2 Intreducton—Concept of Stress 4.1. INTRODUCTION ‘The main objective of the study of the mechanics of materials is to pro- vide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and designing var- ious machines and load-bearing structures. Both the analysis and the design of a given structure involve the de- termination of stresses and deformations. This first chapter is devoted to the concept of stress ‘Section 1.2 is devoted to a short review of the basic methods of statics ‘and to their application to the determination of the forces in the members ‘ofa simple structure consisting of pin-connected members. Section 1.3 will introduce you to the concept of siress in a member of a structure, and you ‘will be shown how that stress can be determined from the force in the mem ber. After a short discussion of engineering analysis and design (Sec. 1.4), you will consider successively the normal stresses in a member under ax- jal loading (See. 1.5). the shearing stresses caused by the application of ‘equal and opposite transverse forces (See. 1.6), and the bearing stresses cre- ‘ated by bolts and pins in the members they connect (See. 1.7). These vari- ‘ous concepts will be applied in Sec. 1.8 to the determination of the stresses in the members of the simple structure considered earlier in Sec. 1.2 ‘The first part of the chapter ends with a description of the method you should use in the solution of an assigned problem (Sec. 1.9) and with a dis- ‘cussion of the numerical accuracy appropriate in engineering calculations (Sec. 1.10), Tin Sec. 1.11, where a two-force member under axial loading is con sidered again, it will be observed that the stresses on an oblique plane in- clude both normal and shearing stresses, while in Sec. 1.12 you will note that six components are required to describe the state of stress at a point in 1a body under the most general loading conditions. Finally, Sec. 1.13 will be devoted to the determination from test spec- imens of the ultimate strength of a given material and to the use of a fac- tor of safety in the computation of the allowable load for a structural com- ponent made of that material 4.2, A SHORT REVIEW OF THE METHODS OF STATICS In this section you will review the basic methods of statics while de- termining the forces in the members of a simple structure. Consider the structure shown in Fig. 1.1, which was designed to support a 30-KN load. It consists of a boom AB with a 30 x 50-mm rectangular cross section and of a rod BC with a 20-mm-diameter cir- cular cross section. The boom and the rod are connected by a pin at B and are supported by pins and brackets at A and C, respectively. Our first step should be to draw a free-body diagram of the structure by de- taching it from its supports at A and C, and showing the reactions that these supports exert on the structure (Fig. 1.2). Note that the sketch of the structure has been simplified by omitting all unnecessary details. Many of you may have recognized at this point that AB and BC are two- {force members. For those of you who have not, we will pursue our ‘analysis, ignoring that fact and assuming that the directions of the re- actions at A and C are unknown. Each of these reactions, therefore, willFig. 1.1 be represented by two components, A, and A, at A, and C, and C, at CC. We write the following three equilibrium equations’ +)EMe=0: A,(0.6 m) ~ (30KN)(0.8m) = 0 A,= +40 KEN an SEF, =0: A+ G=0 “A, C,= ~40kN (12) +TEF, = 0: A, + C,~30KN =0 A, +, = +30KN a3) We have found two of the four unknowns, but cannot determine the other two from these equations, and no additional independent equation ‘can be obtained from the free-body diagram of the structure. We must now dismember the structure. Considering the free-body diagram of the boom AB (Fig. 1.3), we write the following equilibrium equation: +}EMp=0: — -A(O’m)=0 4, =0 a) Substituting for A, from (1.4) into (1.3), we obtain C, = +30 KN. pressing the results obtained for the reactions at A and C in vector form, we have A=40KIN — C,=40kNC,C, = 30KNT We note that the reaction at A is directed along the axis of the boom AB and causes compression in that member. Observing that the com- ponents C, and C, of the reaction at C are, respectively, proportional to the horizontal and vertical components of the distance from B to C, we conclude that the reaction at C is equal to 50 KN, is directed along the axis of the rod BC, and causes tension in that member. 