CORNELL

UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

Cornell University Library

DS 53.R4T68
Rhodes

in

ancient times.

3 1924 028 550 980

Cornell University
Library

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tine

original of

tliis

book

is in

Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in

the United States on the use of the

text.

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PREFACE.
Much

light has

been thrown

Some

condition of Rhodes.
tions

the

have been found

first in

1837,

in

in late years

on the ancient

three hundred and

and these have been published

of inscriptions and

Large numbers of

in

fifty inscrip-

the island since Hamilton found

the various

statuettes,

vases,

in collections

archjeological
coins,

gems,

journals.

have

etc.

also been found there within the last thirty years, chiefly in

the excavations on the sites of lalysos and Camiros and of

some town near the modern

may be

of these

village of Siana

seen in the British

and the Berlin Museum.

and the

Museum,

finest

the Louvre,

But no complete statement has

yet been attempted of the results derived from these

new

materials as well as from those previously accessible.

Apparently the only modern works dealing with the subject are these.

Meursius, Rhodus, 1675, contains about two-

thirds of the passages from the classics that bear on

subject,

and

also

one inscription found at

the

These

Brindisi.

passages are heaped together without regard to their relative

value,

and sometimes with amusing

contexts

forgetfulness

and the references are very vague.

mentatio exhibens Rhodi descriptionem Macedonica

is

thorough
T. R.

but

it

is

of their

Paulsen, ComCBtate,

18 18,

very brief and deals mainly with

b

PREFACE.

VI

Rost, Rhodus, 1823,

political affairs.

careless

Menge, Vorgeschichte von Rhodus, 1827,

tary.
slight.

1827

is

and fragmenaccurate but

is

HeffUr, Die Gotterdienste auf Rhodus im Alterthume,

1833, and Specielle Geographie der Insel Rhodus, 1830,

are thorough

but their subjects are just those on which the

have since thrown most

inscriptions

Rottiers, Descrip-

light.

tion des momiments de Rhodes, plates 1828, text 1830, contains

the ancient history of the island, but the

some remarks on

almost

are

plates

of

all

its

ruins.

Hamilton,

and Armenia,

1842, Ross,

mediaeval

Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus

Reisen auf die griechischen Inseln des dgdischen Meeres, vols.

and

III.

184S and 1852, and Newton, Travels

IV.,

and Dis-

coveries in the Levant, 1865, contain the first accurate accounts

Hamilton

of the ancient remains and inscriptions in Rhodes.

there in

travelled

Newton
He

1837; Ross

in

resided there for the greater part of 1853.

fiu&in.

de Rhodes, 1856, deals mainly with the island itself

only incidentally with

its

Mr

1843 and 1845; and

and

Berg, Die Insel

ancient history.

Rhodus, 1862, touches lightly on the ancient history: but the

text

is

throughout subordinate to the

them very good.

its

Liiders,

much

subject and

illustrations,

Der Koloss zu Rhodus,

else.

for material.

many

of

865, exhausts

Schneiderwirth, Geschichte der Insel

Rhodus, 1868, deals mainly with political

them very thoroughly

affairs

and

treats

but relies entirely upon the classics

Salzmann, Ndcropole de Camiros, 1875, contains

sixty chromolithograph plates of objects found in the excavations at

Camiros between 1858 and 1865.

not published owing to Salzmann's death.

The

text

was

Biliotti et Cottret,

L'lle de Rhodes, 1881, briefly sketches the ancient condition of

the island.
creditable
facts

The
but

it

chapters on the topography and ruins are

is

many of M. Biliotti's
Abb6 Cottret's eloquence.

to be feared that

have been sacrificed to the

The Admiralty Charts

of Rhodes Island

and of Mediterranean

VU

PREFACE.
Archipelago (south sheet) are admirable
itself

and of

its

neighbourhood.

maps

of the island

Heffter promised a history

And

of Rhodes, but did not keep his promise.

a great

work

on the island by Professor Hedenborg was said to be ready

for the press five
it

and twenty years ago

but he

is

dead and

has not appeared.

The

illustrations of this

possible,

volume have been taken, as

far as

from antiquities found at Rhodes which have not

previously been published.

I

that

Mr

gladly acknowledge the kind encouragement and advice

I

A.

have received throughout the course of

S.

add that

Murray of the

British

his advice has often

Museum.

my

It is

work from

only just to

been neglected, and that he

not responsible for the faults of this book.

CECIL TORR.
Old Buildings,
Lincoln's Inn.

19,

is

NOTE ON REFERENCES.
Inscriptions are cited

'^

by number from the following

B.

= Boeckh, Corpus

F.

= Foucart,

collections

Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Inscriptions in^dites de

I'lle

de Rhodes, in the Revue

Arch^ologique for 1865, 1866, and 1867.

K. = Kirchhoff and Koehler, Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum.
L. B.

L._U.

= Loewy,
= Loewy,

Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer.

Unediertes aus

Rhodos, in the

Archaologisch-epi-

graphische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich for 1883.

N. = Newton, The collection of ancient Greek inscriptions in the

British

Museum.

R. A. = Ross, Archaologische Aufsatze, Inschriften von Lindos.

R. H. = Ross, Hellenica.
R.

I.

= Ross,

Inscriptiones Graecse Ineditae.

W. = Le Bas and Waddington.

recueillies

W. F.=Wescher and
Inscriptions are cited

following periodicals

en Grece

et

Inscriptions Grecques
en Asie Mineure.

et

Latines

Foucart, Inscriptions recueillies k Delphes.

by

the page

and by the year or volume from the

A. Z.= Archaologische Zeitung.

B. C. H. = Bulletin de Correspondance Hell^nique.
J.

H. S.=Journal of Hellenic Studies.

M. = Mnemosyne.
M.

I.

A. = Mittheilungen

des

deutschen archaologischen Institutes in

Athen.

Rev. A.

= Revue

Arch^ologique.

CONTENTS.
PAGE
I.

II.

Topography

Public Affairs

III.

At Sea

31

IV.

On Shore

53

V.

The Gods

73

Art

93

VI.
VII.

Learning

up

VIII.

Legends

139

Index

153

LIST OF PLATES.
Plate

To face

A. Gold box, from Camiros, actual

Pollux says

of Eros.

player

made

(ix. 7)

size.

that in the

a noose with two cords,

A.

a. Its lid,

game

of i^iavrikiy^m one

and the other had

entangle the cords by a thrust from a

little

Title.

with relief

to dis-

stick without letting

See Becq de Fouquiferes, Les

2nd Ed. pp. 294 ff. A. b. Its foot, with relief
of Thetis.
B. Gold reel, provenance unknown, actual size.
On it, a
C. Chalcedony intaglio, from Camiros, actual size.
See Aristotle, Poetics, xxvi. 10, on does with
stork with antlers.
antlers in paintings.
D. Alabaster box, from Camiros, two-

the stick be caught in the noose.

jeux des

anciens,

The gold box. A, with another exactly

Louvre, and the gem, C, were found in the

thirds of actual size.

like

it

now

in the

tomb at Camiros which contained the

vase painted with Peleus and Thetis published by Mr Newton
in the Fine Arts Quarterly Review for 1864, in. p. i.
See pp.
alabaster box, D, in the

'

'

115, Ii6.
I

Plate

To face page

'

Plan of the City and Island of Rhodes.

Plate

To face page 58

Bronze weapons, from lalysos, one-third of actual size.

The
knives
and B and the sword blade D have nails for attach-

ment
108.

of handle.

The

knife

retains

its

ivory handle.

See page

PLATES.

xi

Plate 4

To face page 76

Bronze figure of a bull, from Rhodes and probably from Mount

Atabyros, extreme height 6i inches.
Part of the tail and- the
lower part of the left fore leg and of both hind legs are restored
in the drawing.

extreme height

Plate

Bronze figure of Helios, provenance uncertain,

5J

inches.

See pp. 75, 76.

To face page 112

Terra-cotta " Melian

" relief,

from Camiros, actual size. Faint

traces of black, white, red, yellow and blue paint. See page 113.

Plate 6

To face page \\Z

A. Terra-cotta hydria, from Camiros, extreme height 13^ inches.

Dull orange coloured clay, decoration in black with white and
purple accessories, details marked by incised lines.
A. a. Its
upper frieze. A terra-cotta amphora, from Camiros, extreme
height 23I inches, bears the panels B. a. and B. b. on either side.
The panels are orange coloured with decoration and details as
For other vases with
in A: the body of the vase is black.
Heracles and Geryon, see Klein, Euphronios, pp. 28 ff. and Mr
Cecil Smith in the Journal of Hellenic Studies for 1884, pp.
176 ff. For other vases with Heracles and Cycnos, see Mr Percy
Gardner in the Journal of Philology for 1877, pp. 215 ff. and
See pp. 114, 115.
Plates A and B.

The above

plates, except the second, are

from drawings by

Elson from antiquities in the British Museum.

Mr

Robert

TOPOGRAPHY.

The Island of Rhodes lies in the Mediterranean off the

south-western angle of Asia Minor.
Its greatest length is
from N.E. by N. to
its

S.

W. by

S.

and

is

about 49 English miles:

is about 2 1 English

greatest breadth at right angles to this

miles.
I

A chain of mountains
with

many spurs on

runs along the length of the island

either side.

A mountain about the

middle

\i[ the chain rises 4070 feet above the sea, and overtops
(the rest by some 1300 feet: this must be the Atabyros of
ijthe ancients, for it

was the highest mountain

there'.

On

the
\

'top are the ruins of the temple of Zeus Atabyrios, and a

flower

down

in a hollow are those of another temple,

little

probably

of Athene.

City of Rhodes stood at the north end of the island.

There a long point of land runs out toward the mainland,

The harbours were on the eastern
(side of this point, about a mile from the end.
On the western
jside also about a mile from the end rose the Acropolis, a
'long hill running nearly parallel to the shore and shewing an
abrupt front to it, while descending gradually on the other
The northern was the
side in terraces toward the harbours.
fsome twelve miles distant.

Each
Little Harbour, and the southern the Great Harbour.
opened to the north, and had the shore on the west and south
and a mole on the east. The mole of the Little Harbour
1

T. R,

The

Strabo, p. 655.
I

RHODES.

was about 500 yards, and that of the Great Harbour about
300 yards in length. The Greek masonry remains in the

spit of land sheltered the Little

lower courses of each.
Harbour from northerly winds, while the Great Harbour was

exposed to them.
to northerly winds'

As
it

the harbour Acanias was exposed

may have been

the Great

Harbour

under another name. In late times a rhetorician talks of

three harbours one fitted for receiving ships coming from
Ionia, another for ships from Caria, another for ships from
This third harbour was
Egypt, Cypros and Phcenicia".
probably to the south of the others, and like them open to
the north with the shore on the west and south and a mole
on the east. Some remains suggest that this mole ran to the
Khatar Rocks about 600 yards out. Starting from the east
:

side of the point just north of the harbours the city walls

crossed to the west side and followed the coast to the north

end of the Acropolis they next ran along the seaward edge
of the hill and then leaving its south end made a wide circuit
:

across

the point reaching the east side

south of the harbours.

