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1.1 HTML Fundamentals

HTML

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148 views97 pages

1.1 HTML Fundamentals

HTML

Uploaded by

andreeamantaluta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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HTML Basics

HTML, Text, Images, Tables

Table of Contents
1.

Introduction to HTML
How the Web Works?
What is a Web Page?
My First HTML Page
Basic Tags: Hyperlinks, Images, Formatting
Headings and Paragraphs

2.

HTML in Details
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <head> Section: Title, Meta, Script,
Style
2

Table of Contents (2)


HTML in Details

2.

3.

The <body> Section


Text Styling and Formatting Tags
Hyperlinks: <a>
Hyperlinks and Sections
Images: <img>
Lists: <ol>, <ul> and <dl>
HTML Special Characters

The <div> and <span> elements


3

How the Web Works?

WWW use classical client / server architecture


HTTP is text-based request-response protocol
HTTP
Page request
HTTP
Server response

Client running a
Web Browser

Server running Web


Server Software
(IIS, Apache, etc.)

What is a Web Page?

Web pages are text files containing HTML


HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
A notation for describing
document structure (semantic markup)
formatting (presentation markup)

Looks (looked?) like:

A Microsoft Word document

The markup tags provide information about


the page content structure
5

Creating HTML Pages


An HTML file must have an .htm or .html
file extension

HTML files can be created with text editors:


NotePad, NotePad ++, Sublime Text
!

Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors):

Microsoft WebMatrix
Microsoft Expression Web
Microsoft Visual Studio
Adobe Dreamweaver

HTML Past, Present, Future


HTML first mentioned Tim Berners-Lee HTML tags!
1993 HTML (first public version, published at IETF)!
1993 HTML 2 draft!
1995 HTML 2 W3C!
1995 HTML 3 draft !
1997 HTML 3.2 Wilbur!
1997 HTML 4 Cougar CSS !
1999 HTML 4.01 (final)!
2000 XHTML draft !
2001 XHTML (final)!
2008 HTML5 / XHTML5 draft!
2011 feature complete HTML5!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5#Plan_2014
1991

HTML Terminology
Tags, Attributes and Elements

HTML Terminology
Concepts

in HTML!

Tags!

Opening tag and closing tag!


The smallest piece in HTML!

Attributes!

Properties of the tag!


Size, color, etc !

Elements!

Combination of opening, closing tag and


attributes

HTML Tags
Tags

are the smallest piece in HTML


Document!
Start with "<" and end with ">"!

Two

kinds of tags!

Opening!

Mark the start of an


HTML element!

Closing!

Mark the end of an


HTML element!
Start in "</"

Opening tag

<html>

<body>

<h1>Hello Pesho!</h1>

</body>

</html>

Closing tag

Attributes
Attributes

are properties of HTML Elements!

Used to set size, color, border, etc!


Put directly in the tags!
Has value surrounded by " " or ' '!
The value is always a string

<!- makes a hyperlink to Google -->


<a href="http://google.com"> go to Google</a>
<!- makes a horizontal line -->!
<hr width="95%" size="3px"/>
<!- adds an image in the web page -->
<img src="images/ninja.png"/>

Some tags don't


have closing tag

10

Most Common Attributes


There

are some attributes that are common


for every HTML element!
Id, class, name, style!

And

some attributes are specific!

For example the attribute src of the img


element!
Shows the path to the image to be shown

11

HTML Elements
HTML

Elements are combination of tags and


attributes!
Opening tag with some or none attributes and
a closing tag
<a href="http://google.com"> go to Google</a>
<html></html>

12

HTML Terminology
Live Demo

HTML Document Structure


HTML Document, Doctype, Head, Body

HTML Document Structure


Some

elements are essential to each HTML


Document:!
html, head, body, doctype!

The

html element!

Used to mark the beginning and ending of a


HTML document!
All the content of the web page is inside this
tag
<html>



</html>
15

Head Element
The

head tag contains markup that is not


visible to the user (i.e. the person using the
browser)!
But helps the browser to render correctly the
HTML document!

What

is in there?!

Styles, scripts!
Declare encodings!
Etc..!
The title tag - the text in the tab of a
browser

16

Body Element and Doctype


element contains all the visible to the
user markup!

body

Headings, text, hyperlinks, images, etc!


