aa
CAT 4.07
Farrat Isolevel
[Link]
Foundation Shock and Vibration
Isolation Systems for Structures,
Machinery and Equipment
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Isolated Foundations
[Link]
Reasons for using isolated foundations
Increasing machine frame stiffness to maintain alignment
during changes in applied static and dynamic loads.
Minimising changes in level due to alterations in static load distribution.
Increasing inertia mass of the machine and reducing vibration
through mass damping.
Lowering the centre of gravity to improve stability.
Distributing static and dynamic loads over a greater ground area.
Isolating low frequency of shock and vibration using more elastic
vibration isolators than could be used between machine and foundation.
Low frequency disturbing vibration requires low frequency,
high deflection vibration isolators. On machinery requiring low
operating motion amplitudes an isolated foundation is essential if
low frequency vibration isolation is required.
Fig 2.2
Fig 2.1
aa
Vibration Control/Isolation
Vibration Control involves the correct use of a resilient mounting or
material in order to provide a degree of isolation between a
machine and its supporting structure. A condition should be
achieved where the amount of vibration transmitted from, or to, the
machine is at an acceptable level.
Machine on isolators on the floor, no foundation
Fig 2.3
Damping provides energy dissipation in a vibrating system. It is
essential to control the potential high levels of transient vibration
and shock, particularly if the system is excited at, or near, to its
resonant frequency.
Machine on foundation, no isolation
Fig 2.4
Machine on isolated foundation, active shock and vibration
Fig 2.5
Machine on isolated foundation, passive shock and vibration
To achieve efficient vibration isolation it is necessary to use a
resilient support with sufficient elasticity so that the natural
frequency fn of the isolated machine is substantially lower that the
disturbing frequency fe of vibration. The ratio fe/fn should be
greater than 1.4 and ideally greater than 2 to 3 in order to achieve
a significant level of vibration isolation
Active Shock and Vibration Isolation
A foundation block for a dynamic machine should be isolated
in order to reduce the effects of vibration and shock on nearby
machines, people and the building structure. Controlling the
source of a structural disturbance is known as active isolation.
Applications include: isolation of foundations for: power presses,
pumps, drop hammers, forging machines, metal forming and
cutting machines, compressors, gensets, engines and test rigs,
printing machines and rolling roads.
Passive Shock and Vibration Isolation
When it is not possible to prevent or sufficiently lower the
transmission of shock and vibration from the source a resiliently
supported foundation block can be used for the passive isolation
of sensitive equipment.
Applications include: isolated foundations for: machining centres,
grinding machines, measuring and inspection equipment, laser
cutters and microscopes.
Vibration Sources and Control
[Link]
Sources of vibration in rotating machines
Source
Disturbing Frequency fe Hz
Primary out of balance
Secondary out of balance
Shaft misalignment
Bent Shaft
Gears(N=number of teeth)
Drive Belts (N=belt rpm)
Aerodynamic or hydraulic forces
Electrical (N=synchronous frequency)
1 x rpm x 0.0167
2 x rpm x 0.0167
2 x rpm x 0.0167
& 2 x rpm x 0.0167
N x rpm x 0.0167
N,2N,3N,4N x 0.0167
(N=blades on rotor) N x rpm x 0.0167
N x rpm x 0.0167
Out of balance
Bent shaft
Significant problems occur when the disturbing frequency fe is near to or coincident with the natural frequency of
the supporting structure (floor, foundation or subsoil).