1.2, Revow ofthe Maths of Statics 3 Fig. 12 sokw Fig. 1.34 Itoducon Concer of Stress ‘These results could have been anticipated by recognizing that AB and BC are two-force members, i., members that are subjected to forces at only two points, these points being A and B for member AB, and B and C for member BC. Indeed, for a two-force member the lines Foc Ned of action of the resultants of the forces acting at each of the two points sous] SX&___-#e equal and opposite and pass through both points. Using this prop- erty, we could have obtained a simpler solution by considering the free- i body diagram of pin B. The forces on pin B are the forces Fay and Eye Fas Ear exerted, respectively, by members AB and BC, and the 30-kN load (Fig. 14a). We can express that pin B is in equilibrium by drawing the corresponding force triangle (Fig. 1.48). ihe Since the force Fac is directed along member BC, its slope is @ » the same as that of BC, namely, 3/4. We can, therefore, write the Fig. 16 proportion Foc _ 30kN Sing from which we obtain Fag =40KN Fac = SOKN The forces Fig and Fyc exerted by and rod BC are equal and opposite to Fyy and Fyc (Fig. in B, respectively, on boom AB 5). Fig. 1.6 Knowing the forces at the ends of each of the members, we can now determine the internal forces in these members. Passing a section at some arbitrary point D of rod BC, we obtain two portions BD and CD (Fig. 1.6). Since 50-KN forces must be applied at D to both por- tions of the rod to keep them in equilibrium, we conclude that an ins ternal force of 50 kN is produced in rod BC when @ 30-KN load is ap- plied at B. We further check from the directions of the forces Fyc and Fc in Fig. 1.6 that the rod is in tension. A similar procedure would enable us to determine that the internal force in boom AB is 40 kN and that the boom is in compression.AB 1.3. STRESSES IN THE MEMBERS OF A STRUCTURE 1.3 Stesses inthe Members of s Stuctire 5 While the results obtained in the preceding section represent a first and es necessary step in the analysis of the given structure they donot tll us us whether the given load can be safely supported. Whether rod BC, for = {xampl, wil break or not under this loading depends not only upon = the value found forthe intemal force Fyq, but also upon the coss- - sectional area of the rpd and the material of which the rod is made. In- a 7 deed, the intemal force Fac actually represents the resultant of ele- otic mentary fores distributed over the entre area A ofthe cross section ne (Fig. 1.7) and the average intensity of these distributed forces is equal ‘ to the force per unit area, Fyc/A, in the section. Whether or not the rod QW, = fe will break under the given loading clearly depends upon the ability of the material to withstand the corresponding value Fyc/A of the inten- sity of the distributed internal forces. It thus depends upon the force Fig. 1.7 Fac, the cross-sectional area A, and the material of the rod. ‘The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces distributed over a given section, is called the stress on that section and is denoted by the Greek letter o (sigma). The stress in a member of cross-sectional area A subjected to an axial load P (Fig. 1.8) is therefore obtained by dividing the magnitude P of the load by the area A P Coy as) pao A positive sign will be used to indicate a tensile stress (member in ten- sion) and a negative sign to indicate a compressive stress (member in ‘compression. Since SI metric units are used in this discussion, with P expressed in newtons (N) and A in square meters (m’), the stress will be ex- pressed in N/m. This unit is called a pascal (Pa). However, one finds that the pascal is an exceedingly small quantity and that, in practice, multiples of this unit must be used, namely, the kilopascal (KPa), the megapascal (MPa), and the gigapascal (GPa). We have 1 kPa = 10° Pa = 10° Nim? 1 MPa = 10° Pa = 10° N/m? 1.GPa = 10° Pa = 10° N/m? When U.S. customary units are used, the force P is usually ex- Pressed in pounds (Ib) or kilopounds (kip), and the cross-sectional area A in square inches (in). The stress « will then be expressed in pounds per square inch (psi or kilopounds per square inch (ksi):# ‘The priacpal SI and U.S customiry nits sed in mechanics are listed in tables inside the font cover ofthis bok. From the table oa the right-tand side, we note that I psi 3p proximately equal w 7 MPa, and 1 si approximately gual 7 MPS,ic a be to ve 