TECHNICAL REPORTS

Principle, advantages,
limitations and applications
of two-colour pyrometers
in thermal processes
by Albert Book

Nowadays, temperature measurements are

Measuring principle

not imaginable without two-colour pyrome-

A two-colour pyrometer detects the thermal radiation of a meas-

ters to cover a part of the many applications

uring object at two different wavelengths. The ratio of the two spec-

for infrared thermometers. The following

article explains physical principles, advantages, functional and analytical possibilities

tral radiances varies almost proportionally to the temperature.

Connected to the spectral radiances is the respective emissivity
of the measuring surface for these two wavelengths (Fig. 1).

but also limitations of two-colour pyrometry.

Practical applications demonstrate typical
areas of use.

Fig. 1 Two-colour pyrometers measure the radiation at two

wavelength ranges and determine the temperature from the
ratio of the density of the radiation.

In order to minimise the wavelength-dependent influence of

the emissivity emitted from the measuring surface, wavelength
bands that lie close together are chosen for this purpose. This
means on the other hand that the two radiances hardly differ from
each other. The ratio of two nearly identical values varies only
slightly in relation to the object temperature. The lowest measurable temperature of a two-colour pyrometer is therefore limited
to approximately 300 C. A large amplification factor is needed
to be able to interpret these small signal changes at all. For this
reason, highest demands have to be applied to the quality of

TECHNICAL REPORTS

1=0.95 and 2=0.93

=0.02 / (1)/(2)=1.022

1=0.4 and 2=0.38

=0.02 / (1)/(2)=1.053

Displayed
temperature

Deviation
T

Displayed
temperature

Deviation
T

Displayed
temperature

Deviation
T

One-colour channel 1

796 C

-4 C

731 C

-69 C

731 C

-69 C

One-colour channel 2

794 C

-6 C

723 C

-77 C

706 C

-94 C

Two-colour

823 C

+23 C

856 C

+56 C

1164 C

+364 C

Measuring channel

1=0.4 and 2=0.3

=0.1 / (1)/(2)=1.33

Table 1 Influence of an emissivity-dependent attenuation for the one-colour and two-colour method of measurement.

the sensors, the electronic amplifiers and the A/D converters to

The same selective effect appears when thin deposits (e.g. oil

achieve a high signal to noise ratio, i.e. a small NETD (noise

films or vaporisations) change the transmission of the inspec-

equivalent temperature difference) and thus a high tempera-

tion glass differently at both wavelengths. Even two colour de-

ture resolution that is required for a precise measurement. To

vices do not work completely independent of radiation charac-

verify the NETD value, it is necessary to adjust the pyrometers

teristics emitted from the target object, though it is sometimes

lowest temperature threshold to the shortest response time while

stated otherwise in the literature.

checking the stability of the measuring signal.

The three examples (see table 1) illustrate the varying effects
of emissivity-dependent signal attenuation on measurements

Advantages of a two-colour
pyrometer

with singlel and two-colour pyrometers. Based on a temperature of 800 C of a "black body" with an emissivity = 1 and
in accordance with Plancks law, a non-equal variation of the

The big advantage of the two-colour measurement method

wavelength-dependent emissivities for a two-colour pyrometer

is the determination of the correct temperature if a signal gets

with 1 = 0.95 m und 2 = 1.05 m would result in the follow-

weaker independently of the wavelength. If, for example, a dirty

ing temperature values (table 1).

inspection glass or steam, smoke and dust in the visual field of

the pyrometer lead to a degradation of the signal, the ratio and

It is evident that even small differences between the emissivity

thus the displayed temperature will nevertheless remain constant.

factors lead to a large deviation of the two-colour temperature.

This deviation gets larger with a decreasing absolute emissivity

With the emissivity 1 = 2 being equal (grey body) for both

value. In comparison to a spectral pyrometer, a two-colour py-

wavelengths, the term for the emissivity is cancelled out from

rometer is a lot more sensitive to wavelength-dependent signal

the equation, and the two-colour pyrometer shows the true tem-

changes the larger the difference and the smaller the absolute

perature no matter what the emissivity of the target object is.

value of the emissivity is.

