Pli Primer

ch.

Lily de Silva
(M.A., Ph.D., University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka)

Originally Published by the Vipassana Research Institute,

now available as a free e-text.
"2008 edition" from E.M.
(www.pali.pratyeka.org)
[PUBLICATION DATA: This version of the text was extensively re-formatted in Vientiane,
Lao P.D.R., in 2005, then completed and released to the public in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan,
People's Republic of China, in the last months of 2007. The revisions are, for the most part,
limited to layout and aesthetics (out of deference to the author). However, the addition of
Khmer and Burmese script to the glossary (alongside the Roman text) is my own doing,
and therefore is provided as a separate file. The source used to create this e-text was
adapted from the Vietnamese edition: http://www.saigon.com/%7Eanson/ --Eisel Mazard]

CONTENTS

ch.

pg.

Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a. Nominative case,

singular and plural. Present, third, singular and plural verbs.
Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.
Accusative case, singular and plural.
Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.
Instrumental case, singular and plural.
Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.
Ablative case, singular and plural.
Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued. Dative case,
singular and plural.
Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued. Genitive
case, singular and plural.

Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued. Locative

case, singular and plural.

10b

Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued. Vocative

case, singular and plural. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a.

12a

The Gerund / Absolutive.

14a

The Infinitive.

15b

1
2
3
4
5

10

2b
3b
4b
5b
7a
9a

11

The present participle, masculine and neuter genders.

16b

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Conjugation of Verbs Present Tense, Active.

18a
19a
21a
22a
23a
24a
25b
26b
28b
29b
31a
32a
33a
34a
35b
36b
37b
39b
41a
42b

32
33

pg. 1

pg.

Conjugation of Verbs Present Tense, Active Voice, continued

The Further Tense
The Optative / Potential Mood
The Imperative Mood
The Past Tense
Declension of feminine nouns ending in -.
The Past Participle
Declension of feminine nouns ending in -i and .
The Present Participle, feminine gender.
The Future Passive Participle.
The Causative.
Declension of feminine nouns ending in -u.
Declension of masculine nouns ending in -i.
Declension of masculine nouns ending in -.
Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u and -.
Declension of agent nouns and nouns indicating relationships.
Declension of neuter nouns ending in -i and -u.
Declension of adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu.
Declension of personal pronouns.
Declension of personal pronouns, relative, demonstrative and
interrogative.
List of Pli Verbs.
[List of] Pli Vocabulary (other than verbs).
Glossary [Full listing in alphabetic order, with Burmese & Khmer
script, available as a separate file from: www.pali.pratyeka.org]

43b
47

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammsambuddhassa.

Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, The Fully Self-enlightened One.

Lesson 1
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a

PRONUNCIATION
1) The Alphabet:
Pli is not known to have a special script of its own. In countries where Pli is studied, the
scripts used in those countries are used to write Pli: in India the Ngar, in Sri Lanka the
Sinhalese, in Burma the Burmese and in Thailand the Kamboja script. The Pali Text Society,
London, uses the Roman script and now it has gained international currency.

manussa

man, human
being

nara / purisa

man, person

kassaka

farmer

brhmaa

brahmin

putta

son

mtula

uncle

kumra

boy

vija

merchant

bhpla

king

The Pli alphabet consists of 41 letters 8 vowels and 33 consonants.

Vowels: a, , i, , u, , e, o
Consonants:
Gutturals: k, kh, g, gh,
Palatals: c, ch, j, jh,
Cerebrals: , h, , h,
Dentals: t, th, d, dh, n
Labials: p, ph, b, bh, m
Miscellaneous: y, r, l, v, s, h, ,

Buddha / Tathgata / Sugata

sahya / sahyaka / mitta

the Buddha
friend

Verbs
bhsati

speaks

pacati

cooks

kasati

ploughs

bhujati

eats

sayati

sleeps

passati

sees

chindati

cuts

gacchati

goes

gacchati

comes

dhvati

runs

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

Nominative case:
The case ending -o is added to the nominal base to form the nominative case singular
number.
The case ending - is added to the nominal base to form the nominative case plural
number.
A noun thus inflected is used as the subject of a sentence.
Singular:
1. nara + o = naro
2. mtula + o = mtulo
3. kassaka + o = kassako
Plural :
1. nara + = nar
2. mtula + = mtul
3. kassaka + = kassak

The vowels a, i, u are short; , , are long; e, o are of middle length. They are pronounced
short before double consonants, e.g. mett, khetta, koha, sotthi; and long before single
consonants, e.g. deva, sen, loka, odana.
2) Pronunciation
a is pronounced like u in cut
is pronounced like a in father
i is pronounced like i in mill
is pronounced like ee in bee
u is pronounced like u in put
is pronounced like oo in cool
k is pronounced like k in kite
g is pronounced like g in good
is pronounced like ng in singer
c is pronounced like ch in church
j is pronounced like j in jam
is pronounced like gn in signor
is pronounced like t in hat
is pronounced like d in good
is pronounced like n in now

3. Present, third, singular and plural verbs.

In the verbs listed above bhsa, paca, kasa etc. are verbal bases and -ti is the present tense,
third person, singular termination.
The present tense, third person, plural is formed by adding the termination -nti to the
base.
pg. 2

Singular:
bhsati He speaks
pacati He cooks
kasati He ploughs
Plural:
bhsanti They speak
pacanti They cook
kasanti They plough

Lesson 2
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a
dhamma

gma
village
kukkura /
sunakha / soa dog

4. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. Naro bhsati The man speaks.
2. Mtulo pacati The uncle cooks.
3. Kassako kasati The farmer ploughs.
Plural:
1. Nar bhsanti Men speak.
2. Mtul pacanti Uncles cook.
3. Kassak kasanti Farmers plough.

9. Kassak pacanti.
10. Manusso chindati.
11. Puris dhvanti.
12. Sahyako bhujati.
13. Tathgato bhsati.
14. Naro pacati.
15. Sahy kasanti.
16. Sugato gacchati.

odana

cooked rice

suriya

sun

canda

moon

vihra

monastery

patta

bowl

ycaka

beggar

va

pit

pabbata

mountain

sigla

jackal

rukkha

tree

harati

carries, take
away

harati

brings

ruhati

climbs,
ascends

oruhati

descends

ycati

begs

khaati

digs

vijjhati

shoots

paharati

hits, strikes

rakkhati

protects

vandati

worships,
salutes

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Accusative case: The case ending - is added to the nominal base to form the accusative
singular number. The case ending -e is added to the nominal base to form the accusative
case plural number. A noun thus inflected is used as the object of a sentence. The goal of
motion is also expressed by the accusative case.
Singular:
1. nara + = nara
2. mtula + = mtula
3. kassaka + = kassaka
Plural:
nara + e = nare
mtula + e = mtule
kassaka + e = kassake

6. Translate into Pli:

1. Sons run.
2. The uncle sees.
3. The Buddha comes.
4. Boys eat.
5. Merchants go.
6. The man sleeps.
7. Kings go.
8. The brahmin cuts.

rice

Verbs

Exercise 1
5. Translate into English:
1. Bhplo bhujati.
2. Putt sayanti :
3. Vij sayanti
4. Buddho passati
5. Kumro dhvati.
6. Mtulo kasati.
7. Brhma bhsanti.
8. Mitt gacchanti.

the doctrine,
bhatta
truth

9. Friends speak.
10. The farmer ploughs.
11. The merchant comes.
12. Sons cut.
13. Uncles speak.
14. The boy runs.
15. The friend speaks.
16. The Buddha sees.

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. Putto nara passati The son sees the man.
2. Brhmao mtula rakkhati -The brahmin protects the uncle.
3. Vijo kassaka paharati The merchant hits the farmer.
pg. 3

Plural:
1. Putt nare passanti Sons see men.
2. Brhma mtule rakkhanti Brahmins protect uncles.
3. Vij kassake paharanti Merchants hit farmers.

Lesson 3
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a

Exercise 2
4. Translate into English:
1. Tathgato dhamma bhsati.
2. Brhma odana bhujanti.
3. Manusso suriya passati.
4. Kumr sigle paharanti.
5. Ycak bhatta ycanti.
6. Kassak ve khaanti.
7. Mitto gma gacchati.
8. Bhplo manusse rakkhati.
9. Putt pabbata gacchanti.
10. Kumro Buddha vandati.
11. Vij patte haranti.
12. Puriso vihra gacchati.
13. Kukkur pabbata dhvanti.

14. Sigl gma gacchanti.

15. Brhma sahyake haranti.
16. Bhpl sugata vandanti.
17. Ycak sayanti.
18. Mitt sunakhe haranti.
19. Putto canda passati.
20. Kassako gma dhvati.
21. Vij rukkhe chindanti.
22. Naro sigla vijjhati.
23. Kumro odana bhujati.
24. Ycako soa paharati.
25. Sahyak pabbate ruhanti.

vehicle,
chariot

sakaa

cart

hattha

hand

pda

foot

magga

path

dpa

island, lamp

svaka

disciple

samaa

recluse, monk sagga

heaven

assa

horse

miga

deer

sara

arrow

psa

rock, stone

kakaca

saw

khagga

sword

cora

thief

paita

wise man

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Instrumental case: The case ending -ena is added to the nominal base to form the
instrumental singular. The case ending -ehi is added to form the instrumental plural; -ebhi
is another archaic case ending that is sometimes added. A noun thus inflected expresses
the idea by', with' or through'.
Singular:
1. nara + ena = narena (by means of the man)
2. mtula + ena = mtulena (with the uncle)
3. kassaka + ena = kassakena (through the farmer)
Plural:
1. nara + ehi = narehi (narebhi)
2. mtula + ehi = mtulehi (mtulebhi)
3. kassaka + ehi = kassakehi (kassakebhi)
Saddhi / saha meaning with' is also used with the instrumental case. They are not
normally used with nouns denoting things.

5. Translate into Pli:

1. Men go to the monastery.
2. Farmers climb mountains.
3. The brahmin eats rice.
4. The Buddha sees the boys.
5. Uncles take away bowls.
6. The son protects the dog.
7. The king worships the Buddha.
8. The merchant brings a boy.
9. Friends salute the brahmin.
10. Beggars beg rice.
11. Merchants shoot jackals.
12. Boys climb the mountain.
13. The farmer runs to the village.

ratha

14. The merchant cooks rice.

15. Sons worship the uncle.
16. Kings protect men.
17. The Buddha comes to the
monastery.
18. The men descend.
19. Farmers dig pits.
20. The merchant runs.
21. The dog sees the moon.
22. Boys climb trees.
23. The brahmin brings the bowl.
24. The beggar sleeps.
25. The king sees the Buddha.

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. Samao narena saddhi gma gacchati.
The monk goes to the village with the man.
2. Putto mtulena saha canda passati.
The son sees the moon with his uncle.
3. Kassako kakacena rukkha chindati.
The farmer cuts the tree with a saw.
Plural:
1. Sama narehi saddhi gma gacchanti.
Monks go to the village with men.
2. Putt mtulehi saha canda passanti.
Sons see the moon with uncles.
pg. 4

3. Kassak kakacehi rukkhe chindanti.

Farmers cut trees with saws.

12. Disciples climb mountains with men.

13. Merchants cut trees with farmers.
14. The beggar digs a pit with a friend.
15. The brahmin sees the moon with his uncles.
16. The thief hits the horse with a sword.
17. The son brings rice in a bowl.
18. Boys run to the mountain with their dogs.
19. Merchants come to the village by carts with farmers.
20. Uncles come to the monastery by chariots with their sons.
21. Jackals run to the mountain along the road.
22. Dogs dig pits with their feet.
23. The man carries a saw in his hand.
24. Recluses go to heaven.
25. The Buddha comes to the village with his disciples.

Exercise 3
4. Translate into English:
1. Buddho svakehi saddhi vihra gacchati.
2. Puriso puttena saha dpa dhvati.
3. Kassako sarena sigla vijjhati.
4. Brhma mtulena saha pabbata ruhanti.
5. Putt pdehi kukkure paharanti.
6. Mtulo puttehi saddhi rathena gma gacchati.
7. Kumr hatthehi patte haranti.
8. Coro maggena assa harati.
9. Kassako va oruhati.
10. Bhpl paitehi saha samae passanti.
11. Paito bhplena saha Tathgata vandati.
12. Putt sahyena saddhi odana bhujanti.
13. Vijo psena miga paharati.
14. Sunakh pdehi ve khaanti.
15. Brhmao puttena saha suriya vandati.
16. Kassako soehi saddhi rukkhe rakkhati.
17. Sugato svakehi saha vihra gacchati.
18. Ycako pattena bhatta harati.
19. Pait sagga gacchanti.
20. Kumr assehi saddhi gma dhvanti.
21. Coro khaggena nara paharati.
22. Vijo sakaena dpe harati.
23. Ass maggena dhvanti.
24. Sigl migehi saddhi pabbata dhvanti.
25. Bhplo paitena saha manusse rakkhati.

Lesson 4
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a
dhvara

fisherman

maccha

fish

piaka

basket

amacca

minister

upsaka

lay devotee

psda

palace

draka

child

saka

garment

rajaka

washerman

sappa

serpent

question

suka / suva

parrot

sopna

stairway

paha
skara /
varha

patati

falls

dhovati

washes

icchati

wishes,
desires

asati

bites

pucchati

questions

pakkosati

calls,
summons

khdati

eats

hanati

kills

otarati

descends

nikkhamati

leaves, sets
out

pig

Verbs

5. Translate into Pli:

1. The recluse sees the Buddha with his friend.
2. Disciples go to the monastery with the Buddha.
3. The horse runs to the mountain with the dogs.
4. The boy hits the lamp with a stone.
5. Merchants shoot deer with arrows.
6. Farmers dig pits with their hands.
7. Boys go to the monastery by chariot with their uncle.
8. The brahmin cooks rice with his friend.
9. The king protects the island with wise men.
10. Kings worship monks with their sons.
11. Thieves bring horses to the island.
pg. 5

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Ablative case:
Case endings - / -mh / -sm are added to the nominal base to form the ablative singular.
Case ending -ehi is added to form the ablative plural; -ebhi is an archaic ending that is also
used.
Singular:
1. nara + / mh / sm = nar / naramh / narasm (From the man)
2. mtula + / mh / sm = mtul / mtulamh / mtulasm (From the uncle)
3. kassaka + / mh / sm = kassak / kassakamh / kassakasm (From the farmer)
Plural:
1. nara + ehi = narehi (narebhi) (From men)
2. mtula + ehi = mtulehi (mtulebhi) (From uncles)
3. kassaka + ehi = kassakehi (kassakebhi) (From farmers)

Exercise 4
4. Translate into English:
1. Cor gmamh pabbata dhvanti.
2. Drako mtulasm odana ycati.
3. Kumro sopnamh patati.
4. Mtul sake dhovanti.
5. Dhvar piakehi macche haranti.
6. Upsak samaehi saddhi
vihrasm nikkhamanti.
7. Brhmao kakacena rukkha
chindati.
8. Kumr mittehi saha bhpla
passanti.
9. Vijo assena saddhi pabbatasm
oruhati.
10. Ycako kassakasm soa ycati.
11. Sapp pabbatehi gma otaranti.
12. Amacc sarehi mige vijjhanti.
13. Coro gmamh sakaena sake
harati.

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. Ycako naramh bhatta ycati.
The beggar asks for rice from the man.
2. Putto mtulamh paha pucchati.
The son asks a question from the uncle.
3. Kassako rukkhasm patati.
The farmer falls from the tree.
Plural:
1. Ycak narehi bhatta ycanti.
Beggars ask for rice from men.
2. Putt mtulehi pahe pucchanti.
Sons ask questions from uncles.
3. Kassak rukkhehi patanti.
Farmers fall from trees.

pg. 6

14. Bhplo amaccehi saddhi rathena

psda gacchati.
15. Skar pdehi ve khaanti.
16. Kumro sahyakehi saha sake
dhovati.
17. Sama gmamh upsakehi
saddhi nikkhamanti.
18. Kukkuro piakamh maccha
khdati.
19. Mitto puttamh sunakha ycati.
20. Buddho svake pucchati.
21. Amacc paitehi pahe pucchanti.
22. Rajako sahyena saha saka
dhovati.
23. Macch piakamh patanti.
24. Cor psehi varhe paharanti.
25. Amacco psdamh suva harati.

5. Translate into Pli:

1. Horses run from the village to the
mountain.
2. Merchants come from the island to
the monastery with lay devotees.
3. Thieves shoot pigs with arrows.
4. The lay devotee questions (about)
the dhamma from the recluse.
5. The child falls from the rock with a
friend.
6. The dog bites the child.
7. Ministers set out from the palace
with the king.
8. The man brings a deer from the
island.
9. The farmer gets down from the tree.
10. Dogs run along the road with
horses.
11. Boys take away lamps from
merchants.
12. The thief gets down from the
stairway.
13. Merchants bring parrots from
mountains.
14. The horse hits the serpent with its
foot.
15. The uncle, with his friends, sees
recluses from the mountains.

16. Merchants bring horses to the

palace from the island.
17. The minister questions the thief.
18. The farmer eats rice with the
washerman.
19. The child falls from the stairway.
20. The fisherman climbs the mountain
with his uncle.
21. The beggar, together with his dog,
sleeps.
22. Kings protect islands with their
ministers.
23. The king worships the Buddha from
his palace.
24. The man kills a serpent with a
sword.
25. Fishermen bring fish to the village
in carts.
26. Pigs run from the village to the
mountain.
27. Lay devotees ask questions from the
wise man.
28. The son brings a parrot from the
tree.
29. Wise men go to the monastery.
30. Disciples go along the road to the
village.

1. Masculine nouns ending in -a

cariya

teacher

vejja

doctor

sha
vnara /
makkaa

lion

luddaka

hunter

aja

goat

monkey

lbha

profit

maca

bed

kuddla

hoe

hasati

laughs

labhati

gets, receives

pavisati

enters

dadti

gives

dadti

takes

kati

plays

nahyati

bathes

kahati

drags

pajahati

gives up,
abandons

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. Dhvaro narya maccha harati.
The fisherman brings a fish for the man.
2. Putto mtulassa odana dadti.
The son gives rice to the uncle.
3. Vijo kassakassa aja dadti.
The merchant gives a goat to the farmer.
Plural:
1. Dhvar narna macche haranti.
Fishermen bring fish for men.
2. Putt mtulna odana dadanti.
Sons give rice to uncles.
3. Vij kassakna aje dadanti.
Merchants give goats to farmers.

Lesson 5

hermit

cries

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Dative case:
Case endings -ya / -ssa are added to the nominal base to form the dative singular.
The case ending -na is added to form the dative plural.
Singular:
1. nara + ya / ssa = narya / narassa (for or to the man)
2. mtula + ya / ssa = mtulya / mtulassa (for or to the uncle)
3. kassaka + ya / ssa = kassakya / kassakassa (for or to the farmer)
Plural:
1. nara + na = narna (for or to men)
2. mtula + na = mtulna (for or to uncles)
3. kassaka + na = kassakna (for or to farmers)

VOCABULARY

tpasa

Verbs
rodati

pg. 7

Exercise 5:
4. Translate into English:
1. Vijo rajakassa saka dadti.
2. Vejjo cariyassa dpa harati.
3. Mig psamh pabbata dhvanti.
4. Manuss Buddhehi dhamma
labhanti.
5. Puriso vejjya sakaa kahati.
6. Drako hatthena ycakassa bhatta
harati.
7. Ycako cariyya va khaati.
8. Rajako amaccna sake dadti.
9. Brhmao svakna mace harati.
10. Vnaro rukkhamh patati, kukkuro
vnara asati.
11. Dhvar piakehi amaccna
macche haranti.
12. Kassako vijya rukkha chindati.
13. Coro kuddlena cariyya va
khaati.
14. Vejjo puttna bhatta pacati.
15. Tpaso luddakena saddhi bhsati.
16. Luddako tpasassa dpa dadti.

5. Translate into Pli:

1. Merchants bring horses for
ministers.
2. The hunter kills a goat for the
merchant.
3. The man cuts trees with a saw for
the farmer.
4. Deer run away from the lion.
5. The king worships the Buddha along
with lay devotees.
6. Thieves run from villages to the
mountains.
7. The washerman washes garments for
the king.
8. The fisherman brings fish in baskets
for farmers.
9. The teacher enters the monastery,
sees the monks.
10. The serpent bites the monkey.
11. Boys drag the bed for the brahmin.
12. Thieves enter the palace together
with men.
13. Farmers get fish from fishermen.
14. Pigs go from the island to the
mountain.
15. The king abandons the palace, the
son enters the monastery.