At

some way

to the

the south end of the Acropolis

highest point, the walls are of poorer work and later dati
than elsewhere. The finding there of a dedication' to Zeu
Atabyrios has probably fixed the site of his temple. Mith
its

ridates tried to surprise

No

it

it was weak
The temple o

because the wall near

other site within the city has been fixed.

Isis was near the walls by the sea.

The temple of Dionyso;
and the Deigma were in the lowest part of the city near thi
sea, the temple of Asclepios was a little higher up, and thi
{
Theatre higher again and near the walls^ The positions ol
the other public buildings are unknown. There are remain^
of a stadium, of several temples and other buildings, of roads)
and a bridge, and of many tombs.
\
Lindos stood near the middle of the east coast of the
island.
promontory there breaks at the end into several
small bays two of these formed the harbours and the city

Aristotle, p. 973.

<

Appian, de

Aristeides, p. 341.

lb. 27.

'

N. 346.

Diodoros, XIX. 45, xx. 98.

bel.

Mith. 26.

TOPOGRAPHY.

lay between them. The harbour to the north is exposed to

S. E. gales, the worst on that coast, but the small harbour
to

the south

is well sheltered by high rocks.

An abrupt hill
some six hundred feet from the sea at the end of the
was the Acropolis. At its highest point and on the very

rising

city

edge of the

cliff

toward the sea are the ruins of a temple

marked by its position' as that of Athene Lindia and near

them those of another temple, perhaps of Zeus Polieus. The
;

entrance to the Acropolis seems to have been by a passage

carried up through the hill from an opening at its base
toward the city. On the southern slope of the hill are some
rock-cut seats belonging to a theatre
af another

temple.

and close by the ruins

There are many tombs in the rising
;

ground on the other side of the city.

The cities of Rhodes and Lindos still exist their harbours have saved them.
The other ancient places in the
have perished, and the sites of few of them are known
Island
:

vith certainty,

lalysos

was on the west

lorth end of the island".

luole:

coast,

By

about nine miles from the

the shore are the remains of a

On

perhaps at the ancient harbour, Schedia^

Dther side of the city rose

evel hill nearly

its

two miles from the

bearing a decree of the

the

Acropolis, Ochyroma'', a long

men

There

sea.

is

a pillar

of lalysos that the decree

and certain other matters be engraved on three stone

and the pillars be set up, one in the temple of Alectrona, another at the entrance for people coming from the
ity, and the third on the way down from the city Achaea.
his pillar was found on the slopes of Ochyroma some way
[from any ruins, and apparently in its original place: so it
tself

pillars,

[must be the third of these.

under another name.

the word

Ochyroma

The

city

Achaea

Ergeias" hints this

in

(ox'jp'u/J.a.)

is thus Ochyroma
when he plays on

talking of

"

the very

strong {ox'JpojTaTri) city called Achaea."

Camiros was also on the west coast about twenty miles

Strabo, p. 655.

Strabo, p. 655.

Strabo, p. 655.

"

N. 349.

Dieuchidas, Fr.

"

Ergeias, Fr.

7.

i.

RHODES.

little cape close by is

from the north end of the island.
probably Mylantia', and the ruins of a mole by its side mark
the ancient harbour. From this harbour the city ran inland
rising with the ground along a series of terraces to the
Acropolis, the highest point of the hill and about half a mile
from the shore. The tombs are on the landward side of this
There is a pillar bearing a
hill and in the valley below.
decree" of the men of Camiros that the pillar be bought and

and the pillar be set in

Athene and fastened there with lead. The
pillar in some rums on the Acropolis has fixed

certain matters be engraved thereon,

the temple of
finding of this

the

site.
j

hoard of coins of Astyra was found among some ruins'

between the modern villages of Archangelo and Malona.
As these coins bear Rhodian types, this Astyra was probably
in or near the island, and this may be its site.
The harbour Thermydron was near Lindos'. Ixia or Ixiae was tc
the south of Lindos", and had a harbour*.
Some consider

'

able ruins, including a mole in the bay between capes Istros

and

Vigli,

may mark

south of the island.

its

site.

Mnasyrion was also

in

the

Netteia was probably near the moderrf

an inscribed pillar' that once stood in'

a temple at Netteia was found not far from there. The late'
excavations near the modern village of Siana shew that there
was a large and wealthy town there from early times. This'

village of Apolakia, for

may

be Cretenia

it lay below Mount Atabyros^

Places
and apparently Angyleia and Roncyos are'
an inscription" found near the modern village'
:

called Hippoteia

mentioned
of

in

Embona

as if they lay near its original site, which wa^

presumably in that neighbourhood. Near the modern village
of Tholo are remains of a temple shewn by inscriptions"'
found there to be that of Apollo Erethimios and close by
;

are traces of a small theatre.

1

Stephanos,

^N.

s. v.

JiUXmHa.

35..

Cyrbe was

'

Apollodoros, u.

*
'

[Link], p. 655.
J.

[Link].p.'354.

Stephanos,

Strabo, p. 655.

>

B. C.

Stephanos,

"

s.

5.

V. 'I^iat.

in the district of

R.

I.

H.

s. v.

Kpr)Ti]vla.

iv. p. 138.

276, 277.

R. H. 43, 44.

TOPOGRAPHY.

and in the plain, for it was overwhelmed by a

Near the city of Rhodes was the sacred plain called
Elysion'; and perhaps the fountains Esos and Inessa. The
Thoanteion was the headland just opposite the group of
islands round Chalce^ The headland of Pan was on the
coast between lalysos and Camiros^
The names of some other places may be inferred from
tlieir ethnics which occur in inscriptions.
The places whose
lalysos

flood'.

were Argeios, Brasios, Bulidas, Camyndios, Cattabios,

Ladarmios, CEiates, Pagios and Pedieus, were in the
Iterritory of Lindos; as also was Netteia, whose ethnic was
^ett^das^ The places whose ethnics were Amios, Amnistios,
ejthnics

Cfclasios,

Brycuntios, Brygindarios, Casareus,

\stypalseeus,

Dryites, Erinaeus, Istanios, Neopolites, Pontoreus,

Diacrios,

Rynchidas
,nd Sibythios were probably not in the territory of Lindos
ut there is nothing to shew the position of any of these,
xcept that Rynchidas may be the ethnic of Roncyos.
1

Diodoros, V. 57.

Etymologicum Magnum,

s.

v. *E.\u-

Irioi/.

Vibius Sequester, de fontibus.

Strabo, p. 655.

Ptolemy, Geographia,

N. 357.

K.

I.

V. 3.

226, 235, &c.

II.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

The

Rhodians, when history began, were Greek by

race!

had been absorbed or expelled

and the whole people called themselves Dorians and claimed
Argos for their parent stated In most of the .^gean islands
there was but a single city but in Rhodes there were three/
and it was called the island of three citie s T/otVoXt? vaao's
just as Crete was called the island of a hundred cities. These
Rhodian cities were I-inHn s. lalysos and Camiros Then
were large towns as well, as the ruins and remains of tha'
Earlier settlers in the island

age shew; but the three cities alone governed the island anc
With Cos and Cnidos they formed a religious
its possessions.
league, the Doric Pentapolis holding a temple in common on
Halicarnassos had once belonged to this
the Triopian Cape.
league, then the Doric Hexapolis; but it had been expelled
in very early times, and the other Dorian cities near had
always been excluded ^ From this religious l eague arose a
pol itical alliance main ly directed against the alien states o n
the mairiland, but there is no trace of joint action here like
tliat of the twelve Ionian cities further north that formed the
,

Ionic Dodecapolis'.

The Greek
^46

B.C.

cities

on the mainland were taken by Cyros in

islands has as yet nothing

Rhodes and the other

Thucydides, VII.

Herodotos,

I.

57.

144.

'

Dionysios of Halicarnassos, IV. 25.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

command

the Persians could not then

fear, for

cian fleet and had none of their own'.

But

the Phoe-

this security did

many

years, and Rhod es was among the con There was a Persian party in the island
was natural among a rich commercial society of ffi t rrVianLs
ffho valued sec urity above liber ty, and wealthy men, like
imocreon, with a taste for court life. Leaders of this party
I'ere exiled, but there is no record of resistance to the Persian
bt

endure for

nests of Dareios"

fi

leet in

490

B.C.".

The

Persians levied troops for the present

and ten years

Xerxes on

ind took hostages for the future*;

vere

Rhodian seamen

in the fleet of

After the battle

Salamis".

Rhodes with the Athenian

Themistocles

its

way

came down

and restored

fleet,

later there

its

to
to

independ-

;nce.

The Greek

islands were soon after united against Persia

Confederacy of Delos. At first it was an alliance of
jidependent states with Athens at their head; but as time
ent on most of the allies found foreign service irksome, and
istead of fitting out ships paid their cost over to the Atheians who suppIFed them: and thus they put themselves at
Q the

mercy of the Athenian

le

/ar broke out in 4^1 B.C.

id Rhodes

among

When

fleet.

the pplj^pr^nnPtJ^n

nearly allJJlP is1ands-o.-^Egeaa^

the m, \^^A fallpn into

the.

Athenian

Em-

was the grasp of Athens on Rhodes that on

ie Sicilian Expedition (415 B.C.) she forced the Rhodians to
:rve not merely against their Dorian kinsmen of Syracuse
ire'.

it

So

firm

against their

own

colonists, the

men

of Gela'.

The struggle between Athens and Sparta proved for the

hodians mainly a question of democracy and oligarchy. In
Lindos and
le age of the despots Cleobulos had ruled at
amagetos at lalysos'; but that was long past, and probably
j^emocracy had now been established for many years. There
Vas, indeed, a strong oligarchic party in the island; but at
I43, 174.

"

891.

'

Timocreon, Fr. i.
Thucydides, I. 99, n.

lb- vii. 57.

'

Pausanias, IV. 24; Plutarch de

Herodotos,

^schylos,

Timocreon, Fr.

i.

Persffi,

3.

Herodotos, VI. 99.

Diodoros, XI.

3.

Delph.

3.

9.

ei

RHODES.

the beginning of the war Athens had driven Dorieus and

its leaders into exile'.
Thus when Chios, Cnidos

others of

and many other

in the

summer

time remained

came down

states of the

Aigean revolted from Athens

Rhodes for the

after the disaster at Syracuse,

But

faithful.

in the

autumn

(412

B.C.)

Dorieus

to Cnidos with twelve ships and put pressure on

the Rhodian merchants by capturing the trading vessels tha*

touched at the island on their way from Egypt. The Athenians soon stopped this, and then cruised off the coast with
twenty ships to keep the enemy in check. But by the end of
the year their squadron had been beaten off, and a Spartan
fleet

of ninety-four ships had assembled at Cnidos.

The

oli-

garchic party in the island asked the aid of this fleet ; and the

admirals were ready to give it, as they hoped to raise men

and money at Rhodes under an oligarchy. So in the early
days of 411 B.C. the fleet appeared off Camiros. The populace knew nothing of the negotiations and took to flight from
their supposed enemies.
The people of the three cities were,
however, soon after called together, and the arguments or the
ships of the Spartans persuaded them formally to revolt from
Athens. The Athenians at their head-quarters at Samos hac
heard what was doing and came down with their fleet to stoj
the revolt. They appeared in the offing when it was just toe
late, and after a stay at Chalce went back to Samos.
Rhode:
paid dearly for her
talents {7680)

new

on the

oligarchy.

island,

idle there for nearly three

the coast.