4.5, AXIAL LOADING; NORMAL STRESS [As we have already indicated, rod BC of the example considered in the preceding section is a two-force member and, therefore, the forces Fyc and Fe acting on its ends B and C (Fig. 1.5) are directed along the axis of the rod. We say that the rod is under axial loading. An actual ‘example of structural members under axial loading is provided by the members of the bridge triss shown in Fig. 1.9. Fig. 1.9 The bridgo truss consists of woforee members that may bein tension orth compression. Retumning to rod BC of Fig. 1.5, we recall that the section we passed through the rod to determine the internal force in the rod and the cor- responding stress was perpendicular to the axis of the rod; the internal force was therefore normal tothe plane of the section (Fig. 1.7) and the ‘corresponding stress is described as a normal stress. Thus, formula (1.5) gives us the normal stress ina member under axial loading: as) We should also note that, in formula (1.5), o is obtained by divid- ing the magnitude P of the resultant of the internal forces distributed ‘over the cross section by the area A of the cross section; it represents, therefore, the average value of the stress over the cross section, rather than the stress at a specific point of the cross section. ‘To define the stress at a given point Q of the cross section, we should consider a small area AA (Fig. 1.10). Dividing the magnitude of AF by AA, we obtain the average value of the stress over AA. Let- ting AA approach zero, we obtain the stress at point Q: ar o= jm a6 Fig. 1.10 1.8, Adal Loading; Normal Stree 7Fig. 1.12 In general, the value obtained for the stress oat a given point Q of the section is different from the value of the average stress given by formula (1.5), and is found to vary across the section. In a slender rod subjected to equal and opposite concentrated loads P and P’ (Fig. 1.11a), this variation is small in a section away from the points of a plication of the concentrated loads (Fig. 1.11c), but it is quite notice- able in the neighborhood of these points (Fig. 1.118 and d). It follows from Eq, (1.6) that the magnitude of the resultant of the distributed internal forces is [ur Joa But the conditions of equilibrium of each of the portions of rod shown in Fig. 1.11 require that this magnitude be equal to the magnitude P of the concentrated loads. We have, therefore, = [ar= Jou an which means that the volume under each of the stress surfaces in Fig. 1.11 must be equal to the magnitude P of the loads. This, however, is the only information that we can derive from our knowledge of statics, regarding the distribution of normal stresses in the various sections of the rod. The actual distribution of stresses in any given section is star ically indeterminate. To learn more about this distribution, itis neces- sary to consider the deformations resulting from the particular mode of application of the loads at the ends of the rod. This will be discussed further in Chap. 2 In practice, it will be assumed that the distribution of normal stresses. in an axially loaded member is uniform, except in the immediate viein- ity of the points of application of the loads. The value or of the stress, is then equal t0 de and can be obtained trom formula (1.5). However, we should realize that, when we assume a uniform distribution of stresses in the section, ie., when we assume that the intemal forces are uniformly distributed across the section, it follows from elementary stat- jest that the resultant P of the intemal forces must be applied at the centroid C of the section (Fig. 1.12), This means that a uniform distr ‘bution of stress is possible only ifthe line of action of the concentrated loads P and P' passes through the centroid of the section considered (Fig. 1.13). This type of loading is called centric loading and will be assumed to take place in all straight two-force members found in trusses and pin-connected structures, such as the one considered in Fig. 1.1 {See Ferdinand P. Boer and F, Rossel! Jobson, Je, Mechanics for Engineers, th ed MeGraw-Hil, New York, 1987, oc Vector Mechancr for Ensincers, 6th ed, MeGraw-Fil New York, 1996, ses. 5.2 and 53,agiven point Q of ge stress given by ction, In a slender ads P and P’ (Fig. «the points of ap- itis quite notice- and d). he resultant of the ions of rod shown te magnitude P of ay s surfaces in Fig. ‘This, however, is wledge of statics, usious sections of sm