17. Sh mige hananti.

18. Makkao puttena saha rukkha
ruhati.
19. Sama upsakehi odana labhanti.
20. Drak rodanti, kumro hasati,
mtulo kumra paharati.
21. Vnar pabbatamh oruhanti,
rukkhe ruhanti.
22. Cor ratha pavisanti, amacco
ratha pajahati.
23. cariyo drakya rukkhamh suka
harati.
24. Luddako pabbatasm aja
kahati.
25. Tpaso pabbatamh sha passati.
26. Vij kassakehi lbha labhanti.
27. Luddako vijna varhe hanati.
28. Tpaso cariyamh pahe pucchati.
29. Putto macamh patati.
30. Kumr sahyakehi saddhi
nahyanti.

pg. 8

16. The lion sleeps, the monkeys play.

17. The teacher protects his sons from
the dog.
18. Hunters shoot deer with arrows for
ministers.
19. Children desire rice from the uncle.
20. The doctor gives a garment to the
hermit.
21. The merchant brings a goat by cart
for the teacher.
22. Sons see the moon from the
mountain.
23. Wise men get profit from the
dhamma.
24. Monkeys leave the village.
25. The son brings a parrot for his
friend from the mountain.
26. The doctor enters the monastery.
27. The jackal runs from the village to
the mountain along the road.
28. The cart falls off the road, the child
cries.
29. The ministers go up the stairway,
the doctor comes down the stairway.
30. Wise men ask questions from the
Buddha.

Lesson 6
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)
Genetive case: The inflections of the genitive case are very similar to those of the dative
case.
The case ending -ssa is added to the nominal base to form the genitive singular.
The case ending -na is added to form the genitive plural.
Singular:
1. nara + ssa = narassa (of the man)
2. mtula + ssa = mtulassa (of the uncle)
3. kassaka + ssa = kassakassa (of the farmer)
Plural:
1. nara + na = narna (of the men)
2. mtula + na = mtulna (of the uncles)
3. kassaka + na = kassakna (of the farmers)

Exercise 6:
3. Translate into English:
1. Kassakassa putto vejjassa sahyena
saddhi gacchati.
2. Brhmaassa kuddlo hatthamh
patati.
3. Mig vehi nikkhamanti.
4. Vijna ass kassakassa gma
dhvanti.
5. Mtulassa mitto Tathgatassa svake
vandati.
6. Amacco bhplassa khaggena
sappa paharati.
7. Vij gme manussna piakehi
macche haranti.
8. Coro vejjassa sakaena mittena saha
gmamh nikkhamati.
9. Upsakassa putt samaehi saha
vihra gacchanti.
10. Ycako amaccassa saka icchati.
11. Mittna mtul tpasna odana
dadanti.
12. Dhvarassa kakacena coro kukkura
paharati.
13. Bhplassa putto amaccassa assa
ruhati.
14. Paitassa putt Buddhassa
svakena saha vihra pavisanti.
15. Suriyo manusse rakkhati.

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. Narassa putto bhatta ycati.
The man's son asks for rice.
2. Mtulassa sahyako ratha harati.
The uncle's friend brings the vehicle.
3. Kassakassa skaro dpa dhvati.
The farmer's pig runs to the island.
Plural:
1. Narna putt bhatta ycanti.
Sons of the men ask for rice.
2. Mtulna sahyak rathe haranti.
Uncles' friends bring vehicles.
3. Kassakna skar dpe dhvanti.
Farmers' pigs run to the islands.

pg. 9

16. Vejjassa sunakho cariyassa

sopnamh patati.
17. Rajak rukkhehi oruhanti.
18. Ycakassa drak rodanti.
19. Luddakassa putt corassa drakehi
saddhi kanti.
20. Tpaso Tathgatassa svakna
odana dadti.
21. Sama cariyassa hatthena sake
labhanti.
22. Coro vijassa sahyakasm assa
ycati.
23. Upsak Tathgatassa svakehi
pahe pucchanti.
24. Psamh migo patati, luddako
hasati, sunakh dhvanti.
25. Vejjassa patto puttassa hatthamh
patati.
26. Kumro mtulna puttna
hatthena odana dadti.
27. Sar luddakassa hatthehi patanti,
mig pabbata dhvanti.
28. Bhplassa putto amaccehi saddhi
psdasm oruhati.
29. Vejjassa soo kassakassa skara
asati.
30. Dhvaro manussna macche
harati, lbha labhati.

4. Translate into Pli:

1. The brahmin's sons bathe with the
minister's son.
2. Uncle's friend cooks rice with the
farmer's son.
3. The fisherman brings fish to the
king's palace.
4. The king calls the ministers' sons
from the palace.
5. The merchant's chariot falls from the
mountain.
6. The king's ministers set out from the
palace with the horses.
7. The brahmin's doctor gives garments
to the hermits.
8. The hunter's dogs run from the
mountain to the village.
9. The merchant brings a bed for the
doctor's child.
10. Deer run from the mountain to the
village.
11. The teacher's child falls from the
farmer's tree.
12. The dog eats fish from the
fisherman's basket.
13. The disciples of the Buddha go from
the monastery to the mountain.
14. The hunter kills a pig with an arrow
for the minister's friends.
15. The child gets a lamp from the
hands of the teacher.

Lesson 7
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a

16. The doctors' teacher calls the

child's uncle.
17. The boy brings rice in a bowl for
the monk.
18. Men go to the village of the lay
devotees.
19. Pigs run away from jackals.
20. Monkeys play with the deer.
21. The wise man comes to the king's
island with the merchants.
22. The farmer's children go to the
mountain by their uncles' chariots.
23. Garments fall from the carts of the
merchants.
24. The recluse gets a bowl from the
king's hands.
25. The washerman brings garments
for the man's uncle.
26. King's ministers eat rice together
with the teacher's friends.
27. Wise men protect the islands of the
kings from the thieves.
28. Boys bring baskets for the
fishermen from farmers.
29. The farmer's horse drags the
doctor's vehicle away from the road.
30. Monks enter the village of the
teacher.

nvika

sailor

ksa

sky

samudda

ocean, sea

deva / sura

deity, god

loka

world

loka

light

sakua

bird

kka

crow

nivsa

house

sappurisa

virtuous man asappurisa

wicked man

kya

body

dta

messenger

goa

ox, bull

hiati

wanders

carati

walks

nisdati

sits

sannipatati

assembles

viharati

dwells

vasati

lives

jvati

lives

tihati

stands

uppatati

flies, jumps
up

tarati

crosses
(water)

uttarati

comes out (of

pasdati
water)

Verbs

becomes glad,
is pleased
with

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Locative case:
Case endings -e / -mhi / -smi are added to the nominal base to form the locative singular.
The case ending -esu is added to form the locative plural.
Singular:
1. nara + e / mhi / smi = nare, naramhi, narasmi (in / on / at the man)
2. mtula + e / mhi / smi = mtule, mtulamhi, mtulasmi (in / on / at the uncle)
3. kassaka + e / mhi / smi = kassake, kassakamhi, kassakasmi (in / on / at the farmer)
Plural:
1. nara + esu = naresu (in / on / at men)
2. mtula + esu = mtulesu (in / on / at uncles)
3. kassaka + esu = kassakesu (in / on / at farmers)
3. Examples in sentence formation
Singular:
1. Sappo narasmi patati.
The snake falls on the man.
2. Putto mtulamhi pasdati.
The son is pleased with the uncle.
pg. 10

3. Vijo kassakasmi pasdati.

The merchant is pleased with the farmer.
Plural:
1. Sapp naresu patanti.
Snakes fall on men.
2. Putt mtulesu pasdanti.
Sons are pleased with their uncles.
3. Vij kassakesu pasdanti.
Merchants are pleased with farmers.

5. Translate into Pli:

1. The lion stands on the rock in the
mountain.
2. Thieves enter the house of the
teacher.
3. Children run from the road to the
sea with friends.
4. Uncle's oxen wander on the road.
5. Birds sit on the tree.
6. The ox hits the goat with its foot.
7. Jackals live on the mountain.
8. The king worships the feet of the
Buddha with his ministers.
9. The uncle sleeps on the bed with his
son.
10. The fisherman eats rice in the
house of the farmer.
11. The king's horses live in the island.
12. The virtuous man brings a lamp for
the hermit.
13. The doctor brings a garment to the
teacher's house.
14. The monkey plays with a dog on the
rock.
15. The garment falls on the farmer's
body.

Exercise 7:
4. Translate into English:
1. Brhmao sahyakena saddhi
rathamhi nisdati.
2. Asappuris corehi saha gmesu
caranti.
3. Vijo kassakassa nivse bhatta
pacati.
4. Bhplassa amacc dpesu manusse
rakkhanti.
5. Sugatassa svak vihrasmi vasanti.
6. Makkao rukkhamh vasmi
patati.
7. Suriyassa loko samuddamhi patati.
8. Kassakna go gme hianti.
9. Vejjassa drako macasmi sayati.
10. Dhvar samuddamh piakesu
macche haranti.
11. Sho psasmi tihati, makka
rukkhesu caranti.
12. Bhplassa dto amaccena saddhi
samudda tarati.
13. Manuss loke jvanti, dev sagge
vasanti.
14. Mig pabbatesu dhvanti, saku
kse uppatanti.
15. Amacco khagga bhplassa
hatthamh dadti.

16. cariyo mtulassa nivse

macamhi puttena saha nisdati.
17. Tpas pabbatamhi viharanti.
18. Upsak samaehi saddhi vihre
sannipatanti.
19. Kk rukkhehi uppatanti.
20. Buddho dhamma bhsati,
sappuris Buddhamhi pasdanti.
21. Asappuriso khaggena nvikassa
dta paharati.
22. Puriso sarena sakua vijjhati,
sakuo rukkhamh vasmi patati.
23. Manuss suriyassa lokena loka
passanti.
24. Kassakassa go magge sayanti.
25. Goassa kyasmi kko tihati.
26. Mig dpasmi psesu nisdanti.
27. Sakuo nvikassa hatthamh
vasmi patati.
28. Sappuriso nvikena saha
samuddamh uttarati.
29. Kuddlo luddakassa hatthamh
vasmi patati.
30. Suriyassa lokena cando bhsati
(shines).

pg. 11

16. The hunter carries arrows in a

basket.
17. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in
the monastery.
18. The washerman washes the
garments of the ministers.
19. Birds fly in the sky.
20. The virtuous man comes out of the
sea together with the sailor.
21. Deities are pleased with the
Buddha's disciples.
22. Merchants cross the sea together
with sailors.
23. The good man protects the dog
from the serpent.
24. Crows fly from trees in the
mountain.
25. The pig pulls a fish from the
fisherman's basket.
26. The light of the sun falls on the
men in the world.
27. Deities go through the sky.
28. Children play with the dog on the
road.
29. The wicked man drags a monkey
from the tree.
30. The king's messenger gets down
from the horse.

Lesson 8
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)
Vocative Case: The uninflected nominal base is used as the vocative singular.
The case ending - is added to form the vocative plural.
Singular:
1. nara (O man)
2. mtula (O uncle)
3. kassaka (O farmer)
Plural:
nara + = nar (O men)
mtula + = mtul (O uncles)
kassaka + = kassak (O farmers)

3. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a

Phala = fruit
Singular

Plural

Nominative

phala

phal, phalni

Accusative

phala

phale, phalni

Vocative

phala

phalni

The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a.

2. The full paradigm of the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

Vocabulary
Neuter nouns ending in -a:

Nara = "man"
Singular

Plural

Nominative

naro

nar

Accusative

nara

nare

Instrumental

narena

narehi (narebhi)

Ablative

nar, naramh,
narasm

Dative

nayana /
locana
puppha /
kusuma

eye

udaka / jala

water

araa / vana forest

flower

geha / ghara

house

sana

seat

paa

leaf

tia

grass

khra

milk

narehi (narebhi)

nagara

city, town

uyyna

park

khetta

field

narya, narassa

narna

bhaa

goods

sla

virtue,
precept

dna

alms, charity

Genitive

narassa

narna

rpa

object

dvra

door

vattha

cloth

Locative

nare, naramhi,
narasmi

naresu

Vocative

nara

nar

vivarati

opens

naccati

dances

nikkhipati

puts

uhahati

gets up

phusati

touches

anussati

instructs

ovadati

advises

saharati

collects

sicati

sprinkles

akkosati

scolds

bhindati

breaks

pibati / pivati drinks

Verbs:

[In this table, the cases are listed in their traditional order; the Pali names for
the cases translate as first, second, third in relation to this schema (viz., 1st
= nominative, 2nd = accusative, 3rd = instrumental etc.). However, later in
the textbook, Dr. De Silva instead lists the Vocative after the nominative (viz.,
in the second position), as noted in lesson 18 --E.M.]

pg. 12

Exercise 8:
4. Translate into English:
1. Upsako pupphni harati.
2. Arae mig vasanti, rukkhesu
makka caranti.
3. Go tia khdanti.
4. Manuss nayanehi passanti.
5. Samao vihrasmi sane nisdati.
6. Rukkhamh pani patanti.
7. Vij gmamh khra nagara
haranti.
8. Bhplo kumrena saddhi uyyne
carati.
9. Kassako khettamhi kuddlena ve
khaati.
10. Mtulo puttassa bhani dadti.
11. Upsak samana dna dadanti,
slni rakkhanti.
12. Drak mittehi saddhi udakasmi
kanti.
13. Kassak vijehi vatthni labhanti.
14. Kumro uyynamh mtulassa
kusumni harati.
15. Brhmaassa aj goehi saha vane
hianti, tini khdanti.
16. Sho vanasmi rukkhamle (at the
foot of a tree) nisdati.

5. Translate into Pli:

1. Children play in the water with the
dog.
2. The wicked man breaks leaves from
the tree.
3. Kings go in vehicles to the park with
their ministers.
4. Merchants set out from the city with
goods.
5. Virtuous men give alms to monks.
6. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in
the park with lay devotees.
7. The thief gets down from the tree in
the forest.
8. Wicked men hit the monkeys on the
trees with stones.
9. The doctor's horse eats grass with
the ox on the road.
10. Jackals live in forests, dogs live in
villages.
11. Brahmins sit on seats in the house
of the wise man.
12. The sailor opens the doors of his
house.
13. The sons of fishermen dance with
friends in the park.
14. The merchant puts fish in baskets.
15. The world gets light from the sun.
16. Sailors get up from their seats.

17. Rajak udakena sanni dhovanti.

18. Amacco dtena saddhi rathena
araa pavisati.
19. Ycakassa putto udakena pani
dhovati.
20. Vij bhani nagaramh gma
haranti.
21. Tathgatassa svak asappurisna
putte anussanti.
22. Upsak udakena pupphni
sicanti.
23. Kumro patta bhindati, mtulo
akkosati.
24. Luddakassa putto migassa kya
hatthena phusati.
25. Goo khette psamh uhahati.
26. Rajakassa putto sake macasmi
nikkhipati.
27. Sugatassa svako vihrassa dvra
vivarati.
28. Vejjassa drak gehe naccanti.
29. Paito asappurisa ovadati.
30. Coro cariyassa sakaa
pabbatasmi pajahati.

pg. 13

17. The doctor's friend touches the

body of the dog with his foot.
18. The Buddha instructs his disciples
in the monastery.
19. Boys collect flowers from the park,
lay devotees sprinkle them with water.
20. The parrot flies into the sky from
the house of the sailor.
21. The thief cuts a tree with a saw, the
farmer scolds (him).
22. The wise man advises the
merchant, the merchant is pleased
with the wise man.
23. The king's messenger comes out of
the sea with the sailor.
24. Merchants bring clothes for
farmers from the city.
25. Gods protect virtuous men. Good
men protect virtues.
26. Men see objects with their eyes
with (the help of) the light of the sun.
27. Leaves from the trees fall on the
road.
28. Lay devotees place flowers on altars
(pupphsana).
29. Goats drink water from pits in the
field.
30. The lions get up from the rock at
the foot of the tree (rukkhamla).

3. Drako bhatta ycitv rodati.

Having asked for rice, the child cries.
4. Samao Buddha passitv vandati.
Having seen the Buddha, the recluse worships (him).

Lesson 9
1. The Gerund, the Absolutive or the Indeclinable Participle
The suffix -tv is added to the root of the verb or verbal base* with or sometimes without
the connecting vowel -ito form the gerund, absolutive or the indeclinable participle.
pac + i + tv
= pacitv
= having cooked
khd + i + tv
= khditv
= having eaten
gam + tv
= gantv
= having gone
han + tv
= hantv
= having killed
* The root is the simplest element of a verb without prefixes, suffixes or terminations.
These are normally given in Sanskrit in grammars by Western scholars. The base is formed
by adding a suffix to the root before a termination.
For example:
pac is the root
khd is the root
bhuj is the root
gam is the root

Exercise 9:
4. Translate into English:
1. Upsako vihra gantv samana
dna dadti.
2. Svako sanamhi nisditv pde
dhovati.
3. Drak pupphni saharitv
mtulassa datv hasanti.
4. Ycak uyynamh gamma
kassakasm odana ycanti.
5. Luddako hatthena sare dya
araa pavisati.
6. Kumr kukkurena saddhi kitv
samudda gantv nahyanti.
7. Vijo psasmi hatv
kuddlena sappa paharati.
8. Sappuriso ycakassa putte
pakkositv vatthni dadti.
9. Drako vamhi patitv rodati.
10. Bhplo psdamh nikkhamitv
amaccena saddhi bhsati.
11. Sunakho udaka pivitv gehamh
nikkhamma magge sayati.
12. Sama bhplassa uyyne
sannipatitv dhamma bhsanti.
13. Putto nahtv bhatta bhutv
maca ruyha sayati.
14. Vij dpamh nagara gamma
cariyassa gehe vasanti.
15. Rajako vatthni dhovitv putta
pakkosati.

paca is the base

khda is the base
bhuja is the base
gaccha is the base

The suffix -ya is sometimes added to roots with a prefix.

+ gam + ya
= gamma (with assimilation)
+ d + ya
= dya
+ ruh + ya
= ruyha (with metathesis)
ava + ruh + ya
= oruyha (with metathesis)

= having come
= having taken
= having climbed
= having descended

2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:

bhujati bhujitv, bhutv
gacchati gantv, gamma
hanati hanitv, hantv
dadti daditv, datv
nahyati nahyitv, nahtv
tihati hatv
nikkhamati nikkhamitv, nikkhamma
pajahati pajahitv, pahya
passati passitv;
but disv is more commonly used from the root d to see, instead of passitv.
uhahati uhahitv, uhya
3. Examples in sentence formation
1. Kassako khettamh gantv bhatta bhujati.
The farmer, having come from the field, eats rice.
2. Vnar rukkha ruyha phalni khdanti.
Having climbed the tree, monkeys eat fruits.
pg. 14

16. Vnar rukkhehi oruyha uyyne

hianti.
17. Mig vanamhi hiitv pani
khdanti.
18. Kumro nayanni dhovitv
suriya passati.
19. Nvikassa mitt nagarasm
bhani dya gma gacchanti.
20. Drako khra pivitv gehamh
nikkhamma hasati.
21. Sappuris dnni datv slni
rakkhitv sagga gacchanti.
22. Skaro udakamh uttaritv va
oruyha sayati.
23. Tpaso Tathgatassa svaka disv
vanditv paha pucchati.
24. Asappuriso ycakassa patta
bhinditv akkositv geha gacchati.
25. Saku gme rukkhehi uppatitv
araa otaranti.
26. Paito sanamh uhahitv
tpasena saddhi bhsati.
27. Drako geh nikkhamma mtula
pakkositv geha pavisati.
28. Dev sappurisesu pasditv te
(them) rakkhanti.
29. Kumrassa sahyak psda
ruyha sanesu nisdanti.
30. Go khettamhi hiitv tia
khditv sayanti.

5. Translate into Pli:

1. Having gone out of the house the
farmer enters the field.
2. Having preached (deseti)the
doctrine, the Buddha enters the
monastery.
3. The king having been pleased with
the Buddha, abandons the palace and
goes to the monastery.
4. Having climbed down from the
stairway, the child laughs.
5. Having hit the serpent with a stone
the boy runs into the house.
6. Having gone to the forest the man
climbs a tree and eats fruits.
7. Having washed the clothes in the
water, the washerman brings (them)
home.
8. The lion having killed a goat, eats
having sat on a rock.
9. The doctor having seen the
merchants' goods leaves the city.
10. Having broken (into) the house
thieves run to the forest.
11. Having roamed in the field the pig
falls into a pit.
12. The fisherman brings fish from
the sea for farmers.
13. Having taken goods from the city,
the teacher comes home.
14. Having stood on a mountain, the
hunter shoots birds with arrows.
15. The oxen having eaten grass in the
park, sleep on the road.

Lesson 10
1. The Infinitive
The suffix -tu is added to the root of the verb or the verbal base with or sometimes
without the connecting vowel -ito form the infinitive.