The Spartans

and though

levied 32
their fleet stayec

months, they did not even protec

The Athenians were allowed

to make Chalce, a:
island within five miles of Rhodes, their base
of operations
and from there they came over to ravage the

country, oncu
landing in force and defeating the Rhodians in battle
when'
they came out to protect their fields. At last the
Spartan
fleet moved ofl", and the Athenian followed
itl
The Rhodians
being thus left to themselves tried to revolt from
Sparta; but
Dorieus came down with thirteen ships to keep them
in order
1

Xenophon, Hell.

i.

5; Pausanias,

Thucydides, vni.

,=.,

41

.,

,,

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
and stayed
attempt at

and

In 407

revolt.

After that there was no further

the winter'.

till

B.C.

Alcibiades ravaged the island

carried off vast supplies for the Athenian forces.

taking over the Spartan

command

that

On

same year Lysander

Rhodes, and the year after his successor

Lysander was again there with the whole
Spartan fleet just before .^Egospotamoe (405 B.C.), and at the
end of the war in 404 B.C. Rhodes remained in the power of
Sparta ^
Meanwhile the ancient cities of Lindos, lalysos and Camiros
[had joined in founding (408 B.C.) the city of Rhodes, and had
'surrendered to it the government of the island'. Though the
icities had always acted in concord, they had been separate
states
for example, they had separately joined the ConfederIjicy of Delos, for there was a dispute about the tribute payable
luo Athens by Lindos*
and they remained separate states,
imach with its senate and commons, in the days of the Roman
teZmpire.
The Rhodians, who had hitherto been at the mercy
bf the strongest fleet in the ^gean, found formidable means
in the fortifications of the great city; and the
irpf defence
(Rapidly increasing wealth and power that enabled them to.
[found it soon allowed them to have a policy of their own.
\
After the war the annoyances inflicted by Sparta through
the oligarchy led the Rhodians to set the example of revolt
Spartan fleet of 120 ships was lying in the
in 395 B.C.
harbours of the great city; but this was driven out, and Conon
who came up with an Athenian fleet from Caunos was allowed
(requisitioned ships at

did the

like.

to enter.

Next year Conon

utterly defeated the Spartans off

Cnidos, and thereby freed the Rhodian democracy from any

danger from abroad. The revolt had been so unexpected

that a convoy of corn coming from Egypt for the Spartans
had sailed into harbour without suspicion and been captured".
Some coins shew that an alliance, presumably for maintaining
independence, was now formed between Cnidos, lasos,
'

Xenophon, Hell.

I.

Diodoros,

2 lb.

Hell.

XIII. 6g, 70.

'

XIII. 38, 45.

I.

S, 6, II.

Diodoros,

"

Diodoros, XIII. 75.

Uarpocralion, [Link].
Diodoros, XIV. 79.

direinetv,

&c.

lO

RHODES.

Samos and Rhodes. The leaders of the oligarchic

who were expelled at the revolt found their way tc

Ephesos,
party

and urged on the government the danger of allowJ

Rhodes to be ruled by a democracy
pledged to Athens. A Spartan squadron was at length sent,
over the first that had ventured across the ^gean sinci)
but when it arrived oiif Rhodes (39c
the defeat at Cnidos
B.C.) the admiral found the democrats carrying all before
them ashore and afloat, and cruising with a squadron twice
as large as his own. After a time the Spartan squadron
was made up to 37 ships and then gave some support tc,
The Athenians were alarmed, and
the oligarchic party.
next year Thrasybulos was sent out with forty ships. He
did not go straight to Rhodes, thinking he could not easily
damage the oligarchic party, as they held a fort and had thd:
Spartan squadron there to help them; while the democrat;!
held the cities and had defeated their opponents in battle, and;
so could be in no need of support'. There is another versiorVj
of these events. The year before the Spartan ships camt
over, the oligarchic party had risen against the democrac^
and seized the great city, while the democrats retired to a fort
The oligarchy had then defeated the democrats in battle witl
great loss and proscribed the fugitives and after that hac
sent to Sparta for aid as a rising was expected ^
The forme)
version is on the better authority.
The fleet under Thrasy S
bulos came down to Rhodes after his death (389 B.C.) ancf
gave some aid to the democrats, but the Spartan squadron
was off the island most of that year, and returned again the
nextl The Peace of Antalcidas in 387 B.C. must have put an
end to this civil war: its result is not known, but the oligarchy
was in power a few years later. The Persian party of a century before was not yet wholly extinct, for it was believed at
Athens in 380 B.C. that if the Persians got a really firm hold
on the Greek cities on the mainland ceded to them at the
Peace of Antalcidas, Rhodes would throw in her lot with
them*. But when the new Athenian Confederacy was formed
Sparta,

ing a great island like

Xenophon, Hell.

Diodoros, xiv. 97.

IV. 8.

lb. xiv. 99.

Isocrates, p. 75.

Xenophon, Hell.

v. i.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

II

in 378 B.C. the Rhodian democrats at once expelled the

oli-

garchy and joined Athens'.

This Confederacy, like that of Delos a century before,
began in alliance on equal terms but soon tended to Athenian

Rhodes was now too powerful to

when Epaminondas hoped to make Thebes
empire.

(363

B.C.),

submit.

Thus

a naval power

the Rhodians readily assented to his plans^

At

Byzantion, Chios, Cos and Rhodes formally seceded

(357 B.C.) from the Confederacy on the pretext that Athens
had designs on them. Mausolos of Halicarnassos for his own

last

ends urged them on, and supported them against Athens'.

The Athenians at once made war on the seceding states, and
sent out an expedition to Chios where the allied forces had
assembled. There was an action on shore without result, but
the Athenian fleet was repulsed in an attack on the harbour

and the expedition retired. After this the allies with their
fleet of a hundred ships sailed about as they pleased, plundering the Athenian islands. At length Athens made an effort
to finish off the war, and fitted out sixty ships to join sixty
These went up to besiege Byzantion,
others already at sea.
but the allied fleet followed and overtook them in the HellesOne of the
pont. A general action was stopped by a storm.
Athenian admirals tried to attack, but the other two did not
support him as they thought the sea too rough; and the
The pugnacious admiral was then
affair ended in nothing.
incautious enough to fight a battle for a rebel Persian satrap
against the king's forces. It was soon rumoured that the
king would reply by joining the allies with a fleet of 300 ships.
The Athenians therefore thought it well to make peace, and
recognised the secession of the states. The war had lasted
three years*.

Mausolos used the influence acquired through his support

during the war to establish an oligarchy at Rhodes''. But
when he died and was succeeded by his widow, Artemisia, the

Rhodians with unwarranted contempt

1

Diodoros, XV. 28.

lb.

'

XV. 79.
Demosthenes,

K. U.

p. 191.

17.

for a

woman

Diodoros, xvi.

Demosthenes,

7,

as a ruler

21, 22.

p. 191.

RHODES.

12

ejected this oligarchy and tried to seize Hah'carnassos.

Arte

misia by a stratagem seized Rhodes instead'. She

it by executing the democrat!
leaders and stationing a Carian garrison in the Acropolis
reinstate!

the oligarchy, and secured

The Athenians

in spite of the late

least diplomatic aid; partly out of

but chiefly

in their

own

war gave the Rhodians a

sympathy with democracy

They thought

interest.

that

if

th

prospered, Artemisia wouh

Egyptian revolt against Persia

hand over Rhodes to Egypt; and if the revolt failed, th
island would remain an outpost for her suzerain the Persiai
king: and Rhodes in the power of either Persia or Egyp
would be a standing menace to Greek freedom. Besides, the}
fancied that if Athens shewed herself in earnest, neither Arte
It is noi
misia nor the Persian king would care to fight^
known when or how Artemisia's troops were driven out: bu'
the fact is certain, for her successor, Idrieus, had to seize the
place afresh a year or two later (346 B.C.)'.
But in a few
years Rhodes was again free and had no more troubles frorr
this source, for Caria and Persia itself were soon after crushec^
by Macedon.
On the first advance eastward of the Macedonians, Rhode;
joined Athens and other Greek cities in forcing Philip tc
raise the siege of Byzantion (340 B.C.)*.
Six years latej
when Alexander the Great marched through Asia Minor, the
Persian fleet (then commanded by a Rhodian admiral) kepi
the islands from him. But during the siege of Tyre teri
Rhodian ships came to assist him^ and upon its capture iri
332 B.C. Rhodes formally submitted^ A Macedonian garriil
son was placed in the city. Alexander next year promised
to withdraw it', but it was still there when he died.
On
hearing of his death in 323 B.C. the citizens expelled it, and
declared themselves again independent^
Alej^anderhad

greaUy advanced Rhodes, and her most famous age now

'

Vitruvius,

Demosthenes, pp. 190

'

lb. p. 63.

'

lb. IV. 8.

Diodoros, xvi. 77.

Arrian, Anabasis, 11. 20.

Diodoros, xviii.

ii.

41.

oi.

Quintus Curtius, iv. 5

11.

8.

Justin, XI.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

'

she was no longer merely an equal of Chios or

i;h
f Jxal^naval power of the -fEgean'.
In the wars between Alexander's successors it was no

ebegan

.(Byzantion, hiif
I

[Jfeht thing to

maintain independence or even neutrality.

The

an attack by Attalos'' but they had

yniiore to fear from Antigonos, the strongest and nearest of
At first they declined to join him in attacking
i^hese kings.
[jCassander, though allowing him to have ships built at
[(Rhodes but when he made the freedom of the Greek cities
([3 pretext for the war, they became his allies (312 B.C.), and
aJJ-hodians easily repelled

3|fitted

out ten ships of their

own

,of freedom was given to Athens'.

J,

)|

ii

and in the end some degree

But they could not risk a

mm

war with Ptolemy, for tVip bul k of their revenue cameJ

dues on the tra ding vessels running to Egypt, and mostof
heir s up plies^ we re

drawn thence] Solvfien Antigonos sent

son DemetrioB FoUorcetes to ask their alliance against
Ptolemy they refused it, saying their policy was universal

jhis
I

neutrality.
While observing this policy in their public acts,
they betrayed their sympathy with Egypt and Antigonos,
fearing they would join Ptolemy during the war, forced a
crisis by sending a squadron to plunder the Rhodian trading
vessels on their way to Alexandria,
The traders, however,
;

refused to be plundered, and beat off his

men

of war.

Upon

he charged the Rhodians with beginning a war without

provocation, and prepared to invade them. They did not ^
want to fight. They decreed various honours to Antigonos,
and sent envoys to point out that they had treaties of amity
with Ptolemy. Then, finding that Demetrios was actually
marching against them, they granted the alliance.
But
Demetrios now required them to give a hundred of their
this

men as hostages and admit his fleet to their harbour.

This suggested some design on the city and negotiations
were broken off. Still, even after he had landed on the island,
they treated again before the fighting began ; but without
resulf*.
On finding war inevitable, they allied themselves
chief

with Ptolemy of Egypt, Cassander of Macedon and Lysi^

Diodoros, XX. 81.