section is star- ation, itis neces- articular mode of will be discussed formal stresses immediate vicin- 0 of the stress (1.5), However, 1 distribution of ternal forces are elementary stat- Ye applied at the 4 uniform distri= the concentrated stion considered ling and will be found in trusses ved in Fig. 1.1. + Engineers, 4th ed hed, MeGraw-Hil, [ Fig. 1.13 However, if a two-force member is loaded axially, but eccentrically as shown in Fig, 1.14a, we find from the conditions of equilibrium of the portion of member shown in Fig. 1.14b that the internal forces in a given section must be equivalent to a force P applied at the centroid of the section and a couple M of moment M = Pd. The distribution of forces—and, thus, the corresponding distribution of stresses—cannot be uniform, Nor can the distribution of stresses be symmetric as shown in Fig, 1.11. This point will be discussed in detail in Chap. 4, 1.6. SHEARING STRESS: ‘The intemal forces and the corresponding stresses discussed in Sees. 1.2 and 1.3 were normal to the section considered. A very different type of stress is obtained when transverse forces P and P’ are applied 10 a member AB (Fig. 1.15). Passing a section at C between the points of application of the two forces (Fig. 1.16a), we obtain the diagram of por- tion AC shown in Fig. 1.160, We conclude that intemal forces must ex- istin the plane of the section, and that their resultant is equal to P. These clementary intemal forces are called shearing forces, and the magni- tude P of their resultant is the shear in the section. Dividing the shear 145 Fig. 1.14 1.8, Shea10 Introduction Concept of Stress P by the area A of the cross section, we oblain the average shearing stress in the section. Denoting the shearing stress by the Greek letter + (Cau), we write Ca as) It should be emphasized that the value obtained is an average value of the shearing stress over the entire section. Contrary to what we said earlier for normal stresses, the distribution of shearing stresses across the section cannot be assumed uniform. As you will see in Chap. 6, the actual value 7 of the shearing stress varies from zero at the surface of the member to a maximum Value Ting that may be much larger than the average Value Ty Fig. 1.17 Cutaway view of a connection witha bot in shear, Shearing stresses are commonly found in bolts, pins, and rivets used to connect various structural members and machine components (Fig. 1.17). Consider the two plates A and B, which are connected by a bolt CD (Fig. 1.18). If the plates are subjected to tension forces of mag- nitude F, stresses will develop in the section of bolt corresponding to the plane EE". Drawing the diagrams of the bolt and of the portion lo- cated above the plane EE" (Fig. 1.19), we conclude that the shear P in the section is equal to F. The average shearing stress in the section is obtained, according to formula (1.8), by dividing the shear P = F by the area A of the cross section: Te = = 9) ca S ff, tt, feo ye io Fig. 1.191.7, Bearing Sess in Connections 44 ing 8) F b [a_i z au Fo aa ig 4 — tue x {pa re, r— Il aid ns ITI ca _ oss el ee cy the 7 of “ a 6 ime Fig. 1.20 Fig. 1.21 ‘The bolt we have just considered is said to be in single shear. Dif ferent loading situations may arise, however. For example, if splice plates C and D are used to connect plates A and B (Fig. 1.20), shear will take place in bolt HJ in each of the two planes KK" and LE" (and similarly in bolt EG). The bolts are said to be in double shear. To de- termine the average shearing stress in each plane, we draw free-body diagrams of bolt H/ and of the portion of bolt located between the two planes (Fig. 1.21). Observing that the shear P in each of the sections is P = F/2, we conclude that the average shearing stress is G10) as its iP 1.7, BEARING STRESS IN CONNECTIONS to Bolts, pins, and rivets create stresses in the members they connect, along = the bearing surface, or surface of contact. For example, consider again in the two plates A and B connected by a bolt CD that we have discussed is in the preceding section (Fig. 1.18). The bolt exerts on plate A a force y P equal and opposite to the force F exerted by the plate on the bolt (Fig. 1.22). The force P represents the resultant of elementary forces distributed on the inside surface of a half-cylinder of diameter d and of » length + equal to the thickness of the plate. Since the distribution of these forces—and of the corresponding