74
Chapter-4
MODELING OF SERIES FACTS DEVICES
4.1
Introduction
Series FACTS devices are powerful controllers recognized for
power flow, power oscillation damping and improving transient
stability [22] [33]. Normally series FACTS devices are used for power
flow control in transmission lines and also used to damp the power
system oscillations. Because of slow response of proportional and
integral power flow (PIPF) controller series FACTS devices are not in a
position to effectively damp the power system oscillations [17]. It
needs some auxiliary signal to improve the performance of series
FACTS devices to damp the power system oscillations. In this work
fuzzy logic power oscillation damping (FLPOD) controller along with
PIPF controller is proposed to achieve this.
In this work most popular two series FACTS devices TCSC and SSSC
are considered
4.2
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
4.2.1 Introduction
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) provides powerful
means of controlling and increasing power transfer level of a system
by varying the apparent impedance of a specific transmission line. A
TCSC can be utilized in a planned way for contingencies to enhance
power system stability. Using TCSC, it is possible to operate stably at
75
power levels well beyond those for which the system was originally
intended without endangering system stability [17]. Apart from this,
TCSC is also being used to mitigate SSR (sub synchronous
resonance).
4.2.2 Configuration
TCSC is a series compensating FACTS device using to control
power flow in transmission lines and improves transient stability in
power system. TCSC controls the power flow in transmission lines by
varying the impedance of TCSC by controlling the delay angle of
thyristor valves. The basic scheme of TCSC [5] [19] [33] is shown in
Fig. 4.1. It consists of the series controlled capacitor shunted by a
Thyristor controlled Reactor.
The impedance (XTCSC) of TCSC for different values of delay
angle () of thyristor valves is shown in Fig.4.2. The TCSC has two
operating ranges around its internal circuit resonance (r): One is the
Clim 180o Where XTCSC() is capacitive, and the other is the 90o
Llim where XTCSC() is inductive. The internal circuit resonance
depends on the ratio between Inductor and Capacitor reactance of
TCSC. Different ratios of reactance yield different resonance points (r)
[26].
Fig. 4.1
Basic scheme of TCSC
76
Fig.4.2.
XTCSC vs. characteristic of TCSC
4.2.3 Modes of operation
TCSC can operate in three modes [24]. They are
(i) Thyristor blocked (no gating and zero thyristor conduction) shown
in Fig.4.3 (a).
(ii) Thyristor
bypassed
(continuous
gating
and
full
thyristor
conduction) shown in Fig.4.3 (b).
(iii)Vernier operation with phase control of gating signals shown in
Fig.4.3(c) and 4.3(d).
In case of blocked operating mode, the TCSC net
impedance is just capacitive reactance.
In case of bypass mode, as the thyristors are fully
conducting, most of the line current flows through
thyristors and hence TCSC has small net inductive
reactance.
77
In Vernier control, thyristors are conducted in such a
manner that a controlled amount of inductive current can
circulate
through
the
capacitor,
thereby
increasing
effective capacitive/inductive reactance of the module.
Fig.4.3.
Modes of TCSC operation
4.2.4 TCSC model
The basic scheme of TCSC is shown in Figure 1. The overall
reactance of the TCSC is given in terms of delay angle () as [19]
XTCSC () = B1 (XC + B2) B4B5 + XC
-------------------- (4.1)
Where
B1 = [2( - ) + Sin 2( - )] / ,
--------------------(4.2)
B2 = XCXL / (XC - XL),
-------------------- (4.3)
B3 = (XC / XL),
-------------------- (4.4)
B4 = B3 tan [B3 ( - )] tan ( - ),
--------------------(4.5)
B5 = 4B22 Cos2 ( - )
--------------------(4.6)
XC = Reactance of TCSC capacitor = 1/(2fC)
