CS193P - Lecture 2
iPhone Application Development
Objective-C
Foundation Framework
Thursday, January 7, 2010 1
Announcements
Thursday, January 7, 2010 2
Announcements
• Enrollment process is almost done
Thursday, January 7, 2010 2
Announcements
• Enrollment process is almost done
Thursday, January 7, 2010 2
Announcements
• Enrollment process is almost done
• Shooting for end of day Friday
Thursday, January 7, 2010 2
Announcements
• Enrollment process is almost done
• Shooting for end of day Friday
• Please drop the class in Axess if you are not enrolled.
Thursday, January 7, 2010 2
Office Hours
• David Jacobs
■ Mondays 4-6pm: Gates 360
• Paul Salzman
■ Some time. Best to try all possible times until you hit it
■ Some place, probably in Gates. Just come by and yell real loud
Thursday, January 7, 2010 3
iPhone SDK
Thursday, January 7, 2010 4
iPhone SDK
Thursday, January 7, 2010 4
iPhone SDK
• Enrolled students will be invited to developer program
■ Login to Program Portal
■ Request a Certificate
■ Download and install the SDK
Thursday, January 7, 2010 4
iPhone SDK
• Enrolled students will be invited to developer program
■ Login to Program Portal
■ Request a Certificate
■ Download and install the SDK
Thursday, January 7, 2010 4
iPhone SDK
• Enrolled students will be invited to developer program
■ Login to Program Portal
■ Request a Certificate
■ Download and install the SDK
• Will need your Device UDIDs - details to come
Thursday, January 7, 2010 4
iPhone SDK
• Enrolled students will be invited to developer program
■ Login to Program Portal
■ Request a Certificate
■ Download and install the SDK
• Will need your Device UDIDs - details to come
Thursday, January 7, 2010 4
iPhone SDK
• Enrolled students will be invited to developer program
■ Login to Program Portal
■ Request a Certificate
■ Download and install the SDK
• Will need your Device UDIDs - details to come
• Auditors will need to sign up for Developer Program
independently
■ Free for Simulator development
■ $99 for on-device development
Thursday, January 7, 2010 4
Getting Help
• The assignment walks you
through it
• Key spots to look
■ API & Conceptual Docs in Xcode
■ Class header files
■ Docs, sample code, tech notes
on Apple Developer Connection
(ADC) site
■ http://developer.apple.com
■ Dev site uses Google search
Thursday, January 7, 2010 5
Today’s Topics
• Questions from Tuesday or Assignments?
• Object Oriented Programming Overview
• Objective-C Language
• Common Foundation Classes
Thursday, January 7, 2010 6
Object Basics
Thursday, January 7, 2010 7
OOP Vocabulary
• Class: defines the grouping of data and code,
the “type” of an object
• Instance: a specific allocation of a class
• Method: a “function” that an object knows how to perform
• Instance Variable (or “ivar”): a specific piece of data
belonging to an object
Thursday, January 7, 2010 8
OOP Vocabulary
• Encapsulation
■ keep implementation private and separate from interface
• Polymorphism
■ different objects, same interface
• Inheritance
■ hierarchical organization, share code, customize or extend
behaviors
Thursday, January 7, 2010 9
Inheritance
Superclass
NSObject
UIControl
Subclass
UIButton UITextField
• Hierarchical relation between classes
• Subclass “inherit” behavior and data from superclass
• Subclasses can use, augment or replace superclass methods
Thursday, January 7, 2010 10
Inheritance
Memory
Superclass
NSObject management
UIControl
Subclass
UIButton UITextField
• Hierarchical relation between classes
• Subclass “inherit” behavior and data from superclass
• Subclasses can use, augment or replace superclass methods
Thursday, January 7, 2010 10
Inheritance
Memory
Superclass
NSObject management
Generic
UIControl behaviors
Subclass
UIButton UITextField
• Hierarchical relation between classes
• Subclass “inherit” behavior and data from superclass
• Subclasses can use, augment or replace superclass methods
Thursday, January 7, 2010 10
Inheritance
Memory
Superclass
NSObject management
Generic
UIControl behaviors
Specific
Subclass
UIButton UITextField behaviors
• Hierarchical relation between classes
• Subclass “inherit” behavior and data from superclass
• Subclasses can use, augment or replace superclass methods
Thursday, January 7, 2010 10
More OOP Info?
