may be placed before the preliminary inquiry,
whereupon the provisions of subsection (9) (c) apply with the
changes required by the context; or
(ii) does acknowledge responsibility, the preliminary inquiry proceeds
in terms of this Chapter; and
(c) determine the age of a child in accordance with section 14, if necessary.
(3) The following information must be placed before the inquiry magistrate:
(a) The probation officer's assessment report, if available;
(b) any form and documentation required for the determination of age referred
to in section 14 (2) (a) and (b), if available;
(c) any documentation relating to any previous conviction, diversion or a
pending charge;
(d) the report regarding the detention of the child in police custody provided by
the investigating police official in terms of section 22 (2), if applicable; and
(e) any other information that may be relevant to the proceedings.

(4) In considering the information referred to in subsection (3), the inquiry

magistrate may-
(a) request any further documentation which may be relevant to the
proceedings;
(b) elicit any information from any person attending the preliminary inquiry to
supplement or clarify the available information; and
(c) take any steps as may be necessary to establish the truth of any statement
or the correctness of any submission.
(5) (a) If the child has not yet been assessed, the inquiry magistrate may dispense
with assessment if it is in the best interests of the child to do so.
(b) An inquiry magistrate who dispenses with an assessment in terms of
paragraph (a), must enter the reasons for that decision on the record of the
proceedings.
(6) If a preliminary inquiry proceeds in the absence of a probation officer, the
probation officer's assessment report must be available at the preliminary inquiry,
unless assessment has been dispensed with in terms of subsection (5).
(7) In order to ensure that the views of all persons present are considered before a
decision regarding the child is made, the inquiry magistrate must-
(a) encourage the participation of the child and his or her parent, appropriate
adult or a guardian;
(b) allow the child, the child's parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian or any
other person present to ask questions and to raise issues which, in the
opinion of the inquiry magistrate, are relevant for the purposes of a
preliminary inquiry.
(8) (a) If the child is a co-accused with one or more other children, a joint
preliminary inquiry may be held if the inquiry magistrate is satisfied that this will be in
the best interests of all the children concerned.
(b) If a joint preliminary inquiry is held in terms of paragraph (a), different
decisions may be made in respect of each child.
(9) If the prosecutor indicates that the matter may not be diverted, the inquiry
magistrate must-
(a) obtain from the prosecutor confirmation that, based on the facts of the case
at his or her disposal and after consideration of other relevant factors, there
is sufficient evidence or there is reason to believe that further investigation
is likely to result in the necessary evidence being obtained, for the matter
to proceed;
(b) enter the prosecutor's confirmation on the record of the proceedings; and
(c) inform the child that the matter is being referred to the child justice court to
be dealt with in accordance with Chapter 9.
(10) Where an inquiry magistrate has presided over a preliminary inquiry and has
heard any information prejudicial to the impartial determination of the matter, the
magistrate may not preside over any subsequent proceedings, procedure or trial
arising from the same facts.

48 Postponement of preliminary inquiry

(1) The inquiry magistrate may, subject to subsections (2) and (4), postpone the
proceedings of a preliminary inquiry for a period not exceeding 48 hours-
(a) in the case where the child is in detention and the prosecutor indicates that
diversion is being considered but an assessment has not been done and is
required;
(b) if it is necessary in order to-
(i) secure the attendance of a person essential for the conclusion of

the inquiry;
(ii) obtain information essential for the conclusion of the inquiry;
(iii) establish the views of the victim regarding diversion and the
diversion option being considered;
(iv) make arrangements in respect of a diversion option;
(v) find alternatives to detention; or
(vi) assess the child, where no assessment has previously been
undertaken; or
(c) for the purposes of further investigation of the matter.
(2) The proceedings of a preliminary inquiry may be postponed for a further period
not exceeding 48 hours, in addition to the period referred to in subsection (1) if the
postponement is likely to increase the prospects of diversion, after which the
preliminary inquiry, if it has not been concluded must, subject to subsection (4), be
closed and the prosecutor must refer the matter to a child justice court to be dealt with
in terms of Chapter 9.
(3) If the proceedings of a preliminary inquiry are postponed in terms of subsection
(1) (c) in order to note a confession or an admission or hold an identity parade or a
pointing-out, the inquiry magistrate must inform the child of the right to have a
parent, an appropriate adult, guardian or a legal representative present during those
proceedings.
(4) An inquiry magistrate may postpone the proceedings of a preliminary inquiry for
a period not exceeding 14 days-
(a) if a probation officer has, in terms of section 40 (1) (g), recommended that
a further and more detailed assessment of the child be undertaken or
makes a recommendation to that effect during the course of the preliminary
inquiry and the inquiry magistrate is satisfied that there are reasons
justifying such an assessment; or
(b) in order to obtain the written indication from the Director of Public
Prosecutions having jurisdiction for the diversion of the matter in terms of
section 52 (3).
(5) The proceedings of a preliminary inquiry may be postponed for a period
determined by the inquiry magistrate in the case where-
(a) the child is in need of medical treatment for illness, injury or severe
psychological trauma; or
(b) the child has been referred for a decision relating to mental illness or defect
in terms of section 77 or 78 of the Criminal Procedure Act.
(6) Section 50 (1) (d) of the Criminal Procedure Act applies in relation to the period
of 48 hours as provided for in this section.

49 Orders at preliminary inquiry

(1) (a) An inquiry magistrate may, subject to paragraph (b), make an order that the
matter be diverted in terms of section 52 (5).
(b) An inquiry magistrate may, in the case of a child who is 10 years or older but
under the age of 14 years, only make an order that the matter be diverted in terms of
paragraph (a) if he or she is satisfied that the child has criminal capacity.
(2) An inquiry magistrate may make an order that the matter be referred to a child
justice court in terms of section 47 (9) (c) to be dealt with in terms of Chapter 9, in
which case-
(a) if the child is not legally represented, the inquiry magistrate must explain to
the child and the parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian, the provisions
of section 82 (1) regarding legal representation;
(b) if the child is in detention, the inquiry magistrate must, after due

consideration of the provisions of Chapter 4, inform the child of the charge against
him or her and the date, time and place of the next appearance in a child
justice court and must warn the child's parent, an appropriate adult or a
guardian to attend the proceedings on the specified date, and at the
specified time and place; and
(c) if the child is not in detention, the inquiry magistrate-
(i) may alter or extend any condition imposed in terms of section 24
(4); and
(ii) must warn the child and his or her parent, an appropriate adult or
a guardian to appear in a child justice court on the specified date
and at the specified time and place.

50 Referral of children in need of care and protection to children's court

If it appears to the inquiry magistrate during the course of a preliminary inquiry
that-
(a) a child is in need of care and protection referred to in section 150 (1) or (2)
of the Children's Act, and it is desirable to deal with the child in terms of
sections 155 and 156 of that Act; or
(b) the child does not live at his or her family home or in appropriate
alternative care; or
(c) the child is alleged to have committed a minor offence or offences aimed at
meeting the child's basic need for food and warmth,
the inquiry magistrate may stop the proceedings and order that the child be brought
before a children's court referred to in section 42 of that Act and that the child be dealt
with under the said sections 155 and 156.

CHAPTER 8
DIVERSION (ss 51-62)

51 Objectives of diversion
The objectives of diversion are to-
(a) deal with a child outside the formal criminal justice system in appropriate
cases;
(b) encourage the child to be accountable for the harm caused by him or her;
(c) meet the particular needs of the individual child;
(d) promote the reintegration of the child into his or her family and community;
(e) provide an opportunity to those affected by the harm to express their views
on its impact on them;
(f) encourage the rendering to the victim of some symbolic benefit or the
delivery of some object as compensation for the harm;
(g) promote reconciliation between the child and the person or community
affected by the harm caused by the child;
(h) prevent stigmatising the child and prevent the adverse consequences
flowing from being subject to the criminal justice system;
(i) reduce the potential for re-offending;
(j) prevent the child from having a criminal record; and
(k) promote the dignity and well-being of the child, and the development of his
or her sense of self-worth and ability to contribute to society.

52 Consideration of diversion
(1) A matter may, after consideration of all relevant information presented at a
preliminary inquiry, or during a trial, including whether the child has a record of
previous diversions, be considered for diversion if-

(a) the child acknowledges responsibility for the offence;

(b) the child has not been unduly influenced to acknowledge responsibility;
(c) there is a prima facie case against the child;
(d) the child and, if available, his or her parent, an appropriate adult or a
guardian, consent to diversion; and
(e) the prosecutor indicates that the matter may be diverted in accordance with
subsection (2) or the Director of Public Prosecutions indicates that the
matter may be diverted in accordance with subsection (3).
(2) A prosecutor may, in the case of an offence referred to in Schedule 1, if the
matter has not already been diverted in accordance with Chapter 6, or in the case of
an offence referred to in Schedule 2, after he or she has-
(a) considered the views of the victim or any person who has a direct interest
in the affairs of the victim, whether or not the matter should be diverted,
unless it is not reasonably possible to do so; and
(b) consulted with the police official responsible for the investigation of the
matter,
indicate that the matter may be diverted.
(3) (a) The Director of Public Prosecutions having jurisdiction may, in the case of an
offence referred to in Schedule 3, in writing, indicate that the matter be diverted if
exceptional circumstances exist, as determined by the National Director of Public
Prosecutions in directives issued in terms of section 97 (4) (a) (iii).
(b) A Director of Public Prosecutions may only indicate that a matter may be
diverted in terms of paragraph (a) after he or she has-
(i) afforded the victim or any person who has a direct interest in the affairs of
the victim, where it is reasonable to do so an opportunity to express a view
on whether or not the matter should be diverted, and if so, on the nature
and content of the diversion option being considered and the possibility of
including in the diversion option, a condition relating to compensation or
the rendering of a specific benefit or service and has considered the views
expressed; and
(ii) consulted with the police official responsible for the investigation of the
matter.
(c) In order to obtain the written indication of the Director of Public Prosecutions
in terms of paragraph (a), the inquiry magistrate or child justice court may postpone
the matter.
(d) A Director of Public Prosecutions may not delegate his or her power to decide
whether a matter may be diverted in terms of paragraph (a).
(4) The written indication referred to in subsection (3) must be handed to the
presiding officer at the preliminary inquiry or child justice court and must form part of
the record of the proceedings.
(5) If the prosecutor or a Director of Public Prosecutions indicates that the matter
can be diverted in terms of subsection (2) or (3), the prosecutor must request the
presiding officer at the preliminary inquiry or child justice court to make an order for
diversion in respect of the child, in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.
(6) If the presiding officer does not divert the matter as provided for in subsection
(5), he or she must refer the matter to the child justice court to be dealt with in
accordance with Chapter 9.

53 Diversion options
(1) For the purposes of this section-
(a) 'a compulsory school attendance order' means an order issued in the
prescribed manner, requiring a child to attend school every day for a
specified period of time, which must be monitored by a specified person;

(b) 'a family time order' means an order issued in the prescribed manner,
requiring a child to spend a specified number of hours with his or her
family;
(c) 'a good behaviour order' means an order issued in the prescribed
manner, requiring a child to abide by an agreement made between the child
and his or her family to comply with certain standards of behaviour;
(d) 'a peer association order' means an order issued in the prescribed
manner, requiring a child to associate with persons or peers who can
contribute to the child's positive behaviour or to refrain from associating
with certain specified persons or peers;
(e) 'a reporting order' means an order issued in the prescribed manner,
requiring a child to report to a specified person at a time or at times
specified in the order so as to enable that person to monitor the child's
behaviour; and
(f) 'a supervision and guidance order' means an order issued in the
prescribed manner, placing a child under the supervision and guidance of a
mentor or peer in order to monitor and guide the child's behaviour.
(2) In this section diversion options are set out in two levels, with-
(a) level one applying to offences referred to in Schedule 1; and
(b) level two applying to all other offences as referred to in Schedules 2 and 3.
(3) Level one diversion options include-
(a) an oral or written apology to a specified person or persons or institution;
(b) a formal caution, with or without conditions;
(c) placement under a supervision and guidance order;
(d) placement under a reporting order;
(e) a compulsory school attendance order;
(f) a family time order;
(g) a peer association order;
(h) a good behaviour order;
(i) an order prohibiting the child from visiting, frequenting or appearing at a
specified place;
(j) referral to counselling or therapy;
(k) compulsory attendance at a specified centre or place for a specified
vocational, educational or therapeutic purpose;
(l) symbolic restitution to a specified person, persons, group of persons or
community, charity or welfare organisation or institution;
(m) restitution of a specified object to a specified victim or victims of the
alleged offence where the object concerned can be returned or restored;
(n) community service under the supervision or control of an organisation or
institution, or a specified person, persons or group of persons identified by
the probation officer;
(o) provision of some service or benefit by the child to a specified victim or
victims;
(p) payment of compensation to a specified person, persons, group of persons
or community, charity or welfare organisation or institution where the child
or his or her family is able to afford this; and
(q) where there is no identifiable person, persons or group of persons to whom
restitution or compensation can be made, provision of some service or
benefit or payment of compensation to a community, charity or welfare
organisation or institution.
(4) Level two diversion options include-
(a) the level one diversion options referred to in subsection (3) (j) to (q);

(b) compulsory attendance at a specified centre or place for a specified

vocational, educational or therapeutic purpose, which may include a period
or periods of temporary residence;
(c) referral to intensive therapy to treat or manage problems that have been
identified as a cause of the child coming into conflict with the law, which
may include a period or periods of temporary residence; and
(d) placement under the supervision of a probation officer on conditions which
may include restriction of the child's movement outside the magisterial
district in which the child usually resides without the prior written approval
of the probation officer.
(5) (a) Where a diversion option from level one as referred to in subsection (3) is
selected in respect of a child who is-
(i) under the age of 14 years, the order may not exceed 12 months in
duration, if a time period is applicable;
(ii) 14 years or older, the order may, subject to paragraph (b), not exceed 24
months in duration, if a time period is applicable.
(b) An order exceeding the time period referred to in paragraph (a) may be
given, in which case the reasons for exceeding the time period must be entered on the
record of the proceedings.
(6) (a) Where a diversion option from level two as referred to in subsection (4) is
selected in respect of a child who is-
(i) under the age of 14 years, the order may not exceed 24 months in
duration, if a time period is applicable;
(ii) 14 years or older, the order may, subject to paragraph (b), not exceed 48
months in duration, if a time period is applicable.
(b) An order exceeding the time period referred to in paragraph (a) may be
given, in which case the reasons for exceeding the time period must be entered on the
record of the proceedings.
(7) A magistrate referred to in section 42, an inquiry magistrate or child justice
court may order a child to appear at a family group conference in terms of section 61
or a victim-offender mediation in terms of section 62 on a specified date and at a
specified time and place, or order any other restorative justice option in appropriate
cases in the place of any of the diversion options referred to in subsections (3) or (4),
or in combination with any of the diversion options referred to in subsections (3) and
(4).

