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Cauchy Stress Tensor

The Cauchy stress tensor relates the stress vector acting on a surface to the orientation of that surface. It is a central concept in the linear theory of elasticity and describes the state of stress within a material. The tensor consists of nine components that define the stress at each point in the material. It transforms according to the tensor transformation law and its components must satisfy equilibrium equations.

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Cauchy Stress Tensor

The Cauchy stress tensor relates the stress vector acting on a surface to the orientation of that surface. It is a central concept in the linear theory of elasticity and describes the state of stress within a material. The tensor consists of nine components that define the stress at each point in the material. It transforms according to the tensor transformation law and its components must satisfy equilibrium equations.

Uploaded by

Prantik Adhar Samanta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cauchystresstensor

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Incontinuummechanics,theCauchystresstensor ,true
stresstensor,[1]orsimplycalledthestresstensorisasecond
ordertensornamedafterAugustinLouisCauchy.Thetensor
consistsofninecomponents thatcompletelydefinethestate
ofstressatapointinsideamaterialinthedeformedstate,
placement,orconfiguration.Thetensorrelatesaunitlength
directionvectorntothestressvectorT(n)acrossanimaginary
surfaceperpendicularton:

where,

Figure2.3Componentsofstressinthreedimensions

TheCauchystresstensorobeysthetensortransformationlawunderachangeinthesystemofcoordinates.Agraphical
representationofthistransformationlawistheMohr'scircleforstress.
TheCauchystresstensorisusedforstressanalysisofmaterialbodiesexperiencingsmalldeformations:Itisacentralconcept
inthelineartheoryofelasticity.Forlargedeformations,alsocalledfinitedeformations,othermeasuresofstressarerequired,
suchasthePiolaKirchhoffstresstensor,theBiotstresstensor,andtheKirchhoffstresstensor.
Accordingtotheprincipleofconservationoflinearmomentum,ifthecontinuumbodyisinstaticequilibriumitcanbe
demonstratedthatthecomponentsoftheCauchystresstensorineverymaterialpointinthebodysatisfytheequilibrium
equations(Cauchy'sequationsofmotionforzeroacceleration).Atthesametime,accordingtotheprincipleofconservationof
angularmomentum,equilibriumrequiresthatthesummationofmomentswithrespecttoanarbitrarypointiszero,whichleads
totheconclusionthatthestresstensorissymmetric,thushavingonlysixindependentstresscomponents,insteadofthe
originalnine.
Therearecertaininvariantsassociatedwiththestresstensor,whosevaluesdonotdependuponthecoordinatesystemchosen,
ortheareaelementuponwhichthestresstensoroperates.Thesearethethreeeigenvaluesofthestresstensor,whicharecalled
theprincipalstresses.

Contents
1 EulerCauchystressprinciplestressvector
1.1 Cauchyspostulate
1.2 Cauchysfundamentallemma
2 Cauchysstresstheoremstresstensor
2.1 Transformationruleofthestresstensor
2.2 Normalandshearstresses
3 BalancelawsCauchy'sequationsofmotion
3.1 Cauchy'sfirstlawofmotion
3.2 Cauchy'ssecondlawofmotion
4 Principalstressesandstressinvariants
5 Maximumandminimumshearstresses
6 Stressdeviatortensor
6.1 Invariantsofthestressdeviatortensor
7 Octahedralstresses

8 References

EulerCauchystressprinciplestressvector
TheEulerCauchystressprinciplestatesthatuponany
surface(realorimaginary)thatdividesthebody,theactionof
onepartofthebodyontheotherisequivalent(equipollent)to
thesystemofdistributedforcesandcouplesonthesurface
dividingthebody,[2]anditisrepresentedbyafield
,called
thestressvector,definedonthesurface andassumedto
dependcontinuouslyonthesurface'sunitvector .[3][4]:p.6696
ToformulatetheEulerCauchystressprinciple,consideran
imaginarysurface passingthroughaninternalmaterialpoint
dividingthecontinuousbodyintotwosegments,asseenin
Figure2.1aor2.1b(onemayuseeitherthecuttingplane
diagramorthediagramwiththearbitraryvolumeinsidethe
continuumenclosedbythesurface ).
FollowingtheclassicaldynamicsofNewtonandEuler,the
motionofamaterialbodyisproducedbytheactionof
externallyappliedforceswhichareassumedtobeoftwokinds:
surfaceforces andbodyforces .[5]Thus,thetotalforce
appliedtoabodyortoaportionofthebodycanbeexpressed
as:

Figure2.1aInternaldistributionofcontactforcesandcouple
stressesonadifferential
oftheinternalsurface ina
continuum,asaresultoftheinteractionbetweenthetwo
portionsofthecontinuumseparatedbythesurface

Onlysurfaceforceswillbediscussedinthisarticleastheyare
relevanttotheCauchystresstensor.
Whenthebodyissubjectedtoexternalsurfaceforcesorcontact
forces ,followingEuler'sequationsofmotion,internalcontact
forcesandmomentsaretransmittedfrompointtopointinthe
body,andfromonesegmenttotheotherthroughthedividing
surface ,duetothemechanicalcontactofoneportionofthe
continuumontotheother(Figure2.1aand2.1b).Onanelement
ofarea
containing ,withnormalvector ,theforce
distributionisequipollenttoacontactforce
andsurface
moment
.Inparticular,thecontactforceisgivenby

where

isthemeansurfacetraction.

Figure2.1bInternaldistributionofcontactforcesandcouple
stressesonadifferential
oftheinternalsurface ina
continuum,asaresultoftheinteractionbetweenthetwo
portionsofthecontinuumseparatedbythesurface

Cauchysstressprincipleasserts[6]:p.47102thatas
becomesverysmallandtendstozerotheratio
becomes
andthecouplestressvector
vanishes.Inspecificfieldsofcontinuummechanicsthecouplestressisassumed
nottovanishhowever,classicalbranchesofcontinuummechanicsaddressnonpolarmaterialswhichdonotconsidercouple
stressesandbodymoments.
Theresultantvector
givenby

isdefinedasthesurfacetraction,[7]alsocalledstressvector,[8]traction,[4]ortractionvector.[6]
atthepoint associatedwithaplanewithanormalvector :

Thisequationmeansthatthestressvectordependsonitslocationinthebodyandtheorientationoftheplaneonwhichitis
acting.

Thisimpliesthatthebalancingactionofinternalcontactforces
generatesacontactforcedensityorCauchytractionfield[5]
thatrepresentsadistributionofinternalcontact
forcesthroughoutthevolumeofthebodyinaparticular
configurationofthebodyatagiventime .Itisnotavector
fieldbecauseitdependsnotonlyontheposition ofa
particularmaterialpoint,butalsoonthelocalorientationofthe
surfaceelementasdefinedbyitsnormalvector .[9]
Dependingontheorientationoftheplaneunderconsideration,
thestressvectormaynotnecessarilybeperpendiculartothat
plane,i.e.parallelto ,andcanberesolvedintotwo
components(Figure2.1c):
onenormaltotheplane,callednormalstress

where
isthenormalcomponentoftheforce
thedifferentialarea

to

Figure2.1cStressvectoronaninternalsurfaceSwithnormal
vectorn.Dependingontheorientationoftheplaneunder
consideration,thestressvectormaynotnecessarilybe
perpendiculartothatplane,i.e.parallelto ,andcanbe
resolvedintotwocomponents:onecomponentnormaltothe
plane,callednormalstress ,andanothercomponentparallel
tothisplane,calledtheshearingstress .

andtheotherparalleltothisplane,calledtheshearstress

where
isthetangentialcomponentoftheforce tothedifferentialsurfacearea
furtherdecomposedintotwomutuallyperpendicularvectors.

.Theshearstresscanbe

Cauchyspostulate
AccordingtotheCauchyPostulate,thestressvector

remainsunchangedforallsurfacespassingthroughthepoint and

havingthesamenormalvector at ,[7][10]i.e.,havingacommontangentat .Thismeansthatthestressvectorisafunction


ofthenormalvector only,andisnotinfluencedbythecurvatureoftheinternalsurfaces.