• Drop by office hours to talk about basics of OOP
• Tons of books and articles on OOP
• Most Java or C++ book have OOP introductions
• Objective-C 2.0 Programming Language
■ http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/
ObjectiveC
Thursday, January 7, 2010 11
Objective-C
Thursday, January 7, 2010 12
Objective-C
• Strict superset of C
■ Mix C with ObjC
■ Or even C++ with ObjC (usually referred to as ObjC++)
• A very simple language, but some new syntax
• Single inheritance, classes inherit from one and only one
superclass
• Protocols define behavior that cross classes
• Dynamic runtime
• Loosely typed, if you’d like
Thursday, January 7, 2010 13
Syntax Additions
• Small number of additions
• Some new types
■ Anonymous object
■ Class
■ Selectors
• Syntax for defining classes
• Syntax for message expressions
Thursday, January 7, 2010 14
Dynamic Runtime
• Object creation
■ All objects allocated out of the heap
■ No stack based objects
• Message dispatch
• Introspection
Thursday, January 7, 2010 15
OOP with ObjC
Thursday, January 7, 2010 16
Classes and Instances
• In Objective-C, classes and instances are both objects
• Class is the blueprint to create instances
Thursday, January 7, 2010 17
Classes and Instances
• In Objective-C, classes and instances are both objects
• Class is the blueprint to create instances
method
Class
method
method
method
Data
method
method
method
method methodData
method
method
method
method
method
Data methodData
method
method
method
methodData
method
method
method
methodData
method
Thursday, January 7, 2010 17
Classes and Objects
• Classes declare state and behavior
• State (data) is maintained using instance variables
• Behavior is implemented using methods
• Instance variables typically hidden
■ Accessible only using getter/setter methods
Thursday, January 7, 2010 18
OOP From ObjC Perspective
• Everybody has their own spin on OOP
■ Apple is no different
• For the spin on OOP from an ObjC perspective:
■ Read the “Object-Oriented Programming with Objective-C”
document
■ http://developer.apple.com/iphone/library/documentation/
Cocoa/Conceptual/OOP_ObjC
Thursday, January 7, 2010 19
Messaging syntax
Thursday, January 7, 2010 20
Class and Instance Methods
• Instances respond to instance methods
- (id)init;
- (float)height;
- (void)walk;
• Classes respond to class methods
+ (id)alloc;
+ (id)person;
+ (Person *)sharedPerson;
Thursday, January 7, 2010 21
Message syntax
Thursday, January 7, 2010 22
Message syntax
[receiver message]
Thursday, January 7, 2010 22
Message syntax
[receiver message]
[receiver message:argument]
Thursday, January 7, 2010 22
Message syntax
[receiver message]
[receiver message:argument]
[receiver message:arg1 andArg:arg2]
Thursday, January 7, 2010 22
Message examples
Person *voter; //assume this exists
[voter castBallot];
int theAge = [voter age];
[voter setAge:21];
if ([voter canLegallyVote]) {
// do something voter-y
}
[voter registerForState:@"CA" party:@"Independant"];
NSString *name = [[voter spouse] name];
Thursday, January 7, 2010 23
Method definition examples
Person *voter; //assume this exists
- (void)castBallot;
[voter castBallot];
- (int)age;
int theAge = [voter age];
- (void)setAge:(int)age;
[voter setAge:21];
- (BOOL)canLegallyVote;
if ([voter canLegallyVote]) {
// do something voter-y
}
- (void)registerForState:(NSString*)state
party:(NSString*)party;
[voter registerForState:@"CA" party:@"Independant"];
- (Person*)spouse;
- (NSString*)name;
NSString *name = [[voter spouse] name];
Thursday, January 7, 2010 24
Terminology
• Message expression
[receiver method: argument]
• Message
[receiver method: argument]
• Selector
[receiver method: argument]
• Method
The code selected by a message
Thursday, January 7, 2010 25
Dot Syntax
• Objective-C 2.0 introduced dot syntax
• Convenient shorthand for invoking accessor methods
float height = [person height];
float height = person.height;
[person setHeight:newHeight];
person.height = newHeight;
• Follows the dots...
[[person child] setHeight:newHeight];
// exactly the same as
person.child.height = newHeight;
Thursday, January 7, 2010 26
Objective-C Types
Thursday, January 7, 2010 27
Dynamic and static typing
• Dynamically-typed object
! id anObject
■ Just id
■ Not id * (unless you really, really mean it...)
• Statically-typed object
! Person *anObject
• Objective-C provides compile-time, not runtime, type checking
• Objective-C always uses dynamic binding
Thursday, January 7, 2010 28
The null object pointer
• Test for nil explicitly
! if (person == nil) return;
• Or implicitly
! if (!person) return;
• Can use in assignments and as arguments if expected
! person = nil;
! [button setTarget: nil];
• Sending a message to nil?