stresses—is quite complicated, one uses in practice an average nominal value «7, of the stress, called the bearing stress, obtained by dividing the load P by the area of the rectan- gle representing the projection of the bolt on the plate section (Fig. 1.23). Since this area is equal to 1d, where ris the plate thickness and d the di- ha Fig. 1.22 ameter of we haw ter of the bolt, we have Y12. invosuctin—concept of stress 1.8. APPLICATION TO THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SIMPLE STRUCTURES We are now in a position to determine the stresses in the members and ‘connections of various simple two-dimensional structures and, thus, to design such structures. As an example, let us retum to the structure of Fig. 1.1 that we have already considered in Sec. 1.2 and let us specify the supports and ’ ‘connections at A, B, and C. As shown in Fig. 1.24, the 20-mm-diameter rod BC has flat ends of 20 X 40-mm rectangular cross section, while ‘boom AB has @ 30 X 50-mm rectangular cross section and is fitted with aclevis atend B. Both members are connected at B by a pin from which the 30-KN load is suspended by means of a U-shaped bracket. Boom AB is supported at A by a pin fitted into a double bracket, while rod BC is connected at C to a single bracket. All pins are 25'mm in diameter. fy d= 250m A 20mm TOP IEW OF ROD RC d= 320mm END VIEW ‘TOP VIEW OF BOOM AB 4-35 Fig. 1.24 a. Determination of the Normal Stress in Boom AB end Rod BC. As we found in Secs. 1.2 and 1.4, the force in rod BC is Fc = SOKN (fension) and the area of its circular cross section is, 314 x 10-m*; the corresponding average normal stress is +159 MPa, However, the flat parts of the rod are also underSAMPLE PROBLEM 1.1 In the hanger shown, the upper portion of link ABC's in. thick and the lower portion ae each |i, thick. Epoxy resin s used to bond the upper and lower Portions together a B. The pin at A is of fin, diameter while ain diameter pin is used at C. Determine (a) the shearing sites in pin A, (b) the shearing Stress in in Cc) the lagest normal stress in ink ABC, (the average she ing stress onthe bonded surfaces at B, () the bearing sess inthe ink at: SOLUTION Free Body: Entire Hanger, Since the link ABC is a two-foree member, the reaction at A is vertical; the reaction at D is represented by its components D, and D,. We write 452Mp=0: (SOD IBIS in.) ~ Fye= #7501 Fac ‘ae(10 in.) = 0 50 Ib tension 4. Shearing Stress in Pin A. Since this fin-diameter pin isin single shear, we write Fac 7501 ‘A 'a(0375 in? u t= 6790 psi 2. Shearing Stress in Pin C, Since this }in-diameter pin is in double shear, we write Bac 37516 A” Fn(0.25in.? Te tc = 7640 psi ¢. Largest Normal Stress in Link ABC, The largest stress is found ‘where the area is smallest; this occurs at the cross section at A where the ‘in. hole is located. We have Fac 750 tb 750 Ib foe” Gin 25in. 037i) ~ O32Bin? 7% = 7290PH 4. Average Shearing Stress at B. We note that bonding exists on both sides of the upper portion of the link and that the shear force on each side is F, = (7501Ib)/ 2 = 375 1b. The average shearing stress on each surface is thus A 375 Ib A” (25in 0.75 in) 1 Te = ITA psi ¢. Bearing Stress in Link at C. Foreach portion of the link, F; = 375 Ib and the nominal bearing area is (0.25 in.)(0.25 in.) = 0.0625 in* Fy __375 1b ‘A 0.0625 in? o 7, = 6000 psi 16ter tension and at the narrowest section, where a hole is located, we have 300 x 107% m? (20 mm)(40 mm — 25 mm) ‘The corresponding average value of the stress, therefore, is, P_ 50x 10°N (ches = = 300 x 10% mt = 167 MPa Note that this is an average value; close to the hole, the stress will ac- tually reach a much larger value, as you will see in Sec. 2.18. It is clear that, under an increasing load, the rod will fail near one of the holes rather than in its cylindrical portion; its design, therefore, could be im: proved by increasing the width or the thickness of the flat ends of the rod. ‘Turning now our attention to boom AB, we recall from Sec. 1.2 that the force in the boom is Fyg=40KN (compression). Since the area of the boom’s rectangular cross section is A = 30mm X 50 mm = 1.5 X 10°*m?, the average value of the normal stress in the main part of the rod, between pins A and B, is __40 x 10°'N 15 x 107 -26.7 x 10°Pa = ~26.7 MPa Note that the sections of minimum area at A and B are not under stress, since the boom is in compression, and, therefore, pushes on the pins (instead of pulling