Third Edition

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Transformations of
Stress and Strain

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Introduction
The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
x , y , z

normal stresses

xyy , yyz , zx shearing stresses

(Note : xy = yx , yz = zy , zx = xz )

Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.
The first part of the chapter is concerned with
how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

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Introduction
Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
x , y , xy and z = zx = zy = 0.
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State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.
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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Transformation of Plane Stress

Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x axes.
Fx = 0 = xA x (A cos ) cos xyy (A cos )sin
y (A sin )sin xy (A sin ) cos

Fy = 0 = xy A + x (A cos )sin xy (A cos ) cos

y (A sin ) cos + xy (A sin )sin

The equations may be rewritten to yield

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Principal Stresses
The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

( x ave )2 + x2y = R 2
where

ave =

x + y

x y
2
+ xy
R =
2

Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
max,min =
tan 2 p =

x + y
2

x y
2
+ xy

2

2 xy

x y

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for

x = ave

x y
2
+ xy
2

max = R =
tan 2 s =

x y
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from p by 45o

= ave =

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x + y
2

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Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
t 2 p =
tan

2 xy

x y

Determine the principal stresses from

max,min =

x + y

x y
2
+ xy

2

2
For the state of plane stress shown,
determine (a) the principal panes, Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the
2
x y
maximum shearing stress and the
2
+ xy
max =
2
corresponding normal stress.

x + y
2

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
tan 2 p =

2 xyy

x y

2(+ 40 )
= 1.333
50 ( 10 )

2 p = 53.1, 233.1

x = +50 MPa
x = 10 MPa

p = 26.6, 116.6

xy = +40 MPa

Determine the principal stresses from

max,min
i =

x + y
2

= 20

x y
2
+ xy

2

(30)2 + (40)2

max = 70 MPa
min = 30 MPa
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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 7.01
Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2

x y
2
+ xy
2

max =
=

(30)2 + (40)2

max = 50 MPa
x = +50 MPa

xy = +40 MPa

s = p 45

x = 10 MPa

s = 18.4, 71.6

The
Th corresponding
di normall stress
t
is
i
= ave =

x + y
2

50 10
2

= 20 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
ti passing
i through
th
h H.
H
section
Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
at H.
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section ppassingg through
g H.
P = 150 lb
T = (150 lb )(18 in ) = 2.7 kip in

M x = (150 lb )(10 in ) = 1.5 kip in

Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses

at H.
y =+

(1.5 kip in )(0.6 in )

Mc
=+
1 (0.6 in )4
I
4

(2.7 kip in )(0.6 in )

Tc
xy = + = +
1 (0.6 in )4
J
2

x = 0 y = +8.84 ksi y = +7.96 ksi

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy
2(7.96 )
tan 2 p =
=
= 1.8
x y 0 8.84
2 p = 61.0,119

p = 30.5, 59.5
max,min =
=

x + y
2

x y
2
+ xy

2

0 + 8.84
0 8.84
2

+ (7.96 )
2
2

max = +13.52 ksi

min = 4.68 ksi

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

With the physical significance of Mohrs circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.
For a known state of plane stress x , y , xy
plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
ave =

x + y
2

x y
2
+ xy
R =
2

The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

B
max,min = ave R
tan 2 p =

2 xy
x y

The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is

the same as CX to CA.
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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

With Mohrs circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.
For the state of stress at an angle with
respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter XY at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.
Normal and shear stresses are obtained
from the coordinates X
XY
Y.

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:

x =

P
, y = xy = 0
A

x = y = xy =

P
2A

Mohrs circle for torsional loading:

x = y = 0 xy =

Tc
J

x =y =

Tc
xy = 0
J

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 7.02

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohrs circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the
principal stresses, (d) the maximum
shearing stress and the corresponding
normal stress.

SOLUTION:
Construction of Mohrs circle

(50) + ( 10) = 20 MPa

=
2
2
CF = 50 20 = 30 MPa FX = 40 MPa

ave =

x + y

R = CX =
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(30)2 + (40)2 = 50 MPa

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 7.02
Principal planes and stresses
max = OA = OC + CA = 20 + 50
max = 70 MPa
max = OB = OC BC = 20 50
max = 30 MPa
FX 40
=
CP 30
2 p = 53.1

tan 2 p =

p = 26.6

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 7.02

Maximum shear stress

s = p + 45

max = R

= ave

s = 71.6

max = 50 MPa

= 20 MPa

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components
p
exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise Construct Mohrs circle
through 30 degrees.
x + y 100 + 60
ave =

= 80 MPa

R=

(CF )2 + (FX )2 = (20)2 + (48)2 = 52 MPa

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

Principal planes and stresses

XF 48
=
= 2.4
CF 20
2 p = 67.4

tan 2 p =

p = 33.7 clockwise

max = OA = OC + CA
= 80 + 52

max = +132 MPa

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max = OA = OC BC
= 80 52

min = +28 MPa

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

Stress components after rotation by 30o

P i t X andd Y on Mohrs
Points
M h circle
i l that
th t
correspond to stress components on the
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2 = 60

= 180 60 67.4 = 52.6

x = OK = OC KC = 80 52 cos 52.6
y = OL = OC + CL = 80 + 52 cos 52.6
xy = KX = 52 sin 52.6
x = +48.4 MPa
y = +111.6 MPa
xy = 41.3 MPa

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