54 Selection of diversion option

(1) The following factors must be considered when a diversion option is selected:
(a) The diversion option must be at the appropriate level in terms of section
53;
(b) the child's cultural, religious and linguistic background;
(c) the child's educational level, cognitive ability and domestic and
environmental circumstances;
(d) the proportionality of the option recommended or selected, to the
circumstances of the child, the nature of the offence and the interests of
society; and
(e) the child's age and developmental needs.
(2) (a) In the case of an offence referred to in Schedule 1, level one diversion
options set out in section 53 (3) are applicable and may be used in combination.
(b) In the case of an offence referred to in Schedule 2 or 3, level two diversion
options set out in section 53 (4) are applicable and may be used in combination,
together with any one or more level one diversion options, where appropriate.
(3) In addition to the diversion options set out in section 53, a prosecutor, in terms

of section 41 (1), an inquiry magistrate, in terms of section 49 (1) (a), or a

presiding officer in a child justice court, in terms of section 67 (1) (a), may, where
appropriate, after consideration of all available information, develop an individual
diversion option which meets the objectives of diversion in terms of section 51 and,
where applicable, the minimum standards set out in section 55.

55 Minimum standards applicable to diversion

(1) Diversion options, in keeping with the objectives of diversion must be structured
in a way so as to strike a balance between the circumstances of the child, the nature of
the offence and the interests of society, and-
(a) may not be exploitative, harmful or hazardous to the child's physical or
mental health;
(b) must be appropriate to the age and maturity of the child;
(c) may not interfere with the child's schooling;
(d) may not be structured in a manner that completely excludes certain
children due to a lack of resources, financial or otherwise; and
(e) must be sensitive to the circumstances of the victim.
(2) Diversion programmes must, where reasonably possible-
(a) impart useful skills;
(b) include a restorative justice element which aims at healing relationships,
including the relationship with the victim;
(c) include an element which seeks to ensure that the child understands the
impact of his or her behaviour on others, including the victims of the
offence, and may include compensation or restitution;
(d) be presented in a location reasonably accessible to the child;
(e) be structured in a way that they are suitable to be used in a variety of
circumstances and for a variety of offences;
(f) be structured in a way that their effectiveness can be measured;
(g) be promoted and developed with a view to equal application and access
throughout the country, bearing in mind the special needs and
circumstances of children in rural areas and vulnerable groups; and
(h) involve parents, appropriate adults or guardians, if applicable.

56 Provision and accreditation of diversion programmes and diversion

service providers
(1) Subject to section 98 (2), a prosecutor, an inquiry magistrate or a child justice
court may only refer a matter for diversion to a diversion programme and diversion
service provider that has been accredited in terms of this section and has a valid
certificate of accreditation, referred to in subsection (2) (e).
(2) (a) The Cabinet member responsible for social development, in consultation with
the Cabinet members responsible for the administration of justice, education,
correctional services, safety and security and health must-
(i) create a policy framework to develop the capacity within all levels of
Government and the non-governmental sector to establish, maintain and
develop programmes for diversion;
(ii) establish and maintain a system for accreditation, as prescribed, of
programmes for diversion and diversion service providers; and
(iii) ensure the availability of resources to implement diversion programmes, as
prescribed.
(b) The system for accreditation referred to in paragraph (a) (ii) must contain-
(i) criteria for the evaluation of diversion programmes to ensure that they
comply with the minimum standards referred to in section 55;
(ii) criteria for the evaluation of the content of diversion programmes to ensure

that they reflect a meaningful and adequate response to the harm caused by
offences committed by children, to achieve the objectives of diversion;
(iii) mechanisms to monitor diversion programmes and diversion service
providers in respect of their ability to render quality service in achieving the
objectives of diversion and their ability to promote compliance with
diversion orders;
(iv) measures for the removal of diversion programmes and diversion service
providers from the system, where appropriate.
(c) The Cabinet member responsible for social development must-
(i) before the commencement of this Act, table the policy framework and
system for accreditation referred to in paragraph (a) (i) and (ii) in
Parliament;
(ii) three months after tabling the policy framework and system for
accreditation in Parliament, publish a notice in the Gazette, inviting
applications for the accreditation of diversion programmes and diversion
service providers, as provided for in the policy framework and system for
accreditation referred to in subparagraph (i), which applications must be
submitted within four months from the publication of the notice;
(iii) within four months of the closing date for applications referred to in
subparagraph (ii), ensure that all applications received are considered and
decided on, with preference being given to the finalisation of applications in
respect of diversion programmes and diversion service providers which
existed at the time of commencement of this Act.
(d) After the expiry of the time limits referred to in paragraph (c), all applications
for accreditation must be dealt with in the manner and within the time limits
determined in the policy framework and system for accreditation.
(e) The Cabinet member responsible for social development must issue a
prescribed certificate of accreditation to each diversion programme and diversion
service provider that is accredited in terms of this section.
(f) A certificate of accreditation referred to in paragraph (e) is valid for a
maximum period of four years from the date of accreditation.
(g) A quality assurance process must be conducted in the prescribed manner in
respect of each accredited diversion programme and diversion service provider.
(3) (a) The Cabinet member responsible for social development must publish the
particulars of each diversion programme and diversion service provider1 that is
accredited or removed from the system in terms of this section in the Gazette within
30 days of accreditation or removal.
(b) The Director-General: Social Development must, immediately after any
publication referred to in paragraph (a), provide a copy of the publication to-
(i) the relevant role-players falling under his or her jurisdiction; and
(ii) the Director-General: Justice and Constitutional Development, who must
distribute the publication to all relevant role-players who are involved in the
administration of this Act.
[NB: A sub-s. (4) has been added by s. 3 of the Judicial Matters Amendment Act 14 of 2014, a
provision which will be put into operation by proclamation. See PENDLEX.]
1 See GN 828 in GG 34659 of 5 October 2011 and GN 49 in GG 34960 of 23 January 2012

57 Monitoring of compliance with diversion order

(1) When making a diversion order, the magistrate referred to in section 42, inquiry
magistrate or child justice court must identify a probation officer or other suitable
person to monitor the child's compliance with the diversion order.
(2) If a child fails to comply with the diversion order, the probation officer or person

identified in terms of subsection (1) must, in the prescribed manner, notify the
magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice court in writing of the failure.
(3) If it comes to the notice of the magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice
court that the probation officer or person identified in terms of subsection (1) has
failed to monitor the child's compliance with the diversion order or has failed to notify
the magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice court of the child's failure to comply
with the diversion order, the magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice court must
inquire into the probation officer's or person's failure and if it is found that the failure is
due to the fault of the probation officer or person-
(a) in the case of a probation officer or person who is in the employ of the
State, the magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice court must bring
the finding to the attention of the appropriate authority in order to take the
necessary action; or
(b) in the case of a person who is not in the employ of the State, the
magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice court must notify the
Director-General: Social Development.
(4) The procedure set out in subsection (3) does not preclude the application of any
other remedy in any other law.
(5) The probation officer or other suitable person referred to in subsection (1) must,
when a child has successfully complied with a diversion order, submit a prescribed
report to the relevant prosecutor.

58 Failure to comply with diversion order

(1) If a child fails to comply with any diversion order, the magistrate referred to in
section 42, the inquiry magistrate or child justice court may, on being notified of the
failure, in the prescribed manner, issue a warrant for the arrest of the child or cause a
summons to be issued in respect of the child in terms of section 19, to appear before
the magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice court.
(2) When a child appears before the magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice
court pursuant to a warrant of arrest or summons, the magistrate, inquiry magistrate
or child justice court must inquire into the reasons for the child's failure to comply with
the diversion order and make a determination whether or not the failure is due to the
child's fault.
(3) If it is found that the failure is not due to the child's fault, the magistrate,
inquiry magistrate or child justice court may-
(a) continue with the same diversion option with or without altered conditions;
(b) add or apply any other diversion option; or
(c) make an appropriate order which will assist the child and his or her family
to comply with the diversion option initially applied, with or without altered
or additional conditions.
(4) If it is found that the failure is due to the child's fault-
(a) the prosecutor, in the case where the matter was diverted by a prosecutor
in terms of section 41 (1) or at a preliminary inquiry in terms of section 49
(1), may decide to proceed with the prosecution, in which case section 49
(2) applies with the changes required by the context;
(b) the child justice court, in the case where the matter was diverted by the
court in terms of section 67, may record the acknowledgement of
responsibility made by the child as an admission referred to in section 220
of the Criminal Procedure Act and proceed with the trial; or
(c) the prosecutor or child justice court must, where the matter does not go to
trial, decide on another diversion option which is more onerous than the
diversion option originally decided on.

59 Legal consequences of diversion

(1) (a) If a matter has been diverted by a prosecutor in terms of Chapter 6, at a

preliminary inquiry in terms of Chapter 7 or by a child justice court in terms of Chapter
9, and the diversion order has been successfully complied with, a prosecution on the
same facts may not be instituted.
(b) A diversion order made in terms of this Act does not constitute a previous
conviction referred to in the Criminal Procedure Act.
(2) A private prosecution in terms of section 7 of the Criminal Procedure Act may
not be instituted against a child in respect of whom the matter has been diverted in
terms of this Act.

60 Register of children in respect of whom diversion order has been made

(1) The Director-General: Social Development must, in consultation with the
Director-General: Justice and Constitutional Development and the National
Commissioner of the South African Police Service, establish and maintain a register, as
prescribed, of children in respect of whom a diversion order has been made in terms of
this Act, which must include-
(a) the personal details of each child;
(b) details of the offence in relation to which the diversion order was made;
(c) the diversion option or options as described in the diversion order; and
(d) particulars of the child's compliance with the diversion order.
(2) The purpose of the register is to keep a record of particulars referred to in
subsection (1) in respect of children whose matters are diverted from the formal
criminal justice system in terms of this Act-
(a) for access by-
(i) probation officers when assessing a child in terms of Chapter 5;
(ii) police officials when performing functions in terms of Chapter 3 or
4; or
(iii) presiding officers, members of the national prosecuting authority
referred to in section 4 of the National Prosecuting Authority Act,
1998 (Act 32 of 1998), or other court officials, when considering
diversion in terms of Chapter 6, at a preliminary inquiry in terms of
Chapter 7, and during proceedings at a child justice court in terms
of Chapter 9; and
(b) in order to facilitate research relating to the effectiveness of diversion and
trends relating to diversion.
(3) Access to the register must be limited, as prescribed, to persons or
organisations requiring the information for the purposes set out in subsection (2).

61 Family group conference

(1) (a) A family group conference is an informal procedure which is intended to
bring a child who is alleged to have committed an offence and the victim together,
supported by their families and other appropriate persons and, attended by persons
referred to in subsection (3) (b), at which a plan is developed on how the child will
redress the effects of the offence.
(b) A family group conference may only take place if both the victim and the
child consent.
(2) If a child has been ordered to appear at a family group conference, a probation
officer appointed by the magistrate referred to in section 42, an inquiry magistrate or a
child justice court must, within 21 days after the order, convene the conference by-
(a) setting the date, time and place of the conference; and
(b) taking steps to ensure that all persons who may attend the conference are
timeously notified of the date, time and place of the conference.

(3) (a) The family group conference must be facilitated by a family group
conference facilitator, who may be a probation officer or a diversion service provider
referred to in section 56 (1).
(b) A family group conference may be attended by the following persons:
(i) The child and his or her parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian;
(ii) any person requested by the child;
(iii) the victim of the alleged offence, his or her parent, an appropriate adult or
a guardian, where applicable, and any other support person of the victim's
choice;
(iv) the probation officer, if he or she is not the family group conference
facilitator;
(v) the prosecutor;
(vi) any police official;
(vii) a member of the community in which the child normally resides, as
determined by the family group conference facilitator; and
(viii) any person authorised by the family group conference facilitator to attend
the conference.
(4) If a family group conference fails to take place on the date and at the time and
place set for the conference, the probation officer must convene another conference,
as provided for in this section, within 21 days from the date on which it was to take
place.
(5) Participants in a family group conference must follow the procedure agreed on
by them and may agree to a plan in respect of the child, in accordance with subsection
(6).
(6) A plan referred to in subsection (5)-
(a) may include-
(i) the application of any option contained in section 53 (3); or
(ii) any other action appropriate to the child, his or her family and local
circumstances, which is consistent with the principles contained in
this Act; and
(b) must-
(i) specify the objectives for the child and the period within which they
are to be achieved;
(ii) contain details of the services and assistance to be provided to the
child and a parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian;
(iii) specify the persons or organisations to provide the required
services and assistance;
(iv) state the responsibilities of the child and of the child's parent, an
appropriate adult or a guardian;
(v) state personal objectives for the child and for the child's parent, an
appropriate adult or a guardian;
(vi) include any other matters relating to the education, employment,
recreation and welfare of the child as are relevant; and
(vii) include a mechanism to monitor the plan.
(7) (a) The family group conference facilitator must record the details of and
reasons for any plan agreed to at the family group conference and must furnish a copy
of the record to the child and to the probation officer or person referred to in section
57 (1).
(b) In the event of the conference not taking place or the child failing to comply
with the plan agreed to at the family group conference, the probation officer or person
must notify the magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice court in writing of the
failure, in which case section 58 applies.

(8) If the participants in a family group conference cannot agree on a plan, the
conference must be closed and the probation officer must refer the matter back to the
magistrate, inquiry magistrate or child justice court for consideration of another
diversion option.
(9) No information furnished by the child at a family group conference may be used
in any subsequent criminal proceedings arising from the same facts.

62 Victim-offender mediation
(1) (a) Victim-offender mediation means an informal procedure which is intended to
bring a child who is alleged to have committed an offence and the victim together at
which a plan is developed on how the child will redress the effects of the offence.
(b) A victim-offender mediation may only take place if both the victim and the
child consent.
(2) If a child has been ordered to appear at a victim-offender mediation, section 61
(2), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) and (9) applies with the changes required by the context.
(3) A probation officer appointed by a magistrate referred to in section 42, an
inquiry magistrate or a child justice court must convene the victim-offender mediation.
(4) The victim-offender mediation must be mediated by a probation officer or a
diversion service provider referred to in section 56 (1), who or which may regulate the
procedure to be followed at the mediation.

CHAPTER 9
TRIAL IN CHILD JUSTICE COURT (ss 63-67)

63 Child justice courts and conduct of trials involving children

(1) (a) Any child whose matter has been referred to the child justice court in terms
of section 49 (2), must appear before a court with the requisite jurisdiction to be dealt
with in terms of this Chapter.
(b) A child justice court must apply the relevant provisions of the Criminal
Procedure Act relating to plea and trial of accused persons, as extended or amended
by the provisions as set out in this Chapter and Chapter 10.
(2) Where a child and an adult are charged together in the same trial in respect of
the same set of facts in terms of sections 155, 156 and 157 of the Criminal Procedure
Act, a court must apply the provisions of-
(a) this Act in respect of the child; and
(b) the Criminal Procedure Act in respect of the adult.
(3) Before plea in a child justice court, the presiding officer must, in the prescribed
manner-
(a) inform the child of the nature of the allegations against him or her;
(b) inform the child of his or her rights; and
(c) explain to the child the further procedures to be followed in terms of this
Act.
(4) A child justice court must, during the proceedings, ensure that the best interests
of the child are upheld, and to this end-
(a) may elicit additional information from any person involved in the
proceedings; and
(b) must, during all stages of the trial, especially during cross-examination of a
child, ensure that the proceedings are fair and not unduly hostile and are
appropriate to the age and understanding of the child.
(5) No person may be present at any sitting of a child justice court, unless his or
her presence is necessary in connection with the proceedings of the child justice court
or the presiding officer has granted him or her permission to be present.