on the pins as rod BC does). b. Determination of the Shearing Stress in Various Connec- tions. To determine the shearing stress in a connection such as a bolt, pin, or rivet, we first clearly show the forces exerted by the various, ‘members it Connects. Thus, in the case of pin C of our example (Fig. 1.25a), we draw Fig. 1.250, showing the 50-KN force exerted by mem- ber BC on the pin, and the equal and opposite force exerted by the bracket. Drawing now the diagram of the portion of the pin located below the plane DD’ where shearing stresses occur (Fig. 1.25c), we conclude that the shear in that plane is P = 50 KN. Since the cross- sectional area of the pin is = (12.5 X 107 my? = 491 x 10° m* we find that the average value of the shearing stress in the pin at Cis _P_ 50x 10°N Tee A 491 x 10° 102. MPa Considering now the pin at A (Fig. 1.26), we note that itis in dou- ble shear. Drawing the free-body diagrams of the pin and of the por- tion of pin located between the planes DD’ and EE’ where shearing stresses occur, we conclude that P = 20 kN and that P 20kN A” 491 xi 40.7 MPa 1.8, Anais and Design of Simple Stuctres 43 f 50kN Fig. 125 v— a » Fig. 1.26,irae Ta 300 } 250 mm 0 kN Fig, P1.3 end PI iN Fig. P15 PROBLEMS 1.1 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown, Determine the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile stress in rod AB is twice the magnitude of the compressive stress in tod BC. Si, Jeeeeeeennen| Fig. Pt 4.2 InProb. 1.1, knowing that P = 40 kips, determine the average nor- ‘mal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC. 1.3 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown, Knowing that the average normal stress must not exceed 175 MPa in rod AB and 150 MPa in rod BC, determine the smallest allowable values of d) and d; 1.4 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown, Knowing that d, = 50 mm and d; = 30 mm, find the aver- ‘age normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC. 1.5. A strain gage located at C on the surface of bone AB indicates that the average normal stress in the bone is 3.80 MPa when the bone is subjected to two 1200-N forces as shown, Assuming the cross section of the bone at C to be annular and knowing that its outer diameter is 25 mm, determine the in ner diameter of the bone's cross section at C. 1.8 ‘Two steel plates are to be held together by means of 16-mm-diameter high-strength steel bolts fitting snugly inside cylindrical brass spacers. Know. ing that the average normal stress must not exceed 200 MPa in the bolts and 130 MPa in the spacers, determine the outer diameter of the spacers that yields the most economical and safe designSAMPLE PROBLEM 1.2 ‘The steel tie bar shown isto be designed to carry a tension force of magnitude P = 120 kNwhen bolted between double brackets at A and B. The bar will be fabricated from 20-mm-thick plate stock. For the grade of stel to be used, the maximum allowable stresses are: = 175 MPa, + = 100 MPa, , 350 MPa, Design the te bar by determining the required values of (a) the diameter d of the bolt, (b) the dimension b at each end of the bar, (c) the dimension fof the bar. ft SOLUTION ; Fy 4. Diameter of the Bolt, Since the bolt is in double shear, F; P= 60KN. : nol SON yrs = OEE 26m iad ind We will use d= 28mm At this point we check the bearing stress between the 20-mm-thick plate and the 28-mnm-diameter bolt P 120 Ga Waa my oDm Ay ~2MPa<350MPa OK ty ». Dimension b at Each End of the Bar. We consider one of the end | portions of the bar. Recalling that the thickness ofthe stel plate is s= 20mm 1 and that the average tensile stress must not exceed 175 MPa, we write we 60 kN one 175 MPa = —SOXN_ a=17l4 ta (0.02 m)a b= d+ 2a=28mm+ 274mm) b= 623mm 4 ‘c. Dimension h of the Bar. Recalling thatthe thickness ofthe steel plate is t= 20mm, we have 120kN (0.020 my 34.3 mm P 2 75Mps = a We will use h= 35mm << 7Bach of the four vertical links has an 8 > 36-mm uniform reetan- Problems 19 au section and each of the four pins has a 16-mm diameter. Determine the maximum value of the average normal stress in the links connecting (a points B and D, (6) points C and E. Fig. PLT Fig. PIs 1.8 Knowing thatthe central potion of the link BD bas a uniform cross sectional area of 800 mm?, determine the magnitude of the load P for which the normal stess in that portion of BD is 50 MPa. 4.8 Knowing thatthe lnk DE is in. thick and 1 in, wide, determine the somal tes in the