Misalignment
Typical support natural frequencies (fn)
Structures
Natural
Frequency
fn Hz
Isolator
Frequency
fni Hz
10-15
12-34
12
15
19
19
24
30
34
3-5
6-8
6-8
6-8
8-10
8-10
10-12
10-12
10-12
Suspended concrete floor
Ground Floor
Soft Clay
Medium Clay
Stiff Clay
Loose Fill
Very dense mixed grain sand
Limestone
Hard Sandstone
Isolator type
Helical, Air Springs
Helical, Air Springs, Elastomeric
Helical, Air Springs, Elastomeric
Elastomeric Isolators
Elastomeric Isolators
Elastomeric Isolators
Elastomeric Isolators
Elastomeric Isolators
Elastomeric Isolators
Fig 3.1
Theory of Vibration Isolation
Frequency of disturbing vibration
Natural frequency of isolator
10
8
Transmissibility T =
1-R
Damped systems:
2
1+
Transmissibility:
> 1 = Increased transmitted vibration
= 1 = No vibration isolation
< 1 = Vibration isolation
Transmissibility T can be read from
diagram 3.2 or calculated as follows:
If no damping present in isolators
i.e. C/Cc = 0
Q
Transmissibility T =
2 2
e
n
Q=
Ktd
M
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.04
2
0.1
0.02
0.01
0.1
1
2 C/Cc
0.2
0.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 2
0.05
0
6 8 10
Ratio fe / fnd = R
Fig 3.2
e - disturbing frequency can be determined
by measurement. The isolator natural frequency
nd is given by:
fnd = 1
2
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.06
Q
R=
0.2
(1 - R ) +
2: The level of isolator damping C/Cc
Referring to the diagram 3.07, the degree
of isolation is given as Transmissibility
(i.e. amount of vibration transmitted at
a specific frequency e as a fraction of
the disturbing vibration at the same
frequency e).
0.1
e
=
0
0.05
Damping Ratio C/Cc
The degree of isolation achieved depends
on the ratio:
Undamped systems:
Transmissibility T
Vibration Isolation
Vibration Isolation reduces the level of
vibration transmitted to or from a machine,
building or structure from another source.
[Link]
For natural rubber and coil spring
isolators static and dynamic
spring constants are the same.
Hz
Ktd = Sum of Isolator Dynamic Spring Constants
(K1+K2+K3...) N/m
M = Supported system mass kg.
Farrat are certified to
TUC UKQA ISO 9001/2000
Damping
Factor
C/Cc
1.5
0.05
20
0.10
19
0.15
17
0.20
16
0.30
12
frequency ratio R fe/n
2.0
66
64
62
59
52
2.5
80
79
76
74
67
3.0
87
85
83
81
75
3.5
91
89
87
85
80
4.0
93
91
90
87
83
4.5
94
93
91
89
85
5.0
95
94
93
91
87
Percentage Isolation Efficiency
3
Shock Sources and Control
[Link]
Reasons for isolating the effects of shock
Fig 4.1
Shock is created by impact of one mass against another e.g.
during operation of power presses, forging machines, drop hammers etc.
The shock impulse caused by the impact travels through the machine
structure as a deflection wave. If the machine is rigidly connected to its
foundation this deflection wave enters the foundation and the surroundings.
The shock will generally cause the affected masses to vibrate at their own
natural frequencies.
Reduction in shock severity by use of suitable isolators is achieved by the
isolators storing the energy of the shock through isolator deflection and
subsequent release in a smoother form over a longer period with lower
overall amplitude.
A shock pulse may contain frequency components from 0-. It is therefore
not possible to avoid resonance with the isolator/mass. If however the
duration of the shock pulse is less than one half period of the isolation
system resonance may not be serious.
Figure 4.1
Shows the output force (into the supporting floor) v time levels from a
machine produced shock wave. In case 1 the machine under consideration
is connected directly to the supporting floor. Case 1 shows a high level of
force over a relatively short duration. Case 2 typifies a machine installed
on spring or elastomeric isolators in conjunction with a foundation block.
It can be seen that the same amount of energy is transmitted in both
instances. However in case 2 the energy is transmitted over a much larger
time scale resulting in a substantially lower peak force. In reality the force
transmitted will present itself as noise and structure borne vibration
detectable by humans, it is therefore desirable in most instances to keep the
peak value of transmitted force as low as possible by using on spring or
elastomeric isolators between the machine and foundation or an elastically
supported foundation block.
F1
1
F2
2
t1
t2
F1 = Shock force
F2 = Transmitted force
Transmitted force only becomes less than the input
shock force where :
t1/Tn <0.167 for rectangular pulses
t1/Tn <0.267 for half sine pulses
Tn= Period of isolator supports =1/fn
fn = Isolator Natural Frequency Hz
t1= Period of pulse
t2 = Period of transmitted shock
Fig 4.2
Figure 4.2
Shows a machine/structure that is rigidly connected to its foundation.