! person = nil;
! [person castBallot];
Thursday, January 7, 2010 29
BOOL typedef
• When ObjC was developed, C had no boolean type (C99
introduced one)
• ObjC uses a typedef to define BOOL as a type
BOOL flag = NO;
• Macros included for initialization and comparison: YES and NO
if (flag == YES)
if (flag)
if (!flag)
if (flag != YES)
flag = YES;
flag = 1;
Thursday, January 7, 2010 30
Selectors identify methods by name
• A selector has type SEL
! SEL action = [button action];
! [button setAction:@selector(start:)];
• Conceptually similar to function pointer
• Selectors include the name and all colons, for example:
! -(void)setName:(NSString *)name age:(int)age;
would have a selector:
! SEL sel = @selector(setName:age:);
Thursday, January 7, 2010 31
Working with selectors
• You can determine if an object responds to a given selector
! id obj;
! SEL sel = @selector(start:);
! if ([obj respondsToSelector:sel]) {
! [obj performSelector:sel withObject:self]
! }
• This sort of introspection and dynamic messaging underlies
many Cocoa design patterns
! -(void)setTarget:(id)target;
! -(void)setAction:(SEL)action;
Thursday, January 7, 2010 32
Working with Classes
Thursday, January 7, 2010 33
Class Introspection
• You can ask an object about its class
! Class myClass = [myObject class];
! NSLog(@"My class is %@", [myObject className]);
• Testing for general class membership (subclasses included):
! if ([myObject isKindOfClass:[UIControl class]]) {
! // something
! }
• Testing for specific class membership (subclasses excluded):
! if ([myObject isMemberOfClass:[NSString class]]) {
! // something string specific
! }
Thursday, January 7, 2010 34
Working with Objects
Thursday, January 7, 2010 35
Identity versus Equality
• Identity—testing equality of the pointer values
if (object1 == object2) {
NSLog(@"Same exact object instance");
}
• Equality—testing object attributes
if ([object1 isEqual: object2]) {
NSLog(@"Logically equivalent, but may
be different object instances");
}
Thursday, January 7, 2010 36
-description
• NSObject implements -description
- (NSString *)description;
• Objects represented in format strings using %@
• When an object appears in a format string, it is asked for its
description
[NSString stringWithFormat: @”The answer is: %@”, myObject];
• You can log an object’s description with:
NSLog([anObject description]);
• Your custom subclasses can override description to return
more specific information
Thursday, January 7, 2010 37
Foundation Classes
Thursday, January 7, 2010 38
Foundation Framework
• Value and collection classes
• User defaults
• Archiving
• Notifications
• Undo manager
• Tasks, timers, threads
• File system, pipes, I/O, bundles
Thursday, January 7, 2010 39
NSObject
• Root class
• Implements many basics
■ Memory management
■ Introspection
■ Object equality
Thursday, January 7, 2010 40
NSString
• General-purpose Unicode string support
■ Unicode is a coding system which represents all of the world’s
languages
• Consistently used throughout Cocoa Touch instead of “char *”
• Without doubt the most commonly used class
• Easy to support any language in the world with Cocoa
Thursday, January 7, 2010 41
String Constants
• In C constant strings are
! ! ! “simple”
• In ObjC, constant strings are
! @“just as simple”
• Constant strings are NSString instances
! NSString *aString = @”Hello World!”;
Thursday, January 7, 2010 42
Format Strings
• Similar to printf, but with %@ added for objects
NSString *aString = @”Johnny”;
NSString *log = [NSString stringWithFormat: @”It’s ‘%@’”, aString];
log would be set to It’s ‘Johnny’
• Also used for logging
NSLog(@”I am a %@, I have %d items”, [array className], [array count]);
would log something like:
I am a NSArray, I have 5 items
Thursday, January 7, 2010 43
NSString
• Often ask an existing string for a new string with modifications
- (NSString *)stringByAppendingString:(NSString *)string;
- (NSString *)stringByAppendingFormat:(NSString *)string;
- (NSString *)stringByDeletingPathComponent;
• Example:
NSString *myString = @”Hello”;
NSString *fullString;
fullString = [myString stringByAppendingString:@” world!”];
fullString would be set to Hello world!
Thursday, January 7, 2010 44
NSString
• Common NSString methods
- (BOOL)isEqualToString:(NSString *)string;
- (BOOL)hasPrefix:(NSString *)string;
- (int)intValue;
- (double)doubleValue;
• Example:
NSString *myString = @”Hello”;
NSString *otherString = @”449”;
if ([myString hasPrefix:@”He”]) {
// will make it here
}
if ([otherString intValue] > 500) {
// won’t make it here
}
Thursday, January 7, 2010 45
NSMutableString
• NSMutableString subclasses NSString
• Allows a string to be modified
• Common NSMutableString methods
+ (id)string;
- (void)appendString:(NSString *)string;
- (void)appendFormat:(NSString *)format, ...;
NSMutableString *newString = [NSMutableString string];
[newString appendString:@”Hi”];
[newString appendFormat:@”, my favorite number is: %d”,
[self favoriteNumber]];
Thursday, January 7, 2010 46
Collections
• Array - ordered collection of objects
• Dictionary - collection of key-value pairs
• Set - unordered collection of unique objects
• Common enumeration mechanism
• Immutable and mutable versions
■ Immutable collections can be shared without side effect
■ Prevents unexpected changes
■ Mutable objects typically carry a performance overhead
Thursday, January 7, 2010 47
NSArray
• Common NSArray methods
! + arrayWithObjects:(id)firstObj, ...; // nil terminated!!!
