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Euler

1) Euler equations are a special case of differential equations of the form anxnyn(n) + an-1xn-1yn-1(n-1) + ... + a2x2y'' + a1xy' + a0y = f(x). 2) By making the substitution x = ez or z = ln(x), Euler equations can be transformed into a linear differential equation with constant coefficients. 3) As an example, the differential equation x2y'' + 2xy' - l(l+1)y = 0 is transformed using the substitution into the simpler form d2y/dz2 + dy/dz - l(l+1

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26 views2 pages

Euler

1) Euler equations are a special case of differential equations of the form anxnyn(n) + an-1xn-1yn-1(n-1) + ... + a2x2y'' + a1xy' + a0y = f(x). 2) By making the substitution x = ez or z = ln(x), Euler equations can be transformed into a linear differential equation with constant coefficients. 3) As an example, the differential equation x2y'' + 2xy' - l(l+1)y = 0 is transformed using the substitution into the simpler form d2y/dz2 + dy/dz - l(l+1

Uploaded by

FayazKhanPathan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EULER EQUATIONS

Differential equations of the form:


a n x n y ( n ) + a n 1 x n 1 y ( n 1) + ...a 2 x 2 y + a1 xy + a 0 y = f ( x ) (1)

represent a special case of Eulers equation.


Equations of this sort can always be transformed into a linear differential equation with
constant coefficients by making the substitution:
x = e z or z = ln x (2)

Lets consider the specific differential equation:


x 2 y + 2 xy l (l + 1) y = 0

(3)

When we make the substitution shown in (2) we get:


dy dy dz
dy
(4)
=

= e z
dx dz dx
dz

the last step occurring because dx/dz = ez, so dz/dx = e-z.


The second derivative becomes:
d 2 y d dy d z dy d z dy dz z dy z d 2 y z
= = e
= e + e 2 e =
=
e

dz dz
dz dx
dx 2 dx dx dx
dz
dz
(5)
d y
dy
e 2 z 2 e 2 z
dz
dz
2

Remembering that x2 = e2z and x = ez, we can use equations (4) and (5) to rewrite (3) as:
d 2 y dy
+
l (l + 1) y = 0
dz 2 dz

(6)

which is a simple second order homogeneous constant coefficient ordinary differential


equation.
The characteristic equation for (6) can be written as:

r 2 + r l (l + 1) = 0 (7)
Which can be factored as:
( r l )( r + l + 1) = 0 (8)

This gives a solution to (6) of:


y = c1e lz + c 2 e ( l +1) z

(9)

Since x = ez, eq. (9) becomes:


y = c1 x l + c 2 x ( l +1)

(10)

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