PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
(FBM 103)
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
(PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS:SELF ESTEEM: BELIEVING IN
YOURSELF:THINK POSITIVELY)
ADELE NG CHING LIAN
(161016470)
(960420-05-5226)
MR. MEOR DANKER
FACE
(1ST DECEMBER 2016)
CHECKLIST
Initial
Group chief/class
representative/class
assistant
1.0. Introduction
1.1. Define the title
1.2. Example
1.3. Sources
2.0. Content
2.1. Issues
2.2. Example
2.3. Sources
2.4. Literature review
3.0 Conclusion
3.1. Summary
3.2. Example
3.3. Sources
4.0. Reference
4.1. In text
4.2. References
5.0. Appendix
5.1. Literature review
5.2. Group pictures
5.3. Materials that support
topic
1.0. Introduction
1.1. Define the title
Personal effectiveness is an essential develop skills to deal with life situations and
problems effectively. A person with personal effectiveness live life effectively using
the right attitude and thinking. They analyze their situation and find ways to
overcome it.
For example, Lily wanted to be a painter. However, the people surrounded constantly
criticizing her choice of career. They will tell her that being a painter unable to
support her and the job is unstable. Despite all the negative comments she received,
she does not give up and continue develop her painting with a goal which leads her
being a famous painter.
We can see that Lily was able to reach her goal in life by being persistent with her
choice of her career and believe she can achieve it. This is a effective way in
overcome hindrances in life.
According Maureen Hewitt (2016), personal effectiveness is a universal need and
having effective living skills can lead to more control over daily life, more focus and
sense of achievements. Those who live effectively feel more energised and they are
able to manage themselves when necessary. They are better prepared to deal with
the unexpected and are much more likely to manage stress and trust in their own
capabilities and strengths.
To illustrate this we can observe the life of Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs is a college
dropout. In the eyes of many, a person is doom without any form of a proper
education. He have to face challenges which lead him to the edge of losing hope. He
does not stop persevering and continue innovating in his life until he became a
successful person when he became the founder of Apple.
In general, we can see that personal effectiveness can give a great impact in our life.
The most important factor of personal effectiveness is self esteem. Self esteem is
when a person have the confidence and respect in oneself by believing in his or her
abilities and strength.
Self esteem gives a person the strength and courage to continue moving forward
and achieve goals and success in life by relying their capabilities.
For example, Colonel Sanders, the founder of the famous KFC. He first built an
identity on fried chicken while running a service station. At the age of 65 he did not
retire but he sold his first restaurant and began developing the Kentucky Fried
Chicken franchise in earnest. Nearly 60-years-old, he would spend days at a
restaurant, peddling his chicken technique, cooking for customers, and often
sleeping in the back of his car believing it would be a success. At 73, he sold KFC for
$2 million.
According to Kendra Cherry (2016), self-esteem is used to describe a person's
overall sense of self-worth or personal value.
For example, I wanted to continue my degree in an Architecture course. Whenever I
told someone my choice in taking Architecture, there always someone try to
convince me otherwise telling me that it is very difficult. This does not stop me from
pursuing my architecture course because I believe despite all odds I will eventually
able to became an architect.
According to May Bleeker (2015), the definition of self esteem is the act of valuing
yourself which expressed through your thoughts, words and actions.
For example, Tom want to lose weight and become more muscular so he decide to
stick a poster of a Dewayne Johnson on his wall. Whenever he workout, he will look
at the poster and tell himself that he can do it.
As the example shown, in order for Tom telling himself that he can lose weight and
believe in it is an act of self esteem.
In order to boost one's self esteem, one must develop a few characteristics. One of
the main characteristic is by believing in yourself.
Believing in yourself means that you have faith in yourself. For example, the famous
titanic actress, Kate Winslet. Before she was famous and wining numerous awards
for her acting, she was just an a performing arts student. Her teacher told her that
she'll be alright if she just act in all the fat girls character. Despite that, Kate did not
listen and pursue acting roles that she can relate believing that she can be
successful in the industry. Now, she is a well-known A-list actor with few academy
awards
In example above, it shows that by believing in yourself, you can boost yourself to
achieve your dreams and goals.