(6) Section 154 (3) of the Criminal Procedure Act applies with the changes required
by the context regarding the publication of information.

64 Referral of children in need of care and protection to children's court

If it appears to the presiding officer during the course of proceedings at a child
justice court that a child is a child in need of care and protection referred to in section
50, the court must act in accordance with that section.

65 Parental assistance
(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (5), a child must be assisted by a parent, an
appropriate adult or a guardian in proceedings in a child justice court.
(2) If a parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian cannot be traced after reasonable
efforts and any further delay would be prejudicial to the best interests of the child or to
the administration of justice, the child justice court may dispense with the obligation
that the child must be assisted by a parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian.
(3) The parent of a child, an appropriate adult or a guardian who has been warned
by an inquiry magistrate to attend proceedings in terms of section 49 (2), must attend
the proceedings, unless he or she has been exempted in terms of subsection (5).
[Sub-s. (3) substituted by s. 37 of Act 42 of 2013.]

(4) If a parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian has not been warned to attend as
referred to in subsection (3), the child justice court may, at any stage of the
proceedings, subpoena or cause to be subpoenaed any parent, appropriate adult or a
guardian to appear at the proceedings.
(5) A parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian who has been warned to attend as
referred to in subsection (3) or subpoenaed in terms of subsection (4), may apply to
the child justice court for exemption from the obligation to attend the proceedings, and
if the presiding officer of the child justice court exempts a parent, an appropriate adult
or a guardian, he or she must do so in writing.
(6) Where a child is not assisted by a parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian and
the child requests assistance, an independent observer may, in exceptional
circumstances, be appointed by the presiding officer in the prescribed manner to assist
the child.
(7) In the event of a failure to comply with the provisions of subsection (3), the
procedure referred to in section 24 (7) (e) applies, with the changes required by the
context.

66 Time limits relating to postponements

(1) A child justice court must conclude all trials of children as speedily as possible
and must ensure that postponements in terms of this Act are limited in number and in
duration.
(2) If a child-
(a) is in detention in prison, a child justice court may, prior to the
commencement of a trial, not postpone the proceedings for a period longer
than 14 days at a time;
(b) is in detention in a child and youth care centre, a child justice court may,
prior to the commencement of a trial, not postpone the proceedings for a
period longer than 30 days at a time;
(c) has been released, a child justice court may, prior to the commencement of
a trial, not postpone the proceedings for a period longer than 60 days at a
time.
(3) Section 50 (6) (d) of the Criminal Procedure Act applies to a child whose bail
application has not been finalised.

67 Child justice court may divert matter

(1) (a) A child justice court may, at any time before the conclusion of the case for
the prosecution, make an order for diversion in respect of a child in accordance with
the provisions of section 52 (5).
(b) A child justice court that makes a diversion order must postpone those
proceedings, pending the child's compliance with the diversion order and warn the
child that any failure to comply with the diversion order may result in any
acknowledgment of responsibility being recorded as an admission in the event of the
trial being proceeded with as referred to in section 58 (4) (b).
(2) The child justice court must, on receipt of a report from the probation officer
that a child has successfully complied with the diversion order, and if the child justice
court is satisfied that the child has complied, make an order to stop the proceedings.

CHAPTER 10
SENTENCING (ss 68-79)

Part 1
General (ss 68-71)

68 Child to be sentenced in terms of this Chapter

A child justice court must, after convicting a child, impose a sentence in accordance
with this Chapter.

69 Objectives of sentencing and factors to be considered

(1) In addition to any other considerations relating to sentencing, the objectives of
sentencing in terms of this Act are to-
(a) encourage the child to understand the implications of and be accountable
for the harm caused;
(b) promote an individualised response which strikes a balance between the
circumstances of the child, the nature of the offence and the interests of
society;
(c) promote the reintegration of the child into the family and community;
(d) ensure that any necessary supervision, guidance, treatment or services
which form part of the sentence assist the child in the process of
reintegration; and
(e) use imprisonment only as a measure of last resort and only for the shortest
appropriate period of time.
(2) In order to promote the objectives of sentencing referred to in subsection (1)
and to encourage a restorative justice approach, sentences may be used in
combination.
(3) When considering the imposition of a sentence involving compulsory residence
in a child and youth care centre in terms of section 76, which provides a programme
referred to in section 191 (2) (j) of the Children's Act, a child justice court must, in
addition to the factors referred to in subsection (4) relating to imprisonment, consider
the following:
(a) Whether the offence is of such a serious nature that it indicates that the
child has a tendency towards harmful activities;
(b) whether the harm caused by the offence indicates that a residential
sentence is appropriate;
(c) the extent to which the harm caused by the offence can be apportioned to
the culpability of the child in causing or risking the harm; and
(d) whether the child is in need of a particular service provided at a child and
youth care centre.

(4) When considering the imposition of a sentence involving imprisonment in terms

of section 77, the child justice court must take the following factors into account:
(a) The seriousness of the offence, with due regard to-
(i) the amount of harm done or risked through the offence; and
(ii) the culpability of the child in causing or risking the harm;
(b) the protection of the community;
(c) the severity of the impact of the offence on the victim;
(d) the previous failure of the child to respond to non-residential alternatives, if
applicable; and
(e) the desirability of keeping the child out of prison.

70 Impact of offence on victim

(1) For purposes of this section, a victim impact statement means a sworn
statement by the victim or someone authorised by the victim to make a statement on
behalf of the victim which reflects the physical, psychological, social, financial or any
other consequences of the offence for the victim.
(2) The prosecutor may, when adducing evidence or addressing the court on
sentence, consider the interests of a victim of the offence and the impact of the crime
on the victim, and, where practicable, furnish the child justice court with a victim
impact statement provided for in subsection (1).
(3) If the contents of a victim impact statement are not disputed, a victim impact
statement is admissible as evidence on its production.

71 Pre-sentence reports
(1) (a) A child justice court imposing a sentence must, subject to paragraph (b),
request a pre-sentence report prepared by a probation officer prior to the imposition of
sentence.
(b) A child justice court may dispense with a pre-sentence report where a child is
convicted of an offence referred to in Schedule 1 or where requiring the report would
cause undue delay in the conclusion of the case, to the prejudice of the child, but no
child justice court sentencing a child may impose a sentence involving compulsory
residence in a child and youth care centre providing a programme referred to in
section 191 (2) (j) of the Children's Act or imprisonment, unless a pre-sentence report
has first been obtained.
(2) The probation officer must complete the report as soon as possible but no later
than six weeks following the date on which the report was requested.
(3) Where a probation officer recommends that a child be sentenced to compulsory
residence in a child and youth care centre providing a programme referred to in
section 191 (2) (j) of the Children's Act, the recommendation must be supported by
current and reliable information, obtained by the probation officer from the person in
charge of that centre, regarding the availability or otherwise of accommodation for the
child in question.
(4) A child justice court may impose a sentence other than that recommended in
the pre-sentence report and must, in that event, enter the reasons for the imposition
of a different sentence on the record of the proceedings.

Part 2
Sentencing options (ss 72-79)

72 Community-based sentences
(1) A community-based sentence is a sentence which allows a child to remain in the
community and includes any of the options referred to in section 53, as sentencing
options, or any combination thereof and a sentence involving correctional supervision

referred to in section 75.

(2) A child justice court that has imposed a community-based sentence in terms of
subsection (1) must-
(a) request the probation officer concerned to monitor the child's compliance
with the relevant order and to provide the court with progress reports, in
the prescribed manner, indicating compliance; and
(b) warn the child that any failure to comply with the sentence will result in him
or her being brought back before the child justice court for an inquiry to be
held in terms of section 79.

73 Restorative justice sentences

(1) A child justice court that convicts a child of an offence may refer the matter-
(a) to a family group conference in terms of section 61;
(b) for victim-offender mediation in terms of section 62; or
(c) to any other restorative justice process which is in accordance with the
definition of restorative justice.
(2) On receipt of the written recommendations from a family group conference,
victim-offender mediation or other restorative justice process, the child justice court
may impose a sentence by confirming, amending or substituting the recommendations.
(3) If the child justice court does not agree with the terms of the plan made at a
family group conference, victim-offender mediation or other restorative justice
process, the court may impose any other sentence provided for in this Chapter and
enter the reasons for substituting the plan with that sentence on the record of the
proceedings.
(4) A child justice court that has imposed a sentence in terms of subsection (2)
must-
(a) request the probation officer concerned to monitor the child's compliance
with the sentence referred to in subsection (2) and to provide the court
with progress reports, in the prescribed manner, indicating compliance; and
(b) warn the child that any failure to comply with the sentence will result in the
child being brought back before the child justice court for an inquiry to be
held in terms of section 79.

74 Fine or alternatives to fine

(1) A child justice court convicting a child of an offence for which a fine is
appropriate must, before imposing a fine-
(a) inquire into the ability of the child or his or her parents, an appropriate
adult or a guardian to pay the fine, whether in full or in instalments; and
(b) consider whether the failure to pay the fine may cause the child to be
imprisoned.
(2) A child justice court may consider the imposition of any of the following options
as an alternative to the payment of a fine:
(a) Symbolic restitution to a specified person, persons, group of persons or
community, charity or welfare organisation or institution;
(b) payment of compensation to a specified person, persons, group of persons
or community, charity or welfare organisation or institution where the child
or his or her family is able to afford this;
(c) an obligation on the child to provide some service or benefit to a specified
person, persons, group of persons or community, charity or welfare
organisation or institution: Provided that an obligation to provide some
service or benefit may only be imposed on a child who is 15 years or older;
or
(d) any other option that the child justice court considers to be appropriate in

the circumstances.
(3) A child justice court that has imposed a sentence in terms of this section must-
(a) request the probation officer concerned to monitor the compliance with the
sentence and to provide the court with progress reports, in the prescribed
manner, indicating compliance; and
(b) warn the child that any failure to comply with the sentence will result in the
child being brought back before the child justice court for an inquiry to be
held in terms of section 79.

75 Sentences of correctional supervision

A child justice court that convicts a child of an offence may impose a sentence of
correctional supervision envisaged in section 276 (1) (h) of the Criminal Procedure Act.
[S. 75 substituted by s. 38 of Act 42 of 2013.]

76 Sentence of compulsory residence in child and youth care centre

(1) A child justice court that convicts a child of an offence may sentence him or her
to compulsory residence in a child and youth care centre providing a programme
referred to in section 191 (2) (j) of the Children's Act.
(2) A sentence referred to in subsection (1) may, subject to subsection (3), be
imposed for a period not exceeding five years or for a period which may not exceed
the date on which the child in question turns 21 years of age, whichever date is the
earliest.
(3) (a) A child justice court that convicts a child of an offence-
(i) referred to in Schedule 3; and
(ii) which, if committed by an adult, would have justified a term of
imprisonment exceeding ten years,
may, if substantial and compelling reasons exist, in addition to a sentence in terms of
subsection (1), sentence the child to a period of imprisonment which is to be served
after completion of the period determined in accordance with subsection (2).
(b) The head of the child and youth care centre to which a child has been
sentenced in terms of subsection (1) must, on the child's completion of that sentence,
submit a prescribed report to the child justice court which imposed the sentence,
containing his or her views on the extent to which the relevant objectives of sentencing
referred to in section 69 have been achieved and the possibility of the child's
reintegration into society without serving the additional term of imprisonment.
(c) The child justice court, after consideration of the report and any other
relevant factors, may, if satisfied that it would be in the interests of justice to do so-
(i) confirm the sentence and period of imprisonment originally imposed, upon
which the child must immediately be transferred from the child and youth
care centre to the specified prison;
(ii) substitute that sentence with any other sentence that the court considers to
be appropriate in the circumstances; or
(iii) order the release of the child, with or without conditions.
(d) If a sentence has been confirmed in accordance with paragraph (c) (i), the
period served by the child in a child and youth care centre must be taken into account
when consideration is given as to whether or not the child should be released on parole
in accordance with Chapter VII of the Correctional Services Act, 1998 (Act 111 of
1998).
(4) (a) A child who is sentenced in terms of this section, must be taken in the
prescribed manner to the centre specified in the order as soon as possible, but not
later than one month after the order was made.
(b) When making an order referred to in subsection (1), the child justice court
must-

(i) specify the centre to which the child must be admitted, with due regard to
the information obtained by the probation officer referred to in section 71
(3);
(ii) cause the order to be brought to the attention of relevant functionaries in
the prescribed manner;
(iii) give directions where the child is to be placed for any period before being
admitted to the centre specified in the order, preferably in another child
and youth care centre referred to in section 191 (2) (h) of the Children's
Act, but not in a police cell or lock-up; and
(iv) direct a probation officer to monitor the movement of the child to the centre
specified in the order, in compliance with the order, and to report to the
court in writing once the child has been admitted to the centre.
(c) Where the information referred to in section 71 (3) is, for any reason, not
available, the presiding officer may request any official of the rank of Director or above
at the Department of Social Development dealing with the designation of children to
child and youth care centres to furnish that information, in respect of the availability or
otherwise of accommodation for the child in question.
(d) Where a presiding officer has sentenced a child in terms of this section, he or
she must cause the matter to be retained on the court roll for one month, and must, at
the re-appearance of the matter, inquire whether the child has been admitted to the
child and youth care centre.
(e) If the child has not been admitted to a child and youth care centre, the
presiding officer must hold an inquiry and take appropriate action, which may, after
consideration of the evidence recorded, include the imposition of an alternative
sentence, unless the child has been sentenced in terms of subsection (3).
(f) If the presiding officer finds that the failure to admit the child is due to the
fault of any official, he or she must cause a copy of the finding to this effect to be
brought to the attention of the appropriate authority to take the necessary action.

77 Sentence of imprisonment
(1) A child justice court-
(a) may not impose a sentence of imprisonment on a child who is under the
age of 14 years at the time of being sentenced for the offence; and
(b) when sentencing a child who is 14 years or older at the time of being
sentenced for the offence, must only do so as a measure of last resort and
for the shortest appropriate period of time.
(2) ......
[Sub-s. (2) deleted by s. 4 (a) of Act 14 of 2014.]

(3) A child who is 14 years or older at the time of being sentenced for the offence
may only be sentenced to imprisonment, if the child is convicted of an offence referred
to in-
(a) Schedule 3;
(b) Schedule 2, if substantial and compelling reasons exist for imposing a
sentence of imprisonment;
(c) Schedule 1, if the child has a record of relevant previous convictions and
substantial and compelling reasons exist for imposing a sentence of
imprisonment.
[Sub-s. (3) substituted by s. 4 (b) of Act 14 of 2014.]

(4) A child referred to in subsection (3) may be sentenced to a sentence of

imprisonment-
(a) for a period not exceeding 25 years; or
(b) envisaged in section 276 (1) (i) of the Criminal Procedure Act.
[Sub-s. (4) substituted by s. 4 (c) of Act 14 of 2014.]