The peak force into the structure is very high and of relatively short
duration. Essentially all the force that occurs in the machine is
transferred to the structure with the exception of that which is absorbed
by the machine.
Figure 4.3
Illustrates the use of elastomeric or spring isolators between the machine
and the supporting foundation. In this scenario with the correct isolator
specification the peak force transmitted to the supporting foundation is
significantly reduced resulting in reduced structure borne noise and
transmitted vibration.
Figure 4.4
Illustrates the use of spring or elastomeric isolators supporting a
foundation block. In this instance the peak force transmitted is reduced to
virtually zero. The foundation block increases the system mass and reduces
machine vibration and movement through mass damping.
Fig 4.3
Fig 4.4
ISOMAT Low Frequency Foundation Isolators
[Link]
High precision machine foundation vibration isolation
Description
ISOMAT foundation isolators used in conjunction with FVF Farrat Base Void Filler
and LVI and/or ISF Sidewall Vibration Isolation materials provide highly
predictable performance characteristics over many years of service.
ISOMAT is produced in three rubber types
IM CR
IM NR
IM BR
Neoprene for high elasticity, moderate damping and self
extinguishing properties. Conditional oil and chemical resistance
Natural Rubber for maximum elasticity and low
damping (passive isolation) Poor oil and chemical resistance
Nitrile Rubber for excellent combination of elasticity,
damping and excellent oil and chemical resistance.
Working Temperature Range: O C: -30 to +120
Creep: Very Low
Building materials class: B2
Complete chemical resistance tables available on request.
Farrat would advise on most suitable ISOMAT grade for each application
and provide full specification, predicted natural frequencies, damping,
layout drawings and installation instructions.
Description of Diagram
1) Polymeric Sealant (eg Sikaflex Pro-3WF) or rubber
sealing strip to prevent moisture ingress.
2) Top strip Vidam VM or ISF.
3) Reinforced concrete foundation block.
4) Sidewall Isolation: ISF, FVF 15-50 or LVI.
5) JLT Joint line tape to all joints.
6) Reinforced impermeable concrete forming tank
7) Damp proof membrane DPM. Minimum 1000gsm.
8) ISOMAT Isolators.
9) Base void filler, FVF-10-50.
10) Consolidated hardcore to firm ground.
Fig 5.1
a
2
* Reinforced concrete foundation blocks and associated
structures to be designed by qualified consulting engineers and
constructed by contractors of proven ability and experience.
Isomat Foundation Shock and Vibration Isolators
Thick
ness
Comp. Isomat
Modulus Length
Ec
Width
Area
ISOMAT Isolator Standard Sizes
Units
mm
mm
m2
Other sizes available to suit application
150
200
250
325
500
150
200
250
250
250
0.0225
0.04
0.0625 0.08125 0.125
Max Pres.
mm
25
50
N/mm2
2.7
2.7
N/mm2
0.35
0.35
ISOMAT IM NR 45
25
50
3.7
3.7
ISOMAT IM BR 40
25
50
ISOMAT IM BR 50
ISOMAT IM BR 70
Product
ISOMAT IM CR 40
10
Static
Vert.
Vert.
Deflection Damp- Nat. [Link]. Freq.
500 Max load
ing
Static Dynamic
500
C/Cc
fsv
fdv
0.25
Maximum Static Loadings per ISOMAT
kN
0.45
0.45
kN
3
3
0.4
0.4
kN
25
50
3.7
3.7
0.5
0.5
kN
25
50
6
6
1.2
1.2
kN
20
mm
2.4
4.9
0.05
0.05
Hz
10.2
7.2
Hz
12.5
8.8
10
16
21
33
66
14
21
27
42
84
2.3
4.6
0.01
0.01
10.5
7.5
10.5
7.5
12.0
19
24
38
75
2.5
5.0
0.1
0.1
10.0
7.0
15.0
10.5
15
23
30
47
94
2.5
5.1
0.1
0.1
9.7
6.8
14.5
10.0
36
56
73
112
225
3.8
7.5
0.1
0.1
9.3
6.6
14.0
10.0
aaa
FAVIM FVM-100 Full Area Shock and Vibration Isolation Material
Full area vibration damping and sound deadening
materials for foundations, plinths and floating floors
can be applied to either a concrete base or
consolidated hardcore
Applications include: Machinery, HVAC, lifts and elevators,
workshops, pumps, compressors and generators, industrial storage and
working areas, expansion joints, helicopter pads.