Cauchysfundamentallemma
AconsequenceofCauchyspostulateisCauchysFundamentalLemma,[1][7][11]alsocalledtheCauchyreciprocal
theorem,[12]:p.103130whichstatesthatthestressvectorsactingonoppositesidesofthesamesurfaceareequalinmagnitudeand
oppositeindirection.CauchysfundamentallemmaisequivalenttoNewton'sthirdlawofmotionofactionandreaction,andis
expressedas

Cauchysstresstheoremstresstensor
ThestateofstressatapointinthebodyisthendefinedbyallthestressvectorsT(n)associatedwithallplanes(infinitein
number)thatpassthroughthatpoint.[13]However,accordingtoCauchysfundamentaltheorem,[11]alsocalledCauchysstress
theorem,[1]merelybyknowingthestressvectorsonthreemutuallyperpendicularplanes,thestressvectoronanyotherplane
passingthroughthatpointcanbefoundthroughcoordinatetransformationequations.
Cauchysstresstheoremstatesthatthereexistsasecondordertensorfield(x,t),calledtheCauchystresstensor,independent
ofn,suchthatTisalinearfunctionofn:

ThisequationimpliesthatthestressvectorT(n)atanypointPinacontinuumassociatedwithaplanewithnormalunitvectorn
canbeexpressedasafunctionofthestressvectorsontheplanesperpendiculartothecoordinateaxes,i.e.intermsofthe
componentsijofthestresstensor.

Toprovethisexpression,consideratetrahedronwiththreefacesorientedinthecoordinateplanes,andwithaninfinitesimal
areadAorientedinanarbitrarydirectionspecifiedbyanormalunitvectorn(Figure2.2).Thetetrahedronisformedbyslicing
theinfinitesimalelementalonganarbitraryplanen.ThestressvectoronthisplaneisdenotedbyT(n).Thestressvectorsacting
onthefacesofthetetrahedronaredenotedasT(e1),T(e2),andT(e3),andarebydefinitionthecomponentsijofthestresstensor
.ThistetrahedronissometimescalledtheCauchytetrahedron.Theequilibriumofforces,i.e.Eulersfirstlawofmotion
(Newtonssecondlawofmotion),gives:

wheretherighthandsiderepresentstheproductofthemassenclosedbythe
tetrahedronanditsacceleration:isthedensity,aistheacceleration,andhis
theheightofthetetrahedron,consideringtheplanenasthebase.Theareaof
thefacesofthetetrahedronperpendiculartotheaxescanbefoundby
projectingdAintoeachface(usingthedotproduct):

andthensubstitutingintotheequationtocanceloutdA:

Toconsiderthelimitingcaseasthetetrahedronshrinkstoapoint,hmustgoto
0(intuitively,theplanenistranslatedalongntowardO).Asaresult,the
righthandsideoftheequationapproaches0,so

Figure2.2.Stressvectoractingonaplanewith
normalunitvectorn.
Anoteonthesignconvention:The
tetrahedronisformedbyslicingaparallelepiped
alonganarbitraryplanen.So,theforceacting
ontheplanenisthereactionexertedbythe
otherhalfoftheparallelepipedandhasan
oppositesign.

Assumingamaterialelement(Figure2.3)withplanesperpendiculartothe
coordinateaxesofaCartesiancoordinatesystem,thestressvectorsassociated
witheachoftheelementplanes,i.e.T(e1),T(e2),andT(e3)canbedecomposedintoanormalcomponentandtwoshear
components,i.e.componentsinthedirectionofthethreecoordinateaxes.Fortheparticularcaseofasurfacewithnormalunit
vectororientedinthedirectionofthex1axis,denotethenormalstressby11,andthetwoshearstressesas12and13:

Inindexnotationthisis

TheninecomponentsijofthestressvectorsarethecomponentsofasecondorderCartesiantensorcalledtheCauchystress
tensor,whichcompletelydefinesthestateofstressatapointandisgivenby

where11,22,and33arenormalstresses,and12,13,21,23,31,and32areshearstresses.Thefirstindexiindicatesthat
thestressactsonaplanenormaltothexiaxis,andthesecondindexjdenotesthedirectioninwhichthestressacts.Astress
componentispositiveifitactsinthepositivedirectionofthecoordinateaxes,andiftheplanewhereitactshasanoutward
normalvectorpointinginthepositivecoordinatedirection.
Thus,usingthecomponentsofthestresstensor

or,equivalently,

Alternatively,inmatrixformwehave

TheVoigtnotationrepresentationoftheCauchystresstensortakesadvantageofthesymmetryofthestresstensortoexpress
thestressasasixdimensionalvectoroftheform:

TheVoigtnotationisusedextensivelyinrepresentingstressstrainrelationsinsolidmechanicsandforcomputational
efficiencyinnumericalstructuralmechanicssoftware.