(5) A child justice court imposing a sentence of imprisonment must take into

account the number of days that the child has spent in prison or a child and youth
care centre prior to the sentence being imposed.
[Sub-s. (5) substituted by s. 4 (d) of Act 14 of 2014.]

(6) In compliance with the Republic's international obligations, no law, or sentence

of imprisonment imposed on a child, including a sentence of imprisonment for life,
may, directly or indirectly, deny, restrict or limit the possibility of earlier release of a
child sentenced to any term of imprisonment.

78 Postponement or suspension of passing of sentence

(1) The provisions of section 297 of the Criminal Procedure Act apply in relation to
the postponement or suspension of passing of sentence by a child justice court in
terms of this Act.
[Sub-s. (1) substituted by s. 5 of Act 14 of 2014.]

(2) In addition to the provisions of section 297 of the Criminal Procedure Act, the
following may be considered as conditions:
(a) Fulfilment of or compliance with any option referred to in section 53 (3) (a)
to (m), (q) and (7) of this Act; and
(b) a requirement that the child or any other person designated by the child
justice court must again appear before that child justice court on a date or
dates to be determined by the child justice court for a periodic progress
report.
(3) A child justice court that has postponed the passing of sentence in terms of
subsection (1) on one or more conditions must request the probation officer concerned
to monitor the child's compliance with the conditions imposed and to provide the court
with progress reports indicating compliance.

79 Failure to comply with certain sentences

(1) If a probation officer reports to a child justice court that a child has failed to
comply with a community-based sentence imposed in terms of section 72, or a
restorative justice sentence imposed in terms of section 73, or has failed to pay a fine,
restitution or compensation provided for in section 74, the child may, in the prescribed
manner, be brought before the child justice court which imposed the original sentence
for the holding of an inquiry into the failure of the child to comply.
(2) If, upon the conclusion of the inquiry, it is found that the child has failed to
comply with the sentence provided for in subsection (1), the child justice court may
confirm, amend or substitute the sentence.

CHAPTER 11
LEGAL REPRESENTATION (ss 80-83)

80 Requirements to be complied with by legal representatives

(1) A legal representative representing a child must-
(a) allow the child, as far as is reasonably possible, to give independent
instructions concerning the case;
(b) explain the child's rights and duties in relation to any proceedings under
this Act in a manner appropriate to the age and intellectual development of
the child;
(c) promote diversion, where appropriate, but may not unduly influence the
child to acknowledge responsibility;
(d) ensure that the assessment, preliminary inquiry, trial or any other
proceedings in which the child is involved, are concluded without delay and
deal with the matter in a manner to ensure that the best interests of the
child are at all times of paramount importance; and
(e) uphold the highest standards of ethical behaviour and professional conduct.

(2) (a) If a presiding officer is of the opinion that a legal representative at any stage
during the conduct of any proceedings under this Act, acted contrary to subsection (1),
he or she must record his or her displeasure by way of an order which includes an
appropriate remedial action or sanction.
(b) A presiding officer who has made any order referred to in paragraph (a) must
immediately direct the clerk or the registrar of the court to notify-
(i) the relevant law society referred to in section 56 of the Attorneys Act, 1979
(Act 53 of 1979);
(ii) in the case where the legal representative concerned has been employed by
Legal Aid South Africa, the Board of Directors of Legal Aid South Africa; or
[Sub-para. (ii) substituted by s. 25 (1) of Act 39 of 2014.]
(iii) in the case of an advocate, the controlling body of which the advocate is a
member,
of the order.

81 Legal representation at preliminary inquiry

Nothing in this Act precludes a child from being represented by a legal
representative at a preliminary inquiry.

82 Child to be provided with legal representation at State expense in certain

instances
(1) Where a child appears before a child justice court in terms of Chapter 9 and is
not represented by a legal representative of his or her own choice, at his or her own
expense the presiding officer must refer the child to Legal Aid South Africa for the
matter to be evaluated by the Board as provided for in section 22 (1) (b) of the Legal
Aid South Africa Act, 2014.
[Sub-s. (1) substituted by s. 25 (1) of Act 39 of 2014.]

(2) No plea may be taken until a child referred to in subsection (1) has been
granted a reasonable opportunity to obtain a legal representative or a legal
representative has been appointed.

83 Child may not waive legal representation in certain circumstances

(1) No child appearing before a child justice court may waive his or her right to legal
representation.
(2) If a child referred to in subsection (1) does not wish to have a legal
representative or declines to give instructions to an appointed legal representative, the
court must enter this on the record of the proceedings and a legal representative must,
subject to the provisions of the Legal Aid Manual referred to in section 24 (1) of the
Legal Aid South Africa Act, 2014, be appointed by Legal Aid South Africa to assist the
court in the prescribed manner.
[Sub-s. (2) substituted by s. 25 (1) of Act 39 of 2014.]

CHAPTER 12
APPEALS AND AUTOMATIC REVIEW OF CERTAIN CONVICTIONS AND
SENTENCES (ss 84-86)

84 Appeals
(1) An appeal by a child against a conviction, sentence or order as provided for in
this Act must be noted and dealt with in terms of the provisions of Chapters 30 and 31
of the Criminal Procedure Act: Provided that if that child was, at the time of the
commission of the alleged offence-
(a) under the age of 16 years; or
(b) 16 years or older but under the age of 18 years and has been sentenced to
any form of imprisonment that was not wholly suspended,

he or she may note the appeal without having to apply for leave in terms of section
309B of that Act in the case of an appeal from a lower court and in terms of section
316 of that Act in the case of an appeal from a High Court: Provided further that the
provisions of section 302 (1) (b) of that Act apply in respect of a child who duly notes
an appeal against a conviction, sentence or order as provided for in section 302 (1) (a)
of that Act.
(2) A child referred to in subsection (1) must be informed by the presiding officer of
his or her rights in respect of appeal and legal representation and of the correct
procedures to give effect to these rights.

85 Automatic review in certain cases

(1) The provisions of Chapter 30 of the Criminal Procedure Act dealing with the
review of criminal proceedings in the lower courts apply in respect of all children
convicted in terms of this Act: Provided that if a child has been sentenced to any form
of imprisonment or any sentence of compulsory residence in a child and youth care
centre providing a programme provided for in section 191 (2) (j) of the Children's Act,
the sentence is subject to review in terms of section 304 of the Criminal Procedure Act
by a judge of the High Court having jurisdiction, irrespective of-
(a) the duration of the sentence;
(b) the period the judicial officer who sentenced the child in question has held
the substantive rank of magistrate or regional magistrate;
(c) whether the child in question was represented by a legal representative; or
(d) whether the child in question appeared before a district court or a regional
court sitting as a child justice court.
[Sub-s. (1) substituted by s. 39 of Act 42 of 2013.]

(2) The provisions of subsection (1) do not apply if an appeal has been noted in
terms of section 84.

86 Release on bail pending review or appeal

Whenever the release of a child on bail is considered, pending-
(a) the review of a sentence as provided for in section 307 of the Criminal
Procedure Act; or
(b) the appeal against a sentence as provided for in sections 309(4) and 316 of
the Criminal Procedure Act,
the provisions of section 25 of this Act, dealing with the release of children on bail,
apply.

CHAPTER 13
RECORDS OF CONVICTION AND SENTENCE (s 87)

87 Expungement of records of certain convictions and diversion orders

(1) (a) Where a court has convicted a child of an offence referred to in Schedule 1
or 2, the conviction and sentence in question fall away as a previous conviction and the
criminal record of that child must, subject to subsections (2), (3) and (5), on the
written application of the child, his or her parent, appropriate adult or guardian
(hereafter referred to as the applicant), in the prescribed form, be expunged after a
period of-
(i) five years has elapsed after the date of conviction in the case of an offence
referred to in Schedule 1; or
(ii) 10 years has elapsed after the date of conviction in the case of an offence
referred to in Schedule 2,
unless during that period the child is convicted of a similar or more serious offence.
(b) In the case of a dispute or uncertainty as to whether another offence of which
a child is convicted during the period is similar to or more serious than the offence in

respect of which a record exists, the opinion of the Cabinet member responsible
for the administration of justice prevails.
(2) The Director-General: Justice and Constitutional Development must, on receipt
of the written application of an applicant referred to in subsection (1), issue a
prescribed certificate of expungement, directing that the conviction and sentence of
the child be expunged, if the Director-General is satisfied that the child complies with
the criteria set out in subsection (1).
(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), the Cabinet member
responsible for the administration of justice may, on receipt of an applicant's written
application in the prescribed form, issue a prescribed certificate of expungement,
directing that the conviction and sentence of the child be expunged, if he or she is
satisfied that exceptional circumstances exist which justify expungement, where, in the
case of the child-
(a) the period of five years, referred to in subsection (1) (a) (i); or
(b) the period of 10 years, referred to in subsection (1) (a) (ii),
has not yet elapsed, if the Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice
is satisfied that the child otherwise complies with the criteria set out in subsection (1).
(4) An applicant to whom a certificate of expungement has been issued as provided
for in subsection (2) or (3) must, in the prescribed manner, submit the certificate to
the head of the Criminal Record Centre of the South African Police Service, to be dealt
with in accordance with subsection (5).
(5) (a) The head of the Criminal Record Centre of the South African Police Service
or a senior person or persons at the rank of Director or above, employed at the Centre,
who has or have been authorised, in writing, by the head of the Centre to do so, must
expunge the criminal record of a child if he or she is furnished by the applicant with a
certificate of expungement as provided for in subsection (2) or (3).
(b) The head of the Criminal Record Centre of the South African Police Service
must, on the written request of an applicant, in writing, confirm that the criminal
record of the child has been expunged.
(c) Any person who-
(i) without the authority of a certificate of expungement as provided for in this
section; or
(ii) intentionally or in a grossly negligent manner,
expunges the criminal record of any child, is guilty of an offence and is, if convicted,
liable to a fine or to a sentence of imprisonment for a period not exceeding 10 years or
to both a fine and the imprisonment.
(6) The Director-General: Social Development must, in the prescribed manner,
expunge the record of any diversion order made in respect of a child in terms of this
Act on the date on which that child turns 21 years of age, unless the child has been
convicted of any other offence before that date or has failed to comply with the
diversion order in question.
(7) Where the Director-General: Justice and Constitutional Development, in terms of
subsection (2), or the Minister, in terms of subsection (3), has issued a certificate of
expungement and it subsequently appears that the applicant did not qualify for the
expungement of his or her criminal record, the Director-General must-
(a) inform the applicant in writing of the information that has come to his or
her attention and that he or she or the Minister intends to revoke the
certificate of expungement;
(b) afford the applicant an opportunity to furnish compelling written reasons to
him or her or the Minister within 90 working days after he or she is
informed of the intention to revoke, why his or her record should remain
expunged;
(c) inform the applicant in writing within 30 working days after a decision is

made of-
(i) his or her or the Minister's decision; and
(ii) the reasons for revoking the certificate of expungement; and
(d) inform the head of the Criminal Record Centre of the South African Police
Service, in writing within 14 working days after the decision was made, to
revoke the certificate of expungement and to reinstate the convictions and
sentences in question.
[Sub-s. (7) added by s. 40 of Act 42 of 2013.]

(8) If the applicant fails to furnish compelling reasons contemplated in subsection

(1) (b), the Director-General or Minister, as the case may be, may, subject to the
Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 (Act 2 of 2000), revoke the certificate of
expungement.
[Sub-s. (8) added by s. 40 of Act 42 of 2013.]

(9) (a) The Director-General: Justice and Constitutional Development may delegate
any power or assign any duty conferred upon or assigned to him or her in terms of
subsection (2) to an appropriately qualified official in the employ of the Department of
Justice and Constitutional Development at the rank of Deputy Director-General.
(b) A delegation or assignment in terms of paragraph (a)-
(i) is subject to any limitation, condition and direction which the Director-
General may impose;
(ii) must be in writing; and
(iii) does not divest the Director-General of the responsibility concerning the
exercise of the power or the performance of the duty.
(c) The Director-General may-
(i) confirm, vary or revoke any decision taken in consequence of a delegation
or assignment in terms of this subsection, subject to any rights that may
have accrued to a person as a result of the decision; and
(ii) at any time, in writing, withdraw a delegation or assignment.
[Sub-s. (9) added by s. 40 of Act 42 of 2013.]

CHAPTER 14
GENERAL PROVISIONS (ss 88-100)

88 Rules of Court
(1) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice may, after due
consideration of any proposal put forward by the Rules Board for Courts of Law,
established by section 2 of the Rules Board for Courts of Law Act, 1985 (Act 107 of
1985), make and implement rules in respect of any aspect of this Act.
(2) Any rule made in terms of subsection (1) must, before publication in the
Gazette, be approved by Parliament.

89 Establishment and jurisdiction of One-Stop Child Justice Centres

(1) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice, in
consultation with the Cabinet members responsible for social development, safety and
security and correctional services, may establish centres to be known as One-Stop
Child Justice Centres.
(2) Each Cabinet member referred to in subsection (1) is severally responsible for
the provision of resources and services by their respective departments as may be
agreed to enable a One-Stop Child Justice Centre to function effectively.
(3) The objective of a One-Stop Child Justice Centre is to promote co-operation
between government departments, and between government departments and the
non-governmental sector and civil society, to ensure an integrated and holistic
approach in the implementation of this Act.

(4) A One-Stop Child Justice Centre must have a child justice court and may
include-
(a) offices for use by members of the South African Police Service;
(b) offices for use by probation officers;
(c) facilities to accommodate children temporarily, pending the conclusion of a
preliminary inquiry;
(d) offices for use by a child's legal representative;
(e) offices for use by persons who are able to provide diversion and prevention
services;
(f) offices for use by persons authorised to trace the families of a child;
(g) offices for use by persons who are able to provide correctional supervision;
(h) a children's court; and
(i) any other relevant facility.
(5) (a)Each One-Stop Child Justice Centre must establish a management
committee, consisting of senior officials of the Departments of Justice and
Constitutional Development, Social Development and Correctional Services and the
South African Police Service, Legal Aid South Africa and other relevant organs of state.
[Para. (a) amended by s. 25 (1) of Act 39 of 2014.]
(b) The management committee may invite persons to its meetings, when
necessary, for technical assistance, support or advice.
(c) The management committee referred to in paragraph (a) must meet at least
once every three months.
(6) For purposes of subsection (1), the Cabinet member responsible for the
administration of justice may, by notice in the Gazette-
(a) define the area of jurisdiction of a One-Stop Child Justice Centre, which
may consist of any number of districts, sub-districts or any other areas of
jurisdiction created in terms of section 2 of the Magistrates' Courts Act,
1944 (Act 32 of 1944);
(b) increase or reduce the area of jurisdiction of each One-Stop Child Justice
Centre; and
(c) withdraw or vary any notice under this subsection.

90 Referral of information relating to age to Department of Home Affairs

(1) If an inquiry magistrate, child justice court or any other court makes a
determination of age as provided for in section 14 or 15 that is not supported by a
valid birth certificate, identity document or passport, a copy of the record of the
determination must be forwarded to the Department of Home Affairs to consider the
issuing of an identification document to the person concerned.
(2) The Department of Home Affairs must report back to the inquiry magistrate or
child justice court, the probation officer in question, the child and his or her parent,
appropriate adult or guardian, in the manner prescribed by the Cabinet member
responsible for the administration of justice, in consultation with the Cabinet member
responsible for home affairs, that the age has been registered.