Even when the emissivity of the target object varies to the same
extent at both wavelengths, the measurement result will not be

The graph (Fig. 2) illustrates that the sensitivity in relation to

changed. Deviations from the true temperature as a result of

the emissivity ratio is all the higher as the wavelength bands are

constant differences between the two emissivities can be cor-

closer together.

rected by setting the emissivity ratio on the pyrometer.

This suggests that devices with a larger difference between
the two wavelength bands supply more stable readings. Physi-

Influence of a wavelengthdependent signal change on

the two-colour temperature

cal laws, on the other hand, dictate for metals that an increasing
of the wavelength also leads to a decreasing increasing of the
spectral emissivity of the measuring object (Fig. 3).

But how does a two-colour pyrometer react when measuring

These two contrasting relations have to be considered when

a non-grey body where the emissivity variations are different at

measuring with these pyrometers. As a rule, the recommenda-

both wavelengths, either due to the surface finish or as a func-

tion to use devices with rather short wavelengths that lie close-

tion of the temperature?

ly together applies to two-colour pyrometers. Especially water

TECHNICAL REPORTS

Fig. 2 Influence on the displayed temperature with a changing

emissivity ratio of the target object at different wavelengths,
based on an object temperature of 800 C.

vapour in the air may lead to significant measurement errors

caused by atmospheric absorption bands when pyrometers

Fig. 3 The emissivity of metals decreases with an increasing

measuring wavelength.

Even more significant is a parallel recording and evaluation of

the two spectral temperatures and the ratio.

with long wavelengths are used.

The smaller the fluctuations of the temperature difference beWhen a signal is attenuated, a single-channel pyrometer al-

tween the two wavelengths 1 and 2, the more reliable is the

ways displays a too low temperature. The situation is different

ratio value. The following measurement curves show the behav-

with a two-colour pyrometer. It may either display a too high but

iour of the measured values during a neutral attenuation of the

also a too low temperature, depending on whether the varia-

signal through an inspection glass with a transmission of 93%

tions affect to a greater extent either the short-wave channel or

and through a laminated glass window with a wavelength-de-

the long-wave channel.

pendent transmission (Fig. 4).

An alignment of the device to the maximum target temper-

The lower readings of the spectral temperatures are clearly

ature does not work in the same way as with a single colour

visible when the protective glass (1) is used. The ratio value,

pyrometer. Modern two-colour pyrometers have the option to

however, remains almost constant. The curves for the low-quali-

show the signal strength on the display.

As with a spectral pyrometer, the device
can then be aligned to the maximum temperature.
During a comparative contact measurement caution is usually advised when
the thermocouple shows a higher value
than the two-colour pyrometer. The reason for this is a wavelength-dependent
influences. Nevertheless, is there another way for the user to determine possibly false measuring values? For this purpose, the signal strength can either be
displayed or transmitted via interface to
be recorded and evaluated in parallel to
the measuring signals. The higher this
value, the more reliable is the measurement.

Fig. 4 Comparative measurement of the temperature variation for a high-quality protective

glass (1) and a low-grade laminated glass (2).

TECHNICAL REPORTS

ty laminated glass (2) show a significant and also irregular drop

of the spectral temperature. A significant deviation of the measuring result is also visible for the ratio temperature.
When measuring through inspection glasses it is therefore
imperative to use glasses that have a neutral transmission curve
in the wavelength range of the two-colour pyrometer. It is easy
to check whether a glass is suitable by holding it in front of the
pyrometer during a measurement. The two-colour temperature
measured through a suitable glass may only vary slightly.

Operation of the two-colour

pyrometer when the
measurement area is not
filled by the target object
Another big advantage of two-colour pyrometry is the fact that
the targets may be even smaller than the measurement area. A
single colour pyrometer always needs a larger target area than
its field of view, as a single colour pyrometer detects the average radiation value within the entire field of view. Otherwise, the
measurement of a small object in front of a cold background
would always produce a too low temperature.

Fig. 5 Incorrect temperature increase when the hot object is located

in the peripheral area of the target spot (measurement with a
two-colour radiation pyrometer with a low quality lens).