16. The king having got down from

the chariot speaks with the farmers.
17. The man having given up his
house enters the monastery.
18. Fishermen give fish to merchants
and receive profits.
19. The lay devotee having asked a
question from the monk sits on his
seat.
20. The disciples of the Buddha,
having seen the wicked men,
admonish.
21. The brahmin, having scolded the
child, hits (him).
22. The deities, having asked
questions from the Buddha, become
glad.
23. The dog, having bitten the
teacher's foot, runs into the house.
24. The monkey, having played with
the goat on the road, climbs a tree.
25. The hermit, having come from the
forest, receives a cloth from the good
man.
26. Having drunk water, the child
breaks the bowl.
27. Having advised the farmers' sons,
and having risen from the seats, the
monks go to the monastery.
28. The sailor, having crossed the sea,
goes to the island.
29. The child calls the uncles and
dances in the house.
30. Having washed clothes and
bathed, the farmer gets out of water.

pac + i + tu =
pacitu =
to cook

d + tu =
dtu =
to give

khd + i + tu =
khditu =
to eat

(Skt sth) h + tu =
htu =
to stand

gam + tu =
gantu =
to go

p + tu =
ptu / pivitu =
to drink

2. Examples in sentence formation

1. Kassako khetta kasitu icchati.
The farmer wishes to plough the field.
2. Drako phalni khditu rukkha ruhati.
The child climbs the tree to eat fruits.
3. Manuss samaehi pahe pucchitu vihra gacchanti.
Men come to the monastery to ask questions from the recluses.
4. Kumr kitu mittehi saha samudda gacchanti.
Boys go to the sea with friends to play.
Exercise 10:
3. Translate into English:
1. Kumr vanamhi mittehi saha kitv bhatta bhujitu geha dhvanti.
2. Mig tia khditv udaka ptu pabbatamh uyyna gacchanti.
3. Vijassa putto bhani haritu rathena nagara gacchati.
4. Ycako mtulassa kuddlena va khaitu icchati.
5. Amacc bhpla passitu psdamhi sannipatanti.
6. Go uyyne hiitv kassakassa khetta gacchanti.
7. Upsak samana dna dtu vihra pavisanti.
8. Rathena nagara gantu puriso gehasm nikkhamati.
9. Brhmao vejjena saddhi nahyitu udaka otarati.
10. Coro amaccassa geha pavisitu uyyne hiati.
11. Sho pabbatamhi sayitv uhya miga hantu oruhati.
12. Udaka otaritv vatthni dhovitu rajako putta pakkosati.
13. Tathgata passitv vanditu upsako vihra pavisati.
14. Khetta kasitu kassako kuddla dya geh nikkhamati.
pg. 15

15. Sarehi mige vijjhitu luddak sunakhehi saha araa pavisanti.

16. Nar gmamh nikkhamitv nagare vasitu icchanti.
17. Sakue passitu amacc kumrehi saha pabbata ruhanti.
18. Pabbatasm rukkha kahitu vijena saha kassako gacchati.
19. Phalni khditu makka rukkhesu caranti.
20. Paito sugatassa svakehi saddhi bhsitu icchati.
21. Samudda taritv dpa gantv vatthni haritu vij icchanti.
22. Pupphni saharitv udakena sicitu upsako kumre ovadati.
23. Ajassa kya hatthehi phusitu drako icchati.
24. Brhmaassa gehe sanesu nisditu rajakassa putt icchanti.
25. Ptu udaka ycitv drako rodati.

Lesson 11
VOCABULARY
1. Neuter nouns ending in -a

4. Translate into Pli:

1. Goats roam in the park to eat leaves and drink water.
2. The wicked man wishes to hit the dog with his foot.
3. Friends go to the park to play with their dogs.
4. The lay devotee wishes to come home and instruct his sons.
5. The deity wishes to go to the monastery and speak to the Buddha.
6. The good man wishes to protect virtues and give alms.
7. Pigs run from the village to enter the forest.
8. The farmer asks for a hoe from the merchant to dig pits in his field.
9. Lay devotees assemble in the monastery to worship the Buddha.
10. The uncle comes out of the house to call the fisherman.
11. Farmers wish to get oxen; merchants wish to get horses.
12. The king wishes to abandon his palace.
13. Men take baskets and go to the forest to collect fruits for their children.
14. The farmer wanders in the forest to cut grass for his oxen.
15. Men wish to live in houses in the city with their sons.
16. Having stood on the rock, the child sees flowers on the trees.
17. Having received a garment from the teacher the doctor is pleased.
18. The hunter calls a friend to drag a goat from the forest.
19. The sailor calls merchants to cross the sea.
20. Having risen from the seat the good man wishes to speak with the monk.
21. Children wish to get down to the water and bathe.
22. The minister mounts the horse to go to the forest to shoot deer.
23. The boy wishes to cook rice for his uncle's friends.
24. Jackals leave the forest to enter the farmers' fields.
25. Men wish to see objects with their eyes by the light of the sun.

paa

shop, bazaar

pua

merit

ppa

evil, sin

kamma

deed, action

kusala

good

akusala

evil

dhana

wealth

dhaa

corn

bja

seed

dussa

cloth

cvara

robe

mla

root, money

rukkhamla

foot of a tree tua

beak

wage, pay

paduma

lotus

gta

song

vetana
suvaa /
hiraa

sacca

truth

pnya

drinking
water

citta

mind

searches,
seeks

rabhati

begins

ussahati

tries

adhigacchati

understands,
gyati
attains

sings

gold

Verbs
pariyesati

upasakamati approaches
masati

touches,
strokes

bhyati

fears

cavati

departs, dies

uppajjati

is born

khipati

throws

vapati

sows

kakhati

hopes

sibbati

sews

2. The Present Participle

Present participles are formed by adding -nta / mna to the verbal base.
They function as adjectives and agree in gender, number and case with the nouns they
qualify.
They are declined like -a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter.
(As the feminine gender has not been introduced thus far, the feminine gender of the
present participle is explained in Lesson 21).
paca + nta / mna =
pacanta / pacamna =
cooking

pg. 16

gaccha + nta / mna =

gacchanta / gacchamna =
going

bhuja + nta / mna =

bhujanta / bhujamna =
eating

15. Udaka ptu icchanto sho udaka pariyesamno vanamhi carati.

16. Vetana labhitu kakhamno naro rajakya dussni dhovati.
17. Samaehi bhsant upsak sacca adhigantu ussahanti.
18. Magge sayanta sunakha udakena sicitv drako hasati.
19. Sla rakkhant sappuris manussalok cavitv devaloke uppajjanti.
20. Dhana saharitu ussahanto vijo samudda taritv dpa gantu rabhati.
21. Goe pariyesamno vane hianto kassako sha disv bhyati.
22. Rukkhesu nisditv phalni bhujamn kumr gta gyanti.
23. Citta pasditv dhamma adhigantu ussahant nar sagge uppajjanti.
24. Tuena piakamh maccha kahitu icchanto kko sunakhamh bhyati.
25. Khetta kasitv bjni vapanto kassako dhaa labhitu kakhati.
26. Suriyassa lokena locanehi rpni passant manuss loke jvanti.
27. Rukkhamle nisditv cvara sibbantena samaena saddhi upsako bhsati.
28. Rukkhamle sayantassa ycakassa kye pani patanti.
29. Vijassa mla datv asse labhitu amacco ussahati.
30. Khra pivitv hasamno drako patta macasmi khipati.

vihara + nta / mna =

viharanta / viharamna =
dwelling

tiha + nta / mna =

tihanta / tihamna =
standing
3. Examples in sentence formation
Singular:
1. Bhatta pacanto / pacamno puriso hasati. (Nom. case)
The man who is cooking rice laughs.
2. Vejjo bhatta pacanta / pacamna purisa pakkosati. (Acc. case)
The doctor calls the man who is cooking rice.
3. Vejjo bhatta pacantena / pacamnena purisena saha bhsati. (Inst.case)
The doctor speaks with the man who is cooking rice.
Plural:
1. Bhatta pacant / pacamn puris hasanti. (Nom. case)
The men who are cooking rice laugh.
2. Vejjo bhatta pacante / pacamne purise pakkosati. (Acc. case)
The doctor calls the men who are cooking rice.
3. Vejjo bhatta pacantehi / pacamnehi purisehi saha bhsati. (Inst.case)
The doctor speaks with the men who are cooking rice.
Similarly, the present participle can be declined in all cases to agree with the nouns they
qualify.

5. Translate into Pli.

1. The man washing clothes speaks with the boy going on the road.
2. The brahmin sees the deer coming out of the forest to drink water.
3. Goats in the park eat leaves falling from the trees.
4. Wicked men wish to see hunters killing deer.
5. The farmer sees birds eating seeds in his field.
6. Recluses who enter the city wish to worship the Buddha dwelling in the
monastery.
7. Standing on the stairway the child sees monkeys sitting on the tree.
8. Boys give rice to fish moving in the water.
9. The sailor wishing to cross the sea asks for money from the king.
10. Men see with their eyes the light of the moon falling on the sea.
11. Lay devotees try to give robes to monks living in the monastery.
12. Wishing for merit virtuous men give alms to the monks and observe
(rakkhanti) the precepts.
13. The man walks on the leaves falling from the trees in the forest.
14. The uncle gives a lotus to the child searching for flowers.
15. Having given the beggar some corn the fisherman enters the house.
16. The minister gives seeds to the farmers who plough their fields.
17. The dog tries to bite the hand of the man who strokes his body.
18. The Buddha's disciples question the child crying on the road.
19. The uncle's friend calls the boys singing songs seated under the tree.
20. Virtuous men give food to the monks who approach their houses.
21. Wise men who wish to be born in heaven practise (rakkhanti) virtue.
22. Seeing the jackal approaching the village the farmer tries to hit it with a stone.
23. Speaking the truth lay devotees try to understand the doctrine.

Exercise 11:
4. Translate into English:
1. Pnya ycitv rodanto drako macamh patati.
2. Vatthni labhitu icchanto vijo paa gacchati.
3. Upsako padumni dya vihra gacchamno Buddha disv pasdati.
4. Sakuo tuena phala haranto rukkhasm uppatati.
5. Cvara pariyesantassa samaassa cariyo cvara dadti.
6. Arae hianto luddako dhvanta miga passitv sarena vijjhati.
7. Uyyne hiamnamh kumramh brhmao padumni ycati.
8. Rathena gacchamnehi amaccehi saha cariyo hasati.
9. Dna dadmn slni rakkhamn manuss sagge uppajjanti.
10. Dhaa kakhantassa purisassa dhana dtu vijo icchati.
11. Goe hanant rukkhe chindant asappuris dhana saharitu ussahanti.
12. Vihra upasakamanto Buddho dhamma bhsamne svake passati.
13. Rukkhamle nisditv gtni gyant kumr naccitu rabhanti.
14. Suvaa labhitu ussahant manuss pabbatasmi ve khaanti.
pg. 17

24. Having washed the bowl with water the hermit looks for drinking water.
25. Wise men who observe the precepts begin to understand the truth.

11. Aha hiraa pariyesanto dpamhi ve khami.

12. Phalni khdant tumhe rukkhehi oruhatha.
13. Psasmi hatv tva canda passitu ussahasi.
14. Maya manussalokamh cavitv sagge uppajjitu kakhma.
15. Tumhe arae vasante mige sarehi vijjhitu icchatha.
16. Maya uyyne carant sunakhehi saddhi kante drake passma.
17. Tva rukkhamle nisditv cariyassa dtu vattha sibbasi.
18. Maya pua icchant samana dna dadma.
19. Tumhe sacca adhigantu rabhatha.
20. Tva gta gyanto rodanta draka rakkhasi.
21. Maya hasantehi kumrehi saha uyyne naccma.
22. So pnya pivitv patta bhinditv mtulamh bhyati.
23. Psda upasakamanta samaa disv bhplassa citta pasdati.
24. Maya araa pavisitv ajna pani saharma.
25. Khetta rakkhanto so ve khaante varhe disv psehi paharati.

Lesson 12
1. Conjugation of Verbs
The Present Tense, Active Voice
So far only the present tense, active voice, third person singular and plural have been
introduced. This lesson gives the conjugation in full.
Singular:
3rd: (So) pacati = He cooks 2nd: (Tva) pacasi = You cook
Plural:
(Te) pacanti = They cook (Tumhe) pacatha = You cook

1st: (Aha) pacmi = I cook

(Maya) pacma = We cook

Paca, "to cook"

Singular
Plural
3rd person pacati
pacanti
2nd person pacasi
pacatha
1st person pacmi
pacma

4. Translate into Pli:

1. I call the child who is stroking the dog's body.
2. We try to learn the truth speaking with the monks who assemble in the
monastery.
3. Sitting in the park you (pl.) eat fruits with friends.
4. You drink milk seated on a chair.
5. We set out from home to go and see the deer roaming in the forest.
6. I wish to understand the doctrine.
7. Standing on the mountain we see the moonlight falling on the sea.
8. I drag the farmer's cart away from the road.
9. You (pl.) sit on the seats, I bring drinking water from the house.
10. We wander in the fields looking at the birds eating seeds.
11. I advise the wicked man who kills pigs.
12. You (sg.) get frightened seeing the snake approaching the house.
13. I ask questions from the men who come out of the forest.
14. Seeing the crying child we call the doctor going on the road.
15. I protect virtues, give alms to the monks and live in the house with children.
16. Good men who fear evil deeds are born in heaven.
17. Expecting to get profit we bring goods from the city.
18. We stand under the tree and sprinkle water on the flowers.
19. I wash the bowls with water and give (them) to the doctor.
20. Searching for the truth I give up the house and enter the monastery.
21. Wishing to see the monks you (pl.) assemble in the park.
22. I see a fruit falling from the crow's beak.
23. You (sg.) cross the sea and bring a horse from the island.
24. I set out from home to bring a lamp from the market.
25. Having taken a basket I go to the field to collect corn.

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. So bhatta pacati = He cooks rice.
2. Tva bhatta pacasi = You (sg.) cook rice.
3. Aha bhatta pacmi = I cook rice.
Plural:
1. Te bhatta pacanti = They cook rice.
2. Tumhe bhatta pacatha = You (pl.) cook rice.
3. Maya bhatta pacma = We cook rice.
Exercise 12:
3. Translate into English:
1. Tva mittehi saddhi rathena paamh bhani harasi.
2. Aha udakamh padumni haritv vijassa dadmi.
3. Tumhe samana dtu cvarni pariyesatha.
4. Maya sagge uppajjitu kakhamn slni rakkhma.
5. Te dhamma adhigantu ussahantna samana dna dadanti.
6. So araamhi uppatante sakue passitu pabbata ruhati.
7. Maya sugatassa svake vanditu vihrasmi sannipatma.
8. gacchanta tpasa disv so bhatta haritu geha pavisati.
9. Aha udaka oruyha brhmaassa dussni dhovmi.
10. Tva gehassa dvra vivaritv pnya pattamh dya pivasi.
pg. 18

Lesson 13
1. Conjugation of Verbs
The Present Tense, Active Voice (continued)
Verbs which have the base ending in -e are conjugated somewhat differently from what
has been learnt so far. They can have two verbal bases, one ending in -e, the other ending
in -aya, as in coreti and corayati.

Base: Core, "to steal"

Singular
Plural
3rd person (So) coreti
(Te) corenti
2nd person (Tva) coresi
(Tumhe) coretha
1st person (Aha) coremi
(Maya) corema

4. Verbs which have the base ending in -n are conjugated as follows:

Base: Ki = to buy
Singular
Plural
3rd person (So) kiti
(Te) kianti
2nd person (Tva) kisi
(Tumhe) kitha
1st person (Aha) kimi
(Maya) kima
5. Some verbs similarly declined are as follows:

Base: Coraya, "to steal"

Singular
Plural
3rd person (So) corayati
(Te) corayanti
2nd person (Tva) corayasi
(Tumhe) corayatha
1st person (Aha) coraymi (Maya) corayma

vikkiti

sells

suti

hears

minti

measures

gahti

takes

learns

jnti

knows

jinti

wins

uggahti
pputi /
pappoti

reaches

ocinti

picks, collects

pahiti

sends

N.B. It should be observed that the present tense verbal terminations remain constant.
Only the vikaraa suffix, or the conjugational sign in between the root and the
termination, shows variation.

2. Some verbs similarly conjugated are as follows:

deseti

preaches

cinteti

thinks

pjeti

honours,
offers

preti

fills

peti

oppresses

katheti

speaks

ueti

flies

udeti

(sun or
moon) rises

ropeti

plants

manteti

discusses,
manteti
takes counsel

addresses

nimanteti

invites

oloketi

looks at

jleti

kindles

chdeti

covers

mreti

kills

neti

leads, takes
away

neti

brings

hapeti

keeps

pteti

fells

pleti

rules, governs

parivajjeti

avoids

obhseti

illuminates

deti (dadti)

gives

6. Attention should be paid to the following forms:

Present Tense

Gerund / Absolutive

Infinitive

jnti

atv / jnitv

tu

suti

sutv / suitv

sotu / suitu

pputi / pappoti

patv / ppuitv

ppuitu / pappotu

gahti

gahetv / gahitv

gahetu / gahitu

7. The two verbs bhavati / hoti (to be) and karoti (to do) occur frequently in the
language.
Their gerunds and infinitives are as follows:
Present Tense

3. N.B. Gerunds / absolutives and infinitives from the above verbs are formed
retaining the -e in the base.
Gerunds desetv, cintetv, pjetv, pretv, etc.
Infinitives desetu, cintetu, pjetu, pretu, etc.
pg. 19

Gerund / Absolutive

Infinitive

hoti

bhavitv / hutv

bhavitu / hotu

karoti

katv

ktu

The verb atthi (to be) from root as and karoti (to do) from root k are special verbs of
frequent occurrence. They are conjugated as follows:

As-, "to be"

Singular
Plural
3rd person atthi
santi
2nd person asi
attha
1st person asmi / amhi
asma / amha

25. Aha cariyo homi, tva vejjo hosi.

26. Tva asappurisa, Buddhena desenta dhamma sutv sappuriso bhavitu
ussahasi.
27. Aha paitehi saddhi mantento dhammena dpa plento bhplo asmi.
28. Varhe mrent cor kassake pent ppakammni karonti.
29. Sla rakkhant puakammni karont manuss sagga pappotu
kakhanti.
30. Akusala pahya ppa parivajjetv viharant nar sappuris bhavanti.
9. Translate into Pli:
1. Having picked fruits from the trees you send (them) to the market.
2. Having heard the Buddha preach the doctrine I become glad.
3. Thinking of collecting corn I go to the field with the farmer.
4. Singing songs you (pl.) look at the birds flying in the sky.
5. I advise the wicked man who oppresses the farmers in the village.
6. We dig pits to plant trees in the park.
7. We know the man who is lighting lamps in the monastery.
8. You (pl.) cross the sea with sailors to reach the island.
9. The king governing the island wins.
10. We begin to learn the dhamma from recluses living in the village.
11. Searching for the truth the wise man goes from city to city.
12. Avoiding the sleeping dog with his foot the child runs home.
13. Wishing to be born in heaven wise men fear to do evil.
14. Departing from the human world wicked men are born in hell (narake).
15. Having invited the hermit from the mountain the king gives him a robe.
16.Trying to understand the truth lay devotees become recluses.
17. Expecting to hear the monk preaching the dhamma lay devotees assemble in
the monastery.
18. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears (sotehi), touch with our bodies.
19. I am the king governing the islands.
20. You (pl.) are wicked men who take counsel with thieves.
21. Good men begin to plant trees to protect the world.
22. Having heard the dhamma, the thief wishes to avoid evil.
23. Merchants keep clothes in shops to sell (them) to farmers coming from the
villages.
24. The sick man (gilna) is a messenger of the gods in the human world.
25. There are good men in the world who admonish wicked men.
26. Having picked lotuses from the water, the doctor goes to the monastery to
listen to the dhamma.
27. Seeing the Buddha and being pleased the thief throws away the arrows.
28. Wishing to avoid evil I practise virtue.
29. We cook rice to give alms to the monks coming from the monastery.
30. You (pl.) go from island to island searching for gold with merchants.