91 Liability for patrimonial loss arising from execution of diversion order

Section 297A of the Criminal Procedure Act applies, with the changes required by
the context, in the case of any patrimonial loss suffered by any person as a result of a
delict committed by a child during the execution of a diversion order made in terms of
this Act.

92 Children used by adults to commit crime

If it comes to the attention of any court official or probation officer that a child has
been used by an adult to commit a crime referred to in Schedule 1 or 2 of the Criminal

Procedure Act, that adult must be reported to the South African Police Service for
the consideration of a prosecution as provided for in section 141 (1) (d), read with
section 305 (1) (c), of the Children's Act, and the fact of the adult's involvement must
be taken into account when determining the treatment of the child in the child justice
system.

93 National policy framework

(1) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice must, after
consultation with the Cabinet members responsible for safety and security, correctional
services, social development, education and health, adopt a national policy framework,
relating to all matters dealt with in this Act, in order to-
(a) ensure a uniform, co-ordinated and cooperative approach by all government
departments, organs of state and institutions in dealing with matters
relating to child justice;
(b) guide the implementation and administration of this Act;
(c) promote cooperation and communication with the non-governmental sector
and civil society in order to ensure effective partnerships for the
strengthening of the child justice system; and
(d) enhance service delivery as envisaged in this Act by the development of a
plan within available resources.
(2) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice must-
(a) within two months after the commencement of this Act, adopt and table the
policy framework in Parliament;
(b) publish the policy framework in the Gazette for public comment two months
after it has been tabled in Parliament;
(c) review the policy framework within three years after its publication in the
Gazette and at least once every five years thereafter; and
(d) amend the policy framework when required, in which case the amendments
must be tabled in Parliament and published in the Gazette for public
comment, as provided for in paragraph (b).

94 Establishment of Intersectoral Committee

(1) There is hereby established a Committee to be known as the Intersectoral
Committee for Child Justice.
(2) The Intersectoral Committee must consist of-
(a) the Director-General: Justice and Constitutional Development, who is the
chairperson of the Committee;
(b) the National Director of Public Prosecutions;
(c) the National Commissioner of the South African Police Service;
(d) the National Commissioner of Correctional Services;
(e) the Director-General: Social Development;
(f) the Director-General: Education; and
(g) the Director-General: Health.
(3) A member of the Intersectoral Committee may designate a senior official in his
or her Department as an alternate to attend a meeting of the Committee in his or her
place.
(4) (a) The Intersectoral Committee must designate one of its members as deputy
chairperson of the Intersectoral Committee, and when the chairperson is not available,
the deputy chairperson acts as chairperson.
(b) If neither the chairperson nor deputy chairperson is available, the members
present at a meeting must elect a person from among their number to preside at that
meeting.

(5) The Intersectoral Committee may invite-

(a) representatives from the non-governmental sector and civil society to its
meetings with the view to fostering co-operation between government and
civil society in the implementation of this Act; and
(b) persons to its meetings, when necessary, for technical assistance, support
or advice.

95 Meetings of Intersectoral Committee

The Intersectoral Committee must-
(a) meet at least twice every year on a date and at the time and place
determined by the chairperson; and
(b) report in writing to the Cabinet member responsible for the administration
of justice within one month of every meeting.

96 Responsibilities, functions and duties of Intersectoral Committee

(1) The Intersectoral Committee is responsible for developing a draft national policy
framework, referred to in section 93 (1), which must include guidelines for-
(a) the implementation of the priorities and strategies contained in the national
policy framework;
(b) measuring progress on the achievement of the national policy framework
objectives;
(c) ensuring that the different organs of state comply with the primary and
supporting roles and responsibilities allocated to them in terms of the
national policy framework and this Act;
(d) monitoring the implementation of the national policy framework and this
Act; and
(e) the establishment of an integrated information management system to
enable effective monitoring, analysis of trends and interventions, to map
the flow of children through the child justice system and to provide
quantitative and qualitative data relating, among others, to-
(i) arrest or methods of securing attendance at criminal proceedings;
(ii) assessment;
(iii) preliminary inquiries;
(iv) diversion;
(v) children awaiting trial;
(vi) bail and placement;
(vii) trials;
(viii) sentencing;
(ix) appeals and reviews;
(x) sexual offences committed by children;
(xi) children who lack criminal capacity as provided for in section 7 (1);
and
(xii) any other relevant factor.
(2) The Intersectoral Committee may make recommendations to the Cabinet
member responsible for the administration of justice with regard to the amendment of
the national policy framework.
(3) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice must, after
consultation with the Cabinet members responsible for safety and security, correctional
services, social development, education and health-
(a) within one year after the commencement of this Act, submit reports to
Parliament, by each Department or institution referred to in section 94 (2),
on the implementation of this Act; and

(b) every year thereafter submit those reports to Parliament.

(4) In order for Parliament to review the minimum age of criminal capacity, as
provided for in section 8, the Intersectoral Committee must, not later than five years
after the commencement of this Act, submit a report to the Cabinet member
responsible for the administration of justice, setting out the following:
(a) The statistics of the following categories of children who are alleged to have
committed an offence and the offences they are alleged to have committed:
(i) Children who are 10 years at the time of the commission of the
alleged offence;
(ii) children who are 11 years at the time of the commission of the
alleged offence;
(iii)
children who are 12 years at the time of the commission of the
alleged offence;
(iv) children who are 13 years at the time of the commission of the
alleged offence;
(b) sentences imposed on the children in the categories referred to in
paragraph (a), if they were convicted;
(c) the number of children referred to in paragraph (a) whose matters did not
go to trial, as provided for in section 10 (2) (b) on the grounds that the
prosecutor was of the view that criminal capacity would not be proved and
reasons for that decision in each case;
(d) the number of children referred to in paragraph (a) whose matters were
dealt with in accordance with section 11, whether expert evidence was led,
and the outcome of each matter regarding the establishment of criminal
capacity;
(e) an analysis of the statistics referred to in paragraphs (a) to (d); and
(f) a recommendation based on the analysis as to whether the minimum age of
criminal capacity should remain at 10 years as provided for in section 7 (1)
or whether the minimum age of criminal capacity should be raised.
(5) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice must, on
receipt of the report referred to in subsection (4), submit the report to Cabinet for
approval, and thereafter to Parliament for consideration.

97 Regulations, directives, national instructions and register

(1) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice, after
consultation, where appropriate, with the Cabinet members responsible for social
development, safety and security, education, correctional services and health, may
make regulations regarding any matter which is required or permitted by this Act to be
prescribed by regulation or any other matter which is necessary or expedient to
prescribe in order to achieve the objects of this Act.
(2) The regulations referred to in subsection (1) must be tabled in Parliament for
approval.
(3) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice must by notice
in the Gazette-
(a) determine the persons or the category or class of persons who are
competent to conduct the evaluation of the criminal capacity of a child
referred to in section 11 (3); and
(b) in consultation with the Cabinet member responsible for finance, determine
the allowances and remuneration of those persons.
[NB: Sub-s. (3) has been substituted by s. 6 of the Judicial Matters Amendment Act 14 of
2014, a provision which will be put into operation by proclamation. See PENDLEX.]

(4) (a) The National Director of Public Prosecutions must, in consultation with the
Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice, issue directives-

(i) regarding all matters which are reasonably necessary or expedient to be

provided for in order to achieve the objectives of this Act, including
diversion, the minimum standards applicable thereto and the factors to be
considered when selecting a diversion option, and in particular the
following:
(aa) The diversion of matters in the case of accused persons who, at the
time referred to in section 4 (1) (b), were 18 years or older but
under the age of 21 years, as provided for in section 4 (2); and
(bb) the diversion of matters by a prosecutor in respect of minor
offences before a preliminary inquiry in terms of Chapter 6;
(ii) regarding the manner in which matters must be dealt with where an error
as to age has been discovered subsequent to the matter being diverted as
referred to in section 16; and
(iii) determining the exceptional circumstances in which a matter may be
diverted, as provided for in section 52 (3).
(b) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice must
submit directives issued under this subsection to Parliament for approval, before
publication in the Gazette.
(c) The first directives so issued must be submitted to Parliament before the
commencement of this Act.
(d) Any directive issued under this subsection may be amended or withdrawn.
(e) The National Director of Public Prosecutions must develop training courses
which must-
(i) include training on the directives referred to in this subsection;
(ii) include social context training in respect of child justice; and
(iii) provide for and promote the use of uniform norms, standards and
procedures,
to ensure that all prosecutors are able to deal with child justice matters in an
appropriate, efficient and sensitive manner.
(5) (a) The National Commissioner of the South African Police Service must, after
consultation with the Directors-General: Social Development, Justice and Constitutional
Development and Education and the National Commissioner of Correctional Services,
issue national instructions regulating-
(i) the attendance of and assistance by a parent, an appropriate adult or a
guardian when a child makes a confession, an admission, during a pointing-
out or during the holding of an identity parade;
(ii) all aspects relating to the arrest of a child which are not regulated in section
20 and which, in the opinion of the National Commissioner, require
regulation in order to give full effect to that section, including what
constitutes compelling reasons justifying an arrest in the case of offences
referred to in Schedule 1 and the procedures to be followed when notifying
a child's parent, an appropriate adult or a guardian of the arrest;
(iii) all aspects relating to the service of a summons which are not regulated in
section 19 and which, in the opinion of the National Commissioner, require
regulation in order to give full effect to that section;
(iv) all aspects relating to a written notice by a police official which are not
regulated in sections 18 and 23 and which, in the opinion of the National
Commissioner, require regulation in order to give full effect to that section;
(v) all aspects relating to the protection of children detained in police custody
which are not regulated in section 28 and which, in the opinion of the
National Commissioner, require regulation in order to give full effect to that
section;
(vi) all aspects relating to the treatment and conditions of children while in
detention at a police cell or lock-up, preliminary inquiry or at a court which

are not regulated in sections 28 and 33 and which, in the opinion of the National
Commissioner, require regulation in order to give full effect to that section,
including the provision of adequate exercise at police cells and the
transportation of children to and from court;
(vii) all aspects relating to locating a parent, appropriate adult or guardian for
purposes of attending an assessment as provided for in section 38 (6) in
order to give full effect to that section;
(viii) the manner in which police officials must furnish a report as provided for in
section 22 (2); and
(ix) the issuing of a certificate expunging the criminal record of a child referred
to in section 87 (5) (b).
(b) The Cabinet member responsible for safety and security must-
(i) submit any national instructions provided for in this subsection to
Parliament 30 days before they are issued; and
(ii) after the expiry of the 30-day period publish them in the Gazette.
(c) The first national instructions so issued must be submitted to Parliament
before the commencement of this Act.
(d) Any national instructions issued under this subsection may be amended or
withdrawn.
(e) The National Commissioner of the South African Police Service must develop
training courses which must-
(i) include training on the national instructions referred to in this subsection;
(ii) include social context training in respect of child justice; and
(iii) provide for and promote the use of uniform norms, standards and
procedures,
to ensure that all police officials are able to deal with child justice matters in an
appropriate, efficient and sensitive manner.
(6) (a) The Director-General: Social Development or any person designated by him
or her must keep a register, as prescribed, of children in respect of whom a decision
has been made and recorded by a probation officer in terms of section 9 (6).
(b) The register referred to in paragraph (a) must include the following:
(i) The personal details of each child;
(ii) details of the offence in relation to which the decision was made;
(iii) the decision that was made in respect of the child; and
(iv) particulars of the child's compliance with the decision, if applicable.
(c) Access to the register must be limited, as prescribed, to persons or
organisations requiring the information for the purposes of record-keeping, monitoring
and research.
(7) For the purposes of section 29, the Director-General: Social Development must,
from time to time, provide the Director-General: Justice and Constitutional
Development and the National Commissioner of the South African Police Service with
all relevant information relating to-
(a) the location of all child and youth care centres in South Africa;
(b) the amenities and features of each centre; and
(c) the level of security offered by each centre.
(8) The Directors-General: Social Development and Health and the National
Commissioner of Correctional Services must each develop training courses which must-
(i) include training on issues relevant to the respective departments as
provided for in this Act;
(ii) include social context training in respect of child justice; and
(iii) provide for and promote the use of uniform norms, standards and

procedures,
to ensure that all officials in their departments are able to deal with child justice
matters in an appropriate, efficient and sensitive manner.
(9) The directives or national instructions provided for in this section must ensure
that adequate steps are taken against any functionary who fails to comply with any
duty imposed on him or her in terms of this Act.
(10) If Parliament is required in terms of any provision of this Act to approve any
regulations, directives or national instructions, Parliament must do so within six
months of those being tabled in Parliament, failing which they will be deemed to have
been approved by Parliament.

98 Transitional arrangements
(1) All criminal proceedings in which children are accused of having committed an
offence, which were instituted prior to the commencement of this Act and which are
not concluded before the commencement of this Act, must be continued and concluded
in all respects as if this Act had not been passed.
(2) Every diversion programme and diversion service provider which existed at the
time of the commencement of this Act may continue to operate until it has been
informed of the decision in respect of its application as provided for in section 56 (2)
(c) (iii).
(3) The initial regulations referred to in section 97 (1) must be tabled in Parliament
for approval by no later than 1 December 2009, and must be approved before the
commencement of this Act, failing which they will be deemed to have been approved
by Parliament.

99 Repeal or amendment of laws

(1) The laws specified in Schedule 4 are hereby repealed or amended to the extent
set out in the third column of that Schedule.
(2) (a) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice may
amend the amounts determined in Schedules 1, 2 and 3 of this Act by notice in the
Gazette.
(b) Any amount amended as provided for in paragraph (a) must, before
publication in the Gazette, be submitted to and approved by Parliament.

100 Short title and commencement

This Act is called the Child Justice Act, 2008, and takes effect on 1 April 2010, or
any earlier date fixed by the President by proclamation in the Gazette.

Schedule 1
(Sections 6 (1) (a), 10 (2) (a) (i), 18 (1), 20 (1), 21 (2) (a) and (b) and (3) (b), 22
(1), 24 (2) (b), 27 (a) (ii), 30 (5) (a), 41 (1), 52 (2), 53 (2) (a), 54 (2) (a), 71 (1) (b),
77 (3) (c), 87 (1) (a) (i), 92 and 99 (2) (a))
1. Theft, whether under the common law or a statutory provision, receiving stolen
property knowing it to have been stolen or theft by false pretences, where the amount
involved does not exceed R2 500.
2. Fraud, extortion, forgery and uttering or an offence referred to in the Prevention
and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, 2004 (Act 12 of 2004), where the amount
involved does not exceed R1 500.
3. Malicious injury to property, where the amount involved does not exceed R1 500.
4. Common assault where grievous bodily harm has not been inflicted.
5. Perjury.