According to Matt Mayberry(2015),to live a life of high achievement, you must fully
believe in yourself and your ability. If we want to reach a certain goal in our life, it is
important that we believe that we can achieve it.
In order to believe in yourself, you need to think positively. Think positively means
that you have a mental attitude expecting the outcome to be in your favour.
According to Remez Sasson,(2016) positive thinking is an optimistic state of mind,
which sees the bright side of life. A positive frame of mind brings more harmony and
happiness, improves relationships, and attracts success into your life.
This means that with looking the bright side at life, you'll be able to enjoy your life,
able to have good relationship with people and reach success in life.
By thinking positively, it enable you to move forward regardless the circumstances.
With this kind of mentality, a person no longer worry or panic easily whenever trouble
strikes.For example, when I failed my subject. Instead of mourning for my results, I
take the opportunity to work hard and find out the mistake that I have done.
2.0. Content
2.1 Issues
The issue most likely to occur when comes to think positively is that not every
situations will turn out great. A person could be lying to themselves in order to avoid
facing or overcome situation or reality. For example, Siti constantly telling herself that
she is financially great, however in reality she is broke. By having this kind of
mindset the situation won't be resolve. According to Lyndelle Palmer Clarke (2013),
being overly positive and refusing to look at whats not going well has a destructive
down side that leads to avoiding the truth.
A person who lie to themselves to feel better can lead themselves to be more
stressful and unstable. According to Laura Newcomer, (2016), Constant positive
thinking ,a person can never relax because thats the moment a negative
thought might squirm its way to the surface. And insisting that everything works out
offers positive thinkers no back-up plan for when things dont. This will cause the
person to ignore other individual advise or problem in order to not "stress"
themselves. With this kind of attitude, problems will not be solve and a person will
not able to make progress in their life.
Besides that, people will not trust this kind of people, because a task will not be
done when they do not want to analyze and evaluate the problem faced when
performing the task. According to Laura Newcomer(2016), positive thinking can also
become a way of avoiding necessary action. For example, People might say
everythings fine even when its not its a way of convincing ourselves were
doing something about a given situation (a terrible job, a looming deadline, an issue
with a partner) without actually doing anything.
To overcome this issue, one must first accept their the situation they're in. When they
start accepting, they should begin to understand and find solutions to overcome the
problems they faced. This will help to improve themselves, their mentality and
relationships with others.
2.4. Literature review
Hope, optimism and delusion
Rebecca McGuire-Snieckus
(April,2014)
Abstract
Optimism is generally accepted by psychiatrists, psychologists and other mental
health professionals as a preferred way of being. Hope and optimism about the
future was identified as one of five processes for recovery in mental illness in a
systematic review and narrative synthesis of 97 papers in psychiatry. Hope (including
optimism) is classified as a character strength in the manual of the sanities
- Character Strengths and Virtues - which was written by positive psychologists in
response to the DSM and which identifies key strengths that elevate an individual
from suboptimal to optimal functioning. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is offered on
the National Health Service (NHS) to help you change your negative thought
patterns and improve the way you feel. Indeed, a position of optimism for the NHS
system as a whole was called for by the chief executive Mike Farrar at the 2013 NHS
Confederation Conference with his claim that If were not optimistic for the future,
then we deserve to fail.
Early contexts of hope and optimism
Although used as interchangeable concepts by some and as mutually exclusive
concepts by others, the term hope precedes optimism. In classical antiquity, hope
was the last of the wedding gifts Zeus gave to Epimetheus and his wife, Pandora,
really a punishment to the groom and his brother, Prometheus, for giving mortal man
fire. When opened by the new bride Pandora, the ills of humanity were unleashed,
while hope, blind, fluttered at the lip of the jar. Nietzsche interprets hope in this
context as the most evil of evils because it prolongs mans torment.7 In the English
language, the word hope found its earliest use in the context of forlorn hope. It
derives from the Dutch military expression verloren hoop - referring to lost
troops. Hoop was mistaken for hope and the phrase came to mean a body of
desperate men who have abandoned all hope for surviving, a desperate enterprise,
as in to cherish a forlorn hope.8 In Judeo-Christianity, hope is among the greatest of
all gifts, along with faith and charity in 1 Corintheans 13. Hope is defined by some
psychologists as the perceived capacity to derive pathways to desired goals, and
motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways.