Arrian, de rebus successorum, 39.

'
'

Diodoros, xix. 57, 58, 77.

lb. xx. 46, 81, 82.

RHODES.

14

machos of Thrace, who had been

Thg

against Antigonos'.

Rome seem

for

some years

political relations of

in albancj

Rhod egjyit

have [Link]-tlM4iie
Demetrios Poliorcetes landed in the spring of 304 B.
without opposition, and established a camp and harboi'
near the great city. His assaults were at first mainly directe'
against the harbours. The city was for a time in grave peril
but at last the Rhodian sailors inflicted such damage on th(
to

by sea were abandoned

and with them all hope of starving out the garrison. Afte
this the Rhodian cruisers cut off the invaders' supplies, whilf
provisions were thrown into the city by Ptolemy, Cassande
and Lysimachos, and reinforcements came in from Egyp
and Crete. Some months were now spent in building th(
Helepolis and other engines for the assaults by land. Witl
these the walls were breached, and the decisive action wai
fought in the very streets of the city. But at the end of
year Rhodes was still untaken^
Mediation had already been attempted by Cnidos ant
then by Athens and many other Greek states. But now
Antigonos directed Demetrios to make peace and Ptolemy
who was the mainstay of the defence, advised the Rhodian<
to accept any reasonable terms.
treaty was soon mad(
on the mediation of the ^tolian League, or else of Athens
The terms were these Rhodes to be an ally of Antigono
against all his enemies except Ptolemy, and (probably) excep
Cassander and Lysimachos a hundred hostages for this to
be chosen by Demetrios from the citizens, but no one holding
office to be named
Antigonos to respect the independence
and revenues of Rhodes, and to place no garrison in the|
floating siege-engines that attacks

city^
I

The Rhodians had now proved their power, and they

used it skilfully. Though most states were seeking alliancd
with them, they bound themselves to none

'

Diodoros, xx. 84.

Polybios,

Diodoros, XX. 8288, 9398.

XXX.

5.

lb.

trios, 22.

even with

xx. 95, 99; Plutarch,

Rome
Deme-

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

1$

was merely of friendship and equality*. They

were thus at liberty to take either side in a dispute, and
strong enough to turn the scale in most wars. Few states
Tailed to conciliate their favour with gifts, and become in
Isome sense their tributaries^ When the city was shattered
their treaty

by a great earthquake about 227 B.C. the immense gifts sent

by Ptolemy of Egypt, Seleucos of Syria, Hiero and Gelon
of Sicily, Prusias, Mithridates and the other sovereigns of
Asia Minor, Antigonos of Macedon and by independent
cities without number shewed the width of Rhodian influence^ But it was not the policy of this commercial people
to take any active part in the quarrels of other states they
seldom fought unless their home or their trade was threatened
and not then if the danger could be averted by diplomacy.
They interfered in 220 B.C. in the interests_oOrade_whenjthe
Byzantines began to jevy^u^s on the exports from the Black
Sea to Greece. War was not declared till remonstrances,
backed by preparations for war, had failed. Even then the
Rhodians employed very few ships, and no troops. But they
incited Prusias of Bithynia, who had grievances against the
Byzantines to advance on the Bosporos. Byzantion met this
by an alliance with Attalos of Pergamos and with Achseos, an
independent sovereign in Asia Minor who could invade the
dominions of Prusias or the Rhodian possessions on the mainland.
The Rhodians thereupon fell back on negotiations
and left Prusias to carry on the war alone. Meanwhile they
obtained from Ptolemy the release of Andromachos, the
father of Achaeos, who was then a prisoner at Alexandria
:

and so won over the strongest ally of Byzantion. The

negotiations soon after ended in a treaty binding the Byzantines not to levy the dues*.

Some

years later,

when Eumenes

blockade the Hellespont during a war

of Pergamos
with Pharnaces of Pontos, a Rhodian squadron stopped him
without actual fighting". Again, Rhodes supported Sinope,
another commercial city, against the kings of Pontos. When
tried to

'

Polybios,

Fr. 161
2

XXX.

Livy, xlv. 25.

Diodoros, XX. 81.

Dio

Cassius,

8890.

Polybios, v.

'

lb.

'^

lb. xxvii. 6.

m.

-2,

IV.

46 S2.

RHODES.

l6

the Rhodians vot^

for the de
(;'S,6oo) to purchase supplies
they sen
B.C.
182
it in

Mithridates attacked the place in 220

140,000

drachma

B.C.

and when Pharnaces captured

envoys to the Roman Senate to complain": but
fence';

in

neithe

Some of the ships fitted out for thf

case did they fight.
war with Byzantion in 220 B.C. were sent to assist Cnossos it
and Eleu
Crete against Eleutherns, another Cretan city
declaring
wa
then
and
thernje replied by threatening reprisals
;

In sending these ships the Rhodians seen

It may b
to have abandoned their policy of neutrality.
that they had a defensive alliance with the Cnossians, and i
against Rhodes'.

notable that the first reinforcement thrown into Rhode

during the great siege came from Cnossos* but probabi
Sixt een year s_l ater sev e:
there ^rag ^, fjnp<;tinn of piracy.
is

pirate^ips were

fitted

m g^

out by t he Cr^ans, and Rhodes

Piracy in general

>var onHBehalf of the tra ding~w"orld

RHo3iar[S~put

down Tinheir own

fKe

".

and they alsc

Demetrios of Pharo:

interest ,

stopped pillaging by belligerents. When

began plundering the Cyclades in 219 B.C., they drove him
without involving themselves in the war'.

o:

The advance of Macedon under Philip V seemed to thi

Rhodians to threaten more than their trade. They fanciec
monarchy became closely involved in the
it would be a standing menace tc
So, when the Macedonians marched down intc
their liberty.
southern Greece in 208 B.C. Rhodes joined Chios, Athens and
Egypt in sending envoys to arrange a peace. For over twc
years these Rhodian envoys urged peace on Philip, followin
him about on his marches, and getting from him nothing but
They also met the Romans
civil and evasive answers.
who were now in active war with Macedon. At last they

that

if

that great

politics of

Greece proper,

gained their point

Philip

Greek enemies, and soon

'

Polybios, IV. 56.

lb.

lb. IV. 63.

Diodoros, XX. 88.

lb. xxvii. 3.

XXIV. 10; Livy, XL.

2.

made peace

(205

with the

after

B.C.)

lb. xx. 81.

'

Polybios, IV. 16, 19.

lb.

xxviii.

V.
7.

24,

with his

Romans*.

The'

100; Livy, xxvii. 30,

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

1/

elnodians suspected the king's sincerity, and readily believed

liisj

admiral Heracleides when he appeared at Rhodes as a

euppliant saying he had been dismissed for dissuading his

from a war against Rhodes, and gave up despatches

them to carry through
heir war with the Rhodians.
But as soon as the wind suited
Ifiis purpose, Heracleides set fire to the dockyard and went off
lln4ster

Philip to the Cretans urging

tjr^m

a boat.

(jn

gfdmiral'.

Philip disclaimed the act, but did not dismiss his

In 201 B.C. the Macedonians crossed into Asia

and began to seize the independent cities. Rhodes

Pergamos at once reported this at Rome. The Senate
ItTeplied that it would attend to the matter, but referred the
and nothing was done^.
consuls
ilitnilitary question to the
jMeanwhile Philip had taken Cios; and while his envoys at
lifVIinor

Ifind

jRhodes were proclaiming that as a proof of goodwill to the

jRhodians their master would not harm the Cians, news came
jin that he had razed the city and sold the people into slavery^
(After this Rhodes did not hesitate, and Pergamos and
|Byzantion soon joined her in declaring war against Macedon.
It was now known that Philip was allied with Antiochos of
ijSyria for the conquest of Egypt and the division of its
(Possessions* so great Rhodian interests were at stake.
Macedonian squadrons attacked Chios and Samos while
jPhiHp with the main body of his fleet blockaded Pergamos,
thinking the allies would come too late to save the city, if
But Theophiliscos the Rhodian admiral,
{they came at all.
who was almost the only man that felt himself a match for
Philip, prevailed on the allies to sail at once instead of waiting till their preparations were complete and the blockade
:

ij

was raised. The Macedonian fleet slipped away to join the

squadron at Samos before the engagement, but it was overtaken in the Straits of Chios and forced to fight there. The
allies,

though vastly outnumbered, were stronger

in ships

of

the largest size and far superior in seamanship and they had
the best of the action. Thinking, however, that Attalos the
;

'

Polybios, XIII.

jy.

Livy, XXXI.

T. R.

4, 5;

Polyaenos, v.

Polybios, xv. 23.

Livy, [Link]. 14.

2.

RHODES.

ashol
king of Pergamos had been killed when his ship went
S1|
they lost heart and did not follow up their advantage.
loss
own
their
^|
they destroyed half Philip's fleet, while
slight'.

The remains

soutt
of the Macedonian fleet went
alone, and another action w|

followed by the Rhodians

fought off Lade near Miletos.

The Rhodian

ships sheerd

the han.|

was left in
off one by one, and their station at Lade
While the Rhodian fleet retired to Cc
of the enemy'.
cities
Philip marched through Caria, seizing the Rhodian
him
forced
winter
of
approach
the mainland. But the

Here the allies made their fatj

recross the Hellespont.
blunder in failing to cut off his retreat with their fleet!
they might then have secured the liberty of Greece withoJ
After allowing him to retire to Thrace
aid from Rome.
prepare for another campaign, they could merely sail over

^gina and

wJ

induce the Athenians to join them in the

After this the Rhodian

fleet

went round the islands af

brought them all over to the alliance except three whj|

were held by Macedonian garrisons and then went ho^
for the winter.
Next spring (200 B.C.) Philip secured 1k|
;

passage of the Hellespont by taking Abydos.

fleet

moved up

to

Tenedos

to observe

The Rhodf^

but a single ship

froil

and 300 men from Attalos were all the reinforcemenf

sent to the unfortunate city, though the allies could easHj
have raised the sieged The Rhodians were now hesitatiri
about the war, and readily listened to an embassy from tbl
Achaeans in the interests of peace. They had reported il
Rome the designs of Philip and Antiochos on Egypt and ii
possessions*
but Rome had so far contented herself wi<j
blunt speeches to Philip from her ambassador.
When
Roman squadron at last arrived in the Peiraeus, they sent uij
only three ships to join it. But when this squadron hai
taken Philip's stronghold of Chalcis in Euboea, and Romal
ambassadors had arrived at Rhodes to advocate war^ thej
'shewed more spirit and sent up twenty ships to join the)
this fleet

Polybios, XVI.

lb. XVI. 15.

'

Livy, XXXI. 14

29.

17.

<>

Appian, de reb. Macedon,

Polybios, XVI. 35.

3.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

9
1

These were used as a squadron of observation on

'lae Macedonian fleet during 199 B.C., but went home early for
'^be winter as there was no fighting.
Next year Flaminius
'""rrived in Greece and the war was pushed on with more
'igour.
The twenty Rhodian ships joined the Pergamene
'''"nd Roman squadrons
and the fleet thus formed, after some
iomans.