6. Contempt of court.
7. Blasphemy.
8. Compounding.
9. Crimen iniuria.
10. Defamation.
11. Trespass.
12. Public Indecency.
13. Engaging sexual services of persons 18 years or older, referred to in section 11
of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007 (Act
32 of 2007).
14. Bestiality, referred to in section 13 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and
Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007.
15. Acts of consensual sexual penetration with certain children (statutory rape) and
acts of consensual sexual violation with certain children (statutory sexual assault),
referred to in and subject to sections 15 and 16 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences
and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, respectively.
16. Any offence under any law relating to the illicit possession of dependence
producing drugs, other than any offence referred to in Item 17 of this Schedule, where
the quantity involved does not exceed R500 in value.
17. Any other statutory offence where the maximum penalty determined by that
statute is imprisonment for a period of no longer than three months or a fine for that
period, calculated in accordance with the Adjustment of Fines Act, 1991 (Act 101 of
1991).
18. Any conspiracy, incitement or attempt to commit any offence referred to in this
Schedule.

Schedule 2
(Sections 6 (1) (b), 21 (2) (b) and (3) (b), 24 (2) (b), 27 (a) (ii) and (b), 52 (2), 53
(2) (b), 54 (2) (b), 77 (3) (b), 87 (1) (a) (ii), 92 and 99 (2) (a))
1. Theft, whether under the common law or a statutory provision, receiving stolen
property knowing it to have been stolen, or theft by false pretences, where the amount
involved exceeds R2 500.
2. Fraud, extortion, forgery and uttering or an offence referred to in the Prevention
and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, 2004 (Act 12 of 2004), where the amount
involved exceeds R1 500.
3. Robbery, other than robbery with aggravating circumstances.
4. Malicious injury to property, where the amount involved exceeds R1 500.
5. Assault, involving the infliction of grievous bodily harm.
6. Public violence.
7. Culpable homicide.
8. Arson.
9. Housebreaking, whether under the common law or a statutory provision, with the
intent to commit an offence.
10. Administering poisonous or noxious substance.
11. Crimen expositionis infantis.
12. Abduction.

13. Sexual assault, compelled sexual assault or compelled self-sexual assault

referred to in sections 5, 6 and 7 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related
Matters) Amendment Act, 2007 (Act 32 of 2007), respectively, where grievous bodily
harm has not been inflicted.
14. Compelling or causing persons 18 years or older to witness sexual offences,
sexual acts or self-masturbation, referred to in section 8 of the Criminal Law (Sexual
Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007.
15. Exposure or display of or causing exposure or display of child pornography or
pornography as referred to in sections 10 or 19 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences
and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, respectively.
16. Incest and sexual acts with a corpse, referred to in sections 12 and 14 of the
Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007,
respectively.
17. Exposure or display of or causing exposure or display of genital organs, anus or
female breasts to any person ('flashing'), referred to in sections 9 or 22 of the Criminal
Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007.
18. Violating a dead body or grave.
19. Defeating or obstructing the course of justice.
20. Any offence referred to in section 1 or 1A of the Intimidation Act, 1982 (Act 72
of 1982).
21. Any offence relating to criminal gang activities referred to in Chapter 4 of the
Prevention of Organised Crime Act, 1998 (Act 121 of 1998).
22. Any contravention of section 2 of the Animals Protection Act, 1962 (Act 71 of
1962).
23. Any offence under any law relating to the illicit possession of dependence
producing drugs, other than any offence referred to in Item 24 of this Schedule, where
the quantity involved exceeds R500 but does not exceed R5 000 in value.
24. Any other statutory offence where the maximum penalty determined by that
statute is imprisonment for a period exceeding three months but less than five years or
a fine for that period, calculated in accordance with the Adjustment of Fines Act, 1991
(Act 101 of 1991).
25. Any conspiracy, incitement or attempt to commit any offence referred to in this
Schedule.

Schedule 3
(Sections 6 (1) (c), 30 (1) (c), (2) and (5) (a), 52 (3) (a), 53 (2) (b), 54 (2) (b), 76
(3), 77 (3) (a) and 99 (2) (a))
[NB: Schedule 3 has been amended by s. 48 of the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in
Persons Act 7 of 2013, a provision which will be put into operation by proclamation. See
PENDLEX.]

1. Treason.
2. Sedition.
3. Murder.
4. Extortion, where there are aggravating circumstances present.
5. Kidnapping.
6. Robbery-
(a) where there are aggravating circumstances; or
(b) involving the taking of a motor vehicle.
7. Rape or compelled rape referred to in sections 3 and 4 of the Criminal Law

(Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007 (Act 32 of 2007),
respectively.
8. Sexual assault, compelled sexual assault or compelled self-sexual assault
referred to in sections 5, 6 and 7 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related
Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, respectively, involving the infliction of grievous bodily
harm.
9. Sexual exploitation of children, sexual grooming of children and using children for
or benefiting from child pornography, referred to in sections 17, 18 and 20 of the
Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007,
respectively.
10. Exposure or display of or causing exposure or display of child pornography or
pornography to children referred to in section 19 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences
and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, if that exposure or display is intended to
facilitate or promote-
(a) the sexual exploitation or sexual grooming of a child referred to in section
17 or 18 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters)
Amendment Act, 2007, respectively; or
(b) the use of a child for purposes of child pornography or in order to benefit in
any manner from child pornography, as provided for in section 20 of the
Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007.
11. Compelling or causing children to witness sexual offences, sexual acts or self-
masturbation referred to in section 21 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and
Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007.
12. Sexual exploitation of persons who are mentally disabled, sexual grooming of
persons who are mentally disabled, exposure or display of or causing exposure or
display of child pornography or pornography to persons who are mentally disabled or
using persons who are mentally disabled for pornographic purposes or benefiting
therefrom, referred to in sections 23, 24, 25, and 26 of the Criminal Law (Sexual
Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, respectively.
13. Trafficking in persons for sexual purposes referred to in section 71 (1) and
involvement in trafficking in persons for sexual purposes referred to in section 71 (2)
of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007.
[NB: 'Trafficking' item has been substituted by s. 48 of the Prevention and Combating of
Trafficking in Persons Act 7 of 2013, a provision which will be put into operation by
proclamation. See PENDLEX.]

14. Any offence referred to in Parts 1, 2 and 3 of Chapter 2 of the Protection of

Constitutional Democracy against Terrorist and Related Activities Act, 2004 (Act 33 of
2004).
15. Any offence relating to-
(a) racketeering activities referred to in Chapter 2; or
(b) the proceeds of unlawful activities referred to in Chapter 3,
of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act, 1998 (Act 121 of 1998).
16. The crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes referred to in
the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act, 2002
(Act 27 of 2002).
17. Any offence under any law relating to-
(a) the dealing in or smuggling of ammunition, firearms, explosives or
armament;
(b) the possession of firearms, explosives or armament.
18. Any offence referred to in section 13 (f) of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act,
1992 (Act 140 of 1992).
19. Any offence of a serious nature if it is alleged that the offence was committed by

a person, group of persons, syndicate or any enterprise, acting in the execution or

furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy.
20. Any offence under any law relating to the illicit possession of dependence
producing drugs, other than an offence referred to in Item 21 of this Schedule, where
the quantity involved exceeds R5 000 in value.
21. Any other statutory offence where the maximum penalty determined by that
statute is imprisonment for a period exceeding five years or a fine for that period,
calculated in accordance with the Adjustment of Fines Act, 1991 (Act 101 of 1991).
22. Any conspiracy, incitement or attempt to commit any offence referred to in this
Schedule.

Schedule 4
(Section 99 (1))

No. and year of law Short title Extent of repeal or amendment

Correctional Services
Act 8 of 1959 Repeal of section 29.
Act, 1959

Amendment of section 4 by the substitution for

subsection (2) of the following subsection:
'(2) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in
Dangerous Weapons any law contained, no person in respect of whom the
Act 71 of 1968
Act, 1968 imposition of a sentence of imprisonment is
compulsory in terms of subsection (1), shall be dealt
with under section 297 of the Criminal Procedure Act,
1977.'.

(a) Amendment of section 7 by the substitution for

subsection (1) of the following subsection:
'(1) In any case in which a Director of Public
Prosecutions declines to prosecute for an
alleged offence-
(a) any private person who proves some
substantial and peculiar interest in the
issue of the trial arising out of some
injury which he individually suffered in
consequence of the commission of the
said offence;
(b) a husband, if the said offence was
committed in respect of his wife;
(c) the wife or child or, if there is no wife or
child, any of the next of kin of any
deceased person, if the death of such
person is alleged to have been caused by
the said offence; or
(d) the legal guardian or curator of a minor
or lunatic, if the said offence was
committed against his ward,
may, subject to the provisions of section
9 and section 59 (2) of the Child Justice
Act, 2008, either in person or by a legal
representative, institute and conduct a
prosecution in respect of such offence in
any court competent to try that offence.'.
(b) Substitution for section 38 of the following
section:
'38 Methods of securing attendance of
accused in court
(1) Subject to section 4 (2) of the Child
Justice Act, the methods of securing the
attendance of an accused who is eighteen years

or older in court for the purposes of his or

her trial shall be arrest, summons, written
notice and indictment in accordance with the
relevant provisions of this Act.
(2) The methods of securing the attendance
of an accused who is under the age of eighteen
years at a preliminary inquiry or child justice
court are those contemplated in section 17 of
the Child Justice Act, 2008.'.
(c) Amendment of section 50 by the deletion of
subsections (4) and (5).
(d) Amendment of section 55-
(i) by the substitution for subsection (1) of
the following subsection:
'(1) Subject to section 4 (2) of the
Child Justice Act, 2008, an accused who
is eighteen years or older and who is
summoned under section 54 to appear at
criminal proceedings and who fails to
appear at the place and on the date and
at the time specified in the summons or
who fails to remain in attendance at such
proceedings, shall be guilty of an offence
and liable to the punishment prescribed
under subsection (2).'; and
(ii) by the insertion after subsection (1) of
the following subsection:
'(1A) The provisions of section 46 of
the Child Justice Act, 2008, apply to an
accused who is under the age of eighteen
years and who fails to appear at a
preliminary inquiry in terms of a
summons issued under that Act.'.
(e) Repeal of section 71.
(f) Amendment of section 72-
(i) by the substitution for the introductory
part of subsection (1) of the following
introductory part:
'(1) Subject to section 4 (2) of the
Child Justice Act, 2008, if an accused
who is eighteen years or older is in
custody in respect of any offence and a
police official or a court may in respect of
such offence release the accused on bail
under section 59 or 60, as the case may
be, such police official or such court, as
the case may be, may, in lieu of bail and
if the offence is not, in the case of such
police official, an offence referred to in
Part II or Part III of Schedule 2-'; and
(ii) by the deletion of paragraph (b) of
subsection (1) and paragraph (b) of
subsection (2).
(g) Amendment of section 73 by the substitution for
subsection (3) of the following subsection:
'(3) In addition to the provisions of sections
3 (g), 38 (2), 44 (1) (b) and 65 of the Child
Justice Act, 2008, relating to the assistance of
an accused who is under the age of eighteen
years by his or her parent or an appropriate
adult at criminal proceedings, any accused who,
in the opinion of the court, requires the
assistance of another person at criminal
proceedings, may, with the permission of the
court, be so assisted at such proceedings.'.
(h) Repeal of section 74.
(i) Amendment of section 153-
(i) by the substitution for subsection (1) of
the following subsection:
'(1) In addition to the provisions of
section 63 (5) of the Child Justice Act,
Act 51 of 1977 2008, if it appears to any court that it

would, in any criminal proceedings

pending before that court, be in the
interests of the security of the State or of
good order or of public morals or of the
administration of justice that such
proceedings be held behind closed doors,
it may direct that the public or any class
thereof shall not be present at such
proceedings or any part thereof.'; and
(ii) by the deletion of subsection (4).
(j) Substitution for section 211 of the following
section:
'211 Evidence during criminal proceedings
of previous convictions
Except where otherwise expressly provided
by this Act or the Child Justice Act, 2008, or
except where the fact of a previous conviction is
an element of any offence with which an
accused is charged, evidence shall not be
admissible at criminal proceedings in respect of
any offence to prove that an accused at such
proceedings had previously been convicted of
any offence, whether in the Republic or
elsewhere, and no accused, if called as a
witness, shall be asked whether he or she has
been so convicted.'.
(k) Repeal of section 254.
(l) Amendment of section 276A by the substitution
for subsections (1) and (2) of the following
subsections:
'(1) Punishment shall, subject to the
provisions of section 75 of the Child Justice Act,
2008, only be imposed under section 276 (1)
(h)-
(a) after a report of a probation officer or a
Criminal Procedure Act,
correctional official has been placed
1977
before the court; and
(b) for a fixed period not exceeding three
years.
(2) Punishment shall, subject to the
provisions of section 75 of the Child Justice Act,
2008, only be imposed under section 276 (1)
(i)-
(a) if the court is of the opinion that the
offence justifies the imposing of
imprisonment, with or without the option
of a fine, for a period not exceeding five
years; and
(b) for a fixed period not exceeding five
years.'.
(m) Repeal of section 290.
(n) Repeal of section 291.
(o) Amendment of section 297-
(i) by the deletion of subsection (1A); and
(ii) by the substitution for the words
following on subparagraph (ii) of
paragraph (a) of subsection (9) of the
following words:
'and such court, whether or not it is, in
the case of a court other than a court of
equal or superior jurisdiction, constituted
differently than it was at the time of such
postponement or suspension, may then,
in the case of subparagraph (i), impose
any competent sentence or, in the case
of subparagraph (ii), put into operation
the sentence which was suspended.'.
(p) Amendment of section 302 by the substitution for
paragraph (i) of subsection (1) (a) of the
following paragraph:
'(i) which, in the case of imprisonment
(including detention in a child and youth

care centre providing a programme

contemplated in section 191 (2) (j) of
the Children's Act, 2005 (Act 38 of
2005)), exceeds a period of three
months, if imposed by a judicial officer
who has not held the substantive rank of
magistrate or higher for a period of
seven years, or which exceeds a period
of six months, if imposed by a judicial
officer who has held the substantive rank
of magistrate or higher for a period of
seven years or longer;'.
(q) Amendment of section 309 by the substitution for
paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of the following
paragraph:
'(a) Subject to section 84 of the Child
Justice Act, 2008, any person convicted
of any offence by any lower court
(including a person discharged after
conviction) may, subject to leave to
appeal being granted in terms of section
309B or 309C, appeal against such
conviction and against any resultant
sentence or order to the High Court
having jurisdiction 309B: Provided that
the provisions of section 302 (1) (b) shall
apply in respect of a person who duly
notes an appeal against a conviction,
sentence or order as contemplated in
section 302 (1) (a).'.
(r) Amendment of section 309B by the substitution
for paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of the
following paragraph:
'(a) Subject to section 84 of the Child
Justice Act, 2008, any accused, who
wishes to note an appeal against any
conviction or against any resultant
sentence or order of a lower court, must
apply to that court for leave to appeal
against that conviction, sentence or
order.'.
(s) Amendment of section 309D by the substitution
for paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of the
following paragraph:
'(a) An accused, other than a child
contemplated in the Child Justice Act,
2008, who is unrepresented at the time
he or she is convicted and sentenced,
must be informed by the presiding officer
of his or her rights in respect of appeal
and legal representation and of the
correct procedures to give effect to these
rights.'.
(t) Amendment of section 316-
(i) by the substitution for paragraph (a) of
subsection (1) of the following
paragraph:
'(a) Subject to section 84 of the
Child Justice Act, 2008, any
accused convicted of any offence
by a High Court may apply to that
court for leave to appeal against
such conviction or against any
resultant sentence or order.'; and
(ii) by the deletion of paragraph (c) of
subsection (1).
(u) Substitution for section 337 of the following
section:
'337 Estimating age of person
If in any criminal proceedings the age of any
person is a relevant fact of which no or
insufficient evidence is available at the
proceedings, the presiding judge or judicial

officer may, in addition to the provisions of

sections 14 to 16 of the Child Justice Act, 2008,
estimate the age of such person by his or her
appearance or from any information which may
be available, and the age so estimated shall be
deemed to be the correct age of such person,
unless-
(a) it is subsequently proved that the said
estimate was incorrect; and
(b) the accused at such proceedings could
not lawfully have been convicted of the
offence with which he or she was
charged if the correct age had been
proved.'.