The term optimism was not used until 1710 by Leibniz in his work Thodice to
mean the greatest good (derived from optimus in Latin) by suggesting that good will
ultimately prevail over evil. In his novel Candide, Voltaire was derisive of the
shallowness of an optimistic worldview. According to William James, pessimism
leads to weakness, optimism to power. Some psychologists today regard optimism
as a disposition characterised by positive expectation, whereas others define it as an
explanatory style characterised by a tendency to attribute negative outcomes to
external causes, specific and temporary causes and positive outcomes to internal,
global and permanent causes. The construct as an explanatory style was given
popular force by Martin Seligman, credited as the father of positive psychology,
whose research focus turned from the study of learned helplessness in dogs as a
model for depression in humans (by demonstrating that dogs who were persistently
shocked without the opportunity to escape did not later perceive opportunities to
escape, as they had learned to be helpless) to learned optimism. He observed
that some dogs never learned to be helpless and began investigating why some
people do not give up after being exposed to repeated stressors.
Optimism and individualism
Optimism is viewed by many as an indication of mental health, associated with
higher levels of subjective well-being, better physical health and more
success. Some propose optimists provide models of living for others to learn from,
citing findings that link optimism to better subjective well-being, better physical
health, persistent educational efforts, higher income and better relationships. As
much of the evidence is based on correlational research which cannot infer
causation, it could be equally argued that better health, education, income and good
relationships could be predictive of an optimistic worldview, and not the reverse.
Indeed, the same authors concede that a poor childhood socioeconomic
circumstance breeds pessimism later in life.
It could be argued that much discourse around optimism may be a function of
individualism. By identifying distress as a psychological matter rather than locating it
in the social and material world with which we are intimately interconnected, key
proponents promote positive thinking and to systematically dispel the negative
thoughts that affect us all despite epidemiological evidence that fewer economic and
social resources predict higher mental and physical health problems throughout
life. It has been further argued that the current official preoccupation with happiness
may be at best a nave attempt to improve the world through wishful thinking, and at
worst a form of insidious social control, where people are encouraged to look
inwards for the sources of their troubles, and in the end to implicitly blame
themselves for these ills.
Interventions that improve optimism
Interventions are used to increase optimism in both clinical and non-clinical
populations. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is offered on the NHS to stop negative
thought cycles based on the presupposition that there are helpful and unhelpful
ways of reacting to a situation, often determined by how you think about them. Such
cognitive restructuring tools which encourage individuals to challenge unhelpful
thoughts that threaten self-esteem and therefore mental health are used to prevent
mental health problems, to enhance performance and to reduce work-related
stress. Some interventions emphasise the importance of increasing the frequency of
positive cognitions and self-statements that foster optimism to combat everyday
malady whereas others encourage clients to adopt an as if approach to life, to ask
clients to pretend that their lives are improved in some way, however small, and to
experience their lives anew in the face of these positive change. Blackwell et
al propose that boosting positive future imagery to promote optimism could provide
implications for mental health and even physical well-being. Further interventions to
improve optimism encourage individuals to make external attributions for negative
outcomes and internal attributions for positive ones to improve success.
Cognitive biases
However, social psychological research reveals that most individuals already tend to
exhibit persistent cognitive biases characterised by biases in probabilistic reasoning
and attribution. The optimism bias shows that when asked to make comparative
judgements about future life events, individuals consistently expect that positive
events are more likely to happen to them (i.e. having a gifted child) and that negative
events (i.e. divorced after a few years) are less likely. The better than average effect
demonstrates that individuals tend to evaluate themselves more favourably
compared with others. A variety of biases of attribution have also been identified,
from the self-serving bias (the tendency to deny responsibility for failure and take
credit for success) and the self-centred bias (taking more credit for a jointly produced
outcome) to the false consensus effect (the tendency to see ones own behaviour,
thoughts and feelings as typical). Other self-favouring biases have been identified
such as spatial biases (things are better here than there), environmental comparative
optimism (things are environmentally safer here than elsewhere) and temporal
biases (discounting the importance of a problem the farther away in the future that it
seems).