When measurement area of a two-colour pyrometer is not

completely filled by the target object, this has the effect of a neu-

The following measuring curve (Fig. 6) was recorded with

tral attenuation of the infrared radiation. Therefore, a two-colour

a two-colour pyrometer with a field of view of 8 mm direct-

pyrometer even produces correct readings when the target ob-

ed at a target object of also 8 mm. A spectral temperature

ject is by up to 80% smaller than the measurement area of the

was recorded in parallel. The fixed focal distance was 500 mm

pyrometer. The degree of minimum coverage of the measure-

(measuring point 1). The measuring distance was then re-

ment area depends on the emissivity and the temperature of

duced to 250 mm (measuring point 2). Defocusing only had

the target object. Ideally, the position of the object could be an-

a small influence on the two-colour pyrometer while the spec-

ywhere within the measurement area and should not affect the

tral temperature deviated by approximately 20 C. The meas-

temperature value. However, there are large differences in qual-

uring distance was then set to 1000 mm (measuring point 3).

ity between the pyrometers offered on the market. Pyrometers

The measurement area of the pyrometer now was double the

with a simple optical structure, a marginal correction of optical

size of the target object. Again, the two-colour pyrometer dis-

aberrations of the lens and sensors with inhomogeneous sen-

played nearly the same values. The spectral value, however,

sitivity distribution may cause the reading to rise by 2030C

dropped sharply due to defocusing and a too small target.

when, for example, a hot wire is located in the peripheral area of

the measurement area, though the object temperature itself is
still the same (Fig. 5).
The distinctly larger insensitivity of a two-colour pyrometer to
correct alignment and focusing is another asset for measure-

Behaviour of two-colour
pyrometers with inhomogeneous
temperature distribution on the
measuring object

ments of small objects. A spectral pyrometer, in turn, must be

clearly aligned and focused on the target object to avoid read-

Temperature measurements of metal sheets and slabs in a

ing errors when the target object is only slightly larger than the

rolling mill are made under extreme conditions and again and

measurement area.

again the question arises as to what is the most recommended

TECHNICAL REPORTS

produce a fluctuating measuring value.

Under these conditions, pyrometer manufacturers recommend a pyrometer with
a very high optical resolution of >200 :
1 to obtain the smallest possible field of
measurement. The peak picker function
detects the highest temperature at the
spots not covered by scales.
But how does a two-colour pyrometer
react on an inhomogeneous temperature
distribution in its measurement area? The
behaviour of a two-colour pyrometer under inhomogeneous temperature distribution conditions is by all means more
complex. It depends on the total area of
Fig. 6 Influence of the measuring distance on the two-colour and spectral temperatures.

the "hot spots" and the temperature differences between the hot and cold spots
in the measurement area. The ability to

method? Is a single colour pyrometer or two-colour pyrometer

measure target areas that are not entirely filled by the measur-

more suitable (Fig. 7).

ing object described above makes the two-colour pyrometer

detect the temperature of the hottest spot in the measurement

For design and heat-relevant reasons the pyrometers are installed several meters away from the rolling mill. When using a

area in case there is a significant temperature difference of

>200 C between the hottest and coldest areas.

standard optical system with a resolution of, for example, 100:1

the diameter of the measurement area would be 200 mm at

When measuring slabs, the presence of slag could create

a distance of 20 m. The presence of scales makes the tem-

several hot spots in the measurement area. If the temperature

perature distribution on the slab extremely inhomogeneous. A

difference is small, the two-colour pyrometer also determines

single colour pyrometer would determine the temperature from

the temperature from the average value of the incoming radi-

the average value of the total radiation received in the measure-

ation. Therefore, the recommendation is a two-colour pyrome-

ment area. Therefore, the reading is dependent on the temper-

ter with a high optical resolution and good imaging qualities to

ature distribution and on the presence of scales. As the slab is

minimise the influence of inhomogeneous target areas with the

moving on the rolling mill, an unfiltered signal evaluation would

peak picker function.

It is also particularly to use a two-colour pyrometer if water
vapour and dirt is expected during the hot rolling process. The
contamination detection function of the two-colour pyrometer
also increases the operational safety of the measuring data acquisition.