Textboxes, sliders, buttons!
Doctype

is kind of the validator of the page!

Tells the browser in which version of HTML the


page is written!
HTML 5 Doctype
<!DOCTYPE html>

17

HTML Document Structure


Live Demo

HTML Common Elements


Used in 90% of all the sites
Live Demo

HTML Basics
Text, Images, Tables, Forms

HTML Structure

HTML is comprised of elements and tags


Begins with <html> and ends with </html>
Elements (tags) are nested one inside another:
! <html> <head></head> <body></body> </html>

Tags have attributes:


! <img src="logo.jpg" alt="logo" />

HTML describes structure using two main sections:


<head> and <body>

22

HTML Code Formatting

The HTML source code should be formatted to


increase readability and facilitate debugging.
Every block element should start on a new line.
Every nested (block) element should be indented.
Browsers ignore multiple whitespaces in the page
source, so formatting is harmless.

For performance reasons, formatting can be


sacrificed

23

First HTML Page


test.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>

24

First HTML Page: Tags


<!DOCTYPE HTML>

Opening tag
<html>

<head>

<title>My First HTML Page</title>

</head>

<body>

Closing tag
<p>This is some text...</p>

</body>

</html>

An HTML element consists of an opening tag, a closing tag


and the content inside.

25

First HTML Page: Header


HTML header
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First HTML Page</title>

</head>

<body>

<p>This is some text...</p>

</body>

</html>

26

First HTML Page: Body


<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First HTML Page</title>

</head>

<body>

<p>This is some text...</p>

</body>

</html>

HTML body
27

Some Simple Tags


Hyperlink Tags

!
! <a href=http://www.itacad.org/"

! title="ITacad">Link to ITacad Web site</a>

Image Tags
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />

Text formatting tags


This text is <em>emphasized.</em>

<br />new line<br />

This one is <strong>more emphasized.</strong>

28

Some Simple Tags Example


some-tags.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>

</head>

<body>

<a href=http://www.itacad.org/" title=

"ITacad site">This is a link.</a>

<br />

<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />

<br />

<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.

</body>

</html>
29

Some Simple Tags Example (2)


some-tags.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>

</head>

<body>

<a href="http://www.itacad.com/" title=

"ITacad site">This is a link.</a>

<br />

<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />

<br />

<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.

</body>

</html>
30

Some HTML Tags


Live Demo

Tags Attributes

Tags can have attributes


Attributes specify properties and behavior
Attribute alt with value "logo"
Example:
!<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />

Few attributes can apply to every element:

id, style, class, title


The id is unique in the document
Content of title attribute is displayed as hint
when the element is hovered with the mouse
Some elements have obligatory attributes
32

Headings and Paragraphs

Heading Tags (h1 h6)


! <h1>Heading 1</h1>

! <h2>Sub heading 2</h2>

! <h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

Paragraph Tags
! <p>This is my first paragraph</p>

<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

Sections: div and span


<div style="background: skyblue;">

This is a div</div>

33

Headings and Paragraphs Example


headings.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></
head>

<body>

<h1>Heading 1</h1>

<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>

<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

!
!

<p>This is my first paragraph</p>



<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

<div style="background:skyblue">

This is a div</div>!


</body>

</html>

34

Headings and Paragraphs Example (2)


headings.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></
head>

<body>

<h1>Heading 1</h1>

<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>

<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

!
!

<p>This is my first paragraph</p>



<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

<div style="background:skyblue">

This is a div</div>!


</body>

</html>

35

Headings and Paragraphs


Live Demo

Introduction to HTML
HTML Document Structure in Depth

Preface

It is important to have the correct vision and


attitude towards HTML
HTML is only about structure, not appearance
Browsers tolerate invalid HTML code and
parse errors you should not.

38

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

HTML documents must start with a document


type definition (DTD)
It tells web browsers what type is the served code
Possible versions: HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0
(Transitional or Strict), XHTML 1.1, HTML 5

Example:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1!Transitional//EN"
transitional.dtd">

See http://w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.html for a list


of possible doctypes
39

HTML vs. XHTML

XHTML is more strict than HTML


Tags and attribute names must be in lowercase
All tags must be closed (<br/>, <img/>)
while HTML allows <br> and <img> and
implies missing closing tags (<p>par1
<p>par2)
XHTML allows only one root <html> element
(HTML allows more than one)

40

XHTML vs. HTML (2)


Many element attributes are deprecated in
XHTML, most are moved to CSS
Attribute minimization is forbidden, e.g.

