ANALYSIS OF URINE AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS
QUIZ
1. A urine specimen was stored
uncapped at 5C without
preservation and retested at 2pm.
Which of the following test results
would be changed due to these
storage conditions?
a Glucose
b Ketones
c Proteins
d Nitrite
Answer: B
The sample is mistreated by being
uncapped. It is refrigerated, which will
prevents bacteria from
reproducing( so d is incorrect), and
from metabolizing glucose(so a is
incorrect). Ketones can evaporate,
but protein will not.
2. Which of the following would be
affected by allowing a urine
specimen to remain at room
temperature for 3 hours before
analysis?
a Occult blood
b Specific gravity
c pH
d Proteins
Answer: C
Consider whether a substance can
increase or decrease outside the
body. No more blood can be produce.
Although the RBC may rupture, they
will still make a positive result on a
biochemical strip. The amount of
solutes wont change, so specific
gravity wont change. pH is affected
by metabolism of the urine
components by bacteria, and room
temperature is warm enough for this
to occure. Protein will not increase or
decrease.
3. Creatinine clearance is measured
in:
a mg/dL
b mg/24 hours
c mL/min
d mL/24 hours
Answer: C
The formula for Creatinine Clearance
is Urine Creatinine x Urine Volume per
minute divided by Plasma Creatinine.
4. Microalbumin can be measured
by a random urine collection. An
increased microalbumin is
predictive of:
a Diabetes mellitus
b Nephropathy
Answer: B
Patients with hypertensions and
diabetes mellitus are at risk for
kidney disease. Detection of small
amounts of albumin in the urine
c Hypertension
d Nephrotic syndrome
predict eventual kidney disease. The
advantage of this sensitive detection
is that patients with microalbuminuria
can be treated with anti-hypertensive
medications and followed up more
intensely to delay nephropathy.
5. Milky urine from a 24-year old
woman would most likely contain:
a Spermatozoa
b Many white blood cells
c Red blood cells
d Bilirubin
Answer: B
White blood cells can highly
contribute to the milky appearance of
the urine. Spermatozoa on the other
hand will not demonstrate a milky
appearance.
6. A brown-black urine would most
likely contain:
a Bile pigment
b Porphyrin
c Melanin
d Blood cells
Answer: C
Melanin is the cause of brown-black
color of urine, porphyrin
demonstrates port wine color, blood
cells demonstrates red color of urine.
7. The yellow color of urine is
primarily due to:
a Urochrome
b Urobilin
c Uroerythrin
d Urobilinogen
Answer: A
Urochrome is the primary pigment of
urine which demonstrates its yellow
color.
8. Isosthenuria is associated with a
specific gravity which is usually:
a Variable between 1.000 to 1.005
b Variable between 1.015 to 1.020
c Fixed around 1.010
d Fixed around 1.020
Answer: C
Isosthenuria is a normal specific
gravity fixed around 1.010.
9. An anti-diuretic hormone
deficiency is associated with a:
a Specific gravity around 1.031
b Low specific gravity
c High specific gravity
d Variable specific gravity
Answer: B
Anti-diuretic hormone shows low
specific gravity due to the high
concentration of urine.
10. Calibration of refractometers is
Answer: C
done by measuring the specific
gravity of distilled water and:
a Protein
b Glucose
c Sodium chloride
d Urea
Sodium chloride is also used as a
calibrator of refractometers because
it has a set specific gravity and is
cheap.
11. A 17-year old girl decided to go
on a diet. After 1 week of starving
herself, what substance would most
likely be found in her urine:
a Protein
b Ketones
c Glucose
d Blood
Answer: B
Ketones do not appear in the urine
during normal states, it appears when
metabolized fat is broken down.
12. A 2-year old child had a positive
urine ketone. This would most likely
be caused by:
a Vomiting
b Anemia
c Hypoglycaemia
d Biliary tract obstruction
Answer: A
Vomiting leads dehydration and
utilization of fat energy. Fat
metabolism produces ketones.
13. A test area of a urine reagent
strip is impregnated with only
sodium nitroprusside. This section
will react with:
a Acetoacetic acid
b Leukocyte esterase
c Beta-hydrobutyric acid
d Ferric chloride
Answer: A
Sodium nitroprusside will react with
acetoacetic acid.
14. A reagent strip area
impregnated with stabilized,
diazotized 2,4-dichloroaniline will
yield a positive reaction with:
a Bilirubin
b Hemoglobin
c Ketones
d Urobilinogen
Answer: A
Bilirubin is detected by diazotized
2,4-dichloroaniline.
15. A urine specimen is analyzed for
glucose by a glucose oxidase
reagent strip and a copper
reduction test. If both results are
positive, which of the following
interpretations is correct?
a Galactose is present
b Glucose is present
c Lactose is not present
d Sucrose is not present
Answer: B
Glucose uses the principle of glucose
oxidase and copper reduction test.