Delusions
Delusions are characterised by biases in attribution and probabilistic reasoning. Karl
Jaspers viewed delusions as deeply-held beliefs that are impervious to logic. If not
slightly deluded, the average individual does appear to be consistently biased.
Perhaps, as Festinger et al suggested, we are not rational, but rationalising animals.
Depressive realism
Biases of optimism are said to apply to most people, but generally not to individuals
with depression (termed depressive realism). Although some have found no support
for the notion of depressive realism but rather suggest that patients with depression
distort their judgements in a characteristically negative fashion, there appears to be
reliable evidence that even individuals with depression exhibit persistent cognitive
biases of optimism. A meta-analytic review of 75 studies representing 7305
individuals indicated a small overall effect of depressive realism (Cohens d = 0.07)
and that both individuals with depression (d = 0.14) and individuals without
depression (d = 0.29) showed a substantial positive bias.
Excessive optimism
Although optimism may serve the function to motivate individuals in the present in
the service of future goals, excessive optimism may blind individuals to perceive the
inherent risk in their present actions, resulting in consequences that individuals might
better permit themselves to anticipate. Optimism is credited with predicting a
catalogue of negative outcomes from risk-taking in unprotected sex, underestimating
risks in driving, continued gambling after losses, engagement in music piracy, to
minimising the health consequences of smoking. Moreover, optimism can create the
potential for unmet expectations and heightened negative reactions when such
expectations are not realised, including increased physical and psychological
symptoms and reduced mental health.
More clarity is needed regarding this concept. What is the purpose of facilitating
biases of optimism in a non-clinical population who is likely to have persistent
esteem-enhancing biases of attribution and optimism already? If excessive optimism
can lead to a catalogue of ills, how are the proposed techniques designed to
facilitate optimism conducive to mental health in a non-clinical population? How
helpful are such interventions even among individuals with depression who appear to
also exhibit persistent cognitive biases of optimism? By locating the cause of
optimal or suboptimal functioning at the individual level, does this minimise wider
systemic social and economic influences on mental health?
3.0 Conclusion
Personal effectiveness is an effective way a person live their life. In order to live life
effectively, it is important that one must have self-esteem by believing in yourself.
Believing in yourself require one to have faith in his or her own ability in order to
achieve his or her goals. By believing in yourself, you need to think positively. With
thinking positively, one can find comfort in his or her situation. However, not every
situation you can use positive thinking as an answer to your problems because it
may cause delusion to oneself. The ideal way to overcome a situation is that a
person must fully aware the reality in and finds solutions to overcome a specific
problem in order to live effectively.
Form this assignment I learn that thinking positively sometimes it's not an ideal way
to live my life effectively instead it can be a hindrance for me to move on with life
which also can destroy my mentality with lies and destroy my relationship with
others. Instead of creating illusion in my mind that "everything will be fine". I learn
that it is important to sometimes accepts reality to move forward.
In short, the element of personal effectiveness is believing in yourself which gives
great focus in building self-esteem. In order to do that a person needs to think
positively to certain limit.