Euboea, toolc Cenchreae, the port of Corinth,

^hile Corinth was itself besieged'. During the siege most

'"liccesses in

Achaean cities declared against Philip, and in the

he was treating for peace. But the negotiations fell
through, and in 197 B.C. Flaminius utterly defeated him at
'tynoscephalae.
The Rhodians had meanwhile retaken their
""cities on the mainland captured by Philip in 201 B.C.
Their'
'general Pausistratos invaded Caria with about 3000 mer''cenaries and defeated the Macedonians, who were in nearly
"equal force, at Alabanda, taking the phalanx in flank and
'Inflicting great loss.
But he did not follow up his victory,
%nd spent time in occupying outlying posts and villages
"instead of marching at once on Stratoniceia, the chief fortress
'of the country.
He thus gave time for the garrison to
^recover from its panic and the remains of the Macedonian
'forces to come in, and found the place too strong for him^
.'Peace was concluded in 196 B.C., but a year later a Rhodian
ssquadron went to help the Roman and Pergamene in putting
down Nabis of Sparta, who was still holding out^
In the abortive negotiations for peace before Cynoscephalee
Philip offered to restore to the Rhodians the Peraa the
itract comprising their ancient possessions on the mainland
These were for the
but refused the rest of their claims.
evacuation of the Carian cities and of Sestos and Abydos
on the Hellespont for the freedom of all the markets and
and for the restoration to Byzantion
ports in Asia Minor
of its subject state Perinthos^ When the negotiations were
referred to Rome the Rhodian envoys went further and sup'Hf the

"'

Vinter

'

ported the general

'

Livy, XXXI.

18,

XXXII. 16, 23.

^

lb. XXXIII. 18.

22,

demand
28,

46,

of the Greeks that Philip should

47,

xxxiv.

26.

'

lb.

Polybios, XVII.

2,

6; Livy, XXXII.

33, 35-

RHODES.

20

fetters,' Chalcis, Corinth and Demetrias',

This support by the Rhodians of claims that did not concern
them very closely and their refusal of the restoration of

give up 'the three

mark their altered policy

securethecityandJUljade,_bul^^

the Peraea alone

to

nojonger

nigrely

-^^ ^^^ treaty of

to'^overn~th rGreeirdtie s_ofAMa-Mi
peaceTir79^C. the Carian cities that Philip had occupied
were granted to the Rhodians who now held most of them,

But the Romans did nothing to carry out the treaty as

regards Stratoniceia, which the Rhodians had not yet takeii,
and it was Antiochos of Syria who obtained the place for
Rhodes".

During the war (197 B.C.) Antiochos had moved up along

the south coast of Asia Minor with his fleet to support Philip
and had taken many of the coast towns.

The Rhodians saw

the danger of allowing his forces to unite with the Mace-

him in his camp before Coramust not pass the Chelidoniae by sea or by
land and that their fleet and army would stop him if he
tried.
These islands were chosen as an ancient boundary
fixed by Athens and Persia.
This bold message was put in
civil terms, and the king gave a civil answer that he purposed
no injury to them or their allies, offering at the same time to
renew the treaties between Syria and Rhodes. Just then news
came of the defeat of the Macedonians at Cynoscephalae, so
the Rhodians saw no further need for the present of opposing
the advance of Antiochos. They merely helped the cities
threatened by him, sending information of his movements
to some and auxiliaries to others". -The war did not begin k,
donians, and their envoys told
cesion that he
;

earnest

192 B.C.

till

At

first

the Rhodians had

little

share

squadron was too late for the defeat of the Syrial

fleet by the Roman and Pergamene off Cyssos in
191 B.6,
and merely joined in blockading the enemy at Ephesos'.

it

their

They sent

out thirty-six ships under Pausistratos in good time

'

Appian, de

Polybios, XXXI. 7;

reb.

Macedon,

6.

Livy, xxxiii.

18, 30.
'

Polybios, xviii. 24; Livy, xxxiii.

jo.
>

Livy, xxxvi. 45; Appian, de reb.

Syria, 22.

PUELld AFFAIRS.

21

These were surprised in harbour at Samos through

the treachery of the Syrian admiral Polyxenidas, a Rhodian
exile
and only seven ships escaped, while Pausistratos himself
next year.

was killed. Twenty fresh ships were sent out in a few days,
and these joined the Romans at Samos, and went with them
to

make

a demonstration off Ephesos.

respond, and there seemed so

Polyxenidas did not

chance of further fighting

that some of the Rhodian ships were detached to act as
convoys*.
descent on Patara, the metropolis of Lycia,
was now planned, with the double object of capturing the
ships fitting out there for Antiochos, and of setting free the
Rhodian forces employed in defending their possessions on
little

Some Roman and Rhodian

the mainland against the Lycians.

came down from Ephesos, picked up others at Rhodes

and sailed for Patara. A storm prevented them from making

ships

the harbour and they ran for shelter to Phcenicos

there

they had a struggle to keep off the citizens and some Syrian
After this miscarriage
troops, and so went on to Telmessos.
the design on Patara was given up. Later on the main body

Roman fleet was brought down to seize the place

but after getting as far as Loryma, just opposite Rhodes, the
admiral found an excuse for going backl Meanwhile the
Syrians had laid siege to Pergamos. The Roman and Rhodian
fleet moved up to Elsea to support the city, and then to
Adramyttion when that place was threatened: but the
of the

During
fleet returned to Samos.
Antiochos offered to treat for peace, and the
Rhodians were ready to come to terms, but Eumenes of
Pergamos utterly refused and the matter ended'. The fleet
coming up from Syria under Hannibal was now expected.
The Rhodian ships at Samos went home to wait for it but
Syrians retired, and the

this

siege

were sent on with the others, thirty-six in all, first to Phaselis,

which was untenable for fever, and then to the mouth of
the Eurymedon. Hannibal soon came up with forty-three
ships,
1

most of them larger than

Livy, xxxvil.

teb. Syria,
'

lb.

24,

914; Appian,

XXXVII. 15

de

18

25.

17.

his

opponents'.

Polybios,
21.

xxi.

8;

Livy,

In

the

xxxvii.

RHODES.

22
action the

Rhodians

at

into confusion in forming,

fell

first

engaged, the better build of

but as soon as they were
their ships and their seamanship told, and more than half the
They could not follow up their
enemy's fleet was disabled.
fairly

victory as most of their rowers were

weak

after the fevers.

Hannibal went on to Patara, and a Rhodian squadron lay

off

The Romans

there to prevent a junction with Polyxenidas.

would have nothing more to do with Patara, though the

Rhodian admiral was ordered to use all his influence to bring
them there'. The operations round Ephesos soon after ended
The Syrian fleet of
in the decisive action off Myonnesos.
eighty-nine ships under Polyxenidas engaged the allied fleet
of eighty ships, twenty-two of them Rhodian and the rest
Roman. At first the S5'rians were likely to outflank the
Romans, but the Rhodians threw part of the enemy's line
into confusion, and then the Romans broke through and took
it in the rear.
In the end nearly half the Syrian fleet was
sunk, burnt or taken. The Rhodian squadron next went to

the Hellespont to help in transporting the

into Asia,

and then went horned

Roman

troops

Scipio soon after defeated

Antiochos with a loss of fifty thousand men at Magnesia.

Polyxenidas, seeing that the war was over, retired from
Ephesos and sailed as far as Patara but hearing there that
a Rhodian squadron was cruising near Megiste, he left his
ships and continued his retreat overlandl
By the treaty of
peace Antiochos gave up his fleet, and the Syrian ships at
;

Patara,

to

the

number of

were burnt there by the

fifty,

Romans'*.

After the defeat of Antiochos Rhodian envoys arrived in

and were received with honours second only to those
granted to Eumenes of Pcrgamos. The Rhodians asked for

Rome

the independence of the Greek cities in Asia Minor, intendinf..

to be first their patrons and afterwards their sovereigns while'
;

Eumenes, who was already the sovereign of some of them

and had designs on the rest, of course opposed this. They
1

Livy,

xxxvn.

22

24;

Appian, de

leb. Syria, 22, 28.

2

lb.

XXXVII. 2931; Appian,

de

reb. Syria, 27.

s

lb.

xxxvij. 45.

lb.

xxxviii.

39.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

23

also asked for the independence of Solce, with a view to getting

a hold on

by way

Cilicia;

The

but did not press the claim.

Senate,

of compromise, granted Lycia and Caria as far as the

Mzeander to the Rhodians and the rest of the dominions of

Antiochos west of IVIount Tauros to Eumenes: and confirmed
the independence of all the Greek cities of Asia Minor that
had paid tribute to Antiochos except those that had previously been tributaries of Pergamos.
Ten commissioners went
over to Asia Minor to settle the details\ The treaty of peace
made upon their report in 189 B.C. excepted Telmessos from
the grant of Lycia to Rhodes, the Romans having meanwhile
seized the place and given it to Eumenes^ When the Carians
and Lycians were thus handed over to Rhodes, their relations
with her were not clearly settled; and while they sent envoys
suggesting an alliance, she sent comrnjssioners to regulate
war followed; and when the Lycians were
their affairs^
beaten they complained at Rome of Rhodian oppression.
The Senate pointed out to the Rhodians that by the records
of the ten commissioners the Lycians were to be their friends
and allies, and not their slaves. On hearing this the Lycians
took up arms again and seem to have been fighting for the
next three years. The Rhodians thought the Senate had
been misled and sent envoys to Rome to argue the point*.
Rhodes now became somewhat estranged from Rome.

of Roman power in the East clearly threatened

Rhodian independence, and a strong party in the island held
that the true policy for the Rhodians was to support the other
states of the East against Rome, and if necessary to oppose her
themselves. Thus when Perseus, the young king of Macedon,
married Laodiceof Syria, the bride was escorted to hernewhome'
by the Rhodian fleet, which had been fighting a few years before against the Macedonians and Syrians and then there were

The growth

ostentatious manoeuvres of the whole of this fleet as a hint to

Romans^

the
1

Polybios,

Livy,

XXI.

xxxvn. 52

The estrangement
14,

xxii.

17;

56; Diodoros, xxix.

11; Appian, de reb. Syria, 4+.

2

Polybios,

xxn.

26,

27;

Livy,

of

Rhodes from Pergamos,

xxxviii. 38, 39.

'

Polybios, xxiii.

'

lb.

polybios, XXVI.

xxvi.

7,

3.

8; Livy, XLI. 6, 25.

7.

RHODES.

24
the firm ally of

in the contest for

Rome, had begun

Asia Minor.

to blockade the Hellespont

the attempt of
during his war with Pharnaces was an interference with com-

Eumenes

Then

merce that a Rhodian squadron had checked almost by

Moreover,

Pergamene

force.

troops ostensibly sent to assist the

Rhodians against the Lycians had been plundering in the

Pera;a\ At last when Eumenes brought on the war between
the Romans and Perseus in 171 B.C., his sacred- embassy to
the festival of Helios at Rhodes was turned back^ and he was
violently attacked by a Rhodian envoy before the Roman
Senate. In this attack the envoy shewed too much sympathy
with Perseus, and another was sent to protest the fidelity of
Rhodes to Rome. But the Roman legates who were then in
the island to renew the treaties of friendship, reported that the
strong partizan of Rome, however^
people were wavering'.

became head of the Rhodian government, and determined its policy for a time. Further legates who came from
Rome to secure the assistance, or at any rate the neutrality, of

just then

a fleet of forty ships then fitting out at Rhodes, went back

convinced that the people could be trusted. Envoys sent by

Perseus to suggest that the Rhodians might arrange terms of
peace and if necessary enforce them, were dismissed with an
answer that though Rhodes desired peace she could not en-

danger her friendship with Rome.