K-, "to do"

Singular
Plural
3rd person karoti
karonti
2nd person karosi
karotha
1st person karomi
karoma
Exercise 13
8. Translate into English:
1. Buddho vihrasmi sannipatantna manussna dhamma deseti.
2. Buddhassa pjetu cintento upsako pupphni ocinti.
3. Te patte udakena prent gta gyanti.
4. Tumhe arae vasante mige petv asappuris hotha.
5. Maya paa gantv vijehi saddhi kathetv dhaa vikkima.
6. Tva uenta suka disv gahitu icchasi.
7. Pabbatamh udenta canda passitu kumro gharamh dhvati.
8. Aha kassakehi saha khettasmi rukkhe ropemi.
9. Maya amaccehi saha mantent psdasmi sanesu nisdma.
10. Tumhe Tathgatassa svake nimantetv dna detha.
11. Upsak vihra gantv dpe jletv dhamma sotu nisdanti.
12. Luddako ssa (head) dussena chdetv nisditv sakue maretu ussahati.
13. So vane hiante goe gma netv vijna vikkiti.
14. Tva paehi bhani kiitv sakaena netv gehe hapesi.
15. Tumhe kakacehi rukkhe chinditv pabbatamh ptetha.
16. Dhammena manusse plent bhpl akusala parivajjenti.
17. Sacca tu icchanto aha samaehi pahe pucchmi.
18. Dna datv sla rakkhant sappuris saggaloka ppuanti.
19. Dhaa minanto kassako paa netv dhaa vikkiitu cinteti.
20. Aha pattena pnya pivanto dvrasmi hatv magga olokemi.
21. So paamh khra kiitu putta pahiti.
22. Maya dhamma uggahitu ussahant paitena saha mantema.
23. Corehi saddhi gehe bhinditv manusse pent tumhe asappuris hotha.
24. Aha suvaa pariyesamne dpamh gacchante vije jnmi.
pg. 20

Lesson 14

Exercise 14
3. Translate into English:
1. So pabbatamh udenta canda passitu psda ruhissati.
2. Bhplo corehi dpa rakkhitu amaccehi saha mantessati.
3. Aha samudda taritv dpa ppuitv bhani vikkiissmi.
4. Tumhe vihra upasakamant magge pupphni vikkiante manusse
passissatha.
5. Udaka otaritv vatthni dhovanto kassako nahyitv geha gamissati.
6. Gme viharanto tva nagara gantv ratha nessasi.
7. Pua ktu icchant tumhe sappuris ppamitte ovadissatha.
8. Dhamma sotu uyyne nisdantna upsakna aha pnya dassmi.
9. Maya bhpl dhammena dpe plessma.
10. Rukkha ptetv phalni khditu icchanta asappurisa aha akkosmi.
11. Dna dadamn sla rakkhant maya samaehi dhamma uggahissma.
12. Dhvantamh sakaamh patanta draka disv tva vejja nesi.
13. Sacca adhigantu ussahanto tpaso Tathgata passitu kakhati.
14. Buddhe pasditv upsako devaputto hutv saggaloke uppajjati.
15. Udenta suriya disv brhmao geh nikkhamma vandati.
16. Dpa pappotu kakhamn maya samudda taritu nvika pariyesma.
17. Amaccassa dta pahiitu icchanto bhplo aha asmi.
18. Puakammni karontna vijna dhana atthi.
19. Maya gtni gyante naccante kumre olokessma.
20. Ppa parivajjetv kusala karonte sappurise dev pjessanti.
21. Sacca bhsant asappurise anussant pait upsak bhavissanti.
22. Tva dhaena patta pretv cariyassa dassasi.
23. Rukkhamle nisditv cvara sibbanta samaa aha upasakamissmi.
24. Aha sayantassa puttassa kya masanto macasmi nisdmi.
25. Uyynesu rukkhe ropetu sama manusse anussanti.
4. Translate into Pli:
1. Having learnt the dhamma from the Buddha I will live righteously (dhammena)
in the world.
2. I will advise the king to rule the island righteously with his ministers.
3. Keeping the garment on the seat the child will enter the water to bathe.
4. Having heard the doctrine you (pl.) will become pleased with the Tathgata. 5.
They who are walking in the forest collecting fruits will desire to drink water.
6. Farmers approaching the city will look at vehicles running on the road.
7. The rising sun will illuminate the world.
8. The trees in the park will bathe in the light of the moon.
9. You (sg.) will be pleased seeing your sons asking questions from the wise man.
10. The children will like to see the parrots eating fruits on the trees.
11. We are doctors coming from the island, you are teachers going to the island.
12. He will take money and go to the shop to buy goods.
13. Having filled the bowl with drinking water the child will give it to the beggar

1. The Future Tense

The future tense is formed by adding -ssa to the root / verbal base with, or in some cases
without, the connecting vowel -ithe terminations are the same as those in the present tense.
Base: Paca, "to cook" ["will cook"]
Singular
Plural
3rd person (So) pacissati
(Te) pacissanti
2nd person (Tva) pacissasi
(Tumhe) pacissatha
1st person (Aha) pacissmi
(Maya) pacissma

Base: Cora, "to steal" ["will steal"]

Singular
Plural
3rd person (So) coressati
(Te) coressanti
2nd person (Tva) coressasi
(Tumhe) coressatha
1st person (Aha) coressmi
(Maya) coressma

Base: Kia, "to buy" ["will buy"]

Singular
Plural
3rd person (So) kiissati
(Te) kiissanti
2nd person (Tva) kiissasi
(Tumhe) kiissatha
1st person (Aha) kiissmi
(Maya) kiissma
2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:
Present Tense

Future

English

gacchati

gamissati

he will go

gacchati

gamissati

he will come

dadti

dadissati / dassati

he will give

tihati

hassati

he will stand

karoti

karissati

he will do

pg. 21

eating rice.
14. Men wishing to get merit will plant trees for people in the world.
15. Searching for wealth wicked men will oppress farmers living righteously in
villages.
16. There are fruits on the trees in the mountains.
17. Good men doing meritorious deeds will learn the dhamma from monks.
18. Wise men instruct kings governing the islands.
19. You will buy fish from fishermen coming from the sea.
20. Wishing to learn the dhamma we approach the Buddha.
21. Seeing the jackal coming to the park the children will get frightened.
22. They will go to see the king coming to the village with the ministers.
23. You are a good man who lives righteously.
24. I see a parrot picking a fruit with its beak.
25. We will become good men practising virtue.

2. The following particles are useful for construction of sentences.

sace / yadi = if
ca = and
pi = too, also
na = not
viya = like, similar
3. Examples in sentence formation
Singular:
1. Sace so bhatta paceyya, aha bhujeyymi.
If he would cook rice I will eat.
2. Sace tva iccheyysi, aha cora puccheyymi.
If you would like, I will question the thief.
3. Yadi aha nagare vihareyymi, so pi nagara gaccheyya.
If I dwell in the city, he too would come to the city.
Plural:
1. Sace te bhatta paceyyu, maya bhujeyyma.
If they cook rice we will eat.
2. Sace tumhe iccheyytha, maya core puccheyyma.
If you so wish, we will question the thieves.
3. Yadi maya nagare vihareyyma, te pi nagara gaccheyyu.
If we dwell in the city, they too will come to the city.

Lesson 15
1. The Optative or the Potential Mood
The optative expresses mainly probability and advice, and ideas such as those conveyed by
if, might, would, etc.
It is formed by adding -eyya to the verbal base before terminations.

Exercise 15
4. Translate into English:
1. Sace tva dhamma sueyysi, addh (certainly) tva Buddhassa svako
bhaveyysi.
2. Yadi te gtni gyitu uggaheyyu, aha pi uggaheyymi.
3. Sace tva bjni pahieyysi, kassako tni (them) khette vapeyya.
4. Sace tumhe padumni ocineyytha, kumr tni Buddhassa pjeyyu.
5. Sace tva mla gaheyysi, aha dussa dadeyymi.
6. Yadi maya bhplena saha manteyyma amacc na gaccheyyu.
7. Sace tumhe rukkhe ropeyytha drak phalni bhujeyyu.
8. Sace maya sappuris bhaveyyma, putt pi sappuris bhaveyyu.
9. Sace bhpl dhammena dpe pleyyu, maya bhplesu pasdeyyma.
10. Sace kassako goa vikkieyya, vijo ta kieyya.
11. Sace manusse pent asappuris gma gaccheyyu aha te ovadeyymi.
12. Yadi amacc ppa parivajeyyu, manuss ppa na kareyyu.
13. Sace tumhe pabbata ruheyytha, hiante mige ca rukkhesu carante
makkae ca uente sakue ca passeyytha.
14. Sace tva pattena pnya neyysi pipsito (thirsty) so piveyya.
15. Kusalakammni katv tumhe manussaloke uppajitu ussaheyytha.
16. Sace so vejjo bhaveyya, aha ta (him) rodanta draka passitu neyymi.
17. Yadi putto ppa kareyya aha ta (him) ovadeyymi.
18. Sace amacco paita cariya neyya maya dhamma uggaheyyma.

Base: Paca, "to cook"

Singular
Plural
3rd person (So) paceyya
(Te) paceyyu
2nd person (Tva) paceyysi
(Tumhe) paceyytha
1st person (Aha) paceyymi (Maya) paceyyma
Singular
3rd (So) paceyya =
2nd (Tva) paceyysi =
1st
(Aha) paceyymi =
Plural
3rd (Te) paceyyu =
2nd (Tumhe) paceyytha =
1st
(Maya) paceyyma =

If he would cook
If you would cook
If I would cook
If they would cook
If you would cook
If we would cook

It should be observed that the terminations of the second and first persons are similar to
those of the present tense.

pg. 22

19. Sace aha hatthena suva phusitu ussaheyymi so geh uppateyya.

20. Yadi so vejja pakkositu iccheyya aha ta (him) neyymi.

Plural
3rd (Te) pacantu =
Let them cook
2nd (Tumhe) pacatha =
You cook
1st
(Maya) pacma =
Let us cook
It should be observed that the second person plural and first person singular and plural
have the same forms as in the present tense.
The prohibitive particle m is also used with the imperative.

5. Translate into Pli:

1. If you cover the evil deeds your sons do, they will become thieves.
2. If you (pl.) want to become virtuous men avoid evil.
3. If we look with our eyes we will see objects in the world, if we look with our
minds we will see good and evil.
4. If you (sg.) start singing a song, the children will start dancing.
5. If we depart from the human world we will not fear to be born in the human
world.
6. If gods are born in the human world they will do meritorious deeds.
7. If you search for the truth you will approach the Buddha living in the
monastery.
8. If you admonish the merchant he will become a virtuous man.
9. If I invite the monk he will come home to preach the dhamma.
10. If you are a good man you will not kill oxen roaming in the forest.
11. If you do work in the field you will get wealth and corn.
12. If the king wishes to govern the island righteously he will discuss with wise
men and ministers.
13. If you work in the field you will see farmers ploughing.
14. I see boys playing in the park with a monkey.
15. If they want to see birds singing they will go to the park.
16. If you listen to the dhamma you will be able to live righteously.
17. If you avoid evil friends (ppamitte) you will become a good man.
18. If the minister is not a good man we will not approach him.
19. If there are fruits on the tree I will climb to pick them (tni).
20. If I pick fruits you will eat them with friends.

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. So vijna bhatta pacatu.
Let him cook rice for the merchants.
2. Tva rathena nagara gaccha / gacchhi.
You go to the city in the vehicle.
3. Aha dhamma uggahmi.
Let me learn the dhamma.
Plural:
1. Te vijna bhatta pacantu.
Let them cook rice for the merchants.
2. Tumhe rathena nagara gacchatha.
You go to the city in the vehicle.
3. Maya dhamma uggahma.
Let us learn the dhamma.
The prohibitive particle m
1. M tumhe sacca parivajjetha.
You do not avoid the truth.
2. M te uyynamhi pupphni ocinantu.
Let them not pick flowers in the park.

Lesson 16
1. The Imperative
The imperative mood expresses a command, benediction, prayer or wish.
Base: paca = to cook
Paca, "to cook"
Singular
Plural
3rd person pacatu
pacantu
2nd person paca,pachi
pacatha
1st person pacmi
pacma
Singular
3rd (So) pacatu =
2nd (Tva) paca,pachi =
1st
(Aha) pacmi =

Exercise 16
3. Translate into English:
1. Bhpl dhammena dpa plentu.
2. M manusso bhyatu, sace so sacca jnti, bhsatu.
3. Tumhe ppa karonte putte ovadatha.
4. Sugato dhamma desetu, svak ca upsak ca vihrasmi nisdanti.
5. M te ppakammni katv manussalokamh cavitv narake (in purgatory)
uppajjantu.
6. M cor kassakna goe mrentu.
7. M tva sunakha mashi, so ta (you) aseyya.
8. Tumhe dpe jletv vihrasmi rpni oloketha.
9. Tumhe asappurise mantetv dhammena jvitu anussatha.
10. Putta, m tva ppamitte upasakama.
11. Sace tumhe saccam bhsitu ussaheyytha, tumhe sappuris bhaveyytha.

Let him cook

You cook
Let me cook
pg. 23

12. Sace tva pse khipeyysi, kk ca saku ca ksa uppateyyu.

13. M draka pnya pivitv patta bhinda.
14. M suvaa coretv gacchant cor samudda tarantu.
15. Upsaka, m putte akkoshi, samaehi saddhi mantetv putte anusshi.

It should be noted that ain apaci, apacisu etc. is not a negative prefix.
It is the augment (optional) denoting the past tense.
Verbs whose bases end in -n are also conjugated in the past tense as above.
Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -e
Base: core = to steal
Cora, "to steal" ["stole", etc.]
Singular
Plural
3rd person coresi, corayi
coresu, corayisu
2nd person coresi
corayitha
1st person coresi, corayi
corayimha

4. Translate into Pli:

1. May the king ruling the island protect the people righteously.
2. Let the children playing in the park collect falling leaves.
3. Let the farmers and merchants assemble in the king's park.
4. Let the sons climb the mountain to see lions, deer and birds.
5. Do not cut trees in forests if you wish to protect deer.
6. Let the child not come down the stairway, he will fall.
7. Let the farmer plough the fields and sow seeds, let him not kill goats.
8. Let the parrots fly taking fruits with their beaks.
9. Sons, do not commit sins, live righteously.
10. May the disciples of the Buddha get alms and robes.
11. Let the children come out of the house and see the moon rising from the
mountain.
12. Boys, do not go and kill deer in the forest with the hunter.
13. You (pl.) run home and bring water for the farmers ploughing the field.
14. Do not ask questions from the king's messenger.
15. You lay devotees should try to avoid evil and do good deeds.

Singular
3rd (So) coresi, corayi =
2nd (Tva) coresi =
1st
(Aha) coresi, corayi =
Plural
3rd (Te) coresu, corayisu =
2nd (Tumhe) corayitha =
1st
(Maya) corayimha =

They stole
You stole
We stole

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
1. Bhplo dpe cari / acari
The king wandered in the island.
Samao dhamma desesi
The monk preached the dhamma.
2. Tva bhani vikkii
You sold goods.
Tva pupphni pjesi
You offered the flowers.
3. Aha pabbata ruhi
I climbed the mountain.
4. Aha dpa jlesi / jlayi
I lit the lamp.
Plural:
1. Bhpl dpesu carisu / acarisu
Kings wandered in the islands.
Sama dhamma desesu / desayisu
Monks preached the dhamma.
2. Tumhe bhani vikkiittha
You sold goods.

Lesson 17
1. The Past Tense
Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -a.
Paca, "to cook" ["cooked", etc.]
Singular
Plural
3rd person apaci, paci
apacisu, pacisu
2nd person apaci, paci
apacittha, pacittha
1st person apaci, paci
apacimha, pacimha
Singular
3rd (So) apaci, paci =
2nd (Tva) apaci, paci =
1st
(Aha) apaci, paci =
Plural
3rd (Te) apacisu, pacisu =
2nd (Tumhe) apacittha, pacittha =
1st
(Maya) apacimha, pacimha =

He stole
You stole
I stole

He cooked
You cooked
I cooked
They cooked
You cooked
We cooked

pg. 24

Tumhe pupphni pjayittha

You offered flowers.
3. Maya pabbate ruhimha
We climbed mountains.
4. Maya dpe jlayimha
We lit lamps.

4. Translate into Pli:

1. The child sprinkled the lotuses with water and honoured the Buddha with
them.
2. Having received the pay the men went to the market and bought goods.
3. The fisherman brought fish from the sea and sold them to the farmers.
4. If you go to bathe wash the clothes of the children.
5. The parrots and the crows flew into the sky from the trees.
6. Do not scold the children playing under the tree with the dog.
7. I spoke to the people sitting in the park having assembled to see the king.
8. We got frightened seeing a serpent enter the house.
9. I gave water to my son eating rice together with his friend.
10. Do not do evil, do good to enter heaven after departing from the human world.

Exercise 17
3. Translate into English:
1. Kassako khetta kasitv nahyitu udaka otari.
2. Uggahantna drakna dtu cariy kusumni harisu.
3. Upsak sanehi uhahitv dhamma desetu upasakamanta samaa
vandisu.
4. Nagaresu kammni katv vetane labhitu kakhamn nar gmehi
nikkhamisu.
5. cariyo sana dussena chdetv samaa nisditu nimantesi.
6. Kumro dvra vivaritv rukkhamh oruhante vnare passamno ahsi
(stood).
7. Paito goe coretv akusala karonte nare pakkositv ovadi.
8. Ycakassa putt rukkhehi patantni phalni saharitv paasmi vikkiisu.
9. Kassako dhaa minitv vijassa vikkiitu pahii.
10. Dhamma uggahitv samao bhavitu kakhamno amacco cariya
pariyesamno Buddha upasakami.
11. Sace tumhe gma ppueyytha mitte olokeyytha.
12. Paitamh pahe pucchitv sacca jnitu mtulo ussahi.
13. Psamhi hatv aja khdanta sha disv vnar bhyisu.
14. Rukkhamle nisditv gitni gyantna kumrna kyesu pani ca
pupphni ca patisu.
15. Tumhe dhana saharamn m samudda taritv dpa gacchatha.
16. paasmi bhani vikkiantassa vijassa ratho atthi.
17. Aha puttassa dtu dussa sibbanto gta gyi.
18. Skar ca sunakh ca khette ve khaisu.
19. Puris rukkhamle nisditv tpasena bhsamna suisu.
20. Luddakena saddhi vane hiante putte mantetv kassak akkosisu.
21. M tva suvaapatta vikkiitv khagge kihi.
22. So bhani ca khetta ca goe ca puttna dav geha pahya samao
bhavitu cintesi.
23. Dhammena jvant sappuris mige na mresu.
24. Aha sopna ruhi, te sopnamh oruhisu.
25. Sahyak udaka otaritv nahyant padumni ocinisu.

Lesson 18
1. Declension of feminine nouns ending in -

Vanit woman
Singular

Plural

Nominative

vanit

vanit, vanityo

Vocative

vanite

vanit, vanityo

Accusative

vanita

vanit, vanityo

Instrumental

vanitya

vanithi (vanitbhi)

Ablative

vanitya

vanithi (vanitbhi)

Dative

vanitya

vanitna

Genitive

vanitya

vanitna

Locative

vanitya, vanitya

vanitsu

[NB: The traditional order of the cases is given in the table for "nara" in lesson
8; however, from this point forward in the book, Dr. De Silva instead lists the
Vocative second, and the accusative third, presumably because she considers
it easier to learn in this order --E.M.]

pg. 25

2. The following nouns are similarly declined:

(Most nouns ending in - are feminine).
ka / drik girl
gag
river Ganges

nv

ship

amm

mother

pa

wisdom

sl

hall

bhariy

wife

sabh

assembly

kath

speech

lat

creeper

guh

cave

chy

shadow

vluk

sand

majs

box

ml

garland

sur

liquor

skh

branch

devat

deity

paris

retinue

saddh

faith,
devotion

gv

neck

jivh

tongue

pips

thirst

khud

hunger

sukha vindanti.
13. Sace tumhe nvya gaga tareyytha dpasmi vasante tpase disv gantu
sakkissatha.
14. Parisa parivretv psdamh nikkhamanta bhpla disv vanityo
modanti.
15. Kayo slya sannipatitv kumrehi saddhi sallapisu.
16. Khudya penta gilna ycaka disv amm bhatta adadi / adsi.
17. Guhya nilyitv sura pivant cor sha passitv bhyisu.
18. Varhe mretv jvanto naro gilno hutv dukkha vindati.
19. Vijassa pae majsya mla (money) atthi.
20. Sama manusse pp nivretv sappurese ktu vyamanti.
5. Translate into Pli:
1. The man stood on the road asking my mother the way to go to the monastery.
2. Having prepared rice with faith for the monks, the woman took it to the
monastery.
3. You can live righteously and seek wealth.
4. Sitting in the shade of the house the girls cut branches from the creeper.
5. Wicked men did not advise their sons who drink liquor.
6. Taking the basket and money the girl went to the market to buy corn.
7. If you light lamps the lay devotees will see the objects in the monastery.
8. O good men, you learn the dhamma and try to live righteously.
9. If you try, you can avoid evil and do good.
10. Having seen the lion sleeping in the cave the woman ran.