! <input type="checkbox" checked>


!
!<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />

Note: Web browsers load XHTML faster than


HTML and valid code faster than invalid!
41

The <head> Section

Contains information that doesnt show


directly on the viewable page
Starts after the <!doctype> declaration
Begins with <head> and ends with </head>
Contains mandatory single <title> tag
Can contain some other tags, e.g.

<meta>
<script>
<style>
<!- comments -->
42

<head> Section: <title> tag

Title should be placed between <head> and </


head> tags
! <title>ITacad Academy Winter Season
! 2009/2010 </title>

Used to specify a title in the window title bar


Search engines and people rely on titles

43

<head> Section: <meta>

Meta tags additionally describe the content


contained within the page
<meta name="description" content="HTML
tutorial" />

!
<meta name="keywords" content="html, web
design, styles" />


<meta name="author" content="Chris


Brewer" />

!
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5;
url=http://www.itacad.org />
44

<head> Section: <script>

The <script> element is used to embed


scripts into an HTML document
Script are executed in the client's Web
browser
Scripts can live in the <head> and in the
<body> sections

Supported client-side scripting languages:


JavaScript (it is not Java!)
VBScript
JScript

45

The <script> Tag Example


<!DOCTYPE HTML>!

scripts-example.html

<html>

<head>

<title>JavaScript Example</title>

<script type="text/javascript">

function sayHello() {

document.write("<p>Hello World!<\/p>");

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

<script type=

"text/javascript">

sayHello();

</script>

</body>

</html>

46

Using Scripts
Live Demo

<head> Section: <style>

The <style> element embeds formatting


information (CSS styles) into an HTML page
<html>

style-example.html
<head>

<style type="text/css">

p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 12pt; }

p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; }

span { text-transform: uppercase; }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Styles demo.<br />

<span>Test uppercase</span>.

</p>

</body>

</html>

48

Embedding CSS Styles


Live Demo

Comments: <!-- --> Tag

Comments can exist anywhere between the


<html></html> tags
Comments start with <!-- and end with -->
<!- ITacad Logo (a JPG file) -->

<img src="logo.jpg" alt=ITacad Logo">

<!- Hyperlink to the web site -->

<a href=http://itacad.org/">ITacad</a>

<!- Show the news table -->

<table class="newstable">

...
50

<body> Section: Introduction

The <body> section describes the viewable


portion of the page
Starts after the <head> </head> section
Begins with <body> and ends with </body>
<html>

<head><title>Test page</title></head>

<body>

<!-- This is the Web page body -->

</body>

</html>
51

Text Formatting

Text formatting tags modify the text between


the opening tag and the closing tag
Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes "Hello" bold
<b></b>
<i></i>
<u></u>

bold
italicized
underlined

<sup></sup>
<sub></sub>
<strong></strong>

Samplesuperscript
Samplesubscript
strong

<em></em>
<pre></pre>

emphasized
Preformatted text

Many of the formatting tags are deprecated


Use CSS instead

20

Text Formatting Example


text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Notice</h1>

<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>

<p><pre>Next paragraph:

preformatted.</pre></p>

<h2>More Info</h2>

<p>Specifically, were using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />

Next line.</p>

</body>

</html>
53

Text Formatting Example (2)


text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Notice</h1>

<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>

<p><pre>Next paragraph:

preformatted.</pre></p>

<h2>More Info</h2>

<p>Specifically, were using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />

Next line.</p>

</body>

</html>
54

Text Formatting
Live Demo

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag

Link to a document called form.html on the


same server in the same directory:
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a>

Link to a document called parent.html on


the same server in the parent directory:
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>

Link to a document called cat.html on the


same server in the subdirectory stuff:
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>

56

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (2)

Link to an external Web site:

<a href="http://www.devbg.org"
target="_blank">BASD</a>
!