.sent to

the

Roman

Five Rhodian ships were

admiral when he asked for them.

request had not been forwarded

anti-Roman party fixed on

by the proper

official,

His

and

the

this irregularity to cast doubts on

the authenticity of the despatch not doubting it [Link],

but wishing to shew the Romans that Rhodes would not go
out of her way to help them. The ships soon returned as
:

was no fighting*. As the war dragged on and was more

and more mismanaged by the Roman commanders, the Rhodians declared themselves more plainly; and it became notothere

rious in

Rome

in the island.
1

"
'

that parties were

now

nearly evenly balanced

But the Senate ignored

Polybios, XXV. 5, xxvii. 6.

Appian, de reb. Macedon, 9.

Livy, XLII. 14, 19, 26.

<>

this,

Polybios,

XLU.

and confirmed the

xxi'ii.

3,
'

45, 46, 56.

4,
'

'

U\y

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

25

treaty of friendship with the Rhodians in i5g^.C. without

remark, and also gave theniiasieJ;a_exort_corn from Sicily.

But the Consul Quintus Marcius very curiously hinted to a

Rhodian envoy at his camp that Rhodes might arrange a
peace, as she was the power from whom an offer of mediation
could best come; and privately asked him to mention the
matter at home. Rhodes soon after offered to mediate between Egypt and Syria, who were now at war, but nothing
was then done as to Rome and Macedon\ The Consul's
request came to the ears of the anti-Roman party and confirmed their opinion that Rome was unequal to the task before
her.
They went so far as to inform Perseus, who was now in
alliance with Genthios of Illyria, that they were ready to join
him in the war. Envoys from these kings were received with
marked honour at Rhodes; and after a stormy debate on their
proposals for an alliance against Rome, the anti-Roman party
carried the day.
Rhodian envoys were sent to Perseus and
the Consul at the seat of war and to the Roman Senate^
Before the Senate they spoke as a superior power, saying they
had determined to put an end to the war in the interests of
commerce and would attack any state that declined their
mediation". The Consul was even more angry than the
Senate when the Rhodians arrived with their message a few
days before the battle of Pydna, but he merely said he would
answer in a fortnight*. After his victory the envoys who
were still in Rome were sent for by the Senate. Their chief
calmly said they had desired peace in the best interests of
Rome, and now had only to congratulate the Romans on their
glorious victory. They at once retired without waiting for an
answer, but the Senate replied by a despatch pointing out the
facts .

The blunder

of the Rhodians lay less in their action against

time of taking it. Had war followed then,

they could perhaps have destroyed several Roman fleets

Rome

than

Polybios,

in the

xxviii.

2,

14,

15,

Appian, de reb. Macedon, 15.

2 lb. XXIX.
2, 4, 6; Livy, XLIV.
ig.

19;

Dio
23,

Livy, xLIV. 14; Diodoros, XKX. 24;

Cassius, Fr. 159.

Uvy, XLIV.

"

Polybios, XXIX. 7;

35.
l-ivy,

xlv.

3.

RHODES.

26

before they submitted; but they might have checked the eastward advance of the Romans for many years, had they joined
It was believed at
Perseus while he was still successful.
Rome that the suggestion of mediation to the Rhodians by
the Consul Quintus Marcius was intended simply to make

them commit themselves^ Some Roman legates now refused

to touch at the island on their way to Egypt, and went to
Loryma on the mainland instead. The Rhodians at last persuaded them to cover over, and on a hint from one of them
ordered the execution of all who had spoken or acted against
Rome during the war. Many had anticipated this decree by
flight or suicide, but it was carried out as far as might be''.
At Rome a Praetor would have proposed to the people a war
against Rhodes, had not a Tribune of the Plebs very irreguThis Tribune then
larly pulled him down from the rostrum.
introduced to the Senate some further envoys from Rhodes
who had previously been refused audience and ordered to
leave the city. The senators who had served in the war were
bitterly opposed to Rhodes, and she would have fared badly
had not Cato taken her part. He reminded them that Rhodes
had not actually taken up arms, and could not in any case be
blamed for protecting her independence'. In the end the
Senate cancelled the treaty of friendship with the Rhodians

and ordered them to evacuate those parts of Caria and Lycia

granted them after the war with Antiochos. Their admiral
came over next spring (167 B.C.) to negotiate a treaty of

now that a treaty of friendship was out of the question,

they thought it necessary to determine their relations with
Rome even at the cost of fettering their policy for the future.

alliance
for

Meanwhile they put down a revolt of Caunos, Mylassos and

Alabanda, fearing that if they lost Caria and Lycia their other
possessions would revolt or be seized by the neighbouring
states; but the negotiations at

them from crushing the

1

Polybios, xxvni. 15.

"

Livy, XLV.

10;

Dio

rebels*.

Aulus Gellius,

VI.

3;

An

for the treaty hindered

order for the evacuation

Cataline, 51.
Cassius, Fr.

'^3

Rome

cf.

Sallust,

^ Polybios, xxx.
4, 5 ; Livy, XLV.
-20 25; Dio Cassius, Fr. i6i.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

2/

of Caunos

and Stratoniceia was then obtained from the

Senate by those cities, and the Rhodians who were
anxious for the success of the negotiations, obeyed. The

Roman
still

alliance

was refused

later

(164
Gracchus.

B.C.)

but was granted a year

through the influence of Tiberius

for the present,

chiefly

Rome had

deprived the Rhodians of Caunos and

Stratoniceia as well as of the territory she had herself granted

them twenty-five years before

sacrifices in putting

down

and

also of all return for their

the revolts in Lycia and for the

money spent there. She had also damaged them indirectly

by proclaiming Delos a free port to divert trade from the
island.
None of these measures were withdrawn, though a
year later the Rhodian claims to private property in Lycia
and Caria were allowed by the Senate and the city of Calydnos was permitted to exchange Caunos for Rhodes as its

But the power of the island was not broken,

sovereign.

though

it

suffered in repute'.

Rhodes had been on good terms with Crete during the war
between Perseus and the Romans, sending envoys in 168 B.C.
to the several Cretan cities as well as to the assembled Cretans
A dozen years later
to renew their treaties of friendship.
Rhodes declared war against the Cretans as pirates but
some reverses reduced her to despondency, and she sought
foreign aid.
The Achseans were inclined to assist her, but
:

could do nothing without the consent of Rome. The Romans

would do nothing decided, and the most that the Rhodian
admiral could obtain from the Senate (153 B.C.) was an offer
of mediation. Meanwhile the Rhodians had probably dropped
the war, for some of the ships they had fitted out for it went
in 154 B.C. to assist the Pergamene fleet against Prusias".
The reputation of Rhodes was restored by her resistance
to Mithridates.

Minor

The king

whole of Asia
southward by sea was stopped

easily occupied the

(88 B.C.) but his progress

His fleet was the stronger, but

the sailors no match for their
and
badly
built
the ships were
and he was completely defeated'. When the
opponents
at

Myndos by

the Rhodians.

'

Polybios, XXX. [Link]. 1,7, 16,17.

lb.

XXIX.

4,

xxxui.

II, 14, 15.

"

Memnon,

civ. iv. 71,

Fr. 31; Appian, de bel.

RHODES.

28

shortly afterwards massacred throughout Asia

his order, the few that escaped found refuge at

Romans were
Minor by

Rhodes. The great city was at once prepared for a siege, and
was soon attacked. The Rhodian fleet was almost surrounded when it went out to oppose the landing of the enemy and
had to retire without fighting; and in the small engagements
it gained only slight advanFollowing the example of Demetrios, Mithridates
pitched his camp close to the city and made his first attacks

that occurred during the siege

tages.

by

sea.

The

citizens repulsed these

and destroyed the

float-

ing siege-engines: they baffled an attempt to surprise the

harbours and the Acropolis by a night attack and at last they
:

Next year Rhodes supplied LucuUus with three ships when he went round to stir
up the allies of Rome, and then with some part of the fleet
with which he gained successes in 85 B.C. off Lectum and
again off Tenedos^ At the peace (84 B.C.) the Rhodians
received some reward from Sulla for their fidelity to the
Romans': probably the confirmation of their title to Caria
and Lycia, for Caunos was in revolt against Rhodes soon
forced the king to raise the siege'.

When Mithridates renewed hostilities with the Romans, twenty Rhodian ships served against him at the siege
after*.

of Heracleia'.

Rhodes next became involved in the party politics of

Rome. The leaders of the Civil War were well known in the
on the winning
and did not follow either party very eagerly. Pompey
was popular for his campaign against the pirates in 67 B.C., in
which many Rhodians had served under him^; and when he
raised forces in the East in 49 B.C. to oppose Caesar, Rhodian
ships formed one of the squadrons of his fleet.
This squadron
was wrecked in the Adriatic, and Caesar then gained some
island; but the people merely desired to be

side

favour by sending the survivors of the crews safe home'.

There were also Rhodian troops among Pompey's forces at
1

Appian, de

Memnon,

Plutarch, Lucullus, 2,3.

Florus

Appian, de

c^,; je

bel.

bel.

* Strabo, p. 651.

Mith. 2427.

Mith. 61.

Fr. 50.

III

6
bei. civ. ,11.
^6,
5,
..>
1

.
/

PtTBLIC AFFAIRS.

29

After the battle Pompey himself escaped from

Lesbos on Rhodian ships'; but when some of his party came
to Rhodes, the people sent them off, thinking it was high time
to change sides. When Caesar crossed to Egypt soon after
this, it was with ten Rhodian ships^
One of these deserted on
the way, but the rest did all the hardest fighting at the capture of Alexandria. Their admiral was afterwards lost with
his ship in an action off the Canopic mouth of the Nile, but
the others went on with Caesar to his African campaign ^
After Caesar's death the Rhodians fitted out ships for Dolabella in 43 B.C., but refused any to Cassius; saying, when he
pressed his demand, that they would be no parties to a civil
war and had merely intended the ships with Dolabella as an
escort.
Upon this Brutus and Cassius determined to crush
Rhodes before they marched on Rome: partly to secure their
advance from the Rhodian fleet, and partly to fill their military chest. The populace thought they could resist Cassius
as well as Demetrios or Mithridates, but the more sensible
people dreaded a contest with Romans. After abortive negotiations at Myndos, where Cassius was fitting out, the Rhodians attacked the Roman fleet there. At first their seamanship gave them the advantage; but they were far inferior in
the number and size of their vessels, and at length retired
Pharsalos.

with a loss of five ships.