3. Vocabulary Verbs
sakkoti

can, is able

parivreti

accompanies,
nivreti
surrounds

prevents

anubandhati

follows,
chases after

kujjhati

gets angry

namassati

salutes,
worships

poseti

brings up,
nourishes

vyamati

tries

nilyati

hides

sallapati

engages in
modati
conversation

is happy,
enjoys

sukha vindati

experiences
joy

dukkha
vindati

experiences
suffering

prepares

pakkhipati

puts, places,
deposits

paiydeti

Lesson 19
1. The Past Participle
Past participles are mostly formed by adding -ta to the root with or without the
connecting vowel -i-

Exercise 18:
4. Translate into English:
1. Sace sabhya kayo katheyyu aham pi kathessmi.
2. Drikyo pupphni ocinitv slya nisditv mlyo karisu.
3. Vanit rukkhassa skhyo chinditv kahi.
4. Bhariy majssu vatthni ca suvaa ca hapesi.
5. Drik psdassa chyya nisditv vlukya kisu.
6. Bhariyya katha sutv pasditv kassako sappuriso abhavi.
7. Devatyo puni karonte dhammena jvante manusse rakkhantu.
8. Pabbatasmi guhsu vasant sh vlukya kante mige mresu.
9. Amm drikya kujjhitv hatthena pahari.
10. Vanityo saddhya bhatta pacitv vihra netv samana pjesu
11. Tumhe m sura pivatha, m giln (sick) bhavitu ussahatha.
12. Dhammena dhana saharamn paya putte posent nar manussaloke

pacati
bhsati
ycati
deseti
pjeti
gacchati
hanati
nayati / neti

pg. 26

pac + i + ta
bhs + i + ta
yc + i + ta
dis' + i + ta
pj + i + ta
gam + ta
han + ta
n + ta
= nta

= pacita
= bhsita
= ycita
= desita
= pjita
= gata
= hata
= led

= cooked
= spoken
= begged
= preached
= honoured
= gone
= killed

The past participle is also formed from some roots by adding -na.
chindati
chid + na
= chinna
= cut
bhindati
bhid + na
= bhinna
= broken
nisdati
ni + sad + na
= nisinna
= seated
tarati
t + na
= tia
= crossed

Verb

2. Past participles have a passive meaning when they are formed from
transitive verbs, but from intransitive verbs they have an active meaning.
They are declined in the three genders, as -a ending nouns in the masculine and the
neuter, and - ending nouns in the feminine.
Pacati, chindati, nimanteti are transitive verbs. Therefore:
pacito odano = the rice that is cooked (passive meaning)
chinna paa = the leaf that is cut (passive meaning)
nimantit ka = the girl who is invited (passive meaning)
But gacchati, patati, tihati are intransitive verbs. Therefore:
manusso gato (hoti) = the man has gone (active meaning)
puppha patita (hoti) = the flower has fallen (active meaning)
ka hit (hoti) = the girl has stood (active meaning)

Past Participle

Verb

kasita, kaha

pucchati

pucchita, puha

pacati

pacita, pakka

asati

daha

phusati

phuha

pavisati

paviha

masati

masita, maha

labhati

laddha, labhita

rabhati

raddha

bhavati

bhta

bhujati

bhujita, bhutta

vapati

vutta

vasati

vuttha

sicati

sitta

khipati

khitta

dhovati

dhovita, dhota

pajahati

pahna

vivarati

vivaa

pivati

pta

cavati

cuta

hanati

hata

nikkhamati

nikkhanta

jnti

ta

suti

suta

minti

mita

gahti

gahita

kiti

kta

pputi

patta

karoti

kata

tihati

hita

Past Participle

harati

haa

kujjhati

kuddha

dadti

dinna

pasdati

pasanna

(passati)

diha, (d)

mucati

mutta

Exercise 19:
5. Translate into English:
1. Ammya majsya pakkhitta suvaa drik na gahi.
2. Dhotni vatthni gahetv bhariy udakamh uttari.
3. Kassakehi uyyne ropitesu rukkhesu phalni bhavisu.
4. Buddh devehi ca narehi ca pjit honti.
5. Udakena prita patta gahetv vanit geha gat hoti.
6. Adhammena (unrighteously) dpa plentena bhplena pit manuss kuddh
honti.
7. Pakka (ripe) phala tuena gahetv uenta suva aha apassi.
8. Udento suriyo brhmaena namassito hoti.
9. Ammya jlita dpa daya putto vihra paviho hoti.
10. Vanitya dussena chdite sane samao nisditv sannipatitya parisya
dhamma desesi.
11. Kassakena khetta nt go tia khdant hiisu.
12. Vij majssu hapitni dussni na vikkiisu
13. Sace tva sacca jneyysi m putta akkosa.
14. Nvya nikkhant nar samudda taritv dpa ppuitv bhariyhi saddhi
kathent modanti.
15. Magge hite vijassa sakae aha kaya ntni bhani hapesi.
16. Dhammena laddhena dhanena putte posetv jvant manuss devathi
rakkhit honti.
17. Svakehi ca upsakehi ca parivrito Buddho vihrassa chyya nisinno hoti.

Past Participle

kasati

Verb

4. Examples in sentence formation

Upsakehi vihra paviho Buddho diho hoti
The Buddha who entered the monastery was seen by the lay devotees.
Te Buddhena desita dhamma suisu
They listened to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.
Drikya hani bhani amm piakesu pakkhipi
The mother put in baskets the goods brought by the girl.
Vnijo patitassa rukkhassa skhyo chindi
The merchant cut the branches of the fallen tree.
Maya udakena sittehi pupphehi Buddha pjema
We may worship the Buddha with flowers sprinkled with water.
Kassakena kasite khette skaro sayati
A pig sleeps in the field ploughed by the farmer.

3. The following are some past participles

Verb

Past Participle

pg. 27

18. Ammya ppehi nivrit putt sappuris hutv dhamma suanti.

19. Kassake pent cor paitena anussit sappuris bhavitu vyamant
upsakehi saddhi uyyne rukkhe ropenti.
20. Vanit puttya paiyditamh bhattamh khudya pitassa ycakassa thoka
(little) datv pnya ca dadi / adsi.
21. Sabhya nisditv drikya gyita gta sutv kayo modisu.
22. Amaccena nimantit puris slya nisditu asakkont (unable) uyyne
sannipatisu.
23. Kassakehi khettesu vuttehi bjehi thoka (little) saku khdisu.
24. Kumrehi rukkhamle nilyitv sayanto sappo diho hoti.
25. Vijena dpamh hani vatthni kiitu vanityo icchanti.
26. Sace bhplo dhammena manusse rakkheyya te kammni katv drake
posent sukha vindeyyu.
27. Puttena ycit amm mittna odana paiydesi.
28. Amaccena puha paha adhigantu asakkonto corna dto cintetu
rabhi.
29. Corehi guhya nilyitni bhani passitv vnar tni (them) dya rukkhe
ruhisu.
30. Aha pariyesita dhamma adhigantv modmi.

21. The thieves who were instructed by the monk became good men.
22. There were no fruits on the trees planted by the farmer.
23. Bitten by the dog the girl ran home and cried.
24. The minister is not known to the doctor.
25. Seated under the tree the girls played with sand.
26. Sons, do not drink liquor.
27. Mothers prevent children from evil.
28. I gave water to the dog oppressed with thirst.
29. Seeing the hunter coming we hid among the trees.
30. We prepared alms with faith and gave to the monks.
Lesson 20
1. Declension of Feminine Nouns ending in -i
Bhmi = earth, ground

6. Translate into Pli:

1. The man who came to the assembly could not speak with the ministers.
2. The child ran to the shop taking the money given by the mother.
3. The king is seated in the chariot drawn by horses.
4. Having discussed with the wise man the farmers sent a messenger to the king.
5. The children went out of the open door.
6. The women who got down to the water washed clothes and bathed.
7. Buddhas and their disciples are worshipped by gods and men.
8. The merchant sold the clothes sewn by women.
9. I did not take the flowers and fruits brought by the girl from the forest
10. Being chased by the dog, the girls quickly (sgha) ran home.
11. The teacher having seen the evil deed done by the girl advised her.
12. We did not light the lamps prepared by the women.
13. You do not drag the branches cut by the farmer from the mountain.
14. Without getting the pay for the work done, the woman is angry.
15. Do not ask for fruits from the boy sitting on the branch.
16. The woman who is scolded by the brahmin cries, seated at the door.
17. The girl being called by the mother ran home to eat rice.
18. The men who tried to cut the creepers started pulling the branches.
19. The farmer who makes a living righteously, ploughing his fields experiences
happiness with his wife and children.
20. Deities who have departed from the world of gods and are born in the human
world rejoice listening to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.

Singular

Plural

Nominative

bhmi

bhm, bhmiyo

Vocative

bhmi

bhm, bhmiyo

Accusative

bhmi

bhm, bhmiyo

Instrumental

bhmiy

bhmhi, (bhmbhi)

Ablative

bhmiy

bhmhi, (bhmbhi)

Dative

bhmiy

bhmna

Genitive

bhmiy

bhmna

Locative

bhmiy, bhmiya

bhmsu

Feminine nouns ending in - are also similarly declined with the only exception being the
nominative and vocative singular which end in-.
2. Vocabulary
Feminine nouns ending in -i
aguli
finger

pg. 28

aavi

forest

ratti

night

doi

boat

yuvati

maiden

yahi

walking stick

asani

thunderbolt

ni

unit of
measure

rasmi

ray

iddhi

psychic
power

sammajjani

broom

Feminine nouns ending in -

nad
river

nr / itth

woman

taru

young woman

bhagin

sister

vp

tank

pokkhara

pond

kadal

banana

brhma

brahmin
woman

gv

cow

rjin / dev

queen

kumr

girl

3. Verbs
vykaroti

explains

pattheti

aspires

vissajjeti

spends

roceti

informs

mucati

releases

nhareti

takes out

peseti

sends

paiccdeti

conceals

veheti

wraps

viheheti

harasses

1. There are lotuses and fishes in ponds in the king's park.

2. The young women picked lotuses from the tank and kept them on the ground.
3. The queen spoke with her sisters who came having crossed the river by boat.
4. I saw the dog chasing the cow in the field.
5. Women and girls did not climb trees to pick fruits and flowers.
6. You (pl.) went to the river to bathe and got frightened hearing the peal of
thunder (asanisadda).
7. You (pl.) do not conceal the evil committed with your friends.
8. If you spent money to buy clothes, inform your mother.
9. Send the lotuses wrapped in lotus leaves to the young girls seated in the hall.
10. We can explain the questions asked by the women in the assembly.
Lesson 21
1. The Present Participle (contd.)
This lesson is a continuation of Lesson 11 and should be studied together with that lesson.
It was learnt in Lesson 11 that -nta/ -mna are added to the base of verbs which end in -a,
to form the present participle masculine and neutuer genders. e.g.:
paca + nta
= pacanta
paca + mna
= pacamna
They are declined like -a ending nouns in these two genders.
Further it should be noted that with verbs whose base ends in -e / -aya, -nta is usually
added to the base ending in -e; and -mna is added to the base ending in -aya. e.g.:
core + nta
= corenta
coraya + mna
= corayamna
With verbs whose base ends in -n both -nta / -mna are generally added, but the -n is
shortened to -na. e.g.:
ki + nta
= kianta
ki + mna
= kiamna
su + nta
= suanta
su + mna
= suamna
Present participles ending in -nta occur more frequently in Pli literature than those
ending in -mna.

Exercise 20
4. Translate into English:
1. Bhplo rjiniy saddhi nvya nadi taranto udake carante macche olokento
amaccehi saddhi katheti.
2. Pniya pivitv drikya bhmiya nikkhitto patto bhinno hoti.
3. Kassakna gviyo aaviya hiitv khetta gamisu.
4. Rattiy samuddasmi patit candassa rasmiyo oloketv taruiyo modisu.
5. Upsak iddhiy kse gacchanta tpasa disv pasann honti.
6. Bhaginiy saddhi pokkharaiy tre (bank) hatva so padumni ocinitu
vyami.
7. Nriyo vpsu nahyitu v (or) vatthni dhovitu v na icchisu.
8. Yuvatiy puha paha vyktu asakkonto aha tya (with her) saddhi
sallapitu rabhi.
9. Asappurisassa puttena kata ppakamma paicchdetu amm na ussahi.
10. Bhaginiy dussena vehetv macasmi hapita bhaa itth majsya
pakkhipi.
11. M tumhe magge sayanta kukkura vihehetha.
12. Sappuriso amacco dhana vissajjetv ycakna vasitu slyo gmesu karitv
bhpla rocesi.
13. Kumro suva hatthamh mucitv ta uenta passamno rodanto
rukkhamle ahsi.
14. Saddhya dna dadamn kusala karont sappuris puna(again)
manussaloke uppajjitu patthenti.
15. Kumro majsa vivaritv saka nharitv ammya pesesi.

2. The present participle feminine gender is formed by adding -nt / -mn to the
verbal base. e.g.:
paca + nt
= pacant
paca + mn
= pacamn
core + nt
= corent
coraya + mn
= corayamn
ki + nt
= kiant
ki + mn
= kiamn

5. Translate into Pli:

pg. 29

When -nt is added, the present participle feminine is declined like feminine nouns ending
in -. When -mn is added it is declined like feminine nouns ending in -.
Declension of pacant:

Singular

Plural

Nominative

pacant

pacant, pacantiyo

Vocative

pacant

pacant, pacantiyo

Accusative

pacanti

pacant, pacantiyo

Instrumental

pacantiy

pacanthi (pacantbhi)

Ablative

pacantiy

pacanthi (pacantbhi)

Dative

pacantiy

pacantna

Genitive

pacantiy

pacantna

Locative

pacantiy, pacantiya

pacantsu

Exercise 21
4. Translate into English:
1. Khette phalni corent drik kassaka disv bhyitv dhvitu rabhi.
2. Buddhassa svakena desita dhamma sutv yuvati sacca adhigantu icchant
ammya saddhi mantesi.
3. Sayanta sunakha masant kumr gehadvre nisinn hoti.
4. Rjin nrhi puhe pahe vyakaront sabhya nisinn parisa mantetv
katha kathesi.
5. Aavi gantv rukkha chinditv skhyo kahantiyo itthiyo sigle disv
bhyisu.
6. Gehadvre nisditv dussa sibbant bhagin gta gyati.
7. Asappuriso ppakammni paicchdetv upsakehi saddhi sallapanto
vihrasmi sane nisinno hoti.
8. Sakena vehetv nilyita suvaa passitu kakhamn yuvati ovarakassa
(room) dvra vivari.
9. Sace tva mula vissajjetu iccheyysi, m vattha kihi.
10. Sace tumhe bhplassa dta pesetha amacce pi rocetha.
11. Kassako chinn sakhyo khettamh nharitv aaviya pakkhipi.
12. Pokkaraiy tre (bank) hatv kadaliphala khdant ka bhaginiy dinna
paduma gahi.
13. Amhka (our) hatthapdesu vsati (twenty) aguliyo santi.
14. Rattiy geh nikkhamitu bhyant ka dvra na vivari.
15. Sace tva yahiy kukkura pahareyysi so aseyya.
16. Maya sappuris bhavitu kakhamn samae upasakamma dhamma
sutv kusala ktu rabhimha.
17. Ppakammehi anubandhit asappuris cor niraye (purgatory) uppajjitv
dukkha vindanti.
18. M pua parivajjetv ppa karotha, sace kareyytha manussalokamh
cavitv dukkha vindissatha.
19. Sace tumhe sagge uppajjitv moditu patthetha puni karotha.
20. Sacca tu ussahant brhma sahyakehi saha mantayisu.
21. Nriy pajare (cage) pakkhitt suk kadaliphala khdant nisinn honti.
22. Goa vihehetu na icchanto vijo sakaamh bhani nharitva bhmiya
nikkhipitv kassaka rocesi.
23. Aaviya viharant mig ca go ca varh ca shamh bhyanti.
24. Sama saddhya upsakehi dinna bhujitv sacca adhigantu vyamant
slni rakkhanti.
25. Rattiy nikkhant doi nadi taritv pabhte (in the morning) dpa ppui.
26. Gehassa chyya hatv drikya bhmiya nikkhitta odana sunakho
khditu rabhi.
27. Bhariyya niy mita dhaa dya kassako paa gato hoti.
28. Uente kke disv vlukya ca udakena ca kant drik hasamn dhvi.
29. Ratha pjetu (to drive) uggahanto puriso dakkho (clever) rathcariyo

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:
Amm bhatta pacant kaya saddhi katheti.
Cooking rice the mother speaks with the girl.
Ka bhatta pacanti amma passati.
The girl sees the mother cooking rice.
Ka bhatta pacantiy ammya udaka deti.
The girl gives water to the mother cooking rice.
Plural:
Bhatta pacantiyo ammyo kahi saddhi kathenti.
Cooking rice mothers speak with girls.
Kayo bhatta pacantiyo ammyo passanti.
Girls see mothers cooking rice.
Kayo bhatta pacantna ammna udaka denti.
Girls give water to mothers cooking rice.
Similarly, the present participle can be declined in all cases to agree in gender, number and
case with the nouns they qualify.

pg. 30

bhavitu vyami.
30. Vivaamh dvramh nikkhant kumr pajarehi mutt saku viya (like)
uyyna dhvisu.

2. Examples in sentence formation

Amm pacitabba / pacanya taula (raw rice) piake hapesi.
The mother kept the (raw) rice which is to be cooked in the basket.
Drikya bhujitabba / bhojanya odana aha na bhujissmi.
I will not eat the rice which should be eaten by the girl.
Kassakena ktabba / karaya kamma ktu tva icchasi.
You wish to do the work that should be done by the farmer.

5. Translate into Pli:

1. Seated on the bed the girl drank the milk given by her mother.
2. Taking the pots (ghae) and talking the women went to the river to bring water.
3. Without wishing to harass the bird the woman released him from the cage
(pajara).
4. Unable (asakkoti) to pick the fruits from the tree the young girl called the
farmer.
5. There is no (natthi) milk in the bowl of the crying child.
6. The girls who were singing under the tree started dancing.
7. Being chased by the hunter and his dogs the deer ran into the forest.
8. Wishing to get profit the women sold garments in shops.
9. In order to buy oil (tela) to light lamps the boy went from shop to shop.
10. I gave the box to the girl sitting in the shade of the tree.
11. The girls laughed pulling the creeper from the tree.
12. They who oppress women and children are wicked men.
13. We see with our eyes the rays of the sun falling on the ground.
14. Hitting with a stick the woman killed the serpent entering the house.
15. Putting fruits and flowers in boxes sisters sat at the open door.
16. If you will come out of water and protect the child I will step into the pond and
bathe.
17. We got angry with the women committing evil and left the hall.
18. Do not shoot the cows and deer roaming in the park, the king and queen will
get angry.
19. May the king and his ministers not oppress the people living in the island.
20. I gave rice to the starving dogs walking on the road.

Exercise 22
3. Translate into English:
1. Upsakehi sama vanditabb honti.
2. Majsya nikkhipitabba suvaa m macasmi hapehi.
3. Sappuris pjanye pjenti, asappuris tath (likewise) na karonti.
4. Bhplena rakkhitabba dpa amacc na samm (well) plenti.
5. Manussehi dhammo uggahitabbo, sacca adhigantabba hoti.
6. Kumrhi hani pupphni udakena sicitabbni honti.
7. Corena gahita bhaginiy dhana pariyesitabba hoti.
8. Uyyne ropit rukkh na chinditabb honti.
9. Dhotabbni dussni gahetv yuvatiyo hasamn pokkharai otarisu.
10. Samaehi ovaditabb kumr vihram na gamisu.
11. Kassakena kasitabba khetta vikkiitu vijo ussahi.
12. paesu hapitni vikkiitabbni bhani kiitu te na icchisu.
13. Amm khdanyni ca bhojanyni ca paiydetv drakna deti.
14. Manussehi dnni dtabbni, slni rakkhitabbni, puni ktabbni.
15. Gona dtabbni tini kassako khettamh hari.
16. Mig pnya udaka pariyesant aaviya hiisu.
17. Darikya dtu phalni paya v (or) khettamh v haritabbni honti.
18. Kathetabba v akathetabba* v ajnanto asappuriso m sabhya nisdatu.
19. Tumhe bhpl amaccehi ca paitehi ca samaehi ca anussitabb hotha.
20. Upsakena puho paho paitena vyktabbo hoti.
21. Bhplassa uyyne vasant mig ca sakun ca luddakehi na hantabb honti.
22. Kusala ajnitv ppa karont kumr na akkositabb, te samaehi ca
paitehi ca sappurisehi ca anussitabb.
23. Asappuris parivajjetabb, m tumhe tehi saddhi (with them) gme
hiatha.
24. Sur na ptabb, sace piveyytha tumhe giln bhavissatha.
25. Dhammena jvant manuss devehi rakkhitabb honti.

Lesson 22
1. The Future Passive Participle
The future passive participle or the potential participle as it is sometimes called, is formed
by adding -tabba / -anya to the base of the verb; -tabba is mostly added with the
connecting vowel -i-.
These participles are declined like a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter genders,
and like ending nouns in the feminine. They express ideas such as must,' should be' and
fit to be.'
pacati
bhujati
karoti

4. Translate into Pli:

1. At night people should light lamps.
2. The merchant brought horses to be sold to the farmers.
3. Objects should be seen with eyes, tastes (rasni) should be enjoyed with the
tongue.

pacitabba / pacanya
bhujitabba / bhojanya
ktabba / karaya
pg. 31

4. The dog should not be hit with sticks and stones.

5. People in the island should be protected by the king and his ministers.
6. Flowers should not be picked by men walking in the park.
7. The corn should be measured by the farmer with his wife.
8. Men should not do evil.
9. Grass and water should be given to oxen and goats.
10. The assembly should be addressed by the teacher's sister.
11. The lions sleeping in the caves should not be approached by men.
12. The mother's clothes should be washed by the girl.