Two-colour pyrometers to
measure cooler objects in a
hot furnace atmosphere
An often discussed topic is the temperature measurement of
cooler objects within a hot furnace. Cold forgings are put into
Fig. 7 Frequent extreme measuring conditions in a rolling mill
caused by water vapour and scales.

hot furnaces to be heated up or cold slabs pass the different

heating zones of a pushing furnace. The high background ra-

TECHNICAL REPORTS

diation of the hot furnace wall is reflected by the measuring object and consequently also detected by the pyrometer, and the
temperature displayed by the pyrometer is therefore always too
high. The closer the temperature of the workpiece approaches
the furnace temperature, the smaller are the interferences that
affect the measurement. The most effective solution to eliminate
background radiation is to use water-cooled sighting tubes. The
costs for such an investment, however, are high and entail continuing operating costs. In addition, the installation of a tube
within a furnace where the tube protrudes almost to the workpiece could be technically difficult or impossible to implement.
The pyrometers are therefore often used without a sighting
tube in the full knowledge of more or less severe measure-

Fig. 8 Modern two-colour pyrometers display and transmit both

the two-colour and spectral readings as well as the signal
strength.

ment errors. The influence of the background radiation can be

reduced when the temperature of the background radiation is
separately detected by a thermocouple or a second pyrometer

in parallel to have readings for possible analyses on hand. Mod-

and the reflective interference radiation is mathematically cor-

ern two-colour pyrometers offer two analogue outputs to detect

rected by the pyrometer software. This correction may be sub-

the two-colour temperature and also a spectral temperature

ject to uncertainty, in particular when the emissivity of the object

directly at the control system. Another advantage of a two-col-

is small, fluctuating or not precisely known.

our pyrometer is the option to evaluate the signal strength as

an indicator for the radiation properties of the measured object

For reasons of physics, the rule "measuring with a wavelength

(Fig.8).

as short as possible" applies to metallic objects to keep the

emissivity influence as low as possible, but this observation is
exactly the opposite when measuring cooler objects in a hot
atmosphere.

Two-colour pyrometers in power

plants and incinerators

Background radiation has lesser effects on a device that

Due to the extreme measuring conditions like dust, steam

measures in a longwave range. On the other hand, with a long-

and smoke in the sighting path and in consideration of tech-

wave spectral sensitivity, the emissivity of metals is smaller

nical and safety-relevant aspects, two-colour pyrometers are

and thus the rate of reflection larger ( + = 1). With var-

to be preferred for temperature measurements in power plants

ying emissivities, in turn, there is a higher susceptibility to in-

and incinerators. A pyrometer captures the radiation emitted by

terferences caused by the hot furnace radiation. In this case,

the target object in its field of view. In an incinerator, the ener-

pyrometer manufacturers recommend devices with a spectral

gy received comes from hot particles in the airflow, but also

sensitivity of 1 2 m to get an acceptable compromise.

from the opposite wall. At the same time, the measuring value is
dependent on the density of the particles, the inhomogeneous

Again, the question arises as to how a two-colour pyrome-

temperature distribution and the temperature of the opposite

ter would react when measuring cooler objects in a hot atmos-

wall. If the wall is distinctly cooler than the particles in the air flow

phere. In principle, the reaction of a two-colour pyrometer is

because heat exchanger tubes are built into the wall, a single

similar to that of a spectral pyrometer. It detects both the ra-

colour pyrometer that averages the received radiation energy

diation emitted by the object and the radiation reflected by the

displays a too low temperature and, in addition, the tempera-

furnace wall. A two-colour pyrometer only reacts less sensitively

ture varies in relation to the load status of the incinerator. Here

when measuring through a dirty inspection glass or when dirt

again, because of its ability to measure far smaller objects that

and smoke obscure the measurement area of the pyrometer.

do not have to fill the measurement area and thanks to its peak

The reaction on varying emissivities extremely depends on local

picker function, the two-colour pyrometer is the better choice.