Transformationruleofthestresstensor
Itcanbeshownthatthestresstensorisacontravariantsecondordertensor,whichisastatementofhowittransformsundera
changeofthecoordinatesystem.Fromanxisystemtoanxi'system,thecomponentsijintheinitialsystemaretransformed
intothecomponentsij'inthenewsystemaccordingtothetensortransformationrule(Figure2.4):

whereAisarotationmatrixwithcomponentsaij.Inmatrixformthisis

Figure2.4Transformationofthestresstensor

Expandingthematrixoperation,andsimplifyingtermsusingthesymmetryofthestresstensor,gives

TheMohrcircleforstressisagraphicalrepresentationofthistransformationofstresses.

Normalandshearstresses
ThemagnitudeofthenormalstresscomponentnofanystressvectorT(n)actingonanarbitraryplanewithnormalunitvector
natagivenpoint,intermsofthecomponentsijofthestresstensor,isthedotproductofthestressvectorandthenormal
unitvector:

Themagnitudeoftheshearstresscomponentn,actingorthogonaltothevectorn,canthenbefoundusingthePythagorean
theorem:

where

BalancelawsCauchy'sequationsofmotion
Cauchy'sfirstlawofmotion
Accordingtotheprincipleofconservationoflinearmomentum,ifthecontinuumbodyis
instaticequilibriumitcanbedemonstratedthatthecomponentsoftheCauchystress
tensorineverymaterialpointinthebodysatisfytheequilibriumequations.

Forexample,forahydrostaticfluidinequilibriumconditions,thestresstensortakesonthe
form:
,
where isthehydrostaticpressure,and

isthekroneckerdelta.

Derivationofequilibriumequations
Consideracontinuumbody(seeFigure4)occupyingavolume ,
havingasurfacearea ,withdefinedtractionorsurfaceforces

Figure4.Continuumbodyin
equilibrium

perunitareaactingoneverypointofthebodysurface,andbodyforces
perunitofvolumeoneverypointwithinthevolume .Thus,ifthe
bodyisinequilibriumtheresultantforceactingonthevolumeiszero,
thus:

Bydefinitionthestressvectoris

,then

UsingtheGauss'sdivergencetheoremtoconvertasurfaceintegraltoa
volumeintegralgives

Foranarbitraryvolumetheintegralvanishes,andwehavethe
equilibriumequations

Cauchy'ssecondlawofmotion
Accordingtotheprincipleofconservationofangularmomentum,equilibriumrequiresthatthesummationofmomentswith
respecttoanarbitrarypointiszero,whichleadstotheconclusionthatthestresstensorissymmetric,thushavingonlysix
independentstresscomponents,insteadoftheoriginalnine:

Derivationofsymmetryofthestresstensor
SummingmomentsaboutpointO(Figure4)theresultantmomentiszeroas
thebodyisinequilibrium.Thus,

where isthepositionvectorandisexpressedas

Knowingthat

andusingGauss'sdivergencetheoremto

changefromasurfaceintegraltoavolumeintegral,wehave

Thesecondintegraliszeroasitcontainstheequilibriumequations.This
leavesthefirstintegral,where
,therefore

ForanarbitraryvolumeV,wethenhave

whichissatisfiedateverypointwithinthebody.Expandingthisequationwe
have
,

,and

oringeneral

Thisprovesthatthestresstensorissymmetric
However,inthepresenceofcouplestresses,i.e.momentsperunitvolume,thestresstensorisnonsymmetric.Thisalsoisthe
casewhentheKnudsennumberisclosetoone,
,orthecontinuumisanonNewtonianfluid,whichcanleadto
rotationallynoninvariantfluids,suchaspolymers.