16. When using the Sulfosalicylic
acid test, false positive protein
results may occur in the presence
of:
a Ketones
b Alkali
c Glucose
d Radiographic contrast media
Answer: D
Radiographic contrast media can
interfere and cause false positive
results.
17. In most compound microscope,
the ocular lens has a magnification
of:
a 10x
b 40x
c 50x
d 100x
Answer: A
Ocular lens has a magnification of
10x, the high power objective 40x,
100x for oil immersion objective.
18. The best way to lower the light
intensity of the microscope is to:
a Lower the condenser
b Adjust the aperture diaphragm
c Lower the rheostat
d Raise the condenser
Answer: B and C
Adjusting the aperture diagram can
limit the light entering from the
microscope eye piece. Also in
lowering the intensity of light.
19. Oval fat bodies are:
a Squamous epithelial cells that
contain lipids
b RTE cells that contain lipids
c Free-floating fat droplets
d White blood cells with
phagocytised lipids
Answer: B
Rte cells contains lipids thats why its
called oval fat bodies.
20. The presence of leukocytes in
urine is known as:
a Chyluria
b Hematuria
c Leukocytosis
d Pyuria
Answer: D
Pyuria is said to have the presenve of
leukocytes in the urine. Hematuria is
the presence of blood in the urine.
Chyluria is the chylus appearance of
urine.
21. The possibility of detecting
glitter cells is associated with urine
that is:
a Acidic
b Dilute
c Alkaline
d Concentrated
Answer: B
In only in the dilute urine are glitter
cells seen.
22. An eosinophil count may be
requested from a patient with
suspected:
a Acute glomerulonephritis
b Cystitis
c Renal lithiasis
d Acute interstitial nephritis
Answer: D
Acute interstitial nephritis is caused
by an allergic reaction resulting in
inflammation of the renal tubules.
The reaction is frequently caused by a
medication. As a result of the allergic
reaction, eosinophils are increased.
An eosinophil count can aid in
confirming the diagnosis.
23.Clue cells are a form of:
a Squamous epithelial cell
b White blood cells
c Urothelial cell
d Renal tubular epithelial cell
Answer: A
Clue cells are squamous epithelial
cells which contains Gardrenella
vaginalis.
24. Which of the following cells is
most likely to be seen in the urine
sediment following a
catheterization procedure?
a. Squamous epithelial cell
b. White blood cells
c. Urothelial cell
d. Renal tubular epithelial cell
Answer: C
Urothelial cells are seen in patients
after catheterization from the lining of
urethra.
25. The primary component of most
Answer: A
urinary calculi is:
a Calcium
b Uric acid
c Leucine
d Cholesterol
Calcium is commonly a primary
component of most urinary calculi.
26. Which of the following is an
abnormal crystal prescribed as a
hexagonal plate?
a Cystine
b Tyrosine
c Leucine
d Cholesterol
Answer: A
Cystine is a hexagonal plate crystal
that is colorless and is seen in acidic
urine.
27. Which of the following crystals
may be seen in acidic urine?
a Calcium carbonate
b Calcium oxalate
c Calcium phosphate
d Amorphous phosphate
Answer: B
Calcium oxalate is an acidic/normal
urinary crystal. Calcium carbonate is
seen in alkaline urine. Calcium
phosphate and amorphous phosphate
is seen in alkaline/neutral.
28. Using polarized microscopy,
which of the following urinary
elements are birefringent?
a Cholesterol
b Triglyceride
c Fatty acid
d Neutral fat
Answer: A
Cholesterol when used by polarized
microscope shows birefringent.
29. A white precipitate in a urine
specimen with a pH of 7.5 would
most probably be caused by:
a Amorphous urates
b WBCs
c Amorphous phosphates
d Bacteria
Answer: C
Amorphous phosphate is seen in
alkaline urine and can cause white
precipitates.
30. Cholesterol crystals will most
likely be observed in urine that
contains:
a 3+ glucose
b 4+ protein
c WBC casts
Answer: B
Increased lipids in the urine is a
characteristic of the nephrotic
syndrome. Massive amounts of
protein also are associated with the
d Triple phosphate crystals
nephrotic syndrome. The crystals
form more readily in urine that has
been refrigerated.
31. The finding of a large amount of
uric acid crystals in a urine
specimen from a 6-month old boy:
a May actually be diaper fibers
b Could indicate Lesch-Nyhan
syndrome
c Should not be reported
d May indicate improper feeding
Answer: B
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is an
inherited disorder of purine
metabolism. The first indication of
this disorder may be the presence of
uric acid indicating the incomplete
metabolism of dietary purines.
32. Triple phosphate crystals are
found in:
a Acid pH and is nonpathologic
b Alkaline pH and is nonpathologic
c Acid pH and is pathologic
d Alkaline pH and is pathologic
Answer: B
Triple phosphate crystals are found in
alkaline urine and is nonpathologic.