4.0 Reference
4.2 References
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Bryant FB, Cvengros JA. Distinguishing hope and optimism: two sides of a coin,
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Maureen Hewitt (2016), Are You Ready For Personal Effectiveness. Retrieve
from http://www.lifecoachingcourses.ie/2013/02/are-you-ready-for-personaleffectiveness/
Kendra Cherry (2016), What Is Self-Esteem? Retrieve from
https://www.verywell.com/what-is-self-esteem-2795868
May Bleaker(2015), What is Self Esteem? And Why Do You Need It? Retrieve
from http://www.doorway-to-self-esteem.com/what-is-self-esteem.html
Laura Newcomer(2016), Why Positive Thinking Doesn't (Always) Work. Retrieve
from http://greatist.com/happiness/positive-thinking-negative-benefits
Rebecca McGuire-Snieckus (2014), Hope, optimism and delusion. Retrieving
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237497
Matt Mayberry (2015),The Incredible Power of Believing in Yourself. Retrieve
from
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/246720
Remez Sasson (2016), The Power of Positive Thinking. Retrieve from
http://www.successconsciousness.com/index_000009.htm
5.0 Appendix
5.1. Literature review
Hope, optimism and delusion
Rebecca McGuire-Snieckus
(April, 2014)
Abstract
Optimism is generally accepted by psychiatrists, psychologists and other mental
health professionals as a preferred way of being. Hope and optimism about the
future was identified as one of five processes for recovery in mental illness in a
systematic review and narrative synthesis of 97 papers in psychiatry. Hope (including
optimism) is classified as a character strength in the manual of the sanities
- Character Strengths and Virtues - which was written by positive psychologists in
response to the DSM and which identifies key strengths that elevate an individual
from suboptimal to optimal functioning. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is offered on
the National Health Service (NHS) to help you change your negative thought
patterns and improve the way you feel. Indeed, a position of optimism for the NHS
system as a whole was called for by the chief executive Mike Farrar at the 2013 NHS
Confederation Conference with his claim that If were not optimistic for the future,
then we deserve to fail.
Early contexts of hope and optimism
Although used as interchangeable concepts by some and as mutually exclusive
concepts by others, the term hope precedes optimism. In classical antiquity, hope
was the last of the wedding gifts Zeus gave to Epimetheus and his wife, Pandora,
really a punishment to the groom and his brother, Prometheus, for giving mortal man
fire. When opened by the new bride Pandora, the ills of humanity were unleashed,
while hope, blind, fluttered at the lip of the jar. Nietzsche interprets hope in this
context as the most evil of evils because it prolongs mans torment.7 In the English
language, the word hope found its earliest use in the context of forlorn hope. It
derives from the Dutch military expression verloren hoop - referring to lost
troops. Hoop was mistaken for hope and the phrase came to mean a body of
desperate men who have abandoned all hope for surviving, a desperate enterprise,
as in to cherish a forlorn hope.8 In Judeo-Christianity, hope is among the greatest of
all gifts, along with faith and charity in 1 Corintheans 13. Hope is defined by some
psychologists as the perceived capacity to derive pathways to desired goals, and
motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways.
The term optimism was not used until 1710 by Leibniz in his work Thodice to
mean the greatest good (derived from optimus in Latin) by suggesting that good will
ultimately prevail over evil. In his novel Candide, Voltaire was derisive of the
shallowness of an optimistic worldview. According to William James, pessimism
leads to weakness, optimism to power. Some psychologists today regard optimism
as a disposition characterised by positive expectation, whereas others define it as an
explanatory style characterised by a tendency to attribute negative outcomes to
external causes, specific and temporary causes and positive outcomes to internal,
global and permanent causes. The construct as an explanatory style was given
popular force by Martin Seligman, credited as the father of positive psychology,
whose research focus turned from the study of learned helplessness in dogs as a
model for depression in humans (by demonstrating that dogs who were persistently
shocked without the opportunity to escape did not later perceive opportunities to
escape, as they had learned to be helpless) to learned optimism. He observed
that some dogs never learned to be helpless and began investigating why some
people do not give up after being exposed to repeated stressors.
Optimism and individualism
Optimism is viewed by many as an indication of mental health, associated with
higher levels of subjective well-being, better physical health and more
success. Some propose optimists provide models of living for others to learn from,
citing findings that link optimism to better subjective well-being, better physical
health, persistent educational efforts, higher income and better relationships. As
much of the evidence is based on correlational research which cannot infer
causation, it could be equally argued that better health, education, income and good
relationships could be predictive of an optimistic worldview, and not the reverse.
Indeed, the same authors concede that a poor childhood socioeconomic
circumstance breeds pessimism later in life.
It could be argued that much discourse around optimism may be a function of
individualism. By identifying distress as a psychological matter rather than locating it
in the social and material world with which we are intimately interconnected, key
proponents promote positive thinking and to systematically dispel the negative
thoughts that affect us all despite epidemiological evidence that fewer economic and
social resources predict higher mental and physical health problems throughout
life. It has been further argued that the current official preoccupation with happiness
may be at best a nave attempt to improve the world through wishful thinking, and at
worst a form of insidious social control, where people are encouraged to look
inwards for the sources of their troubles, and in the end to implicitly blame
themselves for these ills.