Principalstressesandstressinvariants
Ateverypointinastressedbodythereareatleastthreeplanes,calledprincipalplanes,withnormalvectors ,calledprincipal
directions,wherethecorrespondingstressvectorisperpendiculartotheplane,i.e.,parallelorinthesamedirectionasthe
normalvector ,andwheretherearenonormalshearstresses .Thethreestressesnormaltotheseprincipalplanesarecalled
principalstresses.
Thecomponents ofthestresstensordependontheorientationofthecoordinatesystematthepointunderconsideration.
However,thestresstensoritselfisaphysicalquantityandassuch,itisindependentofthecoordinatesystemchosento
representit.Therearecertaininvariantsassociatedwitheverytensorwhicharealsoindependentofthecoordinatesystem.For
example,avectorisasimpletensorofrankone.Inthreedimensions,ithasthreecomponents.Thevalueofthesecomponents
willdependonthecoordinatesystemchosentorepresentthevector,butthemagnitudeofthevectorisaphysicalquantity(a
scalar)andisindependentoftheCartesiancoordinatesystemchosentorepresentthevector.Similarly,everysecondrank
tensor(suchasthestressandthestraintensors)hasthreeindependentinvariantquantitiesassociatedwithit.Onesetofsuch
invariantsaretheprincipalstressesofthestresstensor,whicharejusttheeigenvaluesofthestresstensor.Theirdirection
vectorsaretheprincipaldirectionsoreigenvectors.
Astressvectorparalleltothenormalunitvector isgivenby:

where isaconstantofproportionality,andinthisparticularcasecorrespondstothemagnitudes
vectorsorprincipalstresses.
Knowingthat

and

ofthenormalstress

,wehave

Thisisahomogeneoussystem,i.e.equaltozero,ofthreelinearequationswhere aretheunknowns.Toobtainanontrivial
(nonzero)solutionfor ,thedeterminantmatrixofthecoefficientsmustbeequaltozero,i.e.thesystemissingular.Thus,

Expandingthedeterminantleadstothecharacteristicequation

where

Thecharacteristicequationhasthreerealroots ,i.e.notimaginaryduetothesymmetryofthestresstensor.The
,
and
,aretheprincipalstresses,functionsofthe
eigenvalues .TheeigenvaluesaretherootsoftheCayleyHamiltontheorem.Theprincipalstressesareuniqueforagiven
stresstensor.Therefore,fromthecharacteristicequation,thecoefficients , and ,calledthefirst,second,andthirdstress
invariants,respectively,alwayshavethesamevalueregardlessofthecoordinatesystem'sorientation.
Foreacheigenvalue,thereisanontrivialsolutionfor intheequation
.Thesesolutionsarethe
principaldirectionsoreigenvectorsdefiningtheplanewheretheprincipalstressesact.Theprincipalstressesandprincipal
directionscharacterizethestressatapointandareindependentoftheorientation.
Acoordinatesystemwithaxesorientedtotheprincipaldirectionsimpliesthatthenormalstressesaretheprincipalstressesand
thestresstensorisrepresentedbyadiagonalmatrix:

Theprincipalstressescanbecombinedtoformthestressinvariants, ,
anddeterminantrespectively,ofthestresstensor.Thus,

,and .Thefirstandthirdinvariantarethetrace

Becauseofitssimplicity,theprincipalcoordinatesystemisoftenusefulwhenconsideringthestateoftheelasticmediumata
particularpoint.Principalstressesareoftenexpressedinthefollowingequationforevaluatingstressesinthexandydirections
oraxialandbendingstressesonapart.[14]:p.5859TheprincipalnormalstressescanthenbeusedtocalculatethevonMises
stressandultimatelythesafetyfactorandmarginofsafety.

Usingjustthepartoftheequationunderthesquarerootisequaltothemaximumandminimumshearstressforplusandminus.
Thisisshownas:

Maximumandminimumshearstresses
Themaximumshearstressormaximumprincipalshearstressisequaltoonehalfthedifferencebetweenthelargestand
smallestprincipalstresses,andactsontheplanethatbisectstheanglebetweenthedirectionsofthelargestandsmallest
principalstresses,i.e.theplaneofthemaximumshearstressisoriented
fromtheprincipalstressplanes.Themaximum
shearstressisexpressedas

Assuming

then

Whenthestresstensorisnonzerothenormalstresscomponentactingontheplaneforthemaximumshearstressisnonzero
anditisequalto

Derivationofthemaximumandminimumshear
stresses[8]:p.4578[11]:p.146[13][15]:p.111157[16]:p.941[17]:p.3366[18]:p.4361
Thenormalstresscanbewrittenintermsofprincipalstresses

Knowingthat

as

,theshearstressintermsofprincipalstressescomponentsisexpressedas

Themaximumshearstressatapointinacontinuumbodyisdeterminedbymaximizing

subjecttotheconditionthat

Thisisaconstrainedmaximizationproblem,whichcanbesolvedusingtheLagrangianmultipliertechniquetoconvert
theproblemintoanunconstrainedoptimizationproblem.Thus,thestationaryvalues(maximumandminimumvalues)of
occurwherethegradientof isparalleltothegradientof .
TheLagrangianfunctionforthisproblemcanbewrittenas

where istheLagrangianmultiplier(whichisdifferentfromthe usetodenoteeigenvalues).