In another action when the

enemy

two more ships. The great

city was then invested by sea and land; and its capture was
It was
inevitable, for there had not been time to provision it.
believed that some of the leading men, knowing that resistapproached the island they

lost

ance was hopeless, agreed to open the gates. At all events,

the Romans suddenly appeared in the middle of the "city.
Cassius kept his troops in order, and beyond executing some
fifty

of the citizens and proscribing a few more, did no

harm

to the city or the people: but he seized all gold and silver,
clearing the temples and the treasury and even the wells and

tombs

in

which valuables had been hidden. He left 3000

and then went on his way to

legionaries to hold the city,

1

Appian, de

CjEsar, debel. civ. III. 102, 106.

bel. civ. 11. 7r, 83.

Auhis Hirtius, de

11 IS.

^5

de

bel.

bel. Afric. 20.

Alexand.

RHODES.

30

After the battle this garrison was withdrawn;

had carried off all the Rhodian ships he
Parmensis
Cassius
could man and burnt the rest, and it no longer mattered what
side Rhodes might take".
The Rhodians never recovered from this blow. Antony
granted them several islands as some compensation for their
losses: but these they governed so harshly that he revoked
Philippi'.

Under the Empire Claudius withdrew their independence in 44 A.D. because they had crucified Romans, but in
53 he restored if*; and after that it was several times forfeited
for intrigues against Rome and then regained by services in
war^ At last Vespasian placed Rhodes among the Roman
the grant'.

provinces''.
1

Dio

Appian, de

bel. civ.

IV.

6o

74;

Claudius, 25.

Cassius, XLVii. 33.

Tacitus, Annates, xn. 58.

Appian, de

Eutropius, VII. 19

lb. de bel. civ. v. 7.

"

Dio

bel. civ. v. 2.

Cassius,

LX.

24;

patian, 8.

Suetonius,

Suetonius, Ves-

III.

AT

SEA.

In the lists of powers holding the Thalassocratia, the

sovereignty of the seas, Rhodes stands sometimes fourth and
sometimes

fifth, holding it
fnr fwpn<-3^-#Hs<'=-y^nr-'i nbniit
This probably means that the power standing next

900_RC.'

below Rhodes

in the lists began to be reckoned among the

sovereigns of the seas twenty-three years after Rhodes was

reckoned among them. This Thalassocratia could

be claimed on many grounds, and it is not clear on what
grounds it is here assigned to Rhodes. More is learnt from
the statement that before the Olympic games were founded
the Rhodians for years together sailed far from
(.' 884 B.C.)
home for the safety of mankind, voyaging a^; far as .Spai n and
founding divers colonies ^ T he use of naval power for putt ing
itself first

dosgx.^>i*acy

and for trade and colonization gave a claim

to

the Thalassocra tia.

known of the Rhodian colonization of this age in

There was Rhodos, Rhode, or Rhoda at the northeast corner of Spain ^
Rosas inherits the name, but the site
of the old town is toward the headland at San Pedro de Roda.
It was doubted in ancient times whether it was founded by
Rhodes or by the neighbouring city of Emporion, itself a
Little

is

the West.

colony of the Phocaeans of Massalia (Marseilles).

Eusebios,

anno

p. 181.
'

Strabo, p. 654.

iioo.

Syncellos,

'
II.

lb. pp. 160,

The

place

654; Pomponius Mela,

6; Stephanos, s.v. 'PiS?;.

RHODES.

32

hands of the Massaliots, and the belief that it was

founded by them may have arisen after that. There was
also Rhode, Rhoda, or Rhodanusia somewhere near Massalia
It was also doubted whether this was a colony of
itself.
Rhodes or of Massalia. It was said that the city had its
name from Rhodes and gave it to the Rhodanos (the Rhone);
but it seems more likely that the river gave the name to the
fell

into the

and that the name then suggested Rhodes as the parent

The Rhodians also founded Parthenope among the
This Parthenope would be Neapolis (Naples). That
Opici".
city, however, was commonly held to be a colony of Cuma,
and it may be that these settlers founded the neighbouring

city,

state.

Palaeopolis.

On

south of the

Lago

the other side of Italy, Salapia, just to the

di Salpi by the Gulf of Manfredonia, was

founded by colonists from Rhodes and Cos under a certain

Elpias in one ancient account; but in another Diomed founded
it together with Canusium and Arpi, of which it was the port'.
Lastly, the Rhodians under Tlepolemos after the return from
Troy planted colonies in the parts about Sybaris on the Gulf
of Taranto and in the Balearic Islands*. Other states joined
Rhodes in sending out some later colonies and it may be
that in these early migrations the colonists were of several
stocks and that each stock afterwards claimed for itself alone
the honour of founding the city.
;

The Rhodian
and

is

colonization in Sicily belongs to a later age

well known.

Their chief colony was Gela

for a time

the most powerful city in Sicily and itself the founder of

When

Camarina and Acragas.

Greek colonists

first

the island they planted five Greek cities there in

came

little

to

more

These were all upon the eastern coast.

five years.
There was a pause for nearly forty years, and then a body of
Dorians from Rhodes and Crete founded Gela (Terranova)
about the middle of the south coast (690 B.C.). Antiphemos
the Rhodian and Entimos the Cretan were reverenced together as joint founders but the Rhodians probably had the
than

Strabo, p. i8o; Pliny, in. 4; Stephanos, s. v. 'Podavovala.

1

'

Strabo,

p.

6^4.

'

lb. p. 654; Vitruvius,

'

Aristotle, p.

I.

39.

840; Strabo,

Silius Italicus, in. 364.

p.

654;

AT

SEA.

33
the Acropohs was called

greater share in the colony, for

Lindice after Lindos, which was the city of Antiphemos and

The name Gela was taken from the river close

by\ In the Sicilian Expedition of 415 B.C. both Rhodians
and Cretans fought for Athens against the Geloans who were

his followers.

Rhodians from necessity, the Cretans

Further to westward on the south coast, Acragas,

fighting for Syracuse: the

for

pay^

afterwards Agrigentum and

now

Girgenti,

was founded by

the Geloans in 582 B.C., and the Dorian customs that their

had brought from Rhodes were established in the new

that Acragas was colonized directly
from Rhodes is on less authority*. But the famous bronze

fathers

The statement

city'.

bull of Phalaris recalls certain bronze kine that bellowed on

mount Atabyros

while Phalaris himself seems to

in Rhodes
have been born at Astypalsea near Rhodes, and to have been
building a temple to that great god of Lindos, Zeus Polieus,
when he seized the supreme power at Acragas^: and no doubt
many Rhodians came over to help the Geloans in peopling
Camarina also lay on the south coast, but
their new colony.
;

It
Its ruins are not far from Vittoria.
a colony of Syracuse, but the colonists revolted
Hippocrates,
against their parent state and were expelled.

to the east of Gela.

was

at

first

the despot of Gela, acquired the place in 492 B.C. in exchange

for the Syracusan prisoners taken at the Heloros, and planted

Seven years later these colonists

were transported to Syracuse, which had been seized by
and Camarina was
Gelon, the successor of Hippocrates
But on the fall of the Gelonian dynasty in
destroyed.
465 B.C. Camarina was refounded by Gela, and probably
peopled with its former colonists who had now been expelled
there a colony of Geloans.

This Gelon, the greatest sovereign of the

from Syracuse.

and Hiero, the brilliant despot of Syracuse, were descended from a native of Telos near Rhodes who had come

age,

Thucydides, VI.

3,

VII. 153.
^

Thucydides, VII.

'

lb. VI. 4.

T. R.

57.

4;

Herodotos,

Polybios, IX. 27.

Pliny,

dar, Ol.

xxxiv. 19; Scholia

VII. 87;

to Pin-

PolyKnos, v.

Epistles of Phalaris,

4,

119.

cf.

RHODES.

34

over to Gela with Antiphemos'. The city of Inessa on the

southern slopes of Etna, commonly called a colony of Syracuse, was said to take its name from the fountain at Rhodes^
About 580 B.C. a body of colonists from Rhodes and Cnidos
sailed for Sicily and landed at the western end of the island.

They found
Selinos.

Selinos at war with Egesta, and took part with

Many

of them were killed

when

the Selinuntines

were defeated in battle whereupon the rest agreed to go

home again, and sailed off round the north coast of Sicily.
On their way they touched at the island of Lipara, and were
welcomed there by the Children of iEolos. These now numbered only five hundred, and the new comers joined them in
founding their city afresh. The Cnidians probably outnumbered the Rhodians in this colony, for the leader was a man
of Cnidos, and when he fell in the battle three of his kinsmen
succeeded him'.
Passing over a vague statement that in Macedonia there
dwelt a race of Cypriots and Rhodians*, no records remain of
;

any other

distant

Rhodes but Apollonia and

colonies

of

Sizeboli,

on the Roumelian coast of the

Naucratis.

Apollonia,

now

Black Sea, was founded in 609 B.C. by Milesians and Rhodians'.

Probably few of these colonists came from Rhodes, as the
place

is

The

also called a colony of Miletos alone.

Teh

ruins of

Barud in the
Delta of the Nile. The city seems to have been founded in
the reign of Psametik I. (666 612 B.C.) by a body of MileIt was never a colony in the usual sense, but merely
sians'.
Miletos had no exclusive claim on the
a trading station
place and was not among the nine cities that were presidents
of the market and founded the chief temple there, the HelFour of the nine cities were Doric Rhodes, Cnidos,
lenion.
Halicarnassos and Phaselis'. As to these four: Cnidos and
Halicarnassos belonged to the Doric Hexapolis Phaselis was
Naucratis have lately been found near

el

153

Thucydides,

VI. 5;

156; Diodoros,

Herodotos,

XI. 76.

VII.

Epiphanios, contra h^ereses, p.

'

Stephanos, s.v.'AwoWavla.

Vibius Sequester, de fontibus.

Strabo, p. Soi.

'

Diodoros,' V, 9.

Herodotos,

II.

178.

150.

AT

SEA.

35

and Rhodes must mean Lindos, for

little to do with Egypt.
It is said
that the Rhodians levied custom dues at the island of Pharos
off Alexandria till Cleopatra made the island part of Egypt
by building the Heptastadion, the great mole joining it to the
mainland'. The Heptastadion, however, was built before then,
and the whole story is very doubtful. A little island in the
eastern harbour of Alexandria with a palace and a port was
called Antirrhodos, as if a rival of Rhodes^
On the coast of Asia Minor, Soloe in Cilicia was commonly
called a colony of Rhodians from Lindos and of Argivesl
But when the Rhodians asked the Roman Senate for its independence in 189 B.C. they merely said that its people were
like themselves colonists from Argos*.
The place afterwards
decayed, and Pompey refounded it in ^'j B.C. as Poiipeiupolis^.
Its ruins are near Mersina.
Phaselis on the eastern coast of
Lycia, now Tekrova, was a colony of Rhodians from Lindos.
and the
It was founded in 690 B.C. at the same time as Gela
colonists were led by Lacios, the brother of Antiphemos, who
led the Rhodians to Sicily.
The Delphic Oracle, it is said,
bade Lacios sail toward the sunrise and when Antiphemos
laughed at this, the Oracle bade him sail toward the sunset
and found a city of Laughter (Gela). The report that the
migration to Phaselis was from Argos probably refers only to
few miles south of Phaselis were
the worship of Apollo".
Corydalla, a city of the Rhodians', and Gagse, a Rhodian
a colony of Lindos

lalysos and Camiros had

The

colony*.

now

island of Megiste,

Castel Rosso, off the

Lycian coast seems from the types of its coins to have been
but this only after
very closely connected with Rhodes
408 B.C. when the great city was founded. It is not clear
whether Corydalla and Megiste were true colonies of the
Rhodians or merely places held by them. The southern
:

'

Ammianus

Strabo, p. 794.