Exercise 23
3. Translate into English:
1. Amm samaehi asappurise putte anusspesi.
2. Tumhe manusse pente core mantpetv ovadatha.
3. Vijo kassakena rukkhe chindpetv / chedpetv sakaena nagara netv
vikkii.
4. Samao upsake sanniptpetv dhamma desesi.
5. Mtulo kumrehi pupphni ca phalni ca ocinpesi.
6. Drik sunakha pokkharai otarpesi.
7. Amacco vije ca kassake ca pakkospetv pucchissati.
8. Kahi hani pupphni vanityo sicpesu.
9. Bhariyya ktabba kamma aha karomi.
10. Luddako mittena miga vijjhitv mrpesi.
11. Brhmao criyena kumri dhamma uggahpesi.
12. Amm drika khra pyetv mace saypesi.
13. Vij assehi bhani ghpetva vikkiitu nagara gamisu.
14. Vanit sahyakena rukkhassa skhyo kahpetv geha nesi.
15. Amm puttena geha gata samaa vandpesi.
16. Upsak samae sanesu nisdpetv bhojpesu.
17. Bhagin bhinnapattassa khani (pieces) masant rodant gehadvre ahsi.
18. Udaka haritu gacchantiyo nriyo sallapantiyo rukkhamlesu patitni
kusumni oloketv modisu.
19. Luddako tuena phala ocinitu vyamanta suva sarena vijjhi.
20. Sappurisena krpitesu vihresu sama vasanti.
4. Translate into Pli:
1. The wicked man gets his sons to shoot birds.
2. The lay devotees will get the monk to preach the doctrine.
3. Women get their children to honour the Buddha's disciples.
4. The young woman will get her sister to speak at the assembly.
5. The farmer caused the tree to fall into the pit.
6. You (pl.) will get the flowers sprinkled with water.
7. The king got his ministers to build a monastery.
8. The queen will live in the palace which the king got built.
9. The merchant got his wife to put the goods in boxes.
10. The brahmin got the Buddha's disciple to preach to his people.

Lesson 23
1. The Causative
Causative verbs are formed by adding -e / -aya / -pe / -paya to the root or verbal base.
Sometimes the vowel in the root is strengthened when the suffixes are added.
Verbal bases ending in -e / -aya invariably take the suffixes -ape / -paya to form the
causative.
pacati
pceti / pcayati / pacpeti / pcpayati
bhujati
bhojeti / bhojpeti
coreti
corpeti / corpayati
kinti
kipeti / kipayati
karoti
kreti / krpayati
dadti / deti
dpeti / dpayati
In sentences with causative verbs the agent carrying out the action is expressed by the
accusative or the instrumental case.
2. Examples in sentence formation
Amm bhagini bhatta pacpeti.
Mother gets the sister to cook rice.
Bhplo samae ca ycake ca bhojpesi.
The king fed the recluses and beggars.
Coro mittena kakaca corpetv vana dhvi.
The thief ran having got a friend to steal a saw.
Vejjo puttena paamh khra kipesi.
The doctor got his son to buy milk from the market.
Upsak amaccena samana vihra krpesu.
Lay devotees got the minister to build a monastery for the monks.
Yuvati bhaginiy cariyassa mla dpetv sippa uggahi.
The maiden got the sister to give money to the teacher and learnt an art.
Brhmao cora / corena sacca bhspetu vyami.
The brahmin tried to make the thief speak the truth.

pg. 32

Lesson 24
1. Declension of Feminine Nouns ending in -u

Exercise 24
4. Translate into English:
1. Vadh sassuy dhenu rajjuy bandhitv khetta nesi.
2. Amm ygu pacitv drakna datv mace nisdi.
3. Yuvatiy hattesu ca agulsu ca daddu atthi.
4. Maya aaviya carantiyo kaeruyo apassimha.
5. Itth yuvatiy bhatta pacpetv drikna thoka thoka vibhaji.
6. Tumhe vijjuy lokena guhyam sayantam sha passittha.
7. Yuvatiy hatthesu kumrehi dinn mlyo santi.
8. Vadh khette kssu patitni phalni sahari.
9. Brhmao Buddhassa dhtuyo vibhajitv bhplna adadi / adsi.
10. Vadh sassuy pde vandi.
11. Yuvatiy geham sammajjitabba hoti.
12. Devatyo sakala (entire) vihra obhsentiyo Buddha upasakamisu.
13.Aavsu vasantiyo kaeruyo skhyo bhajitv khdanti.
14. Aha rukkhassa chyya nisinnna dhenna ca gona ca tini adadi / adsi.
15. Itth magge gacchanti amma passitv rathamh oruyha ta vanditv rathasmi
ropetv geha nesi.
16. Vadh gehassa dvram thaketv nahyitu nadi upasakamitv yuvathi saddhi
sallapant nadiy tre ahsi.
17. Bhplo manusse vihisante core nsetv dipa plesi.
18. Amm asappurise bhajamne putte samaehi ovdpesi.
19. Sappurisena kiitv haehi bhaehi chaetabba natthi.
20. M tumhe gme vasante kassake vihisatha.

Dhenu cow
Singular

Plural

Nominative

dhenu

dhen, dhenuyo

Vocative

dhenu

dhen, dhenuyo

Accusative

dhenu

dhen, dhenuyo

Instrumental

dhenuy

dhenhi, (dhenbhi)

Ablative

dhenuy

dhenhi, (dhenbhi)

Dative

dhenuy

dhenna

Genitive

dhenuy

dhenna

Locative

dhenuy, dhenuya

dhensu

2. Some nouns similarly declined are as follows:

ygu

gruel

ksu

pit

vijju

lightning

rajju

rope

daddu

eczema

kaeru

cow-elephant

dhtu

element, relic sassu

mother-inlaw

vadhu

daughter-inlaw

25. Translate into Pli:

1. The mother took the gold kept in the box and gave it to the daughter.
2. The daughter-in-law honoured the gods with garlands and fruits.
3. If you dig holes, I will plant trees.
4. You (pl.) go to the field and bring the corn home.
5. Cow-elephants wandered in the forest eating plantain trees.
6. I looked at the girls crossing the river by boat.
7. Young women pulled the branches fallen in the pit.
8. The rays of the sun illuminate the world.
9. Singing songs the sisters went to the tank to bathe.
10. The woman tied the cow with a rope and brought it to the field.
11. The daughter-in-law went to Anurdhapura with the mother-in-law to honour the
relics of the Buddha.
12. May virtue and wisdom illuminate the minds of men in the world.

3. Vocabulary Verbs
thaketi

shuts, closes

nseti

destroys

sammajjati

sweeps

obhseti

illuminates

bhajati

keeps
company

bandhati

ties

vibhajati

divides,
distributes

bhajati

breaks

mpeti

builds,
creates

vihisati

harms

chaeti

throws

pattharati

spreads

pg. 33

6. Nidhi pariyesanto adhipati sahyakehi saddhi dpa agacchi.

7. Atithna odana pacant itth aggi jlesi.
8. Vydhin pito naro mace sayati.
9. Gahapati vhna rsi minanto bhariyya saddhi kathesi.
10. Drik girimh udenta ravi olokent hasanti.
11. Bhpatino muhimhi maayo bhavanti.
12. Ari kavino soa yahiy paharitv dhvi.
13. Kavi patin dinna mai pin gahi.
14. Nriyo pathi saddhi udadhi gantv nahyitu rabhisu.
15. Adhipati atithi khdanyehi ca bhojanyehi ca bhojpesi.
16. Bhpatin kattabbni kammni adhipatayo na karissanti.
17. Munhi pariyesitabba dhamma aham pi uggahitu icchmi.
18. Aha dpa jletv udakena sittni padumni Buddhassa pjemi.
19. Tva girimhi vasante dpayo oloketu luddakena saha giri ruhasi.
20. Dev parisya saha sabhya nisinn hoti.
21. Gahapatayo pahe pucchitu kakhamn isi upasakamisu.
22. Gahapathi puho isi pahe vykari.
23. Nriy dhotni vatthni gahante kapayo disv kumr psehi te (them)
paharisu.
24. Uyyne hiitv tia khdantiyo gviyo ca go ca aj ca aavi pavisitv
dpi disv bhyisu.
25. Gahapathi munayo ca atithayo ca bhojetabb honti.
26. Amm majsya pakkhipitv rakkhite maayo drikya ca vadhuy ca
adadi / adsi.
27. Yadi tumhe bhpati upasankameyytha maya ratha paiydessma.
28. Gahapati cora gvya gahetv pdena kucchi pahari.
29. Sakuehi katni kulvakni (nests) m tumhe bhindatha.
30. Gta gyant yuvati gvi upasakamma khra duhitu (to milk) rabhi.
31. Buddhassa dhtuyo vanditu maya vihra gamimha.
32. Maya kayo dhammasla sammajjitv kilajsu (on mats) nisditv
dhamma suimha.
33. Maya locanehi rpni passma, sotehi (with ears) sadda (sound) suma,
jivhya rasa sdiyma (we taste)
34. Te aaviy hiantiyo gviyo rajjhi bandhitv khettam nesu.
35. Bhariy vydhin pitassa patino hattha masant ta (him) samasssesi
(comforted).
36. Gahapati atithin saddhi sallapanto slya nisinno hoti.
37. Muni sacca adhigantv manussna dhamma desetu pabbatamh oruyha
gme vihre vasati.
38. Rajjuy bandhit gv tattha tattha (here and there) hifitu asakkont
rukkhamle tia khdati.
39. Dev bhpatin saddhi rathena gacchant anatarmagge (on the way) kasante

Lesson 25
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -i
Aggi fire
Singular

Plural

Nominative

aggi

agg / aggayo

Vocative

aggi

agg / aggayo

Accusative

aggi

agg / aggayo

Instrumental

aggin

agghi (aggbhi)

Ablative

aggin / aggimh /
aggism

agghi (aggbhi)

Dative

aggino / aggissa

aggna

Genitive

aggino / aggissa

aggna

Locative

aggimhi / aggismi

aggsu

2. Masculine nouns ending in -i

muni / isi

sage

kavi

poet

ari

enemy

bhpati

king

pati

husband,
master

gahapati

householder

adhipati

lord, leader

atithi

guest

vydhi

illness

udadhi

ocean

nidhi

(hidden)
treasure

vhi

paddy

kapi

monkey

ahi

serpent

dpi

leopard

ravi

sun

giri

mountain

mai

gem

asi

sword

rsi

heap

pi

hand

kucchi

belly

muhi

fist, hammer

Exercise 25
3. Translate into English:
1. Munayo sla rakkhant girimhi guhsu vasisu
2. cariyena saddhi viharanto kavi isi hoti.
3. Bhpati asin ari paharitv mresi.
4. Pati bhariyya paiydita odana bhujitv khetta agami.
5. Sappuris gahapatayo bhariyhi ca puttehi ca gehesu vasant sukha vindanti.
pg. 34

kassake passi.
40. M tuhme akusala karotha, sace kareyytha sukha vinditu na labhissatha.

Lesson 26
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -

4. Translate into Pli:

1. The husbands brought gems from the island for their wives.
2. Sicknesses oppress people living in the world.
3. Sitting on the ground the woman measured paddy with a ni.
4. Householders who do evil do not worship sages.
5. If you dig up the treasure you will get gems.
6. I washed the clothes which were to be washed by the wife.
7. We drank the gruel which was prepared by our mother.
8. You kindle the fire to cook rice and gruel for the guests coming from the city.
9. The householder hit with a sword the thief who entered the house.
10. The young girl gave grass to the cows standing in the shade of the tree.
11. Monkeys dwell on trees, lions sleep in caves, serpents move on the ground.
12. If you buy goods from the city and bring, I will sell them (tni) to farmers.
13. O wicked man, if you do merit you will experience happiness.
14. There are gems and gold in the boxes in my mother's house.
15. The sage preached the doctrine to the king's retinue seated on the ground.
16. Recluses, sages and poets are honoured by virtuous men.
17. We will get the treasure which is protected by the leader.
18. Do not cut branches of the trees planted in the park.
19. Being released from the cage the birds flew into the sky.
20. We did not see sages crossing the river through psychic power.

Pakkh bird
Singular

Plural

Nominative

pakkh

pakkh / pakkhino

Vocative

pakkh

pakkh / pakkhino

Accusative

pakkhina / pakkhi

pakkh / pakkhino

Instrumental

pakkhin

pakkhhi (pakkhbhi)

Ablative

pakkhin /
pakkhimh /
pakkhism

pakkhhi (pakkhbhi)

Dative

pakkhino / pakkhissa

pakkhna

Genitive

pakkhino / pakkhissa

pakkhna

Locative

pakkhini /
pakkhimhi /
pakkhismi

pakkhsu

It should be noted that this declension differs from the aggi declension only in the
nominative, vocative and accusative cases.
The rest agrees with it, the only exception being pakkhini in the locative singular, for
which there is no corresponding form in the aggi declension.
2. Masculine nouns ending in -

pg. 35

hatth / kar

elephant

sm

lord, husband seh

banker

sukh

one who is
happy

mant

minister

sikh

peacock

living being

dh

tusker

dghajv

one with long

life

bal

powerful one vahak

carpenter

srath

charioteer

kuh

leper

evil doer

ppakr

9. May the deities protect the good king governing the island righteously.
10. May all (sabbe) living beings live long happily.

Exercise 26
3. Translate into English:
1. Pakkh gyanto skhya nisdati.
2. Gvi rajjuy mucamn amm khette hit hoti.
3. Kayo sabhya naccantiyo gyisu.
4. Seh mahanta (much) dhana vissajjetv samana vihra krpesi.
5. Hatthino ca kaeruyo ca aaviya hianti.
6. Ppakr ppni paicchdetv sappuriso viya (like) sabhya nisinno sehin
saddhi kathesi.
7. Sappuris dghajvino hontu, putt sukhino bhavantu.
8. Vijo nagaramh bhani kiitv piakesu pakkhipitv rajjuy bandhitv
paa pesesi.
9. Srathin hae rathe vahak nisinno hoti.
10. Sabbe (all) pino dghajvino na bhavanti / honti.
11. Amm vahakin geha krpetv drikhi saha tattha (there) vasi.
12. Maya maayo vatthena vehetv majsya nikkhipitv bhariyna
pesayimha.
13. Muni ppakri pakkospetv dhamma desetv ovadi.
14. Balin bhpatino dinna kari oloketu tumhe sannipatittha.
15. Aha seh kuhi pakkospetv bhojana (food) dpesi.
16. Sace girimhi sikhino vasanti, te (them) passitu aha giri ruhitu
ussahissmi.
17. Bhpati sappuriso abhavi / ahosi; mantino ppakrino abhavisu / ahesu.
18. Balin krpitesu psdesu sehino putt na vasisu.
19. Sabbe pino sukha pariyesamn jvanti, kammni karonti.
20. Sm maayo ca suvaa ca kiitv bhariyya adadi / adsi.
21. Asanisadda (sound of thunder) sutv girimhi sikhino naccitu rabhisu.
22. M balino ppakr hontu / bhavantu.
23. Sappuris kusala karont, manussehi pua krent, sukhino bhavanti.
24. Kavi asin ari pahari; kavi paharitu asakkonto ari kuddho ahosi.
25. Kapayo rukkhesu carant pupphni ca chindisu.

Lesson 27
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u
Garu = Teacher
Singular

Plural

Nominative

garu

gar, garavo

Vocative

garu

gar, garavo

Accusative

garu

gar, garavo

Instrumental

garun

garhi (garbhi)

Ablative

garun

garhi (garbhi)

Dative

garuno, garussa

garna

Genitive

garuno, garussa

garna

Locative

garumhi, garusmi

garsu

2. Masculine nouns ending in -u

4. Translate into Pli:

1. Followed by the evil hunter the elephants ran in the forest.
2. The leper took the garments given by the husband.
3. Leopards living in the forest do not fear lions living in the caves.
4. Singing a song, the boys danced with the girls in the hall.
5. Mothers with their daughters spread lotuses on the flower altar (pupphsane).
6. If the boys drink liquor, the girls will become angry and will not sing.
7. The farmer got angry with the evil doer (use gen.) who harassed the cows
grazing in the field.
8. The banker got the carpenter to build a mansion for his sons.

bhikkhu

monk

bandhu

relation

taru

tree

bahu

arm

sindhu

sea

pharasu

axe

pasu

beast

khu

rat

ucchu

sugar cane

veu

bamboo

kaacchu

spoon

sattu

enemy

setu

bridge

ketu

banner

susu

young one

3. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -

Vid wise man
Singular

Plural

Nominative

vid

vid, viduno

Vocative

vid

vid, viduno

Accusative

vidu

vid, viduno

The rest is similar to the garu declension.

pg. 36

Singular

Plural

Instrumental

vidun

vidhi (vidbhi)

Ablative

vidun

vidhi (vidbhi)

Dative

viduno, vidussa

vidna

Genitive

viduno, vidussa

vidna

Locative

vidumhi, vidusmi

vidsu

6. Translate into Pli:

1. Crossing the bridge the enemy has entered the island.
2. You shall not cut bamboos with axes, you may with saws.
3. King's ministers tied banners on the bridge and on trees.
4. The beasts fed the young ones with rats.
5. Wise men became eminent people.
6. The monk was a relation of the king who rules the island.
7. The trees cut by the enemy fell into the sea.
8. With the fist the mother hit the dog which was trying to bite the girl.
9. Kings protect recluses, brahmins, men and beasts living in the island.
10. Mother's sister killed a rat with a bamboo.
11. The teacher sent sugar-cane to the tuskers' young ones.
12. Seeing a monkey trying to enter the house the husband closed the door.

4. Masculine nouns ending in -

pabh

eminent person

sabba omniscient one

vada

philanthropist

attha

benevolent man

vi

wise man

matta

moderate or
abstemious man

Lesson 28
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u / -ar
Some masculine nouns have two bases ending in -u and -ar.
They express the agent or a relationship.

Exercise 27
5. Translate into English:
1. Bhikkhavo Tathgatassa svak honti.
2. Bandhavo amma passitu nagaramh gma gamisu.
3. Coro rae taravo chinditu pharasu dya gacchi / agami.
4. Sh ca dpayo ca aaviya vasante pasavo mretv khdanti.
5. Sappuris viuno bhavanti.
6. Bhpati manthi saddhi sindhu taritv sattavo paharitv jinitu ussahi.
7. Amm kaacchun drika odana bhojpesi.
8. Hatthino ca kaeruyo ca ucchavo kahitv khdisu.
9. Bhpatissa mantino sattna ketavo harisu.
10. Setumhi nisinno bandhu taruno skha hatthena kahi.
11. Uyyne ropitesu vesu pakkhino nisditv gyanti.
12. Sace pabhuno attha honti manuss sukhino gme viharitu sakkonti.
13. Sabba Tathgato dhammena manusse anussati.
14. Matta sappuris dghajvino ca sukhino ca bhaveyyu.
15. Vihi anussit maya kumr sappuris bhavitu ussahimha.
16. Maya ravino lokena kse uente pakkhino passitu sakkoma.
17. Tumhe pabhuno hutv dhammena jvitu vyameyytha.
18. Aha dhamma desenta bhikkhu jnmi.
19. Ahayo khavo khdant aaviy vammikesu (anthills) vasanti.
20. Vanitya sassu bhaginiy ucchavo ca padumni ca adadi / adsi.

Satthu / satthar teacher (lit., he who admonishes)

pg. 37

Singular

Plural

Nominative

satth

satthro

Vocative

satth, sattha

satthro

Accusative

satthra

satthro

Instrumental

satthr

satthrehi, satthhi

Ablative

satthr

satthrehi, satthhi

Dative

satthu, satthuno,
satthussa

satthrna,
satthna

Genitive

satthu, satthuno,
satthussa

satthrna,
satthna

Locative

satthari

satthresu, satthsu

2. Some words similarly declined are as follows:

Bhtu / bhtar = brother

kattu

doer

gantu

goer

sotu

hearer

dtu

giver

netu

leader

vattu

sayer

jetu

victor

vinetu

disciplinarian vitu

knower

bhattu

husband

nattu

grandson

N.B. Though bhattu and nattu are nouns expressing relationships they are declined like
agent nouns such as satth, as in Sanskrit.
3. Masculine nouns expressing relationships such as pitu (father), and bhtu
(brother) are declined somewhat differently as follows:
Pitu / pitar = father
Singular

Plural

Nominative

pit

pitaro

Vocative

pit, pita

pitaro

Accusative

pitara

pitaro

Instrumental

pitar

pitarehi, pithi

Ablative

pitar

pitarehi, pithi

Dative

pitu, pituno

pitarna

Genitive

pitussa

pitna

Locative

pitari

pitaresu, pitsu

Singular

Plural

Nominative

bht

bhtaro

Vocative

bht, bhta

bhtaro

Accusative

bhtara

bhtaro

Instrumental

bhtar

bhtarehi,bhthi

Ablative

bhtar

bhtarehi,bhthi

Dative

bhtu, bhtuno

bhtarna

Genitive

bhtussa

bhtna

Locative

bhtari

bhtaresu,bhtsu

4. Feminine nouns expressing relationships are declined as follows:

Mtu / Mtar = mother

pg. 38

Singular

Plural

Nominative

mt

mtaro

Vocative

mt, mta, mte

mtaro

Accusative

mtara

mtaro

Instrumental

mtar, mtuy

mtarehi, mthi

Ablative

mtar, mtuy

mtarehi, mthi

Dative

mtu, mtuy, mtya

mtarna,
mtna,mtna

Genitive

mtu, mtuy, mtya

mtarna,
mtna,mtna

Locative

mtari, mtuy,
mtuya

mtaresu, mtsu

11. Let good men become powerful ministers to govern the island.
12. The powerful kings were victorious.

Exercise 28
5. Translate into English:
1. Satth bhikkhna dhamma desento rukkhassa chyya nisinno hoti.
2. Puni kattro bhikkhna ca tpasna ca dna denti.
3. Sace satth dhamma deseyya vitro bhavissanti.
4. Bhpati dpasmi jet bhavatu.
5. Pit dhtara dya vihra gantv satthra vandpesi.
6. Vitro loke manussna netro hontu / bhavantu.
7. Bht pitar saddhi mtuy pacita ygu bhuji.
8. Bhatt nattrehi saha kanta kapi disv hasanto ahsi (stood).
9. Setu kattro veavo bandhitv nadiy tre hapesu.
10. Sindhu taritv dpa gantro satthi hat honti.
11. Bhariy bhattu sake rajakena dhovpesi.
12. Netuno katha sotro uyyne nisinn suriyena pit honti.
13. Dtrehi dinnni vatthni ycakehi na vikkiitabbni honti.
14. Rodantassa nattussa kujjhitv vanit ta (him) hatthena pahari.
15. Vinetuno ovda (advice) sutv bandhavo sappuris abhavisu / ahesu.
16. Gehesu ca aavsu ca vasante khavo ahayo khdanti.
17. Natt mtara ygu ycanto bhmiya patitv rodati.
18. Tumhe bhtarna ca bhaginna ca m kujjhatha.
19. Dpa gantrehi nvya sindhu taritabbo hoti.
20. Pubbak (ancient) isayo mantna (magic spells) kattro ca mantna
pavattro (reciters) ca abhavisu / ahesu.
21. Matta dt nattrna thoka thoka modake (sweets) dadisu / adasu.
22. Attha netro manusse sappurise karont vinetro bhavanti.
23. Mt dhtara ovadant ssa (head) cumbitv (kissed) bhu masitv
samasssesi.
24. Vada brhmao khudya pente ycake disv pahta (much) bhojana
(food) dpesi.
25. Srathin hae veavo gahetv vahak sla mpesi.