Theextremevaluesofthesefunctionsare

thence

Thesethreeequationstogetherwiththecondition
Bymultiplyingthefirstthreeequationsby

and
weobtain

maybesolvedfor

and

,respectively,andknowingthat

Addingthesethreeequationsweget

thisresultcanbesubstitutedintoeachofthefirstthreeequationstoobtain

Doingthesamefortheothertwoequationswehave

Afirstapproachtosolvetheselastthreeequationsistoconsiderthetrivialsolution
notfulfilltheconstrain
.

.Howeverthisoptionsdoes

Consideringthesolutionwhere
and
,itisdeterminefromthecondition
that
,thenfromtheoriginalequationfor itisseenthat
.Theothertwopossiblevaluesfor canbe
obtainedsimilarlybyassuming
and
and
Thus,onesetofsolutionsforthesefourequationsis:

Thesecorrespondtominimumvaluesfor andverifiesthattherearenoshearstressesonplanesnormaltothe
principaldirectionsofstress,asshownpreviously.
Asecondsetofsolutionsisobtainedbyassuming

Tofindthevaluesfor

and

and

.Thuswehave

wefirstaddthesetwoequations

Knowingthatfor

and

wehave

andsolvingfor

Thensolvingfor

wehave

wehave

and

Theothertwopossiblevaluesfor canbeobtainedsimilarlybyassuming
and
and
Therefore,thesecondsetofsolutionsfor

,representingamaximumfor

is

Therefore,assuming

,themaximumshearstressisexpressedby

anditcanbestatedasbeingequaltoonehalfthedifferencebetweenthelargestandsmallestprincipalstresses,acting
ontheplanethatbisectstheanglebetweenthedirectionsofthelargestandsmallestprincipalstresses.

Stressdeviatortensor
Thestresstensor

canbeexpressedasthesumoftwootherstresstensors:

1.ameanhydrostaticstresstensororvolumetricstresstensorormeannormalstresstensor,
thevolumeofthestressedbodyand
2.adeviatoriccomponentcalledthestressdeviatortensor, ,whichtendstodistortit.

,whichtendstochange

So:

where isthemeanstressgivenby

Pressure( )isgenerallydefinedasnegativeonethirdthetraceofthestresstensorminusanystressthedivergenceofthe
velocitycontributeswith,i.e.

where isaproportionalityconstant, isthedivergenceoperator,


isthek:thCartesiancomponentof .

isthek:thCartesiancoordinate, isthevelocityand

ThedeviatoricstresstensorcanbeobtainedbysubtractingthehydrostaticstresstensorfromtheCauchystresstensor:

Invariantsofthestressdeviatortensor
Asitisasecondordertensor,thestressdeviatortensoralsohasasetofinvariants,whichcanbeobtainedusingthesame
procedureusedtocalculatetheinvariantsofthestresstensor.Itcanbeshownthattheprincipaldirectionsofthestressdeviator
tensor arethesameastheprincipaldirectionsofthestresstensor .Thus,thecharacteristicequationis

where , and arethefirst,second,andthirddeviatoricstressinvariants,respectively.Theirvaluesarethesame


(invariant)regardlessoftheorientationofthecoordinatesystemchosen.Thesedeviatoricstressinvariantscanbeexpressedas
afunctionofthecomponentsof oritsprincipalvalues , ,and ,oralternatively,asafunctionof oritsprincipal
values , ,and .Thus,

Because

,thestressdeviatortensorisinastateofpureshear.