conditions and is therefore difficult to assess. During the start-

Compared to widely-used traditional thermocouples, two-col-

up phase or even permanently, it is recommendable to record

our pyrometers offer a true alternative as they are not subject to

and evaluate both the two-colour and the spectral temperatures

wear or age-dependent drift. Nevertheless, two-colour pyrom-

TECHNICAL REPORTS

eters are very sensitive to flames within their field of view. It is

absolutely essential to take this into account when choosing the
place of installation.
The display of the signal strength serves to check the reliability
of the measurement. Due to the often very small furnace openings with a diameter of only 20 30 mm and a wall thickness
ranging from 200 400 mm, high-resolution devices with good
imaging qualities should be used to avoid a constriction of the
measurement area. To prevent it from "squinting", the pyrometer
must be parallax-free; therefore, the geometrical and optical axes
should also be identical. Depending on the customers configuration requirements and the accessibility of the place of installation, compact devices or pyrometers are equipped with a sighing

Fig. 9 Gate to discard billets with too high or too low temperatures.

option in the form of a through-the-lens-sighting system or with

a video camera during the start-up phase and during continuous
operation to check in a fast and easy way whether the device is

eters which have a fixed focal distance. When the pyrometers

correctly aligned and the sighting path is free.

are firmly installed and the bolt diameters are always changing,
the measuring distance varies as well, making it difficult to op-

From a safety point of view, it is recommended that the con-

erate the devices at a correct focal distance.

tamination detection function of the two-colour pyrometer is

used to generate an automatic alarm in case of excessive contamination or when the furnace opening is closing up.

Experience has shown that even devices with a focusable

optical system often do not have a correct measuring distance
to their target. The pyrometers are most likely not readjusted
to changing bolt diameters which means that they again and

Two-colour pyrometers for

inductive heating systems

again measure outside their focal point.

To a certain extent, a two-colour pyrometer reacts consider-

In their production process, billets go through a heating fur-

ably less sensitively to varying measuring distances, changing

nace before they are pressed to fittings. The temperature of this

object diameters or measurements outside its focal range as

process has to be controlled to reach a consistent quality and

described above and it is therefore more suitable for these ap-

to avoid faulty parts. Pyrometers are usually installed in induc-

plications than a single-colour pyrometer.

tive heating systems to detect the temperature of the passing

workpiece within milliseconds and from a safe distance when

For this application, compact two-colour pyrometers with

the billet leaves the induction furnace. The temperature is used

spot light (Fig. 10) are recommended to fulfil the two essential

as a control variable for process control purposes and also to

measuring requirements here in the best possible way: a) large-

discard those billets whose temperature is outside the permis-

ly distance-independent and safe measurements and b) easy

sible range (Fig. 9).

alignment checks.

Both single colour and two-colour pyrometers are used to detect the temperature. The pyrometers are installed at a larger

Conclusion

distances between 600 1200 mm. A prerequisite is a sighting

aid in the form of a through-the-lens-sighting system or a spot

Two-colour pyrometers with their described advantages are

light. This is the only way to set a correct focal distance and to

more than an alternative to obtain safe and stable measurement

provide ideal alignment in order to minimise possible reading

readings under difficult environmental and structural conditions

errors caused by optical influences.

in production processes with temperatures above 300 C. The

price difference of approximately 30 % compared to a single

Depending on the structure of the machine, it is not always

colour pyrometer with similar features is money well spent and

possible to set the correct focal distance, especially with pyrom-

quickly pays off considering fewer manual checks and a reduc-

TECHNICAL REPORTS

ability of two-colour pyrometer measurements used for applications with varying emissivities of the targets.
From a pyrometer manufacturers point of view, we can only
recommended to make use of the additional protection and
analysis features the two-colour pyrometer offers to increase
process safety and to gain insights from the additionally provided temperature information.

Author
Fig. 10 Compact two-colour pyrometer with LED spot light to
display the exact size, position and focal distance.

Dipl.-Ing. Albert Book

KELLER HCW GmbH Germany
Infrared Thermometer Solutions

tion of faulty parts. Under extreme measuring conditions, such

Phone +49 54 51 85 320

as vapour, dirt and dust, the technical benefits of a two-colour

[email protected]

pyrometer take full effect. It is recommendable to check the reli-

www.keller-msr.de/pyrometer

TR_006_201507_en