Always use a full URL, including "http://",


not just "www.somesite.com"
Using the target="_blank" attribute opens
the link in a new window

Link to an e-mail address:

<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug+Report">

Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
57

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (3)


Link to a document called apply-now.html

On the same server, in same directory


Using an image as a link button:
! <a href="apply-now.html"><img

!

src="apply-now-button.jpg" /></a>

Link to a document called index.html


On the same server, in the subdirectory english
of the parent directory:
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to
English version</a>
58

Hyperlinks and Sections

Link to another location in the same document:


! <a

href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>

...

! <h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>

Link to a specific location in another document:


<a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section
3.1.1</a>

<!- In chapter3.html -->

...

<div id="section3.1.1">

<h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3>

</div>
59

Hyperlinks Example
hyperlinks.html
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br />

<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />

<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />

<a href="http://www.devbg.org"
target="_blank">BASD</a> <br />

<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug
Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

<br />

<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-nowbutton.jpg /></a> <br />

<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English
version</a> <br />
60

Hyperlinks Example (2)


hyperlinks.html
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br />

<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />

<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />

<a href="http://www.devbg.org"
target="_blank">BASD</a> <br />

<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug
Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

<br />

<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-nowbutton.jpg /></a> <br />

<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English
version</a> <br />
61

Hyperlinks
Live Demo

Links to the Same Document Example


links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>

<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />

<a href="#section2">Some background</a><br />

<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />

...the rest of the table of contents...

<!-- The document text follows here -->

<h2
...
<h2
...
<h3
...

id="section1">Introduction</h2>

Section 1 follows here ...

id="section2">Some background</h2>

Section 2 follows here ...

id="section2.1">Project History</h3>

Section 2.1 follows here ...
63

Links to the Same Document Example (2)


links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>

<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />

<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />

<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />

...the rest of the table of contents...

<!-- The document text follows here -->

<h2
...
<h2
...
<h3
...

id="section1">Introduction</h2>

Section 1 follows here ...

id="section2">Some background</h2>

Section 2 follows here ...

id="section2.1">Project History</h3>

Section 2.1 follows here ...
64

Links to the Same Document


Live Demo

Images: <img> tag


Inserting an image with <img> tag:

<img src=apply-now-button.jpg border=2 />

Image attributes:
! src
! alt
height
!
width
! border

Location of image file (relative or absolute)


Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
Number of pixels of the height
Number of pixels of the width
Size of border, 0 for no border

Example:
<img src="./php.png" alt="PHP Logo" />
52

Miscellaneous Tags

<hr />: Draws a horizontal rule (line):


! <hr size="5" width="70%" />

<center></center>: Deprecated!
! <center>Hello World!</center>

<font></font>: Deprecated!
<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>

<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>

67

Miscellaneous Tags Example


misc.html
<html>

<head>

<title>Miscellaneous Tags Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<hr size="5" width="70%" />

<center>Hello World!</center>

<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>

<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>

</body>

</html>

68

Miscellaneous Tags
Live Demo

Ordered Lists: <ol> Tag


Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:!

<ol type="1">

<li>Apple</li>

! <li>Orange</li>

<li>Grapefruit</li>

!</ol>

Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i


1.
2.
3.

Apple

Orange

Grapefruit
A.
B.
C.

Apple

Orange

Grapefruit

a.
b.
c.

Apple

Orange

Grapefruit

i.
ii.
iii.
I.
II.
III.

Apple

Orange

Grapefruit

Apple

Orange

Grapefruit

70

Unordered Lists: <ul> Tag

Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:


<ul type="disk">

! <li>Apple</li>

! <li>Orange</li>

<li>Grapefruit</li>

! </ul>

Attribute values for type are:


disc, circle or square
Apple

o Apple

Apple

Orange

o Orange

Orange

Pear

o Pear

Pear

71

Definition lists: <dl> tag

Create definition lists using <dl>


Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in
<dt> tag, definition in <dd> tag
<dl>
!