Lesson 29
1. Declension of Neuter nouns ending in -i
Ahi = bone, seed
Singular

Plural

Nominative

ahi

ah, ahni

Vocative

ahi

ah, ahni

Accusative

ahi

ah, ahni

Instrumental

ahin

ahhi, (ahbhi)

Ablative

ahin

ahhi, (ahbhi)

Dative

ahino, ahissa

ahna

Genitive

ahino, ahissa

ahna

Locative

ahini, ahimhi,
ahismi

ahsu

N.B. This declension is similar to the aggi declension except in the nominative, vocative
and accusative cases.
2. Neuter nouns ending in -i

6. Translate into Pli:

1. Father and mother went with the brother to see the sister.
2. Evil doers will not live long happily.
3. May the king, together with his retinue, become victorious.
4. Mother's brother is the uncle.
5. The enemies of my brothers tied banners on trees and bamboos.
6. The house builder gave bamboos to the grandsons.
7. Brother gave food to (my) daughter with a spoon.
8. The Buddha is the teacher of gods and men.
9. May you (pl.) be speakers of the truth.
10. Good husbands are kind (kruik) to their wives like gods.

vri

water

akkhi

eye

sappi

ghee

dadhi

curds

acci

flame

satthi

thigh

3. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -u

Cakkhu = eye
Singular

Plural

Nominative

cakkhu

cakkh, cakkhni

Vocative

cakkhu

cakkh, cakkhni

Accusative

cakkhu

cakkh, cakkhni

The rest is similar to the garu declension.

pg. 39

Singular

Plural

Instrumental

cakkhun

chakkhhi
(chakkhbhi)

Ablative

cakkhun

chakkhhi
(chakkhbhi)

Dative

chakkhuno,
chakkhussa

chakkhna

Genitive

chakkhuno,
chakkhussa

chakkhna

Locative

chakkhumhi,
chakkhusmi

chakkhsu

Exercise 29
6. Translate into English:
1. Geha pavisanta ahi disv ka bhyitv assni pavattent roditu rabhi.
2. Dpin hatya gviy ahni bhmiya vippakini honti.
3. Nadiy vrin vatthni dhovanto pit nahpetu putta pakkosi.
4. Tva sappin ca madhun ca sammissetv odana bhujissasi.
5. Maya khramh dadhi labhma.
6. Bhikkhu dpassa acci olokento aniccasaa (perception of impermanence)
vahento (developing) nisdi.
7. Ppakri luddako dhanu ca sare ca dya aavi paviho.
8. Sattu amaccassa satthi asn paharitv ahi chindi.
9. Aha sappin pacita odana madhun bhujitu na icchmi.
10. Natt hatthehi ca jahi ca gacchanta ycaka disv anukampamno
bhojana ca vattha ca dpesi.
11. Drni saharantiyo itthiyo aaviya hiant gyisu.
12. Ambmhi jtni padumni na ambun upalittni (smeared) honti.
13. Manuss nnkammni (various work) katv vasu saharitv puttadre
(children and wife) posetu ussahanti.
14. Bhatt mtuy akkhsu assni disv bhariyya kujjhi.
15. Pit khettavatthni puttna ca nattrna ca vibhajitv vihra gantv
pabbaji.
16. Pakkhhi khditna phalna ahni rukkhamle patitni honti.
17. cariyo sissna (pupils) sippa (art) vcento te anukampamno dhammena
jvitu anussi.
18. Bodhisatto samao mra (the evil one) parjetv Buddho bhavi / ahosi.
19. Buddha passitv dhamma sotu patthent nar dhamma caritu
vyamanti.
20. Sace sappurisna sabb patthan (fem. aspirations) samijjheyyu manuss
loke sukha vindeyyu.
21. Vydhin pit mt assni pavattent dhtuy geha gantv mace sayitv
ygu yci.
22. Mtara anukampamn dht khippa (soon) ygu paiydetv mtuy
mukha (face) dhovitv ygu pyesi.
23. Pitar puha paha bhatt samm (correctly) vibhajitv upamya (with a
smile) attha vykari / vyksi.
24. Luddako aaviy bhmiya dhaa vippakiritv mige palobhetv (tempting)
mretu ussahi.
25. Dhaa khdant mig gacchanta luddaka disv vegena (speedily)
dhvimsu.

4. Neuter nouns ending in -u

dhanu

bow

madhu

honey

assu

tear

ju / jau

knee

dru

firewood

ambu

water

vasu

wealth

vatthu

ground, base,
vitu
site, estate

bhattu

husband

nattu

grandson

knower

5. Vocabulary Verbs
anukampati

feels
vceti
compassionate

teaches

pabbajati

renounces,
becomes
ordained

vippakirati

scatters, (pp.
parjeti
vippakia)

defeats

anugacchati

follows

pattheti

aspires, hopes samijjhati

fulfils,
succeeds

pavatteti

(assni)
sets in motion pavatteti

sheds tears

distributes,
analyses

sammisseti

vibhajati

mixes

7. Translate into Pli:

1. He saw the bones of the animals killed by the leopard in the forest.
2. You (pl.) will bathe in the river water.
pg. 40

3. There are tears in the eyes of the daughter who is a young girl.
4. The farmer sells ghee and curd to the merchants.
5. The flames of the lamps danced in the wind (vtena).
6. There is eczema on the feet of the enemy.
7. The bee (bhamara / madhukara) collects honey from flowers without hurting
them.
8. The woman bringing firewood from the forest fell into the river.
9. Planting trees in the fields and gardens men try to collect wealth.
10. The husband brought a gem for the wife from the city.

Neuter Gender
Ojavantu [adj.], "nourishing"

Nominative

guav, guavanto

guavanto, guavant

Vocative

guav, guava,
guavanta

guavanto, guavant

Accusative

guavanta

guavanto, guavante

Instrumental

guavat,
guavantena

guavantehi
(guavantebhi)

guavat,
guavantamh,
guavantasm

guavantehi
(guavantebhi)

Dative

guavato,
guavantassa

guavata,
guavantna

Genitive

guavato,
guavantassa

guavata,
guavantna

Locative

guavati, guavante,
guavantamhi,
guavantasmi

guavantesu

Ablative

Nominative

ojavanta

ojavantni

Accusative

ojavanta

ojavantni

Feminine Gender
Guavat / guavant and cakkhumat / cakkhumant are the feminine forms of the
adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu. They are declined like kumr, i.e. feminine nouns
ending in -.
2. Adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu

Masculine Gender
Guavantu [adj.], "virtuous"
Plural

Plural

The rest is similar to the declension of masculine adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu.

Lesson 30
1. Declension of Adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu
Attributive adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu can be declined in all three genders.
They agree with the nouns they qualify in gender, number and case.

Singular

Singular

dhanavantu

rich

Bhagavantu

the Fortunate
one, the
yasavantu
Buddha

famous

kulavantu

of good
family

sotavantu

attentive,
having ears

slavantu

virtuous

saddhvantu

devoted

satimantu

mindful

cakkhumantu having eyes

balavantu

powerful

paavantu

wise

puavantu

phalavantu

fruitful

himavantu

Himalayas,po
ssessor of
vaavantu
snow

colourful

bhnumantu

sun, radiant

buddhimantu

intelligent

having
relations

bandhumantu

fortunate,
meritorious

Exercise 30
3. Translate into English:
1. Balavantehi bhpathi arayo parjit honti.
2. Maya cakkhhi bhnumantassa suriyassa rasmiyo oloketu na sakkoma.
3. Bhikkhavo Bhagavat desita dhamma sutv satimant bhavitu vyamisu.
4. Slavant upsak Bhagavanta vanditv dhamma sutv satimant bhavitu
vyamisu.
5. Paavantehi icchita patthita samijjhissati.
6. Kulavato bht Bhagavat saha mantento bhmiya pattharitya kilajya
(mat) nisinno ahosi.
7. Phalavantesu tarsu nisinn pakkhino phalni khditv ahni bhmiya

NB: Note the similarities of this declension to the declension of the present participle
masculine gender ending in -nta.
Adjectives ending in -mantu are declined as cakkhum, cakkhumanto etc.
pg. 41

ptesu.
8. Himavati bah (many) pasavo ca pakkh ca urag (reptiles) ca vasanti.
9. Slavant dhamma sutv cakkhumant bhavitu ussahissanti.
10. Guavato bandhu slavati paha pucchi.
11. Guavat yuvati sla rakkhant mtara posesi.
12. Yasavatiy bandhavo balavanto pabhuno abhavisu.
13. Dhanavantassa sappurisassa bhariy puavat ahosi.
14. Slavantesu vasant asappuris pi guavant bhaveyyu.
15. Silavatiyo mtaro putte guavante ktu ussahanti.
16. Buddhim puriso ppa karonte putte anussitu paavanta bhikkhu
pakkosi.
17. Kulavato natt slavat bhikkhun dhamma sutv pasditv geha pahya
bhikkhsu pabbaji.
18. Balavant pabhuno guavanto bhavantu.
19. Dhanavant balavant kadci karahaci (seldom) guavant bhavanti.
20. Himavantasm gato paav isi slavatiy mtuy uyyne atithi ahosi.
21. Dubbala (weak) slavati itthi disv anukampamn dhanavat ta (her)
posesi.
22. Himavati phalavant taravo na chinditabb honti.
23. Dhammassa vitro yasavant bhavitu na ussahanti.
24. Bandhum balav hoti, dhanav bandhum hoti.
25. Slavat rjin guavathi itthhi saddhi slya nisditv yasavatiy kaya
katha sui.
26. Guav puriso rukkhamh ojavantni phalni ocinitv vihre vasantna
silavantna bhikkhna vibhaji.
27. Balavatiy rjiniy amacc dhammena dpe manusse plesu.
28. Yasavantna nrna dhtaro pi yasavantiyo bhavissanti.
29. Paavantiy yuvatiy puho dhanav paha vyktu asakkonto sabhya
nisdi.
30. Bhnum suriyo manussna loka deti.

11. If a wise monk lives in the village, people will become virtuous.
12. May men of good families become virtuous and wise.
13. People will follow the rich and powerful.
14. The famous king defeated the powerful enemy who has many relations.
15. People with eyes see the radiant sun.
Lesson 31
1. Declension of Personal Pronouns
The first personal pronoun: amha
Singular

Plural

Nominative

aha (= "I")

maya, amhe (= "we")

Vocative

[n/a]

[n/a]

Accusative

ma, mama (= "me")

amhe, amhka, no
(= "us")

Instrumental

may, me

amhehi, no

Ablative

may

amhehi

Dative

mama, mayha,
mama, me

amha, amhka, no

Genitive

mama, mayha,
mama, me

amha, amhka, no

Locative

mayi

amhesu

The second personal pronoun: tumha

4. Translate into Pli:

1. Sages living in the Himalaya sometimes (kadci) come to towns.
2. Mindful monks preached the doctrine to wise lay devotees.
3. Fortunate people have virtuous friends and relations.
4. Rich merchants go from village to village selling goods.
5. The virtuous girl was the wife of the rich teacher.
6. The intelligent monk answered the question asked by the powerful eminent
person.
7. There are garlands in the hand of the virtuous girl.
8. The rich are famous, the wise are virtuous.
9. You (pl.) do not avoid virtuous and wise men.
10. The Fortunate One is living in the famous island ruled by the powerful king.
pg. 42

Singular

Plural

Nominative

tva, tuva (= "you")

tumhe (= "you")

Accusative

ta, tava, tuva

tumhe, tumhka, vo

Instrumental

tvay, tay, te

tumhehi, vo

Ablative

tvay, tay

tumhehi, vo

Dative

tava,tuyha, te

tumha, tumhka, vo

Genitive

tava, tuyha, te

tumha, tumhka, vo

Locative

tvayi, tayi

tumhesu

8. You (pl.) saw sages living in caves in the Himalaya mountain.

9. May our sons and daughters become rich and virtuous.
10. My grandson will become a disciple of yours.
11. May you be rich and famous.
12. The bee (madhukara) is standing on the lotus born (jta) in the water.
13. The devoted lay devotee gave a flower to the young girl of good family.
14. The famous young girl has a colourful gem in her hand.
15. The radiant sun illuminates the world.

Exercise 31
3. Translate into English:
1. Mama cariyo ma vcento potthaka (book) likhi (wrote).
2. Mayha bhagin gilna (sick) pitara posesi.
3. Dtro bhikkhna dna dent amhe pi bhojpesu.
4. Tumhka dhtaro kuhi (where) gamissanti?
5. Amhka dhtaro satthra namassitu Veuvana gamissanti.
6. Amha kammni karont ds (servants) pi sappuris bhavanti.
7. Amhehi katni puni ca ppni ca amhe anubandhanti.
8. Tay ktni bhani tava dht majssu pakkhipitv hapesi.
9. Kulavant ca cal (outcasts) ca amhesu bhikkhsu pabbajanti.
10. Amhka uyyne phalavantesu tarsu vaavant pakkhino caranti.
11. Uyyna gantv tini khdant mig amhe passitv bhyitv aavi
dhvisu.
12. Amhka bhattro nvya udadhi taritv dpa ppuisu.
13. Amha bhpatayo balavant jetro bhavanti.
14. Tumhka nattro ca mama bhtaro ca sahayak abhavisu / ahesu.
15. Tumhehi hani cvarni mama mt bhikkhna pjesi.
16. Uyyne nisinno aha nattrehi kanta tava apassi.
17. Dhaa minanto aha tay saddhi kathetu na sakkomi.
18. Aha tava na kujjhmi, tvam me kujjhasi.
19. Mama dhanavanto bandhavo vi viduno bhavanti.
20. Dpassa accin aha tava chya passitu sakkomi.
21. Amhka bhpatayo jetro hutv psdesu ketavo usspesum (hoisted).
22. Bhtuno putt mama gehe viharant sippa uggahisu.
23. Tava duhit bhikkhuno ovde hatv patino kruik sakh (friend) ahosi.
24. Kusala karont netro sagga gantro bhavissanti.
25. Sace coro geha pavisati ssa bhinditv nsetabbo hoti.
26. Amhka sattuno hatthesu ca pdesu ca daddu atthi.
27. Slavant buddhimantehi saddhim loke manusssna hitasukhya (for welfare
and happiness) nn kammni karonti.
28. Sace susna vinet kruniko hoti, te sotavant susavo gunavant bhavissanti.
29. Maya khramh dadhi ca dadhimh sappi ca labhma.
30. Maya sappi ca madhu ca sammissetv bhojana paiydetv bhujissma.

Lesson 32
1. Declension of Pronouns
There are:
Relative pronouns,
demonstrative pronouns and
interrogative pronouns
of all three genders.
They are declined in all cases except the vocative. They become adjectives when they
qualify other nouns.
2. Masculine gender, singular number
Relative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pr.

Interrogative Pr.

Nominative

yo (= "he who")

so (= "he," "that")

ko (= "who?")

Accusative

ya

ta

ka

Instrumental

yena

tena

kena

Ablative

yamh, yasm

tamh, tasm

kasm, kism

Dative

yassa

tassa

kassa, kissa

Genitive

yassa

tassa

kassa, kissa

Locative

yamhi, yasmi

tamhi, tasmi

kamhi, kasmi kimhi,

kismi

Relative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pr.

Interrogative Pr.

Nominative

ya (= "that")

ta (= "it", "that")

kim (= "which?",
"what?")

Accusative

ya

ta

kim

3. Neuter Gender, singular number

4. Translate into Pli:

1. May our sons and grandsons live long and happily.
2. Trees should not be cut by us or by you.
3. Your king went to the island with the ministers and defeated the enemy.
4. I picked up the seeds which were scattered on the ground by you.
5. Our teacher who was wise and famous taught us the doctrine.
6. A bird taking a fruit by the beak was seen by you.
7. My grandson wishes to become a doctor.

The rest is similar to the masculine declension

pg. 43

7. Feminine gender, plural number

4. Feminine gender, singular number

Relative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pr.

Interrogative Pr.

Nominative

y, yyo (= "they
who")

t, tyo (= "they",
"those")

k, kyo (= "who?")

ka

Accusative

y, y

yo t, tyo

k, kyo

tya

kya

Instrumental

yhi

thi

khi

yya

tya

kya

Ablative

yhi

thi

khi

Dative

yass, yya

tass, tya

kass, kya

Dative

ysa (ysna)

tsa (tsna)

ksa(ksna)

Genitive

yass, yya

tass, tya

kass, kya

Genitive

ysa (ysna)

tsa (tsna)

ksa(ksna)

Locative

yassa, yya

tassa, tya

kassa, kya

Locative

ysu

tsu

ksu

Relative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pr.

Interrogative Pr.

Nominative

y (= "she who")

s (= "she", "that")

k (= "who?")

Accusative

ya

ta

Instrumental

yya

Ablative

5. Masculine gender, plural number

Relative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pr.

Interrogative Pr.

Nominative

ye (= "they who")

te (= "they", "those")

ke (= "who?")

Accusative

ye

te

ke

Instrumental

yehi

tehi

kehi

Ablative

yehi

tehi

kehi

Dative

yesa(yesna)

tesa (tesna)

kesa (kesna)

Genitive

yesa(yesna)

tesa (tesna)

kesa (kesna)

Locative

yesu

tesu

kesu

Relative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pr.

Interrogative Pr.

Nominative

yni, ye (= "those
which")

tni, te (= "those")

kni, ke (= "which?")

Accusative

yni, ye

tni, te

kni, ke

8. The indefinite particle: ci

The indefinite particle ci (Skt. cid) is appended to the case forms of the interrogative
pronoun, expressing ideas such as anyone, whichever, whoever, e.g.
Masc.
koci puriso = some man;
kenaci purisena = by some man
Neut.
kici phala = some fruit;
kenaci phalena = by some fruit
Fem.
kci itthi = some woman;
kyaci itthiy = by, to, of, on some woman.

6. Neuter gender, plural number

The rest is similar to the masculine declension

pg. 44

9. Pronominal Adverbs
Relative Adverbs

Demonstrative Adv.

Ysu itthsu kodho natthi tyo vint bhariyyo ca mtaro ca bhavanti.

Women in whom there is no anger become disciplined wives and mothers.

Interrogative Adverbs

yattha

where

tattha

there

kattha

where

yatra

where

tatra

there

kutra

where

yato

whence
where

tato

thence
therefore

kuto

whence

yath

how in what
tath
manner

in that
manner

katha

how

yasm

because

tasm

therefore

kasm

why

yad

when

tad

then

kad

when

yena

where

tena

there

[n/a]

yva

how long

tva

so long

[n/a]

Yattha bhpatayo dhammik honti tattha manuss sukha vindanti.

Where kings are righteous, there the men enjoy happiness.
Yato bhnum ravi loka obhseti tato cakkhumant rpni passanti.
Since the radiant sun illuminates the world, (therefore) those who have eyes see
objects.
Yath Bhagav dhamma deseti, tath tumhehi paipajjitabba.
Just as the Blessed One preaches the doctrine, so should you conduct yourselves.
Yasm pitaro rukkhe ropesu, tasm maya phalni bhujma.
Because fathers planted trees, (therefore) we enjoy fruits.
Yda amhehi icchita patthita samijjhati tad amhe modma.
When our wishes and aspirations are fulfilled, then we are happy.
Ko tva asi? Ke tumhe hotha?
Who are you (sg.)?
Who are you (pl.)?