Interventions that improve optimism
Interventions are used to increase optimism in both clinical and non-clinical
populations. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is offered on the NHS to stop negative
thought cycles based on the presupposition that there are helpful and unhelpful
ways of reacting to a situation, often determined by how you think about them. Such
cognitive restructuring tools which encourage individuals to challenge unhelpful
thoughts that threaten self-esteem and therefore mental health are used to prevent
mental health problems, to enhance performance and to reduce work-related
stress. Some interventions emphasise the importance of increasing the frequency of
positive cognitions and self-statements that foster optimism to combat everyday
malady whereas others encourage clients to adopt an as if approach to life, to ask
clients to pretend that their lives are improved in some way, however small, and to
experience their lives anew in the face of these positive change. Blackwell et
al propose that boosting positive future imagery to promote optimism could provide
implications for mental health and even physical well-being. Further interventions to
improve optimism encourage individuals to make external attributions for negative
outcomes and internal attributions for positive ones to improve success.
Cognitive biases
However, social psychological research reveals that most individuals already tend to
exhibit persistent cognitive biases characterised by biases in probabilistic reasoning
and attribution. The optimism bias shows that when asked to make comparative
judgements about future life events, individuals consistently expect that positive
events are more likely to happen to them (i.e. having a gifted child) and that negative
events (i.e. divorced after a few years) are less likely. The better than average effect
demonstrates that individuals tend to evaluate themselves more favourably
compared with others. A variety of biases of attribution have also been identified,
from the self-serving bias (the tendency to deny responsibility for failure and take
credit for success) and the self-centred bias (taking more credit for a jointly produced
outcome) to the false consensus effect (the tendency to see ones own behaviour,
thoughts and feelings as typical). Other self-favouring biases have been identified
such as spatial biases (things are better here than there), environmental comparative
optimism (things are environmentally safer here than elsewhere) and temporal
biases (discounting the importance of a problem the farther away in the future that it
seems).
Delusions
Delusions are characterised by biases in attribution and probabilistic reasoning. Karl
Jaspers viewed delusions as deeply-held beliefs that are impervious to logic. If not
slightly deluded, the average individual does appear to be consistently biased.
Perhaps, as Festinger et al suggested, we are not rational, but rationalising animals.
Depressive realism
Biases of optimism are said to apply to most people, but generally not to individuals
with depression (termed depressive realism). Although some have found no support
for the notion of depressive realism but rather suggest that patients with depression
distort their judgements in a characteristically negative fashion, there appears to be
reliable evidence that even individuals with depression exhibit persistent cognitive
biases of optimism. A meta-analytic review of 75 studies representing 7305
individuals indicated a small overall effect of depressive realism (Cohens d = 0.07)
and that both individuals with depression (d = 0.14) and individuals without
depression (d = 0.29) showed a substantial positive bias.
Excessive optimism
Although optimism may serve the function to motivate individuals in the present in
the service of future goals, excessive optimism may blind individuals to perceive the
inherent risk in their present actions, resulting in consequences that individuals might
better permit themselves to anticipate. Optimism is credited with predicting a
catalogue of negative outcomes from risk-taking in unprotected sex, underestimating
risks in driving, continued gambling after losses, engagement in music piracy, to
minimising the health consequences of smoking. Moreover, optimism can create the
potential for unmet expectations and heightened negative reactions when such
expectations are not realised, including increased physical and psychological
symptoms and reduced mental health.
More clarity is needed regarding this concept. What is the purpose of facilitating
biases of optimism in a non-clinical population who is likely to have persistent
esteem-enhancing biases of attribution and optimism already? If excessive optimism
can lead to a catalogue of ills, how are the proposed techniques designed to
facilitate optimism conducive to mental health in a non-clinical population? How
helpful are such interventions even among individuals with depression who appear to
also exhibit persistent cognitive biases of optimism? By locating the cause of
optimal or suboptimal functioning at the individual level, does this minimise wider
systemic social and economic influences on mental health?
5.2 Pictures
Class representative and class assistants
Group picture
Magazine article
Newspaper article