No. and year of law Short title Extent of repeal or amendment

(a) Amendment of section 1 by the substitution for

the definition of 'assessment' of the following
definition:
'assessment' means a process of
developmental assessment or evaluation of a
person, the family circumstances of the person,
the nature and circumstances surrounding the
alleged commission of an offence, its impact on
the victim, the attitude of the alleged offender
in relation to the offence and any other relevant
factor and, in the case of a child, also means an
assessment as contemplated in the Child Justice
Act, 2008;'.
(b) Amendment of section 1 by the substitution for
the definition of 'diversion' of the following
definition:
'diversion' means diversion from the formal
court procedure with or without conditions and,
in the case of a child, also means diversion as
contemplated in the Child Justice Act, 2008;'.
(c) Amendment of section 1 by the substitution for
the definition of 'diversion programme' of the
following definition:
Probation Services Act, 'diversion programme' means a
Act 116 of 1991
1991 programme within the context of the family and
community-
(a) in respect of a person who is alleged to
have committed an offence; and
(b) which is aimed at keeping that person
away from the formal court procedure,
and in the case of a child also means a
diversion programme as contemplated in
the Child Justice Act, 2008;'.
(d) Amendment of section 1 by the substitution for
the definition of 'family group conferencing' of
the following definition:
'family group conferencing' means a
gathering convened by a probation officer as a
diversion or sentencing option to devise a
restorative justice response to the offence and,
in the case of a child, also means a family group
conference contemplated in the Child Justice
Act, 2008;'.
(e) Amendment of section 3 (e) and (f) by the
substitution for the expression 'reform school'
wherever it appears of the expression 'child and
youth care centre providing a programme
contemplated in section 191 (2) (j) of the
Children's Act, 2005 (Act 38 of 2005)'.
(f) Amendment of section 4 by the substitution for

subsection (3) of the following subsection:

'(3) (a) If a probationer, other than a
probationer who is subject to the provisions of
the Child Justice Act, 2008, fails to comply with
the conditions on which he has been placed
under the supervision of a probation officer, a
probation officer may in writing apply to a
magistrate or justice of the peace for the issue
of a warrant for the arrest of such probationer.
(b) If a warrant referred to in paragraph (a)
is issued, the probationer concerned may be
arrested by a peace officer as defined in section
1 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act 51 of
1977), and shall be dealt with in accordance
with the provisions of section 50 of the said Act,
and thereupon the provisions of section 276A
(4) of the said Act shall apply mutatis mutandis.
(c) If a probationer who is subject to the
provisions of the Child Justice Act, 2008, fails to
comply with the conditions on which he or she
has been placed under the supervision of a
probation officer, the provisions of sections 24
(7) and 58 of that Act apply.'.
(g) The repeal of section 4B.

Amendment of the definitions of 'foster child' and

'foster parent' in section 1 by the substitution for the
Social Assistance Act,
Act 13 of 2004 expression 'section 290 of the Criminal Procedure Act,
2004
1977' by the expression 'section 72 or 76 of the Child
Justice Act, 2008'.

(a) Amendment of section 43 by the substitution for

subsection (4) of the following subsection:
'(4) The Commissioner may, in consultation
with a provincial head of education, or a
provincial head of social development, as the
case may be, transfer a sentenced child to a
child and youth care centre providing a
programme contemplated in section 191 (2) (j)
of the Children's Act, 2005 (Act 38 of 2005),
and from the date of such transfer the
provisions of section 76 of the Child Justice Act,
2008, will apply.'.
(b) Amendment of-
Correctional Services (i) section 50 (1); and
Act 111 of 1998
Act, 1998 (ii) section 52 (2) (b), by the substitution
for the expression 'section 71 of the
Criminal Procedure Act' wherever it
appears in those provisions of the
expression 'section 24 (4) (d) or 26 of
the Child Justice Act, 2008'.
(c) Amendment of section 51 by the substitution for
paragraph (e) of subsection (1) of the following
paragraph:
'(e) those placed under the supervision of a
correctional official in terms of section 62
(f) of the Criminal Procedure Act or
section 24 (4) (d), 75 or 76 of the Child
Justice Act, 2008.'.

(a) Amendment of section 167 by the substitution for

paragraph (b) of subsection (1) of the following
paragraph:
'(b) in the care of a child and youth care
centre following an order of a court in
terms of this Act, section 29 or Chapter
10 of the Child Justice Act, 2008;'; and
(b) amendment of section 191 by the substitution for
paragraph (j) of subsection (2) of the following
paragraph:

'(j) the reception, development and secure

care of children in terms of an order-
(i) under section 29 or Chapter 10 of
the Child Justice Act, 2008;
(ii) in terms of section 156 (1) (i)
Act 38 of 2005 Children's Act, 2005 placing the child in a child and
youth care centre which provides
a secure care programme; or
(iii) in terms of section 171
transferring a child in alternative
care;'.

Schedule 5

AUDIT OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACT AND THEIR

RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHILD JUSTICE BILL
(Section 4 (3) (b))
Explanatory notes:
This Schedule contains an exposition of the interface between the Criminal
Procedure Act, 1977, and the Child Justice Act, 2008. It provides guidelines for persons
involved in the application of the Child Justice Act. This Schedule does not form
part of the Act and does not have the force of law. It is intended only to provide
guidance and clarity in respect of the procedures contained in both Acts.
This Schedule should be seen in the context that the Child Justice Act creates
numerous new procedures which are not evident from the exposition. The blank spaces
in the third column indicate those sections of the Criminal Procedure Act (the CPA)
which have not been affected by the Child Justice Act (the CJA) and which would still
apply in respect of children.
Moreover, section 4 of the Child Justice Act provides that the Criminal Procedure Act
applies in relation to children, except in so far as the Child Justice Act provides for
amended, additional or different procedures.

Extent to which affected by

Section no Criminal Procedure Act section heading
Child Justice Act (CJA)

1 Definitions

6 Power to withdraw charge or stop prosecution

Subsection (1) amended by

7 Private prosecution on certificate nolle prosequi Schedule 4 CJA (item (a) under
amendments to the CPA)

8 Private prosecution under statutory right

9 Security by private prosecutor

10 Private prosecution in name of private prosecutor

11 Failure of private prosecutor to appear

12 Mode of conducting private prosecution

Attorney-general may intervene in private

13
prosecution

14 Costs in respect of process

15 Costs of private prosecution

16 Costs of accused in private prosecution

17 Taxation of costs

18 Prescription of right to institute prosecution

19 Saving as to certain powers conferred by other laws

20 State may seize certain articles

21 Article to be seized under search warrant

Circumstances in which article may be seized without

22
search warrant

23 Search of arrested person and seizure of article

24 Search of premises

Power of police to enter premises in connection with

25
State security or any offence

Entering of premises for purposes of obtaining

26
evidence

27 Resistance against entry or search

28 Wrongful search an offence, and award of damages

Search to be conducted in decent and orderly

29
manner

30 Disposal by police official of article after seizure

Disposal of article where no criminal proceedings are

31 instituted or where it is not required for criminal
proceedings

Disposal of article where criminal proceedings are

32
instituted and admission of guilt fine is paid

33 Article to be transferred to court for purposes of trial

Disposal of article after commencement of criminal

34
proceedings

35 Forfeiture of article to State

Disposal of article concerned in an offence committed

36
outside Republic

Powers in respect of prints and bodily appearance of

37
accused

Amended by Schedule 4 CJA (item

38 Methods of securing attendance of accused in court (b) under amendments to the CPA)
Section 17 CJA applies

39 Manner and effect of arrest

40 Arrest by peace officer without warrant

Name and address of certain persons and power of

41
arrest by peace officer without warrant

42 Arrest by private person without warrant

Warrant of arrest may be issued by magistrate or

43 To be read with section 20 (2) CJA
justice

44 Execution of warrants

45 Arrest on telegraphic authority

46 Non-liability for wrongful arrest

47 Private persons to assist in arrest when called upon

48 Breaking open premises for purpose of arrest

49 Use of force in effecting arrest

*Subsections (4) and (5) to be

deleted by Schedule 4 CJA (item (c)
under amendments to the CPA)
*Subsection (1) (d) referred to in
50 Procedure after arrest section 20 (5) CJA *Section
referred to in clause 43 (3) (c) CJA
*Subsection (1) (d) referred to in
section 48 (6) CJA *Subsection (6)
(d) referred to in section 66 (2)

Escaping and aiding escaping before incarceration,

51 and penalties therefore

52 Saving of other powers of arrest

53 Saving of civil law rights and liability

Summons as method of securing attendance of

54 To be read with section 19 (1) CJA
accused in magistrate's court

Subsection (1) amended by

55 Failure of accused to appear on summons Schedule 4 CJA (item (d) under
amendments to the CPA)

Written notice as method of securing attendance of To be read with section 18 (1) and
56
accused in magistrate's court (2) CJA

Admission of guilt and payment of fine without

57 To be read with section 18 (2) CJA
appearance in court

58 Effect of bail To be read with section 25 CJA

59 Bail before first appearance of accused in lower court To be read with section 25 (1) CJA

To be read with sections 21 (2) (b)

59A Attorney-general may authorise release on bail
and 25 (1) CJA

60 Bail application of accused in court To be read with section 25 CJA

62 Court may add further conditions of bail

63 Amendment of conditions of bail

Release or amendment of bail conditions of accused

63A
on account of prison conditions

Proceedings with regard to bail and conditions to be

64
recorded in full

65 Appeal to superior court with regard to bail

Appeal by attorney-general against decision of court

65A
to release accused on bail

66 Failure by accused to observe condition of bail

67 Failure of accused on bail to appear

Criminal liability of a person who is on bail on the

67A ground of failure to appear or to comply with a
condition of bail

68 Cancellation of bail

68A Cancellation of bail at request of accused

69 Payment of bail money by third person

70 Remission of bail money

Juvenile may be placed in place of safety or under *To be repealed by Schedule 4 CJA
71 supervision in lieu of release on bail or detention in (item (e) under amendments to the
custody CPA) *Section 27 CJA applies

Subsections (1) and (2) amended

by Schedule 4 CJA (item (f) under
72 Accused may be released on warning in lieu of bail
amendments to the CPA) Clauses
22 and 24 CJA apply

72A Cancellation of release on warning

Subsection (3) amended by

Accused entitled to assistance after arrest and at
73 Schedule 4 CJA (item (g) under
criminal proceedings
amendments to the CPA)

*To be repealed by Schedule 4 CJA

Parent or guardian of accused under eighteen years (item (h) under amendments to the
74
to attend proceedings CPA) *Sections 3 (g), 38 (2), 44
(1) (b) and 65 CJA apply

75 Summary trial and court of trial

76 Charge-sheet and proof of record of criminal case

Referred to in section 48 (5) (b)

77 Capacity of accused to understand proceedings
CJA

Mental illness or mental defect and criminal Referred to in section 48 (5) (b)
78
responsibility CJA

Panel for purposes of enquiry and report under

79
sections 77 and 78

80 Accused may examine charge

To be read with section 6 (2) and

81 Joinder of charges
(3) CJA

82 Several charges to be disposed of by same court

83 Charge where it is doubtful what offence committed

84 Essentials of charge

85 Objection to charge

86 Court may order that charge be amended

87 Court may order delivery of particulars

88 Defect in charge cured by evidence

89 Previous conviction not to be alleged in charge

Charge need not specify or negative exception,

90
exemption, proviso, excuse or qualification

91 Charge need not state manner or means of act

Certain omissions or imperfections not to invalidate

92
charge

93 Alibi and date of act or offence

Charge may allege commission of offence on divers

94
occasions

95 Rules applicable to particular charges

96 Naming of company, firm or partnership in charge

97 Naming of joint owners of property in charge

Charge of murder or culpable homicide sufficient if it

98
alleges fact of killing

Charge relating to document sufficient if it refers to

99
document by name

100 Charge alleging theft may allege general deficiency

101 Charge relating to false evidence

102 Charge relating to insolvency

Charge alleging intent to defraud need not allege or

prove such intent in respect of particular person or
103
mention owner of property or set forth details of
deceit

104
Reference in charge to objectionable matter not
necessary

105 Accused to plead to charge

105A Plea and sentence agreements

106 Pleas

Truth and publication for public benefit of defamatory

107
matter to be specially pleaded

108 Issues raised by plea to be tried

109 Accused refusing to plead

Accused brought before court which has no

110
jurisdiction

Minister may remove trial to jurisdiction of another

111
attorney-general

112 Plea of guilty

113 Correction of plea of guilty

Committal by magistrate's court of accused for

114
sentence by regional court after plea of guilty

115 Plea of not guilty and procedure with regard to issues

115A Committal of accused for trial by regional court

Committal of accused for sentence by regional court

116
after trial in magistrate's court

117 Committal to superior court in special case

Non-availability of judicial officer after plea of not

118
guilty

Accused to plead in magistrate's court on instructions

119
of attorney-general

120 Charge-sheet and proof of record

121 Plea of guilty

122 Plea of not guilty

Accused to plead in magistrate's court on charge to

122A
be tried in regional court

122B Charge-sheet and proof of record

122C Plea of guilty

122D Plea of not guilty

Attorney-general may instruct that preparatory

123
examination be held

Proceedings preceding holding of preparatory

124 examination to form part of preparatory examination
record

Attorney-general may direct that preparatory

125
examination be conducted at a specified place

Procedure to be followed by magistrate at

126
preparatory examination

Recalling of witnesses after conversion of trial into

127
preparatory examination

Examination of prosecution witnesses at preparatory

128
examination

Recording of evidence at preparatory examination

129
and proof of record

Charge to be put at conclusion of evidence for

130
prosecution

131 Accused to plead to charge

132 Procedure after plea

133 Accused may testify at preparatory examination

Accused may call witnesses at preparatory

134
examination

Discharge of accused at conclusion of preparatory

135
examination

Procedure with regard to exhibits at preparatory

136
examination

137
Magistrate to transmit record of preparatory
examination to attorney-general

Preparatory examination may be continued before

138
different judicial officer

Attorney-general may arraign accused for sentence

139
or trial

140 Procedure where accused arraigned for sentence

141 Procedure where accused arraigned for trial

Procedure where attorney-general declines to

142
prosecute

Accused may inspect preparatory examination record

143
and is entitled to copy thereof

144 Charge in superior court to be laid in an indictment

Trial in superior court by judge sitting with or without

145
assessors

Reasons for decision by superior court in criminal

146
trial

147 Death or incapacity of assessor

Change of venue in superior court after indictment

149
has been lodged

150 Prosecutor may address court and adduce evidence

151 Accused may address court and adduce evidence

152 Criminal proceedings to be conducted in open court

*Subsection (4) to be deleted by

Schedule 4 CJA (item (i) under
Circumstances in which criminal proceedings shall
153 amendments to the CPA)
not take place in open court
*Subsection (1) amended by
Schedule 4 CJA