10. Examples in sentence formation

Yo atthau hoti so kumre anussitu gacchatu.
May he who is benevolent come to admonish the boys.

Kena dhenu aaviy nt?

By whom was the cow brought from the forest?

Ya aha kakhamno ahosi so gato hoti.

He whom I was expecting has come.

Kassa bhpatin psdo krpito?

For whom was the palace built by the king?

Yena maggena so gato tena gantu aha icchmi.

By which road he came, I wish to go by the same.

Kasm amhehi sacca bhsitabba?

Why should we speak the truth?

Yassa s bhariy hoti so bhatt puavanto hoti.

He is a fortunate husband whose wife she is.

Asappurisehi plite dpe kuto maya dhammika vinetra labhissma?

In an island governed by wicked men where will we get a righteous disciplinarian?

Yasmi hatthe daddu atthi tena hatthena patto na gahitabbo hoti.

The bowl should not be taken by the hand which has eczema on it.

Kehi kata kamma disv tumhe kujjhatha?

Seeing whose work (lit. done by whom) do you get angry?

Yni kammni sukha vahanti (bring) tni puni honti.

Those actions which bring happiness are meritorious.

Kesa nattro tuyha ovde hassanti?

Whose grandsons will stand by your advice?

Y bhariy slavat hoti s bhattuno piyyati.

The wife who is virtuous is dear to the husband.

Kehi ropitsu latsu pupphni ca phalni ca bhavanti?

On the creepers planted by whom are there flowers and fruits?

Yya rjiniy s vp krpit ta aha na anussarmi.

I do not remember the queen by whom that tank was built.

Kya itthiy pdesu daddu atthi?

On the feet of which woman is there eczema?

Yassa sabhya so katha pavattesi tattha bah manuss sannipatit

abhavisu / ahesu.
The meeting where he made a speech, there many people gathered.
Ysa itthna majssu suvaa atthi tyo dvrni thaketv gehehi
nikkhamanti.
Those women in whose boxes there is gold close the doors and go out.
pg. 45

21. Ysa itthna dhana so icchati thi ta labhitu so na sakkoti.

22. Yato amhka bhpati arayo parjesi tasm maya tarsu ketavo bandhimha.
23. Kad amhka patthan (aspirations) samijjhanti?
24. Sabbe te sappuris tesa pahe vissajjetu vyamant slya nisinn honti.
25. Sace tva dvra thakesi aha pavisitu na sakkomi.
26. Amhehi katni kammni chyyo viya amhe anubandhanti.
27. Susavo mtara rakkhanti.
28. Aha smin saddhi gehe viharant modmi.
29. Tumhka putt ca dhtaro ca udadhi taritv bhani vikkiant mla
pariyesitu icchanti.
30. Tva sura pivasi, tasm s tava kujjhati.

Exercise 32:
11. Translate into English:
1. Yass so putto hoti s mt puavat hoti.
2. Yo ta dpa pleti so dhammiko bhpati hoti.
3. Kena ajja (today) nava (new) jvitamagga na pariyesitabba?
4. Sace tumhe asappuris loka dseyytha (pollute) kattha puttadhtarehi
saddhi tumhe vasatha?
5. Yad bhikkhavo sannipatitv slya kilajsu nisdisu tad Buddho pvisi.
6. Yasmi padese Buddho viharati tattha gantu aha icchmi.
7. Yya guhya sh vasanti ta pasavo na upasakamanti.
8. Yo dhanav hoti, tena slavat bhavitabba.
9. Sace tumhe ma paha pucchissatha aha vissajjetu (to explain)
ussahissmi.
10. Yattha slavant bhikkhavo vasanti tattha manuss sappuris honti.
11. Kad tva mtara passitu bhariyya saddhi gacchasi?
12. Yhi rukkh chinn tyo pucchitu kassako gato hoti.
13. Katha tumhe udadhi taritu kakhatha?
14. Kuto t itthiyo maayo harisu?
15. Ysu majssu aha suvaa nikkhipi t cor coresu.
16. Yo ajja nagara gacchati so tarsu ketavo passissati.
17. Yassa may ygu pjit so bhikkhu tava putto hoti.
18. Kuto aha dhammassa vitra paavanta bhikkhu labhissmi?
19. Yasm so bhikkhsu pabbaji, tasm s pi pabbajitu icchati.
20. Ya aha jnmi tumhe pi ta jntha.

12. Translate into Pli:

1. He who is virtuous will defeat the enemy.
2. The girl who spoke at the meeting is not a relation of mine.
3. When the mother comes home the daughter will give the gems.
4. The dog to whom I gave rice is my brother's.
5. Why did you not come home today to worship the monks?
6. From where did you get the robes which you offered to the monks?
7. Whom did you give the gold which I gave you?
8. Eat what you like.
9. I will sit on the rock until you bathe in the river.
10. Where intelligent people live there I wish to dwell.

pg. 46

List of Verbs
Prefixes and roots of verbs are given in Sanskrit within brackets
akkosati (a + k) : scolds
atthi (as) : is
adhigacchati (adhi + gam) :
understands
anukampati (anu + kamp) : feels
compassionate
anugacchati (anu + gam) : follows
anubandhati (anu + badh) : follows,
chases after
anussati (anu + s) : admonishes
kakhati ( + kk) : expects
kahati ( + k?) : pulls, drags
gacchati ( + gam) : comes
dadti ( + d) : takes
neti ( + n) : brings, leads
manteti ( + denom. mantra) :
addresses
masati ( + m) : touches, strokes
rabhati ( + rabh) : starts, commences
ruhati ( + ruh) : climbs, ascends
roceti ( + ruc) : informs
vahati ( + vah) : brings forth
sicati ( + sic) : sprinkles
harati ( + h) : brings
hiati ( + hi) : roams, wanders
icchati (i / p) : wishes
uggahti (ud + gh) : learns
uhahati (ud + sth) : stands up
ueti (ud + ) : flies
uttarati (ud + t) : crosses
udeti ( ud + i) : rises
upasakamati (upa + sa + kram) :
approaches
uppajjati (ud + pad) : is born
uppatati (ud + pad) : flies, jumps up
ussahati (ud + sah) : tries
usspeti (ud + ri) : hoist
ocinti (ava + ci) : collects, picks

otarati (ava + t) : gets down, descends

(into water)
obhseti (ava + bh) : illuminates
oruhati (ava + ruh) : climbs down
oloketi (ava + lok) : looks at
ovadati (ava + vad) : advises
katheti (kath) : speaks
karoti (k) : does, commits
kasati (k) : ploughs
kiti (kr) : buys
kati (kr) : plays
khaati (kha) : digs
khdati (khd) : eats
khipati (kip) : throws
kujjhati (krudh) : gets angry
gacchati (gam) : goes
gahti (gh) : takes
gyati (gai) : sings
carati (car) : wanders, conducts oneself
cavati (cyu) : departs, dies
cinteti (cit) : thinks
cumbati (cumb) : kisses
coreti (cur) : steals
chaeti (cha) : throws away
chdeti (chad) : conceals
chindati (chid) : cuts
jnti (j) : knows
jleti (jval) : lights, kindles
jinti (ji) : wins
jvati (jv?) : lives
hapeti (sth) : places, keeps
asati (as) : bites, stings
tarati (t) : crosses
tihati (sth) : stays, stands
thaketi (sthag) : closes, shuts
dadti / deti (d) : gives
dassati (d) : to see
duhati (duh) : milks

dseti (d) : spoils, pollutes

deseti (di) : points out, instructs,
preaches
dhvati (dhv) : runs
dhovati (dhov) : washes
naccati (nt) : dances
namassati (denom, namas) : worships,
salutes
nahyati (sn) : bathes
nseti (na) : destroys
nikkhamati (nis + kram) : leaves,
renounces
nikkhipati (ni + kip) : throws away,
puts down
nimanteti (ni + denom. mantra) :
invites
nilyati (ni+ l) : hides
nivreti (ni + v) : prevents
nisidati (ni + sad) : sits
nhareti (ni + h) : takes out
neti (n) : leads
pakkosati (pra + k) : calls, summons
pakkhipati (pra + kip) : puts, places,
deposits
pacati (pac) : cooks
pajahati (h) : rejects, abandons
paicchdeti (prati + chad) : conceals,
hides
paiydeti (prati + yat) : prepares
patati (pat) : falls
pattharati (pra + st) : spread
pattheti (pra + arth) : wishes, aspires
pappoti (see pputi ) : attains
pabbajati (pra + vraj) : goes forth,
renounces the world, gets
ordained
parjeti (par + ji) : defeats
pg. 47

pariyesati (pari + i) : explores,

searches
parivajjeti (pari + vj) : avoids
parivreti (pari + v) : accompanies
palobheti (pra + lubh) : tempts
pavatteti (pra + vt) : sets in motion
pavisati (pra + vi) : enters
pasdati (pra + sad) : is pleased
passati (spa) : sees
paharati (pra + h) : hits, strikes
pahiti (pra + hi) : dispatches
pjeti (pra + aj) : drives
pteti (pat) : fells
pputi (pra + p) : attains
pleti (pl) : rules, governs
piyyati (denom. piya) : is dear
pivati (p) : drinks
peti (p) : oppresses
pucchati (pcch) : questions
pjeti (pj) : honours, worships
preti (p) : fills
peseti (pra + i) : sends
poseti (pu) : nourishes, looks after
phusati (spr) : touches
bandhati (badh) : binds, ties
bhajati (bhaj) : keeps company
bhajati (bhaj) : breaks
bhavati (bh) : becomes
bhyati (bh) : fears
bhsati (bh) : speaks
bhindati (bhid) : breaks
bhujati (bhuj) : eats, enjoys, partakes
of
manteti (denom. mantra) : discusses,
takes counsel
mpeti (m) : creates, builds
mreti (m) : kills
minti (m) : measures

 mucati (muc) : releases, frees

modati (mud) : takes delight
ycati (yac) : begs
rakkhati (rak) : protects, observes /
rodati (rud) : cries, weeps
ropeti (rup) : plants
labhati (labh) : gets, receives
likhati (likh) : writes
vaheti (vdh) : developes, increases
vandati (vand) : worships
vapati (vap) : sows
vasati (vas) : dwells
vceti (vac) : teaches
vyamati (vi + + yam) : exerts, tries
vikkiti (vi + kr) : sells
vijjhati (vyadh) : shoots

vindati (vid) : feels, experiences

vippakirati (vi + pra + k\) : scatters
vibhajati (vi + bhaj) : distributes
vivarati (vi + v) : opens
vissajjeti (vi + sj) : spends
viharati (vi + h) : dwells
vihisati (vi + his) : hurts, harms
viheheti (vi + h) : harasses
veheti (ve) : wraps
vykaroti (vi + + k) : explains
saharati (sa + h) : collects
sakkoti (ak) : is able, can
sannipatati (sa + ni + pat) : assembles,
gathers together
samassseti (sa + + vas) : consoles,
comforts

samijjhati (sa + dh) : fulfils, succeeds

sammajjati (sa + mj) : sweeps
sammisseti (sa + denom. mira) :
mixes
sayati () : sleeps
sallapati (sa + lap) : converses
sdiyati (svad) : enjoys
sibbati (sv) : sews
suti (ru) : listens, hears
hanati (han) : kills
harati (h) : carries, takes away
hasati (has) : laughs
hoti (bh) : is, becomes

Pli Vocabulary
(other than Verbs)

Abbreviations:
m = masculine;
f = feminine;
n = neuter;
adj = adjective;
ind = indeclinable particle;
adv = adverb
pron = pronoun
akusala, adj : demerit
akkhi, n : eye
aggi, m : fire
aguli, f : finger
acci, n : flame
aja, m : goat
ajja, ind : today
aavi, f : forest
ahi, n : bone
atithi, m : guest
attha, m : benevolent person
addh, ind : indeed, certainly
adhipati, m : chief

anicca, adj : impermanent

antar, ind : between
amacca, m : minister
ambu, n : water
amm, f : mother
araa, n : forest
ari, m : enemy
asani, f : thunder
asappurisa, m : wicked man
asi, m : sword
assa, m : horse
assu, n : tear
aha, pron : I
ahi, m : serpent
ksa, m : sky
khu, m : mouse
cariya, m : teacher
paa, n : shop
loka, m : light
va, m : pit
sana, n : seat
itthi, f : woman

iddhi, f : psychic power

isi, m : sage
ucchu, m : sugar cane
udaka, n : water
udadhi, m : ocean, sea
upam, f : simile
upalitta, mfn : smeared
upsaka, m : lay devotee
uyyna, n : park
uraga, m : reptile
odana, m : rice
ojavantu, adj : luscious
ovaraka, m : bed room
ovda, n : advice
kakaca, m : saw
ka, f : girl
kaacchu, m : spoon
kaeru, f : cow / elephant
kattu, m : doer
kattha, adv : where
kath, f : speech
katha, adv : how
pg. 48

kadal, f : banana, plantain

kad, adv : when
kadci karahaci, adv : sometimes
kapi, m : monkey
kamma, n : action, deed
kar, m : elephant
kavi, m : poet
kasm, adv : why
kka, m : crow
kya, m : body
kruika, adj : compassionate
ksu, f : pit
kilaj, f : mat
kukkura, m : dog
kucchi, mf : belly
kuh, m : leper
kuto, adv : whence
kutra, adv : where
kumra, m : boy
kumr, f : girl
kulavantu, adj : man of good family
kusala, adj : merit

 kusuma, n : flower
kuhi, adv : where
ketu, m : flag
khagga, m : sword
khaa, n : piece
khdanya, n : food
khippa, adv : soon
khra, n : milk
khud, f : hunger
khetta, n : field
Gang, f : Ganges river
gantu, m : one who goes
garu, m : teacher
gahapati, m : householder
gma, m : village
gv, f : cow
giri, m : mountain
gilna, m : sick man
gta, n : song
gv, f : neck
guavantu, adj : virtuous
guh, f : cave
geha, n : house, home
goa, m : ox
ghaa, n : pot
ghara, n : house
ca, ind : and
cakkhu, n : eye
cala, m : outcast
canda, m : moon
citta, n : mind
cvara, n : robe
cora, m : thief
chy, f : shade, shadow
ju / jau, n : knee
jala, n : water
jta, mfn : born
jivh, f : tongue
jetu, m : victor
taula, n : raw rice
tato, adv : therefore
tattha, adv : there
tatra, adv : there

tath, adv : thus

Tathgata, m : the Buddha
tad, adv : then
taru, m : tree
tarui, f : young woman
tasm, adv : therefore
tpasa, m : hermit
tva, adv : so far, until
tia, n : grass
tra, n : bank
tua, n : beak
tela, n : oil
tva, pron : you
dakkha, adj : clever
daddu, fn : eczema
dadhi, n : curd
dh, m : tusker
dtu, m : giver
dna, n : alms
draka, m : child
dru, n : firewood
dsa, m : servant
dghajv, m : one with long life
dpa, m : island / lamp
dp, m : leopard
dukkha, adv : suffering
dubbala, adj : weak
dussa, n : cloth
duhitu, f : daughter
dta, m : messenger
deva, m : deity
devat, f : deity
devi, f : queen
doi, f : boat
dvra, n : door
dhaa, n : corn
dhana, n : wealth
dhanu, n : bow
dhamma, m : doctrine
dhtu, f : relics, elements
dhtu, f : daughter
dhvara, m : fisherman
dhenu, f : cow

na, ind : not

nagara, n : city, town
nad, f : river
nayana, n : eye
nara, m : man
naraka, n : purgatory
nava, adj : new
nn, ind : various
nr, f : woman
ni, f : a unit of measure
nv, f : ship
nvika, m : sailor
nidhi, m : treasure
nivsa, m : house
netu, m : leader
pakkh, m : bird
pajara, mn : cage
pa, f : wisdom
paha, m : question
paita, m : sage, wise man
paa, n : leaf
pati, m : husband
patta, m : bowl
patthan, f : hope, expectation
paduma, n : lotus
pabbata, m : mountain
pabhte, n : early morning
pabh, m : eminent person
pasu, m : animal
paris, f : retinue
pavattu, m : reciter
pahta, adj : much
pi, m : palm, hand
p, m : living being
pda, m : foot
pnya, n : drinking water
ppa, n : evil
psa, m : stone
psda, m : mansion
pi, ind : too, also
piaka, m : basket
pitu, m : father
pips, f : thirst
pg. 49

pipsita, mfn : thirsty

pua, n : merit
putta, m : son
puttadra, m : children and wife
puna, ind : again
puppha, n : flower
pupphsana, n : flower altar
pubbaka, mfn : ancient
purisa, m : man
pokkhara, f : pond
potthaka, n : book
pharasu, m : axe
phala, n : fruit
bandhu, m : relative
balavantu, mfn : powerful
bal, m : powerful one
bahu, adj : many
bja, n : seed
Buddha, m : the Buddha
buddhi, f : intelligence
brhmaa, m : brahmin
brhma, f : brahmin woman
bhagin, f : sister
Bhagav, m : the Buddha
bhaa, n : goods
bhatta, mn : rice
bhattu, m : husband
bhariy, f : wife
bhtu, m : brother
bhnum, m : sun
bhikkhu, m : monk
bhpati, m : king
bhpla, m : king
bhmi, f : ground
bhojana, n : food, meal
bhojanya, n : soft food
makkaa, m : monkey
magga, m : road
maccha, m : fish
maca, m : bed
majs, f : box
mai, m : gem

 matta, m : moderate, abstemious

one
madhu, n : honey
madhukara, m : bee
manussa, m : man
manta, n : magic spell
mant, m : minister
m, ind : do not
mtu, f : mother
mtula, m : uncle
mra, m : the evil one
ml, f : garland
miga, m : deer
mitta, mn : friend
mukha, n : face, mouth
muhi, m : fist
muni, m : sage
mla, n : money
modaka, n : sweetmeat
yahi, f : walking stick
yato, adv : since
yattha, adv : where
yatra, adv : where
yath, adv : in which manner
yad, adv : when
yadi, ind : if
yasavantu, mfn : famous
yasm, adv : because
ygu, f : gruel
ycaka, m : beggar
yva, adv : how far
yuvati, f : young woman
rajaka, m : washerman
rajju, f : rope
ratti, f : night
ratha, m : vehicle, chariot
ravi, m : sun
rasa, n : taste
rasmi, f : ray
rjin, f : queen
rsi, m : heap
rukkha, m : tree
rukkhamla, n : foot of tree

rpa, n : form, object

lat, f : creeper
lbha, m : gain, profit
luddaka, m : hunter
loka, m : world
locana, n : eye
vahak, m : carpenter
vaavantu, mfn : colourful
vattu, m : speaker
vattha, n : cloth
vatthu, n : estate
vada, m : generous one
vadh, f : wife/daughter
vana, n : forest
vammika, mn : anthill
varha, m : pig
vasu, n : wealth
v, ind : or
vija, m : merchant
vta, m : wind
vnara, m : monkey
vp, f : tank
vri, n : river
vluk, f : sand
vijju, f : lightning
vitu, m : knowledgeable man
vi, m : wise man
vid, m : wise man
vinetu, m : disciplinarian
viya, ind : like, similar
vihra, m : monastery
vsati : twenty
vhi, m : paddy
vega, adj : speed
vetana, n : wage, pay
veu, m : bamboo
vydhi, m : sickness
sakaa, m : cart
sakala, adj : entire
sakua, m : bird
sakh, f : female friend
sagga, n : heaven
sace, ind : if

sacca, n : truth
sattu, m : enemy
satthi, n : thigh
satthu, m : teacher
sadda, m : sound
saddh, f : faith
saddhi, ind : with
sappa, m : serpent
sappi, n : ghee
sappurisa, m : good man
sabba, mfn : all
saba, m : all knowing one
sabh, f : assembly
samaa, m : monk
samudda, m : sea, ocean
sammajjan, f : broom
samm, ind : well, right
sara, m : arrow
sassu, f : mother
saha, ind : with
sahya (ka), m : friend
skh, f : branch
saka, m : garment
sm, m : husband
srath, m : charioteer
sl, f : hall
svaka, m : disciple
sikh, m : peacook
sigla, m : jackal
sindhu, m : sea, ocean
sippa, n : arts and science
sissa, m : pupil
sgha, adv : fast
sla, n : virtue
ssa, n : head
sha, m : lion
suka, m : parrot
sukha, adv : happily
sukh, m : happy person
sugata, m : the Buddha
sunakha, m : dog
sura, m : deity
sur, f : liquor
pg. 50

suriya, m : sun
suva, m : parrot
suvaa, n : gold
susu, m : young one
skara, m : pig
sehi, m : banker
setu, n : bridge
soa, m : dog
sota, n : ear
sotu, m : listener
sopna, m : stairway
hattha, m : hand
hatth, m : elephant
himavantu, mfn : Himalaya
hiraa, n : gold