Chapter Five DC Motors

Construction: Same for Generator and motor

Working principle: Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field, a force
is set up on the conductor.
Motor (armature) rotation is caused by the simultaneous attraction and repulsion between the
electromagnetic field in the armature and a fixed magnetic field.

Fixed Magnets
A Conductor in a Fixed
Magnetic Field A Current Carrying Conductor
in a Fixed Magnetic Field

Force
A Motor Armature in a Fixed Magnetic Field

The magnetic field surrounding a current carrying conductor interacts with an existing magnetic
field.

Fleming's Left Hand (Motor) Rule

Field system

It is for uniform magnetic field within which the armature rotates.

Electromagnets are preferred in comparison with permanent magnets

They are cheap , smaller in size , produce greater magnetic effect and

Field strength can be varied

Field system consists of the following parts

Yoke

Pole cores

Pole shoes

Field coils

Armature core

The armature core is cylindrical

High permeability silicon steel stampings

Impregnated

Lamination is to reduce the eddy current loss

Commutator

Connect with external circuit

Converts ac into unidirectional current

Cylindrical in shape

Made of wedge shaped copper segments

Segments are insulated from each other

Each commutator segment is connected to armature conductors by means of a cu strip called riser.

No of segments equal to no of coils

BACK EMF

The induced emf in the rotating armature conductors always acts in the opposite direction of the
supply voltage.

According to the Lenzs law, the direction of the induced emf is always so as to oppose the cause
producing it.

In a DC motor, the supply voltage is the cause and hence this induced emf opposes the supply
voltage.

Classification of DC motors

DC Motor/generators are generally classified according to their method of excitation.

Separately excited DC Motor

Self-excited DC Motor

Self-excited DC Motor classified into three types as listed below:

Shunt motor

Series motor

Compound motor

Differential compound (Long shunt or Short shunt)

Cumulative compound (Long shunt or Short shunt)

 1. Equivalent circuit of separately excited DC Motor

Sometimes, when the brush drop voltage is small, it may be left out. Also, some DC motors have
more than one field coil

The internal generated voltage in the machine is

The induced torque developed by the machine is

 2. Equivalent circuit of Shunt DC Motor

Total current drawn from the supply, IL = If + Ia Total input power = VT IL

Shunt motor terminal characteristic

For a motor, the output quantities are shaft torque and speed. Therefore, the terminal characteristic
of a motor is its output torque vs. speed.

Assuming that the terminal voltage and other terms are constant, the motors speed vary linearly
with torque.
 3. Equivalent circuit of Series DC Motor

Series motor terminal characteristic

From this equation, if the terminal voltage VT is kept constant, the speed is almost inversely
proportional to the square root of the torque
 Compound-wound motor

It has two field windings; one connected in parallel with the armature and the other in series with
it. There are two types of compound motor connections. When the shunt field winding is directly
connected across the armature terminals, it is called short-shunt connection. When the shunt
winding is so connected that it shunts the series combination of armature and series field, it is
called long-shunt connection.

4. Equivalent circuit of Series DC Motor

V and I equations for short shunt DC motor:

V and I equations for long shunt DC motor:

 Separately excited Dc Motor Example

Example 1. A 25-kW 125-V separately-excited dc machine is operated at a constant speed

of 3000 r/min with a constant field current such that the open-circuit armature voltage is 125 V.
The armature resistance is 0.02.

a) Compute the armature current, terminal power, and electromagnetic power and torque
when the terminal voltage is (a) 128 V and (b) 124 V.

Solution:

with Vt = 128 V and Ea = 125 V, the armature current is

Finally, the electromagnetic torque is given by

Tmech=59.7 N.m

Shunt Dc Motor Example

Example 1: A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 rpm DC shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.06. Its
field circuit has a total resistance Radj + RF of 50, which produces a no-load speed of 1200 rpm.
The shunt field winding has 1200 turns per pole.

a) Find the motor speed when its input current is 100 A.

b) Find the motor speed when its input current is 200 A.

c) Find the motor speed when its input current is 300 A.

d) Plot the motor torque-speed characteristic.

The internal generated voltage of a DC machine (with its speed expressed in rpm.

Since the field current is constant (both field resistance and VT are constant) and since there are no
armature reaction (due to compensating windings), we conclude that the flux in the motor is
constant. The speed and the internal generated voltages at different loads are related as

1. At no load, the armature current is zero and therefore EA1 = VT = 250 V.

a) Since the input current is 100 A, the armature current is

b) Similar computations for the input current of 200 A lead to n2 = 1144 rpm.
c) Similar computations for the input current of 300 A lead to n2 = 1115 rpm.
 d) To plot the output characteristic of the motor, we need to find the torque corresponding
to each speed. At no load, the torque is zero.