Prohibition of publication of certain information Referred to in sections 45 (1) and

154
relating to criminal proceedings 63 (6) CJA

Persons implicated in same offence may be tried

155 Referred to in section 63 (2) CJA
together

Persons committing separate offences at same time

156 Referred to in section 63 (2) CJA
and place may be tried together

157 Joinder of accused and separation of trials Referred to in section 63 (2) CJA

Criminal proceedings to take place in presence of

158
accused

Circumstances in which criminal proceedings may

159
take place in absence of accused

Procedure at criminal proceedings where accused is

160
absent

161 Witness to testify viva voce

162 Witness to be examined under oath

163 Affirmation in lieu of oath

164 When unsworn or unaffirmed evidence admissible

Oath, affirmation or admonition may be administered

165
by or through interpreter or intermediary

166 Cross-examination and re-examination of witnesses

167 Court may examine witness or person in attendance

168 Court may adjourn proceedings to any date

169 Court may adjourn proceedings to any place

Failure of accused to appear after adjournment or to

170
remain in attendance

170A Evidence through intermediaries

171 Evidence on commission

172 Parties may examine witness

173 Evidence on commission part of court record

Accused may be discharged at close of case for

174
prosecution

Prosecution and defence may address court at

175
conclusion of evidence

176 Judgment may be corrected

177 Court may defer final decision

Arrest of person committing offence in court and

178
removal from court of person disturbing proceedings

179 Process for securing attendance of witness

180 Service of subpoena

181 Pre-payment of witness expenses

182 Witness from prison

183 Witness to keep police informed of whereabouts

Witness about to abscond and witness evading

184
service of summons

185 Detention of witness

186 Court may subpoena witness

Witness to attend proceedings and to remain in

187
attendance

Failure by witness to attend or to remain in

188
attendance

189 Powers of court with regard to recalcitrant witness

190 Impeachment or support of credibility of witness

191 Payment of expenses of witness

191A Witness services

Every witness competent and compellable unless

192
expressly excluded

193 Court to decide upon competency of witness

194 Incompetency due to state of mind

Evidence for prosecution by husband or wife of

195
accused

Evidence of accused and husband or wife on behalf of

196
accused

197 Privileges of accused when giving evidence

198 Privilege arising out of marital state

No witness compelled to answer question which the

199
witness's husband or wife may decline

Witness not excused from answer establishing civil

200
liability on his part

201 Privilege of legal practitioner

Privilege from disclosure on ground of public policy or

202
public interest

Witness excused from answering incriminating

203
question

204 Incriminating evidence by witness for prosecution

Judge, regional court magistrate or magistrate may

205
take evidence as to alleged offence

206 The law in cases not provided for

207 Saving of special provisions in other laws

208 Conviction may follow on evidence of single witness

209 Conviction may follow on confession by accused

210 Irrelevant evidence inadmissible

Evidence during criminal proceedings of previous Amended by Schedule 4 CJA (item

211
convictions (j) under amendments to the CPA)

212 Proof of certain facts by affidavit or certificate

Proof of certain facts by affidavit from person in

212A
foreign country

212B Proof of undisputed facts

213 Proof of written statement by consent

Evidence recorded at preparatory examination

214
admissible at trial in certain circumstances

215 Evidence recorded at former trial admissible at later

trial in certain circumstances

217 Admissibility of confession by accused

Admissibility of facts discovered by means of

218
inadmissible confession

219 Confession not admissible against another

219A Admissibility of admission by accused

Referred to in section 58 (4) (b)

220 Admissions
CJA

221 Admissibility of certain trade or business records

Application to criminal proceedings of certain

222 provisions of Civil Proceedings Evidence Act, 1965,
relating to documentary evidence

224 Judicial notice of laws and other published matter

225 Evidence of prints or bodily appearance of accused

Evidence of no sexual intercourse between spouses

226
admissible

227 Evidence of character

228 Evidence of disputed writing

229 Evidence of times of sunrise and sunset

Evidence and sufficiency of evidence of appointment

230
to public office

231 Evidence of signature of public officer

Article may be proved in evidence by means of

232
photograph thereof

233 Proof of public documents

234 Proof of official documents

235 Proof of judicial proceedings

Proof of entries in accounting records and

236 documentation of banks

Proof of entries in accounting records and

236A
documentation of banks in countries outside Republic

237 Evidence on charge of bigamy

238 Evidence of relationship on charge of incest

Evidence on charge of infanticide or concealment of

239
birth

240 Evidence on charge of receiving stolen property

Evidence of previous conviction on charge of

241
receiving stolen property

242 Evidence on charge of defamation

Evidence of receipt of money or property and general

243
deficiency on charge of theft

244 Evidence on charge relating to seals and stamps

Evidence on charge of which false representation is

245
element

246 Presumptions relating to certain documents

Presumptions relating to absence from Republic of

247
certain persons

Presumption that accused possessed particular

248
qualification or acted in particular capacity

Presumption of failure to pay tax or to furnish

249
information relating to tax

250 Presumption of lack of authority

Unstamped instrument admissible in criminal

251
proceedings

252 The law in cases not provided for

Authority to make use of traps and undercover

252A
operations and admissibility of evidence so obtained

253 Saving of special provisions in other laws

*To be repealed by Schedule 4 CJA

(item (k) under amendments to the

254 Court may refer juvenile accused to children's court CPA) *Sections 50 and 64 CJA
apply

Court may order enquiry under Prevention and

255
Treatment of Drug Dependency Act, 1992

256 Attempt

257 Accessory after the fact

258 Murder and attempted murder

259 Culpable homicide

260 Robbery

261 Rape and indecent assault

262 Housebreaking with intent to commit an offence

Statutory offence of breaking and entering or of

263
entering premises

264 Theft

Receiving stolen property knowing it to have been

265
stolen

266 Assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm

267 Common assault

268 Statutory unlawful carnal intercourse

269 Sodomy

270 Offences not specified in this Chapter

271 Previous convictions may be proved

Certain convictions fall away as previous convictions

271A
after expiration of 10 years

272 Finger-print record prima facie evidence of conviction

Evidence of further particulars relating to previous

273
conviction

To be read with sections 70 and 71

274 Evidence on sentence
CJA

Sentence by judicial officer or judge other than

275
judicial officer or judge who convicted accused

276 Nature of punishments Chapter 10 CJA applies

Subsections (1) and (2) amended

Imposition of correctional supervision, and
by Schedule 4 CJA (item (l) under
276A conversion of imprisonment into correctional
amendments to the CPA). To be
supervision and vice versa
read with section 75 CJA

280 Cumulative or concurrent sentences

Interpretation of certain provisions in laws relating to

281
imprisonment and fines

282 Antedating sentence of imprisonment To be read with section 77 (5) CJA

283 Discretion of court as to punishment

284 Minimum period of imprisonment four days

285 Periodical imprisonment

286 Declaration of certain persons as habitual criminals

286A Declaration of certain persons as dangerous criminals

286B Imprisonment for indefinite period

287 Imprisonment in default of payment of fine Sections 74 and 79 CJA apply

288 Recovery of fine Sections 74 and 79 CJA apply

289 Court may enforce payment of fine Section 79 CJA applies

*To be repealed by Schedule 4 CJA

(item (m) under amendments to
the CPA)
290 Manner of dealing with convicted juvenile
*Sections 72 and 76 CJA
apply

To be repealed by Schedule 4 CJA

291 Duration of orders under section 290 (item (n) under amendments to the
CPA)

296 Committal to treatment centre Chapter 9 CJA applies

*Subsection (1A) to be deleted by

Schedule 4 CJA (item (o) under
amendments to the CPA)
Conditional or unconditional postponement or *Subsection (9) (a) (ii)
297
suspension of sentence, and caution or reprimand
amended by Schedule 4 CJA
*To be read with section 78
CJA.

Liability for patrimonial loss arising from performance

297A To be read with section 91 CJA
of community service

297B Agreement on operation of suspended sentences

298 Sentence may be corrected

299 Warrant for the execution of sentence

Court may award compensation where offence

300
causes damage to or loss of property

Compensation to innocent purchaser of property

301
unlawfully obtained

*Referred to in section 84 (1) CJA

*To be read with section 85 CJA
302 Sentences subject to review in the ordinary course *Subsection (1) (a) (i) amended by
Schedule 4 CJA (item (p) under
amendments to the CPA)

Referred to in sections 16 (2) and

303 Transmission of record
85 (1) CJA

Referred to in sections 16 (2) and

304 Procedure on review
81 (1) CJA

304A Review of proceedings before sentence To be read with Chapter 12 CJA

Extent to which affected by

Section no Criminal Procedure Act section heading
Child Justice Act (CJA)

306 Accused may set down case for argument To be read with Chapter 12 CJA

Execution of sentence not suspended unless bail

307 Referred to in section 86 (a) CJA
granted

Correctional supervision not suspended unless bail

308A
granted

*Referred to in section 86 (b) CJA

*Subsection (1) (a) amended by
309 Appeal from lower court by person convicted Schedule 4 CJA (item (q) under

amendments to the CPA)

Appeal against conviction and sentence of chiefs,

309A
headmen and chiefs' deputies

*Referred to in section 84 (1) CJA

*Subsection (1) (a) amended by
309B Application for leave to appeal
Schedule 4 CJA (item (r) under
amendments to the CPA)

309C Petition procedure

*Subsection (1) (a) amended by

Explanation of certain rights to unrepresented
309D Schedule 4 CJA (item (s) under
accused
amendments to the CPA)

310 Appeal from lower court by prosecutor

Appeal by attorney-general against sentence of lower

310A
court

311 Appeal to Appellate Division

Review or appeal and failure to comply with

312
subsection (1) (b) or (2) of section 112

Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction

313
set aside on appeal or review

Obtaining presence of convicted person in lower

314
court after setting aside of sentence or order

Court of appeal in respect of superior court

315
judgments

*Referred to in sections 84 (1) and

86 (b) CJA *Subsection (1) (a)
Applications for condonation, for leave to appeal and amended by Schedule 4 CJA (item
316
for leave to lead further evidence (t) under amendments to the CPA)
*Subsection (1) (c) amended by
Schedule 4 CJA

Appeal by attorney-general against sentence of

316B
superior court

317 Special entry of irregularity or illegality

318 Appeal on special entry under section 317

319 Reservation of question of law

320 Report of trial judge to be furnished on appeal

321 When execution of sentence may be suspended

322 Powers of court of appeal

324 Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction

set aside on appeal

325 Saving of power of State President to extend mercy

Further evidence and free pardon or substitution of

327
verdict by State President

328 Force of process

Court process may be served or executed by police

329
official

Transmission of court process by telegraph or similar

330
communication

331 Irregular warrant or process

Prosecution of corporations and members of

332
associations

Minister may invoke decision of Appellate Division on

333
question of law

Minister may declare certain persons peace officers

334
for specific purposes

335 Person who makes statement entitled to copy thereof

Prohibition of publication of identity of persons

335A towards or in connection with whom certain offences
have been committed

Medical examination of minors towards or in

335B connection with whom certain offences have been
committed

Act or omission constituting offence under two or

336
more laws

Amended by Schedule 4 CJA (item

337 Estimating age of person
(u) under amendments to the CPA)

Production of document by accused in criminal

338
proceedings

Removal of accused from one prison to another for

339
purpose of attending at criminal proceedings

Prison list of unsentenced prisoners and witnesses

340
detained

341 Compounding of certain minor offences

Conviction or acquittal no bar to civil action for

342
damages

342A Unreasonable delays in trials

344 Repeal of laws

345 Short title and date of commencement

Schedule 1

Schedule 2

Schedule 3

Schedule 4

Schedule 5

Schedule 6

Schedule 7

PENDLEX: Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 after amendment by the Prevention and
Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act 7 of 2013
Schedule 3 - 'Trafficking' item
Any offence provided for in sections 4, 5, 6, or 7 or involvement in these offences as
provided for in section 10 of the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons
Act, 2013.

PENDLEX: Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 after amendment by the Judicial Matters
Amendment Act 14 of 2014
Section 11 (2)
In making a decision regarding the criminal capacity of the child in question-
(a) (i) the inquiry magistrate, for purposes of diversion; or
(ii) if the matter has not been diverted, the child justice court, for
purposes of plea and trial,
must consider the assessment report of the probation officer referred to in section 40
and all evidence placed before the inquiry magistrate or child justice court prior to
diversion or conviction, as the case may be, which evidence may include a report of an
evaluation referred to in subsection (3); and
(b) the inquiry magistrate or the child justice court must consider the cognitive,
moral, emotional, psychological and social development of the child.
Section 11 (3)
An inquiry magistrate or child justice court may, on own accord, or on the request
of the prosecutor or the child's legal representative, order an evaluation of the criminal
capacity of the child referred to in subsection (1), in the prescribed manner, by a
suitably qualified person.
Section 11 (4A)
The provisions of section 77 (2), (3) and (4) of the Criminal Procedure Act apply
with the changes required by the context to a report referred to in subsection (4).
Section 56 (4)
(a) The Cabinet member responsible for social development may delegate any

power or assign any duty conferred on or imposed upon him or her by this
section to any member of the Executive Council of a province responsible for welfare
services, except the powers and duties referred to in subsection (2) (a).
(b) A delegation or an assignment in terms of paragraph (a)-
(i) is subject to any limitation, condition and direction that the Cabinet
member responsible for social development may impose;
(ii) must be in writing; and
(iii) does not divest the Cabinet member responsible for social development of
the responsibility concerning the exercise of the power or the performance
of the duty.
(c) The Cabinet member responsible for social development may-
(i) confirm, vary or revoke any decision taken in consequence of a delegation
or assignment in terms of this section, subject to any rights that may have
accrued to a person as a result of the decision; and
(ii) at any time withdraw a delegation or assignment.
Section 97 (3)
(a) The Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice must by
notice in the Gazette-
(i) determine the persons or the category or class of persons who are
competent to conduct the evaluation of the criminal capacity of a child
referred to in section 11 (3); and
(ii)in consultation with the Cabinet member responsible for finance, determine
the allowances and remuneration of those persons.
(b) Different categories or classes of persons may be determined for the
purposes of the different aspects of development of a child referred to in section 11 (2)
(b).
(c) Different allowances and tariffs of remuneration may be determined for the
persons referred to in paragraph (a), according to their calling, occupation and stations
in life.

2014 Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd.

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