One-Dimensional Array
Two-Dimensional Array
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing
as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Arrays Hold Multiple Values
Array: variable that can store multiple values of
the same type
Values are stored in adjacent memory locations
Declared using [] operator:
int tests[5];
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 3
Array - Memory Layout
The definition:
int tests[5];
allocates the following memory:
first
element
second
element
third
element
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
fourth
element
fifth
element
Slide 7- 4
Array Terminology
In the definition int tests[5];
int is the data type of the array elements
tests is the name of the array
5, in [5], is the size declarator. It shows the
number of elements in the array.
The size of an array is (number of elements) *
(size of each element)
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 5
Array Terminology
The size of an array is:
the total number of bytes allocated for it
(number of elements) * (number of bytes for
each element)
Examples:
int tests[5] is an array of 20 bytes,
assuming 4 bytes for an int
long double measures[10]is an array of 80
bytes, assuming 8 bytes for a long double
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 6
Size Declarators
Named constants are commonly used as size
declarators.
const int SIZE = 5;
int tests[SIZE];
This eases program maintenance when the size
of the array needs to be changed.
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 7
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Accessing Array Elements
Each element in an array is assigned a unique
subscript.
Subscripts start at 0
subscripts:
0
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 9
Accessing Array Elements
The last elements subscript is n-1 where n is the
number of elements in the array.
subscripts:
0
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 10
Accessing Array Elements
Array elements can be used as regular variables:
tests[0] = 79;
cout << tests[0];
cin >> tests[1];
tests[4] = tests[0] + tests[1];
Arrays must be accessed via individual elements:
cout << tests; // not legal
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 11
(Program Continues)
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 12
Here are the contents of the hours array, with the values
entered by the user in the example output:
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 13
Accessing Array Contents
Can access element with a constant or literal
subscript:
cout << tests[3] << endl;
Can use integer expression as subscript:
int i = 5;
cout << tests[i] << endl;
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 14
Using a Loop to Step Through an
Array
Example The following code defines an array,
numbers, and assigns 99 to each element:
const int ARRAY_SIZE = 5;
int numbers[ARRAY_SIZE];
for (int count = 0; count < ARRAY_SIZE; count++)
numbers[count] = 99;
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 15
A Closer Look At the Loop
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 16
Default Initialization
Global array all elements initialized to 0 by
default
Local array all elements uninitialized by
default
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 17
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
No Bounds Checking in C++
When you use a value as an array subscript,
C++ does not check it to make sure it is a valid
subscript.
In other words, you can use subscripts that are
beyond the bounds of the array.
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 19
Code From Program 7-5
The following code defines a three-element array,
and then writes five values to it!
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 20
What the Code Does
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 21
No Bounds Checking in C++
Be careful not to use invalid subscripts.
Doing so can corrupt other memory locations,
crash program, or lock up computer, and cause
elusive bugs.
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 22
Off-By-One Errors
An off-by-one error happens when you use array
subscripts that are off by one.
This can happen when you start subscripts at 1
rather than 0:
// This code has an off-by-one error.
const int SIZE = 100;
int numbers[SIZE];
for (int count = 1; count <= SIZE; count++)
numbers[count] = 0;
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 23
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Array Initialization
Arrays can be initialized with an initialization list:
const int SIZE = 5;
int tests[SIZE] = {79,82,91,77,84};
The values are stored in the array in the order
in which they appear in the list.
The initialization list cannot exceed the array
size.
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 25
Code From Program 7-6
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 26
Partial Array Initialization
If array is initialized with fewer initial values
than the size declarator, the remaining
elements will be set to 0:
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 27
Implicit Array Sizing
Can determine array size by the size of the
initialization list:
int quizzes[]={12,17,15,11};
12
17
15
11
Must use either array size declarator or
initialization list at array definition
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 28
Initializing With a String
Character array can be initialized by enclosing
string in " ":
const int SIZE = 6;
char fName[SIZE] = "Henry";
Must leave room for \0 at end of array
If initializing character-by-character, must add in
\0 explicitly:
char fName[SIZE] =
{ 'H', 'e', 'n', 'r', 'y', '\0'};
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 29
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Processing Array Contents
Array elements can be treated as ordinary
variables of the same type as the array
When using ++, -- operators, dont confuse the
element with the subscript:
tests[i]++; // add 1 to tests[i]
tests[i++]; // increment i, no
// effect on tests
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 31
Array Assignment
To copy one array to another,
Dont try to assign one array to the other:
newTests = tests; // Won't work
Instead, assign element-by-element:
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
newTests[i] = tests[i];
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 32
Printing the Contents of an Array
You can display the contents of a character
array by sending its name to cout:
char fName[] = "Henry";
cout << fName << endl;
But, this ONLY works with character arrays!