AquantitycalledtheequivalentstressorvonMisesstressiscommonlyusedinsolidmechanics.Theequivalentstressis
definedas

Octahedralstresses
Consideringtheprincipaldirectionsasthecoordinateaxes,aplanewhose
normalvectormakesequalangleswitheachoftheprincipalaxes(i.e.
havingdirectioncosinesequalto
)iscalledanoctahedralplane.
Thereareatotalofeightoctahedralplanes(Figure6).Thenormaland
shearcomponentsofthestresstensorontheseplanesarecalledoctahedral
normalstress
andoctahedralshearstress
,respectively.
KnowingthatthestresstensorofpointO(Figure6)intheprincipalaxesis

thestressvectoronanoctahedralplaneisthengivenby:

Figure6.Octahedralstressplanes

ThenormalcomponentofthestressvectoratpointOassociatedwiththeoctahedralplaneis

whichisthemeannormalstressorhydrostaticstress.Thisvalueisthesameinalleightoctahedralplanes.Theshearstresson
theoctahedralplaneisthen

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The maximum shear stress is determined as one-half the difference between the largest and smallest principal stresses. It occurs on planes that bisect the angle between the directions of the largest and smallest principal stresses, known as principal planes. The significance of maximum shear stress lies in its role in material failure, where shear failure criteria are often critical, particularly in ductile materials undergoing significant deformation before failure .

The transformation rule dictates that the Cauchy stress tensor obeys specific mathematical laws during coordinate transformations, maintaining the physical state of stress while altering its representation according to the chosen coordinate system. This ensures that invariant properties such as principal stresses, directions, and invariants remain constant, allowing engineers to analyze stress in the most convenient coordinate orientation without losing generality or accuracy .

The von Mises stress, also known as the equivalent stress, is derived from the stress deviator tensor and provides a scalar measure of the yield criterion for ductile materials. Octahedral stresses are defined on planes equally inclined to the principal axes, representing an averaged state of stress. The von Mises stress is calculated using the principal stresses and is closely related to octahedral shear stress, providing an effective measure to assess yielding and failure under complex loading conditions .

Principal stresses are the eigenvalues of the stress tensor, obtained by solving the characteristic equation derived from the determinant of the matrix associated with the stress components. These stresses represent the magnitudes of the normal stresses in the principal directions, which are the eigenvectors. The principal stresses are invariant, maintaining the same values regardless of the coordinate system, and are crucial in defining the state of stress at a point .

Cauchy's stress theorem allows stress analysis through the understanding that knowing stress vectors on three mutually perpendicular planes is sufficient to compute the stress vector on any other plane. This theorem enables the decomposition of the stress tensor into its components and their transformation under coordinate system changes, making it a powerful tool in continuum mechanics to handle complex stress states .

In a static continuum body, equilibrium is defined by the conservation of linear and angular momentum. For linear momentum, the Cauchy stress tensor components at every material point in the body must satisfy the equilibrium equations (Cauchy's equations of motion for zero acceleration). Angular momentum conservation requires that the sum of moments with respect to any arbitrary point is zero, implying that the stress tensor is symmetric with only six independent stress components instead of the original nine .

Cauchy's fundamental lemma states that the stress vectors acting on opposing sides of the same surface are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, which aligns with Newton's third law of motion (action and reaction forces are equal and opposite). This lemma implies that inside a continuum, internal contact forces across a surface are balanced, generating a stress vector independent of the curvature of internal surfaces as it depends only on the normal vector .

The Euler-Cauchy stress principle defines the stress vector as a field representing distributed forces across a surface and establishes that these forces are equipollent to the surface interaction forces within the continuum. It provides the foundational concept that the stress vector depends continuously on the unit normal vector of the surface, which is key to describing internal forces at points within a deformed material body .

Principal stresses and their directions are critical because they simplify the stress analysis by reducing the stress tensor to a diagonal form, where shear components are zero. This characterization allows engineers to focus on normal stresses that directly affect material deformations and failure. Knowing these stresses aids in determining failure criteria such as von Mises or Tresca, and ensures that designs meet safety and performance standards .

The stress deviator tensor represents the distortional component of the total stress in a material, essentially decoupling it from the hydrostatic or volumetric stress that results in volume change. This tensor provides insight into deformation characteristics such as yielding and plastic flow, where distortional stress is more critical than hydrostatic stress. The deviator tensor's invariants are identical to the principal directions of the total stress tensor, enabling consistent analysis across coordinate systems .

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