Since the induced torque at any load is related to the power converted in a DC motor:

Series DC motor Example

Example 1. A 220 V DC series motor has armature and field resistances of 0.15 and 0.10
respectively. It takes a current of 30 A from the supply while running at 1000 rpm. If an external
resistance of 1 is inserted in series with the motor, calculate the new steady state armature current
and the speed. Assume the load torque remains constant.
Example 2: A series motor runs at (800 r.p.m) when the voltage is (400 V) and the current
is (25 A). The armature resistance is (0.4 ) and the series field resistance is (0.2 ).
Determine the resistance to be connected in series to reduce the speed to (600 r.p.m) with
same current.
Ex 1: On full-load a (300 V) series motor takes (90 A) and runs at (900 r.p.m) the armature
resistance is (0.1 ) and the series winding resistance is (50 m). Determine the speed
when developing full load torque but with a (0.2 ) diverter in parallel with the field
winding. (Assume that the flux is proportional to the field current).
 Shunt motor: Speed control

There are two methods to control the speed of a shunt DC motor:

1. Adjusting the field resistance RF (and thus the field flux)

2. Adjusting the terminal voltage applied to the armature

1. Adjusting the field resistance

2. Increasing field resistance RF decreases the field current (IF = VT/RF);
3. Decreasing field current IF decreases the flux ;
4. Decreasing flux decreases the internal generated voltage (EA = K);
5. Decreasing EA increases the armature current (IA = (VT EA)/RA);
6. Changes in armature current dominate over changes in flux; therefore, increasing IA
increases the induced torque (ind = KIA);
7. Increased induced torque is now larger than the load torque load and, therefore, the
speed increases;
8. Increasing speed increases the internal generated voltage EA;
9. Increasing EA decreases the armature current IA
10. Decreasing IA decreases the induced torque until ind = load at a higher speed.
Motor types: The series DC motor

A series DC motor is a DC motor whose field windings consists of a relatively few turns
connected in series with armature circuit. Therefore:

The terminal characteristic of a series DC motor is quite different from that of the shunt
motor since the flux is directly proportional to the armature current (assuming no
saturation). An increase in motor flux causes a decrease in its speed; therefore, a series
motor has a dropping torque-speed characteristic.
Torque in the motor is proportional to the square of its armature current. Series motors
supply the highest torque among the DC motors. Therefore, they are used as car starter
motors, elevator motors etc.

Example 1: A 100 hp, 250 V 350 A shunt DC motor with an armature resistance of 0.05
needs a starter circuit that will limit the max starting current to twice its rated value and
which will switch out sections of resistor once the armature current decreases to its rated
value.

a. The starting resistor must be selected such that the current flow at the start equals twice
the rated current. As the motor speeds up, an internal voltage EA (which opposes the
terminal voltage of the motor and, therefore, limits the current) is generated. When the
current falls to the rated value, a section of the starting resistor needs to be taken out to
increase the current twice. This process (of taking out sections of the starting resistor)
repeats until the entire starting resistance is removed. At this point, the motors
armature resistance will limit the current to safe values by itself.
Power flow and losses in DC machines

Unfortunately, not all electrical power is converted to mechanical power by a motor and not all
mechanical power is converted to electrical power by a generator

The efficiency of a DC machine is:

There are five categories of losses occurring in DC machines.

1. Electrical or copper losses the resistive losses in the armature and field windings of the
machine.

2. Brush (drop) losses the power lost across the contact potential at the brushes of the machine.
A 230-V shunt motor delivers 30 hp at the shaft at 1120 rpm. If the motor has an efficiency of 87%
at this load, determine (a) the total input power and (b) the line current. (c) If the torque lost due
to friction and windage is 7% of the shaft torque, calculate the developed torque

A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 r/min shunt dc motor has a rated armature current of 170 A, and a rated field
current of 5 A. When its rotor is blocked, an armature voltage of 10.2 V (exclusive of brushes)
produces 170 A of current flow, and a field voltage of 250 V produced field current flow of 5 A.
The brush voltage drop is assumed assumed to be 2 V. At no load with the terminal voltage equal
of 240 V, the armature current is equal to 13.2 A, the field current is 4.8 A, and the motor speeds
speed is 1150 r/min.

(a) How much power is output from this motor at rated conditions?

(b) What is the motors efficiency?

Example 2: A 250 V shunt dc motor draws an input current I L 75 A while driving a coupled
mechanical load at a speed of m 1000 / 30 rad/s . Efficiency at the point of operation is
known to be 92%. Also, Ra 0.1 and R f 200 . (a) Calculate the value of output power
to the mechanical load. (b) Determine the value of rotational losses at the point of operation.
(c) Find the value of developed torque.
(a)
92
Ps Pin Vt I L 250 75 17,250 W
100 100 100

(b)
Vt 250
Ia I L 75 73.75 A
Rf 200

Vt 2
PFW Vt I L Ps I a2 Ra
Rf

PFW 250 75 17,250

2502
73.75 0.1 643.6 W
200

(c)
Ps PFW 17,250 643.6
Td 170.87 N m
m 1000 / 30