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 33
Printing the Contents of an Array
For other types of arrays, you must print
element-by-element:
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
cout << tests[i] << endl;
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 34
Summing and Averaging
Array Elements
Use a simple loop to add together array elements:
int tnum;
double average, sum = 0;
for(tnum = 0; tnum < SIZE; tnum++)
sum += tests[tnum];
Once summed, can compute average:
average = sum / SIZE;
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 35
Finding the Highest Value in an
Array
int count;
int highest;
highest = numbers[0];
for (count = 1; count < SIZE; count++)
{
if (numbers[count] > highest)
highest = numbers[count];
}
When this code is finished, the highest variable will
contains the highest value in the numbers array.
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 36
Finding the Lowest Value in an Array
int count;
int lowest;
lowest = numbers[0];
for (count = 1; count < SIZE; count++)
{
if (numbers[count] < lowest)
lowest = numbers[count];
}
When this code is finished, the lowest variable will contains
the lowest value in the numbers array.
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 37
Partially-Filled Arrays
If it is unknown how much data an array will
be holding:
Make the array large enough to hold the
largest expected number of elements.
Use a counter variable to keep track of
the number of items stored in the array.
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 38
Comparing Arrays
To compare two arrays, you must compare
element-by-element:
const int SIZE = 5;
int firstArray[SIZE] = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
int secondArray[SIZE] = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
bool arraysEqual = true; // Flag variable
int count = 0;
// Loop counter variable
// Compare the two arrays.
while (arraysEqual && count < SIZE)
{
if (firstArray[count] != secondArray[count])
arraysEqual = false;
count++;
}
if (arraysEqual)
cout << "The arrays are equal.\n";
else
cout << "The arrays are not equal.\n";
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 39
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Using Parallel Arrays
Parallel arrays: two or more arrays that contain
related data
A subscript is used to relate arrays: elements at
same subscript are related
Arrays may be of different types
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 41
Parallel Array Example
const int SIZE = 5;
// Array size
int id[SIZE];
// student ID
double average[SIZE]; // course average
char grade[SIZE];
// course grade
...
for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
cout << "Student ID: " << id[i]
<< " average: " << average[i]
<< " grade: " << grade[i]
<< endl;
}
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 42
(Program Continues)
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 43
Program 7-12 (Continued)
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 44
The hours and payRate arrays are related through their
subscripts:
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 45
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Arrays as Function Arguments
To pass an array to a function, just use the array
name:
showScores(tests);
To define a function that takes an array
parameter, use empty [] for array argument:
void showScores(int []);
// function prototype
void showScores(int tests[])
// function header
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 47
Arrays as Function Arguments
When passing an array to a function, it is common
to pass array size so that function knows how many
elements to process:
showScores(tests, ARRAY_SIZE);
Array size must also be reflected in prototype,
header:
void showScores(int [], int);
// function prototype
void showScores(int tests[], int size)
// function header
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 48
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 49
Modifying Arrays in Functions
Array names in functions are like reference
variables changes made to array in a function
are reflected in actual array in calling function
Need to exercise caution that array is not
inadvertently changed by a function
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 50
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Can define one array for multiple sets of data
Like a table in a spreadsheet
Use two size declarators in definition:
const int ROWS = 4, COLS = 3;
int exams[ROWS][COLS];
First declarator is number of rows; second is
number of columns
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 52
Two-Dimensional Array
Representation
const int ROWS = 4, COLS = 3; int
exams[ROWS][COLS];
columns
r
o
w
s
exams[0][0]
exams[0][1]
exams[0][2]
exams[1][0]
exams[1][1]
exams[1][2]
exams[2][0]
exams[2][1]
exams[2][2]
exams[3][0]
exams[3][1]
exams[3][2]
Use two subscripts to access element:
exams[2][2] = 86;
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 53
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 54
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 55
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 56
2D Array Initialization
Two-dimensional arrays are initialized row-by-row:
const int ROWS = 2, COLS = 2;
int exams[ROWS][COLS] = { {84, 78},
{92, 97} };
84
78
92
97
Can omit inner { }, some initial values in a row
array elements without initial values will be set to 0
or NULL
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 57
Two-Dimensional Array as
Parameter, Argument
Use array name as argument in function call:
getExams(exams, 2);
Use empty [] for row, size declarator for column in
prototype, header:
const int COLS = 2;
// Prototype
void getExams(int [][COLS], int);
// Header
void getExams(int exams[][COLS], int rows)
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 58
Example The showArray Function
from Program 7-19
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 59
How showArray is Called
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 60
Summing All the Elements in a
Two-Dimensional Array
Given the following definitions:
const int NUM_ROWS = 5; // Number of rows
const int NUM_COLS = 5; // Number of columns
int total = 0;
// Accumulator
int numbers[NUM_ROWS][NUM_COLS] =
{{2, 7, 9, 6, 4},
{6, 1, 8, 9, 4},
{4, 3, 7, 2, 9},
{9, 9, 0, 3, 1},
{6, 2, 7, 4, 1}};
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 61
Summing All the Elements in a
Two-Dimensional Array
// Sum the array elements.