<dt>HTML</dt>

! <dd>A markup language </dd>

! <dt>CSS</dt>

<dd>Language used to </dd>

!
</dl>

Renders without bullets


Definition is indented
72

Lists Example
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>

lists.html

<ul type="disc">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>

<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup lang</dd>
</dl>
73

Creating Lists
Live Demo

HTML Special Characters


Symbol Name

HTML Entity

Symbol

Copyright Sign

&copy;

Registered Trademark Sign

&reg;

Trademark Sign

&trade;

Less Than

&lt;

Greater Than

&gt;

Ampersand

&amp;

<
>
&

Non-breaking Space

&nbsp;

Em Dash

&mdash;

Quotation Mark

&quot;

Euro

&#8364;

British Pound

&pound;

Japanese Yen

&yen;

"

61

Special Characters Example


<p>[&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;Welcome
special-chars.html
&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;&lt;]</p>

<p>&#9658;I have following cards:

A&#9827;, K&#9830; and 9&#9829;.</p>

<p>&#9658;I prefer hard rock &#9835;

music &#9835;</p>

<p>&copy; 2006 by Svetlin Nakov &amp; his
team</p>

<p>IT Academy</p>

76

Special Chars Example (2)


<p>[&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;Welcome
special-chars.html
&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;&lt;]</p>

<p>&#9658;I have following cards:

A&#9827;, K&#9830; and 9&#9829;.</p>

<p>&#9658;I prefer hard rock &#9835;

music &#9835;</p>

<p>&copy; 2006 by Svetlin Nakov &amp; his
team</p>

<p>IT Academy</p>

77

HTML Special Characters


Live Demo

Section Elements
Using <DIV> and <SPAN>
Block and Inline Elements

Block and Inline Elements

Block elements add a line break before and after them


<div> is a block element

<div> creates logical divisions within a page

Used with CSS

Other block elements are <table>, <hr>, headings,


lists, <p> and etc.

Inline elements dont break the text before and after


them
<span> is an inline element
Most HTML elements are inline, e.g. <a>
80

The <div> Tag

<div> creates logical divisions within a page

Block style element

Used with CSS

Example:
div-and-span.html
<div align=center style="font-size:24px;
color:red">DIV example</div>

<p>This one is <span style="color:red; fontweight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>

81

<DIV>

<DIV>

Live Demo

The <span> Tag

Inline style element


Useful for modifying a specific portion of text
Don't create a separate area
(paragraph) in the document

Very useful with CSS

span.html
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; fontweight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>

<p>This one is another <span style="font-size:
32px; font-weight:bold">TEST</span>.</p>

83

<SPAN>
Live Demo

<SPAN>some text</span>

Semantic Structural Tags

The Structure of a Web Page


A

sample layout structure of a Web Page

The "HTML 4 and Before" Way


Using

divs with IDs

The IDs are needed for styling


<html>!
<head>
<body>!
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
</body>!
</html>

</head>!
id="header"> </div>!
id="navigation"> </div>!
id="sidebar"> </div>!
id="content"> </div>!
id="footer"> </div>!

34

The HTML 4 Way


Live Demo

The HTML 5 Way


In

HTML 5 there are semantic tags for layout

<nav>, <header>, <footer>, <section>


!
<html>
!
<head> </head>!
!
<body>!
! <header> </header>!
<nav> </nav>!
! <aside> </aside>!
<section> </section>!
!
<footer> </footer>!
</body>
!
!
</html>
!

Work only on newer browsers


36

Semantic Structural Tags


Live Demo

Remember
It

is important to have the correct vision and


attitude towards HTML
HTML is only about structure, not appearance
Browsers tolerate invalid HTML code and
parse errors you should not
Always think about semantics

The W3C

HTML Validator is a way to validate


your HTML
http://validator.w3.org/
38

HTML Basics

Questions?
?

Exercises
1.

Write an HTML page like the following:


* Use headings and divs

93

Exercises (2)
2.

Write an HTML page like the following:

!
!
!
!
!
!
3.

Write an HTML page looking like the PNG file named


3.Introduction.PNG. Using the <a> tag add anchors
to the corresponding sections in the same page.
94

Exercises (3)

95

Exercises (4)
4.

Create an user profile


Web page Profile.html,
friends page named
Friends.html and info page
named Info.html. Link
them to one another
using <a> tag.

96

Exercises (5)
Create a Web site like the following:

5.

!
!
!
!
!
!
!

See the image InetJava-site.jpg.

97

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