Unit 7 Observations
You will (learn):
that observation is a systematic method of data collection (for an
experimental or non-experimental study) that relies on a researchers
ability to gather data through some or all of the five senses (sight, hearing,
touch, smell, taste).
the main reason for carrying out an observation is to gain a better
understanding of a phenomenon (e.g., the behaviours of long-tailed
macaques at MacRitchie Reservoir) or a situation through first-hand
experience by observing what takes place in the situation that is being
studied.
to determine the need to gather data through observation to address a
given research question.
that observation allows a researcher to gather a wide variety of data (e.g.,
physical actions; expressive behaviour; physical objects present at the site;
verbal expressions)
to determine the perimeters of the observation:
who to observe
what data to collect and why
when and where to collect the data, and how many times (Is the
Knowledge
time/place of the study important, or can any time/place be used?).
Time and/or location sampling may be necessary (i.e., observe at
different times and/or location for a specific duration).
how to record the data accurately (e.g., tracking the frequency a specific
behaviour is observed; whether repeat observations should be made at
different times to ensure that the data collected is accurate, behaviours
are consistently observed over several observations conducted at
different times).
that the collection of credible data through observation requires thorough
planning, careful observation and thoughtful and unbiased recording.
that data can be recorded using different techniques (e.g., observation
checklist using a frequency table).
that there may be ethical issues of concern when conducting an
observation. Researcher should obtain consent when possible/applicable;
maintain confidentiality and respect privacy of the people being observed.
that it is not always possible to obtain consent of the people being
observed especially if it is not possible to pre-determine who those people
are (e.g., it is not possible to determine who will appear in the hawker
centre where the observation is being carried out).
there are safety issues to consider and observations should not be
conducted if they could cause physical or emotional harm to the
researcher or the people/organisms being observed.
to plan and conduct appropriate observation with a clear purpose in mind.
Skills
to collect reliable and relevant observation data (e.g., noting frequency,
duration, location, timing of observations, behaviour/activity to observe).
to design an observation form to record data observed accurately.
think through ethics and safety issues when planning to conduct an
observation.
to show respect for others (e.g., the importance of maintaining
confidentiality of subjects observed).
Values/Dispositions
to show responsibility when working in teams (e.g., when working in
teams to conduct observations, pupils implement clear team work
processes and act as responsible team members).
to demonstrate integrity in the data collection process.
to show responsibility and discipline when collecting data (e.g., in fulfilling
the duty of conducting the observation at the specified time and location).
to show perseverance (e.g., repeat observations may have to be carried
out at different times to ensure accuracy of data collected).