Ideally suited for medium pressure applications.
Construction: Recycled rubber particles with a polyurethane PUR binder.
Properties:
Mildew and moisture proof
Permanently elastic / Low long term creep
Temperature range O C: -30 to +110
Density: 550 kg/m3
Building materials class: B2
Standard Sheet:
1.25m x 1.0m, 1.0m x 1.0m, 1.0m x 0.5m.
Other sizes, pads and strips available on request.
Favim can be applied either direct to a consolidated hardcore base or a reinforced concrete pit base depending upon the site conditions
1
Fig 8.1
Fig 8.2
1
a
a
2
7
8
Description of Diagram
1) Polymeric sealant or sealing strip (Not supplied by Farrat).
2) Reinforced impermeable concrete to sides and base of
pit. (Fig 8.2) Thickness and concrete specification to be
determined by ground and loading conditions.*
3) Farrat LVI or ISF side wall vibration isolation material, spot
bonded to pit walls using WB Adhesive.
4) Damp proof membrane DPM. Minimum 1000gsm.
Favim 100
Full area vibration isolation material
Performance table to be used as a guide only.
Product
Favim
FVM
100-12
FVM
100-25
FVM
100-50
Static
Loading
Pressure
SLP
kPa
Dynamic
Comp.
Modulus
Edc
MPa
Static
Deflection
Static
Deflection
mm
Dynamic
Vert. Nat.
Frequency
fvd
Hz
Static
Deflection
mm
Dynamic
Vert. Nat.
Frequency
fvd
Hz
mm
Dynamic
Vert. Nat.
Frequency
fvd
Hz
25
30
40
50
60
70
75
80
90
100
2.57
2.63
2.63
2,64
2.65
2.65
2.65
2.70
2.70
2.71
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.2
43
41
37
31
29
27
26
25
24
23
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.5
2.0
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.7
4.4
30
29
26
22
20
19
18
18
17
16
0.9
1.3
2.2
3.0
4.1
5.1
5.6
6.2
7.5
8.7
22
20
19
16
14
13
13
12
12
11
Dynamic vertical natural frequency
Static deflection
Specific spring constant
Spring constant
Vertical natural frequency
Number of layers
5) Steel cage reinforced concrete foundation block designed
to support imposed dynamic and static loads and suitable for
elastic support.*
6) JLT Joint line tape to all joints.
7) Favim 100 full area vibration isolation material to the pit base.
8) Reinforced concrete pit base.* (Fig 8.2)
9) Consolidated hardcore base.
fvd
Kss
K
fvd
N
Hz
mm
N/mm/mm2
N/mm
Hz
=
=
=
=
=
(1/(N)^0.5)* fvd (for one layer)
N x deflection for one layer
Kss (for one layer)/N
Area mm2 *Kss
15.76*(1/d)^0.5
* Reinforced concrete foundation
blocks and associated
structures to be designed by
qualified consulting engineers
and constructed by contractors of
proven ability and experience.
Product
FVM 100-12
FVM 100-25
FVM 100-50
Thickness mm
12.5
25
50
Other thicknesses available on
request.
FARRAT Isolated Foundation Applications
[Link]
ISOLAY isolated foundation for CNC Machining Centre
CNC machining centre on ISOLAY isolated foundation
ISOMAT isolated foundation for large Cerutti printing press
Cerutti Printing Press on ISOMAT isolated foundation
ISOMAT isolated foundation for Rhodes 2500 kN Power Press
Rhodes 2500kN Power Press on ISOMAT isolated foundation
ISOMAT/FVF isolated foundation for metal recycling and
crushing machine
Metal recycling and crushing machine on ISOMAT/FVF
isolated foundation
13
a
a
a
a
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Alternative Isolated Foundations
[Link]
a
a
Low Frequency Shock & Vibration for active and passive applications.