! - (unsigned)count;
! - (id)objectAtIndex:(unsigned)index;
! - (unsigned)indexOfObject:(id)object;
• NSNotFound returned for index if not found
NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@”Red”, @”Blue”,
@”Green”, nil];
if ([array indexOfObject:@”Purple”] == NSNotFound) {
NSLog (@”No color purple”);
}
• Be careful of the nil termination!!!
Thursday, January 7, 2010 48
NSMutableArray
• NSMutableArray subclasses NSArray
• So, everything in NSArray
• Common NSMutableArray Methods
+ (NSMutableArray *)array;
- (void)addObject:(id)object;
- (void)removeObject:(id)object;
- (void)removeAllObjects;
- (void)insertObject:(id)object atIndex:(unsigned)index;
NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray array];
[array addObject:@”Red”];
[array addObject:@”Green”];
[array addObject:@”Blue”];
[array removeObjectAtIndex:1];
Thursday, January 7, 2010 49
NSDictionary
• Common NSDictionary methods
+ dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys: (id)firstObject, ...;
- (unsigned)count;
- (id)objectForKey:(id)key;
• nil returned if no object found for given key
NSDictionary *colors = [NSDictionary
dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:@”Red”, @”Color 1”,
@”Green”, @”Color 2”, @”Blue”, @”Color 3”, nil];
NSString *firstColor = [colors objectForKey:@”Color 1”];
if ([colors objectForKey:@”Color 8”]) {
// won’t make it here
}
Thursday, January 7, 2010 50
NSMutableDictionary
• NSMutableDictionary subclasses NSDictionary
• Common NSMutableDictionary methods
+ (NSMutableDictionary *)dictionary;
- (void)setObject:(id)object forKey:(id)key;
- (void)removeObjectForKey:(id)key;
- (void)removeAllObjects;
NSMutableDictionary *colors = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
[colors setObject:@”Orange” forKey:@”HighlightColor”];
Thursday, January 7, 2010 51
NSSet
• Unordered collection of objects
• Common NSSet methods
! + setWithObjects:(id)firstObj, ...; // nil terminated
! - (unsigned)count;
! - (BOOL)containsObject:(id)object;
Thursday, January 7, 2010 52
NSMutableSet
• NSMutableSet subclasses NSSet
• Common NSMutableSet methods
! + (NSMutableSet *)set;
! - (void)addObject:(id)object;
! - (void)removeObject:(id)object;
! - (void)removeAllObjects;
! - (void)intersectSet:(NSSet *)otherSet;
! - (void)minusSet:(NSSet *)otherSet;
Thursday, January 7, 2010 53
Enumeration
• Consistent way of enumerating over objects in collections
• Use with NSArray, NSDictionary, NSSet, etc.
NSArray *array = ... ; // assume an array of People objects
// old school
Person *person;
int count = [array count];
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
person = [array objectAtIndex:i];
NSLog([person description]);
}
// new school
for (Person *person in array) {
NSLog([person description]);
}
Thursday, January 7, 2010 54
NSNumber
• In Objective-C, you typically use standard C number types
• NSNumber is used to wrap C number types as objects
• Subclass of NSValue
• No mutable equivalent!
• Common NSNumber methods
+ (NSNumber *)numberWithInt:(int)value;
+ (NSNumber *)numberWithDouble:(double)value;
- (int)intValue;
- (double)doubleValue;
Thursday, January 7, 2010 55
Other Classes
• NSData / NSMutableData
■ Arbitrary sets of bytes
• NSDate / NSCalendarDate
■ Times and dates
Thursday, January 7, 2010 56
Getting some objects
• Until we talk about memory management:
■ Use class factory methods
■ NSString’s +stringWithFormat:
■ NSArray’s +array
■ NSDictionary’s +dictionary
■ Or any method that returns an object except alloc/init or copy.
Thursday, January 7, 2010 57
More ObjC Info?
• http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Cocoa/
Conceptual/ObjectiveC
• Concepts in Objective C are applicable to any other OOP
language
Thursday, January 7, 2010 58
Questions?
Thursday, January 7, 2010 59