33. Polarized light can often be
used to differentiate between:
a Fiber and mucus clumps
b Hyaline and waxy casts
c Squamous and transitional
epithelial cells
d RBCs and WBCs
Answer: A
Polarized light differentiates between
fiber and mucus clumps.
34. Which of the following
contaminants has a dimpled center
and will polarize?
a Starch
b Oil droplets
c Air droplets
d Pollen grains
Answer: A
Starch polarizes and has a dimpled
center. Oil droplets does not
demonstrate a dimpled center.
35. Which of the following positive
chemical reactions in most closely
associated with the presence of
yeast in the urine sediment?
a Ketone
b Protein
Answer: C
Glucose in the urine is commonly
associated with yeast formation.
c Glucose
d Blood
36. The normal glomerular filtration
rate is:
a 1 mL/min
b 120 mL/min
c 660 mL/min
d 1,200 mL/min
Answer: B
The normal value for glomerualr
filtration rate is 120mL/min.
37. To avoid falsely elevated spinal
fluid counts:
a Use an aliquot from the first tube
collected
b Use only those specimens showing
no turbidity
c Centrifuge all specimen before
counting
d Select an aliquot from the last
tube collected
Answer: D
The last tube contains less cells and
gives a more accurate result.
38. A physician attempts to aspirate
a knee joint and obtains 0.1 mL of
slightly bloody fluid. The addition of
acetic acid results in turbidity and a
clot. This indicates that:
a The fluid is synovial fluid
b Calcium pyrophosphate crystals
c Corticosteroid crystals
d Talc crystals
Answer: A
Synovial fluid is the only body fluid
that shows turbidity and clot.
39. A sperm count is diluted 1:20
and 50 sperm are counted in 2 large
squares of the Neubauer counting
chamber. The sperm count in
microliters is:
a 5,000
b 50,000
c 500,000
d 5,000,000
Answer: D
Use the formula of cells x dilution x
10 divided by the number of
secondary squares. Then remember
to convert from microliters to
millilitres by multiplying by 1,000.
40. The principal mucin in synovial
Answer: A
fluid
a
b
c
d
is:
Hyaluronate
Albumin
Orosomucoid
Pepsin
Synovial fluids principal mucin is
hyaluronate.
41. Pleural transudates differ from
pleural exudates in that
transudates have:
a Protein values of >4 g/dL
b Specific gravity values of >1.020
c LD values of >200 IU
d Relatively low cell counts
Answer: D
Transudates are thin, watery effusions
with low LD, low protein, and low cell
counts. Exudates are inflammatory or
infectious effusions with high LD,
protein, and WBC.
42. False-positive results can occur
for fecal occult blood due to the
ingestion of:
a Ascorbic acid
b Horseradish
c Acetaminophen
d Blueberries
Answer: B
Horseradish can cause red
discoloration of stool and reacts to
the reagent present.
43. A build up of fluid in a body
cavity is called:
a Effusion
b Transudate
c Exudates
d Metastasis
Answer: A
Effusion is called the build up of the
fluid in the body cavity.
44. Which of the following is the
best indicator of Reye syndrome for
CSF?
a Glutamine
b Ammonia
c ALT
d Lactate
Answer: A
In hepatic encephalopathy, ammonia
levels is the plasma building up, and
ammonia can be found in the spinal
fluid. Ammonia is volatile, and not
easily measured. Glutamine is a
byproduct of ammonia, and is stable,
making it a better choice.
45. The tau isoform of transferrin is
a carbohydrate deficient protein
found only in:
a CSF
Answer: A
Tau can only be seen in cerebral
spinal fluid.
b Sweat
c Amniotic fluid
d Synovial fluid
46. Which marker can be used to
identify a body fluid as semen?
a PSA
b Alkaline phosphatase
c Fructose
d Hyaluronic acid
Answer: A
Prostate specific antigen is only seen
in semen. And is more specific for
semen.
47. Which stain is used to measure
sperm viability?
a Eosin nigrosin
b Wright
c Toluidine blue
d Papanicolaou
Answer: A
Eosin nigrosin stain is the stain used
for sperm viability.
48. Which semen result is
abnormal?
a Sample pours in droplets after 60
minutes
b >50% are motile within 1 hour of
collection
c pH 7.5
d motility of 1.0
Answer: D
A motility of 1.0 shows that the
motility of the sperms are of weak
motility.
49. CSF lactate is increased in cases
of:
a Bacterial meningitis
b Reye encephalopathy
c Spina bifida
d Multiple sclerosis
Answer: A
Lactate is increased in the CSF in
conditions that caused hypoxia. The
highest lactate values(>35mg/dL) are
found in patients with bacterial
meningitis have lactate levels above
normal, but not as high as bacterial
meningitis.
50. Decreased CSF protein can be
found in:
a Meningitis
b Hemorrhage
c Multiple sclerosis
d CSF leakage
Answer: D
CSF leakage decreases the amount of
CSF thus decreasing the protein.