Fig 14.1
aaaa
a
a
Fig. 14.1
In the case of spring and air mounts
it is advisable to have an access gap around the
foundation for maintenance reasons.
Fig. 14.2 a/b
Where a machine has a high center of gravity it
is usually desirable to keep the centre of gravity as
low as possible to avoid instability of both machine
and foundation.
Fig 14.2a
For this reason a stepped foundation block can be
employed. By reducing the vertical distance between
the anti vibration mount and the combined
machine/foundation centre of gravity the stability
of the entire system is dramatically increased.
Fig 14.2b
Fig 14.4
Fig. 14.3 Floating floor, Isolay or Favim
Fig. 14.5
Where forging hammers and other such
shock creating machinery is used it is advisable to
put vibration isolation systems both directly under
the machine and beneath the foundation block.
This has the effect of minimising the shock wave
that is transmitted through the surrounding floor,
thus reducing noise and structure borne vibration.
14
a
a
a
a
a
a
aaaaa
MF Mounts (MF)
Pressed Steel Mount fitted with Nitrile
Rubber Pad for lighter applications.
MF P: Zinc Plated Steel,
MF S: Stainless Steel 304
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a
a
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a
Squaregrip (SG)
High strength vibration damping material
for machinery and equipment needing a stiff
vibration damped support with minimum
machine movement.
NBR
An elastic vibration isolation material
with good shock and vibration isolation
properties.
Levelling Mount (LF)
High precision stainless steel (304)
levelling mounts with captive ball
nosed levelling screws.
Vidam (VM)
General Purpose, rubber/cork based machine
mounting material.
Isomounts (ISO)
Machine mount with vulcanized
rubber base and built in levelling screws
for height adjustment.
Isomat (IM)
High performance shock and vibration isolation
material. Unique design provides increased
elasticity and improved isolation efficiency.
Isobloc (ISB)
High load capacity machine mount
with vulcanized rubber base and built in
levelling screws for height adjustment.
Hamamat (HM)
High impact, high strength and high
stiffness shock and vibration absorbing material.
Corner / Side Foot (CF, SF)
General purpose machine mounting pads
a
Anti Vibration Washers (AW, AWS)
To reduce vibration transmitted to, or from,
holding down bolts
Rubber to Metal Bobbins (RM)
Versatile rubber-to-metal bonded
vibration and shock isolators, available in
a broad range of fixing configurations
Wedge Levelling Elements (WLE)
Precision Wedge Levelling units for rigid
machine support
Wedgemounts (WL, WLF, WLB, WLT)
Height adjustable machine mounts based on
screw driven three part machined cast iron
wedges fitted with various types of vibration
damping material.
Air Mount (SLM)
Low profile, low frequency air spring
suitable for both passive and dynamic
applications where a support natural
frequency of 3 - 5 Hz is required.
Equipment Mount (CCF, CCFQ, LTS)
All purpose vibration & shock isolators
for the support of dynamic and rotating
machinery
Jackmounts (JCM, JRM, JSM, JMS)
General purpose machine mounts.
Different anti vibration versions depending
on applications.
Spring Mounts (SM)
Low frequency anti-vibration mountings with
damping control and adjustable levelling for
efficient isolation of active and passive machinery.
Captive Jackmounts (JMP, JMSP)
Machine mount with captive pendulum
levelling screw. Cast iron and stainless
steel versions.
Isolated Foundations (IF)
Shock and vibration isolation for
machine foundations and structures.
Farrat Isolevel Ltd.
Balmoral Road, Altrincham, Cheshire WA15 8HJ. England GB
Tel: +44 (0) 161 924 1600 Fax: +44 (0) 161 924 1616
email: sales@[Link] [Link]
Information in this brochure is for guidance only and in the interests of product development may change