for (int row = 0; row < NUM_ROWS; row++)
{
for (int col = 0; col < NUM_COLS; col++)
total += numbers[row][col];
}
// Display the sum.
cout << "The total is " << total << endl;
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 62
Summing the Rows of a
Two-Dimensional Array
Given the following definitions:
const int NUM_STUDENTS = 3;
const int NUM_SCORES = 5;
double total;
// Accumulator
double average; // To hold average scores
double scores[NUM_STUDENTS][NUM_SCORES] =
{{88, 97, 79, 86, 94},
{86, 91, 78, 79, 84},
{82, 73, 77, 82, 89}};
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 63
Summing the Rows of a
Two-Dimensional Array
// Get each student's average score.
for (int row = 0; row < NUM_STUDENTS; row++)
{
// Set the accumulator.
total = 0;
// Sum a row.
for (int col = 0; col < NUM_SCORES; col++)
total += scores[row][col];
// Get the average
average = total / NUM_SCORES;
// Display the average.
cout << "Score average for student "
<< (row + 1) << " is " << average <<endl;
}
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 64
Summing the Columns of a
Two-Dimensional Array
Given the following definitions:
const int NUM_STUDENTS = 3;
const int NUM_SCORES = 5;
double total;
// Accumulator
double average; // To hold average scores
double scores[NUM_STUDENTS][NUM_SCORES] =
{{88, 97, 79, 86, 94},
{86, 91, 78, 79, 84},
{82, 73, 77, 82, 89}};
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 65
Summing the Columns of a TwoDimensional Array
// Get the class average for each score.
for (int col = 0; col < NUM_SCORES; col++)
{
// Reset the accumulator.
total = 0;
// Sum a column
for (int row = 0; row < NUM_STUDENTS; row++)
total += scores[row][col];
// Get the average
average = total / NUM_STUDENTS;
// Display the class average.
cout << "Class average for test " << (col + 1)
<< " is " << average << endl;
}
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 66
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Array of Strings
Use a two-dimensional array of characters as an array of
strings:
const int NAMES = 3, SIZE = 10;
char students[NAMES][SIZE] =
{ "Ann", "Bill", "Cindy" };
Each row contains one string
Can use row subscript to reference the string in a particular
row:
cout << students[i];
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 68
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 69
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 70
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Arrays with Three or More
Dimensions
Can define arrays with any number of
dimensions:
short rectSolid[2][3][5];
double timeGrid[3][4][3][4];
When used as parameter, specify all but 1st
dimension in prototype, heading:
void getRectSolid(short [][3][5]);
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 72
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Introduction to the STL vector
A data type defined in the Standard Template
Library (covered more in Chapter 16)
Can hold values of any type:
vector<int> scores;
Automatically adds space as more is needed
no need to determine size at definition
Can use [] to access elements
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 74
Declaring Vectors
You must #include<vector>
Declare a vector to hold int element:
vector<int> scores;
Declare a vector with initial size 30:
vector<int> scores(30);
Declare a vector and initialize all elements to 0:
vector<int> scores(30, 0);
Declare a vector initialized to size and contents of
another vector:
vector<int> finals(scores);
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 75
Adding Elements to a Vector
Use push_back member function to add element
to a full array or to an array that had no defined
size:
scores.push_back(75);
Use size member function to determine size of a
vector:
howbig = scores.size();
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 76
Removing Vector Elements
Use pop_back member function to remove last
element from vector:
scores.pop_back();
To remove all contents of vector, use clear
member function:
scores.clear();
To determine if vector is empty, use empty
member function:
while (!scores.empty()) ...
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 77
Other Useful Member Functions
Member
Function
Description
at(elt)
Returns the value of the element at cout <<
position elt in the vector
vec1.at(i);
capacity()
maxelts =
Returns the maximum number of
elements a vector can store without vec1.capacity();
allocating more memory
Reverse the order of the elements vec1.reverse();
in a vector
reverse()
Example
resize
(elts,val)
Add elements to a vector,
optionally initializes them
vec1.resize(5,0);
swap(vec2)
Exchange the contents of two
vectors
vec1.swap(vec2);
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Slide 7- 78