central portion of that ink when (a) 8 = 0, (b) 8 = 90F [Eat ]uiok Ac nasa vitor rectangular cross section fin thick and } ins wide: Determine the normal stress in the central portion of the link. Le on Fig. P1.10 1.11 The rigid bar EFG is supported by the tru system shown. Know- ing that the member CG is a solid circular rod of 0.75-in. diameter, determine the normal stress in CG. [ERI ‘The sige bar 2FC is suppor by the trass system shown, Deter mine the rose sectional area of member AE for which the normal tes i he tember is 13 Fig, Pt and PH.t2the 1.17 Two wooden planks, each } in, thick and 9 in. wide, ae joined by Protos 24 the dry momtise joint shown, Knowing that the wood used shears off along its rain when the average shearing stress reaches 1.20 ksi, determine the magni- tude P of the axial load that will eause the joint to fail, , pa Tri Fig. P1.17 ‘A load P is applied to a steel rod supported as shown by an alu- ‘minor plate into which 2 12-mm-diameter hole has been drilled. Knowing that the shearing stress must not exceed 180 MPa in the steel rod and 70 MPa in the aluminum plate, determine the largest load P that can be applied tothe rd. 19 The axial force in the column supporting the timber beam shown is P = 20 kips, Determine the smallest allowable length L of the bearing plate if de bearing stress in the timber is not to exceed 400 psi 1.20] ‘The toad P applied to a stel rod is distributed to a timber support P by an anlar washer. The diameter of the rod is 22 mm and the inner diame Fig, p11 ter of the washer is 25 mm, which is slighdy larger than the diameter of the hole. Determine the smallest allowable outer diameter d of the washer, know ing thatthe axial normal stress in the steel rod is 35 MPa and thatthe average bearing stress between the washer and the timber must not exceed 5 MPa Fig, P1.20 1.21 A 40-KN axial load is applied to a short wooden post that is sup ported by a concrete footing resting on undisturbed soil, Determine (a) the ‘maximum bearing stress on the concrete footing, (b) the size ofthe footing for Which the average bearing stress in the soil is 145 kPa, Fig. P122. tntoduotion Concept of Stress Fig. P1.28 1.22 An axial load Ps supported by a short WS 40 column of cross sectional area A = 11,7 in and is distributed to a concrete foundation by & ‘square plate as shown. Knowing thatthe average normal stress in the column ‘must not exceed 30 ksi and that the bearing stress on the concrete foundation ust not exceed 3.0 ksi determine the side a ofthe plate that will provide the ‘most economical and safe design. 4.23 A 6mm-diameter pin is used at connection C of the pedal shown Knowing that P = 500 N, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the pin, (the nominal bearing stress i the pedal at C, (c) the nominal bearing stress in each support bracket at C. 1.24 Knowing that a force P of magnitude 750 N is epplied to the pedal shown, determine (a) the diameter ofthe pin at C for which the average shear- ing stress in the pin is 40 MPa, (2) the corresponding bearing stress inthe pedal at C,(o) the corresponding bearing stress in each support bracket at C, 4.25 A fLin-diameter steel mod AB is fited to a round hole near end C of the wooden member CD. For the loading shown, determine (a) the maxi- ‘mum average normal stress in the wood, (b) the distance b for which the av- rage shearing stress is 100 psi on the surfaces indicated by the dashed Tines, (© the average bearing stress on the wood. Two identical inkage-and-hydraui-ylnder systems conto the post Set he forks of forklift iuck The load supported by the one system Fhown is 1500 1b. Knowing that the thickness of member BD is }in., deter- ‘mine (a) the average shearing stress in the }-in.-diameter pin at B, (b) the bear- ing stress at Bin member BD. Lareebaneelann| Fig. P1268 4.27 For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.7, determine (a) the aver- age shearing stress in the pin at B,(b) the average bearing stress at B in mem ber BD, (c) the average bearing stress at B in member ABC, knowing that this ‘member has a 10 X 50-mm uniform rectangular cross section. 1.28 Link AB, of width b = 50 mm and thickness ¢ = 6 mm, is used to support the end of a horizontal beam. Knowing that the average normal stress in the lnk is —140 MPa, and that the average shearing stress in each of the two pins is 80 MPa, determine (a) the diameter d of the pins, (b) the average bearing stress in the link,