BIOFILTERS for
Emission and Odor Control
Renee Groskreutz, P.E.
CH2M HILL
SCAP Biosolids Workshop
September 28, 2004
Overview
Why Biofiltration for Odor Control?
What is the Biofilter Process?
What key issues should we consider
when Designing and Operating?
What are the typical H2S and odor
removal rates of a biofilter?
Introduction
Biofiltration - sustainable
treatment technology
uses natural biological processes
uses natural media materials
no environmentally harmful
by-products
Examples in So Cal:
LVMWD, IEUA, LACSD, and others
Why Biofilters?
Environmentally friendly
compared to other odor controls:
chemical scrubbers use hazardous
chemicals (e.g. caustic, hypochlorite)
spent activated carbon may require
disposal as hazardous waste
thermal oxidizers use fossil fuels which
generate greenhouse gases
Simplified Biofilter Schematic
Water for Periodic
Irrigation
Water
Treated Air
Foul Air
Media
Foul Air
Blower
Humidification
Chamber
Drainage and
Leachate Collection
Biofilter
The Process in the Bed
Three-phase Process
Biofilm
Transfer of
Porous
contaminants from gas Media
to liquid
Bulk Gas
Biodegradation in liquid
Transfer of nutrients
from media to liquid
Transfer of
Gas Liquid Porous
contaminants from
Phase Film Media
liquid to solid
Process Description
In simple terms: Biofilters are described
as a biofilm system
Behind the scenes: Biofilters are a
complex adsorption, absorption,
biological oxidation system
Take home: Biofilters are a system
designed and operated to support a
healthy microbe colony that consumes
odorous compounds
Biofilter Examples
Design and Operating
Considerations
Sizing a Biofilter
Media Selection
Air Distribution
Moisture Control
Pre-engineered systems
Sizing a Biofilter
Empty Bed Residence Time (EBRT)
EBRT required depends on the odorous
compound (s) and type of media
Typical WWTPs = H2S, low level reduced
sulfur organic compounds
A D
EBRT =
Q
A = surface area of biofilter
D = depth
Q = flowrate
LR = Volumetric Loading Rate
Q
LR =
A
Example EBRTs
Simple Organic Media systems =
45 to 60 seconds
3 to 6 cfm per square foot
volumetric loading rate (LR)
Simple Soil based systems = 60 to
120 seconds
1.5 to 3 cfm per square foot
High rate Organic Media systems =
30 to 45 seconds
5 to 15 cfm per square foot surface
Biofilter Media Selection
Has Major Impacts
Microorganisms
Moisture Control
Nutrient Supply
Media Stability
pH (buffering)
Foul Air Residence Time
Requirements
Pressure Drop
Media Selection
Types of media
soil
long life, relatively low loading rates
organic
replacement 2 to 5 years, higher loading
rates
synthetic
usually component of mix, site specific
Air Distribution
Air Flow Distribution
Plenum with distribution plate
Perforated piping
Checking Air Distribution in
Constructed Biofilter
Smoke Test to show even
distribution of air stream
Moisture Control
Moisture Control
Typical range - 50% to 65%
Prehumidification
humidification chambers
duct sprays
Bed irrigation
soaker hoses
surface sprays
Moisture Control (critical)
Top irrigation alone is not considered
sufficient, preconditioning the air as it
enters is recommended
If moisture is not controlled, then
organic based media can have the
following tendencies:
can be prone to shrink and swell
crusting, short circuiting, dead zones
can be hydrophobic if dried (difficult to rewet)
Vendor Biofilter Systems
(Modular Pre-engineered)
Ambio
Bay Products
Biocube
Bioreactor
Biorem
Bioton
Envirogen
Zabocs
others
Typically for smaller
applications.
Proprietary media
Specialized moisture
control system
Modular design for
biofilter containers.
Performance Data for Organic Media
Performance Data for Organic Biofilter
100.00
90.00
80.00
Performance Removal
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Odor Units
Hydrogen Sulfide
Mercaptan
Odorant
Carbonyl Sulfide
Dimethyl Sulfide
Biofilters
Advantages
Low maintenance
No Chemicals
Very effective for a
wide range of
compounds
Low Cost relative to
other odor control
technologies
Disadvantages
Can be land intensive
Can short circuit if
poorly designed
Organic Media will
decay and compact
over time
Difficult to completely
avoid musty biofilter
smell
Conclusions
Successful biofilter requires careful:
Media selection
Moisture control
Airflow distribution
Correctly designed and maintained
biofilter will provide:
High removal efficiencies for odor and H2S
Biofilters are routinely selected as
technology of choice due to ease of
operations and proven performance