'

lb.

p.

"

Marcellinas, XXII. i6.

671; Pomponius Mela,

nos,
I.

I,.
<

Polybios,

xxn. 7; Livy, xxxvn.

56.
5

Athenffios, pp.
s.

v.

KXa;

cf.

297, -JgS

Stepha-

Aristophanes,

A-

charn. 606.
Kopi)5aXXa.

'

Stephanos,

'

Etymologicum Magnum,

s.

v.

5.

T"^'-

Strabo, p. 671.

32

1.

Va.-

RHODES.

36

seaboard of Caria was called the Rhodian Peraea. It had a

coast line of about 175 miles from Dsedala on the Lycian
frontier at the Gulf Glaucos, now the Gulf of Makri, to Mount

Phcenix on the tongue of land just opposite Rhodes\ This

tongue of land was sometimes called the Rhodian Chersonese''.
Rhodes bought the city of Caunos, which lay in the Peraea,
from Ptolemy's generals', presumably just after its capture by
the Egyptians in 309 B.C. and probably took the rest of the
district about the same time.
The city of Stratoniceia in
Caria was acquired by the Rhodians shortly before their war
with Antiochos* and after his defeat in 189 B.C. the rest of
Caria south of the Maeander and the whole of Lycia except
Telmessos was granted to them by the Roman Senatel They
;

did not have undisturbed possession, but under the

Empire they still held Caria and some part of Lycia".

Roman
In the

south of Caria there were some Rhodian colonies'. Further

north, Teos in Ionia is spoken of as a city of the Rhodians';

and ^antion

the

in

Troad

is

said to have been founded by

them'.
In the .^gean the Rhodians justified their claim to the

by venturing before all others to an island that

was upheaved between Therasia and Thera (Santorin) in
196 B.C. and founding a temple there". They also occupied
Nisyros when the colonists from Cos who dwelt there had
perished in a plague".
Under Antony they held the more
distant islands of Andres, Tenos and Naxos for a short time'".
Under the Roman Empire they governed Chalce (Karki) and
Thalassocratia

ofif the west coast of Rhodes; Casos and

Carpathos (Scarpanto) further to the south; and Syme, Nisyros, Calymna, Leros and others to the north off the coast of

the other islands

Asia Minor".
'

Strabo, pp. 651, 652.

Pliny,

XXXI.

Seneca,

20;

Nat.

QuEES. in. 26.

'

Polybios, XXXI.

" lb.
^

XXXI. 7; Livy, XXXIII.

;

Dio Chrysostom,

18.

Livy, XXXVIII.

39^

Pomponius Mela,

jEneas, Poliorc. 18.

Pliny, v. 33.

'

7.

Polybios, XXII. 27

'

p. 620.

"

I.

16.

Strabo, p. 57.
JDiodoros, V. 54.

'^

Appian, de

"

Pliny, V. 36.

bel. civ. v. 7.

AT

SEA,

37

Lindos was the parent state of Gela, of Phaselis and of

and of these three alone among the Rhodian colonies
the parent state known.
lalysos and Canniros, with poorer

SoIce;
is

harbours and more

fortune abroad.

fruitful territories,

The Rhodians had

had

less

reason to seek

to extend their territory

Asia Minor inland to obtain supplies for the great city

it had outgrown the resources of the island'; but the
rest of their settlements were by the coast where their, maritime genius could have free play. Bold voyages to distant
parts of the Mediterranean in very early times and constant
warfare with pirates are implied by this widespread colonizain

when

but the naval power of Rhodes did not rise till the new
was founded (408 B.C.) and culminated two centuries later.
In the Catalogue of the Ships Rhodes^ sends only nine out
of 1 186 sent by all the Greeks, while Syme sends three, and
Nisyros, Carpathos, Casos, Cos and Calymna send thirty between them. Thus at the date of the Catalogue Rhodes could
have been no stronger than the neighbouring islands; and these
must all have been weaker than the Greek states in Europe.
When the fleet of Xerxes was numbered at Doriscos on its
way to Salamis in 480 B. C. there were present 307 trieres sent
by the Greeks of Asia and the islands but of these the
Dorians of Asia and the islands, including Rhodes, sent only
Thus Rhodes and her neighbours were still weak.
thirty'.
It is said that Xerxes prepared the trieres and the Greeks
merely manned them^ Rhodes may, however, have sent
some of the three thousand smaller vessels of the fleet. When
the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 B.C. Rhodes was
paying money to Athens instead of supplying ships^; but she

tion,

city

may have

supplied ships herself in the earlier years of the

Confederacy of Delos. Two Rhodian pentecontors served

with the Athenians on the Sicilian Expedition in 415 B.C.,
but these were small vessels". The lists of the money payments to Athens are so much broken that very few of the

'

Livy, XLV. 25.

'

Diodoros, XI.

Homer,

"

Thucydides,

Herodotos,

"

lb. vi. 43.

Iliad, n. 654.
vii. 93.

3.

II. 9.

RHODES.

38

sums paid by the Rhodians are quite

In 454

certain.

B.C.'

the Lindians paid something over 840 drachms, while the

The Lindians paid 1000 in
CEiatse of the Lindians paid 55.

449 B.C.^ and the lalysians the same sum in 450 B.C." and
447 B.C.* The Lindians paid 600 in 445 B.C.^; and the same
sum was paid by the Lindians and by the Camires in 443 B.C.",
by the Lindians in 442 B.C.', and by the Lindians, by the
The Pedieis from
lalysians, and by the Camires in 441 B.C.*
Lindos paid I drachma 4 obols in 445 B.C. and 441 B.C. The
Lindians again paid 1000 in 436 B.C.'; and also in 428 B.C.",
although the lalysians and the Camires paid only 600 that
The Pedieis paid something over 80 in 428 B.C. In a
year.
list

of uncertain date, but apparently later than 425 B. c", the

much as 1 500 while the lalysians paid only

Lindians paid as

500: the Pedieis paid 100 and the Diacrioe in Rhodes paid

The Erines, the Brycuntia:, and the Bricindarice are

named in the lists, and' may be the Rhodians with similar
ethnics. Thus the direct payments of the Lindians sometimes
200.

exceeded those of the lalysians and the Camires, apart from

their indirect payments through the OEiatae of the Lindians
and the Pedieis from Lindos. This may have been the ground
of the dispute between Athens and Lindos about these payments'^ The sums in these lists ranging from I drachma 4
obols (16 d.) from the Pedieis to 1500 drachmae {60) from
the Lindians can be only small fractions of the whole sums
due.

They

levied

by the Spartans on the

are out of

all

proportion to the 32 talents (;^768o)

island a few years later; nor

could the Athenians have proposed to exchange these for a

per cent, duty on exports and imports '.

sixtieth payable to Athene.

In 412

B.C. the

They may

be a

Spartan admirals

wished to bring Rhodes over to their side, because of the

its seamen".
They requisitioned war ships there

multitude of
in

407 and 406

B.C.'",

Lysander thus taking

all

K.

lb. 237.

"

lb. 231.

lb. 238.

'2

Harpocration,

'

lb. 230.

lb. 239.

13

Thucydides,

I.

226.

the ships the

lb. 262.
s.

w.

iireiireTi',

VII. 28,

lb. 233.

lb. 244.

14

lb.

lb. 235.

lb. 256.

15

Xenophon, Hell.

vm.

vni. 44.
I.

5,

6.

44.

&c.

AT SEA.

39

cities had*.

This was after the great city was founded, but

the separate

fleets

of the three cities are not mentioned again.

In 390 B.C. the Rhodians had over sixteen trieres at seal In
the Social War of 357 B.C. Rhodes, Cos, Chios and Byzantion
had a fleet of a hundred ships: but it is not known how many

were sent by each of the alliesl The Rhodians sent ten

ships to Alexander at the siege of Tyre in 332 B.C.; or rather,
the ship called Peripolos and with her nine trieresl They
also sent ten ships with Ptolemy on his expedition to Athens
in 312 B.C.''
During the great siege of 304 B.C. they once sent
out a squadron of three cruisers, and afterwards three squadrons of three cruisers each but they did not use the rest of
;

Among

Rhodes after the great earthquake about 227 B.C. were ten penteres fully equipped from
Seleucos, and timber for building six others from Ptolemy'.
In the difficulty with Byzantion in 220 B.C. the Rhodians sent
out ten ships, but four of these were supplied by their allies.
Later on in the same year they sent three of the six ships

their fleet".

the gifts to

The

with three smaller vessels to aid Cnossos*.

allied fleet of

Rhodes, Pergamos and Byzantion at the battle of Chios

201 B.C. numbered
trieres:

but

the allies".

Roman

"jj

in

65 of them being larger than

how many were sent by each of

ships,

not known
Next year three Rhodian

it is

tetreres

joined the

and there were twenty Rhodian

ships with the Romans during the two following years and
three years later (195 B.C.) eighteen Rhodian ships helped the
fleet at the Peirseus,

Romans

in putting

down

In 191

Nabis'".

B.C.,

the

first

year

of the naval war with Antiochos, the Rhodians sent out 25

Next spring (190 B.C.) they sent out 36; but these
ships.

were surprised' at Samos and only five escaped. Still they

sent out 20 others in a few days; and in the autumn they
engaged Hannibal off the Eurymedon with 36 ships 32

Diodoros,

"

Xenophon, Hell.

Diodoros, xvi. 21.

Arrian, Anabasis,

"

Diodoros, xix. 77.

lb.

xiii. 70.

XX. 84, 93.

IV. 8.

II.

20.

'

Polybios, V. 89.

'

lb. IV. 50, 52, 53.

'

lb. xvi. 1.

"

Livy,

xxxiv.

26.

xxxi.

22,

46,

[Link].

16,

RHODES.

40
tetreres

the

and 4

Romans

and seem to have had eight ships with

same time. A little later they had 20 ships

trieres

at the

Patara and 22 others with the Romans at the battle of

Myonnesos\ Thus the Rhodians had over 70 war ships at
sea in 190 B.C.: the greatest number they had at sea in any
off

In late times a rhetorician talks of their fleets of

is no trace of them in history.

single year.

a hundred ships^ but there

Forty ships were fitted out in 171 B.C. for the war with Perseus, but only five of them went on service": and only five
trieres served with Attalos during the war with Crete in
154 B.C.* They did not use a large fleet against Mithridates
in 88 B. C.^

Black Sea

Twenty
in

74

out 16 ships for

of their ships served against him in the

b.C.

In the'

Pompey

in

49

Roman
B.C.,

Civil

War

they

fitted

and next year sent ten

They used 33 picked ships

against Cassius in 43 B.C. After the great city was taken by
him 30 of their war ships were carried off and the rest burnt
others with Csesar to Egypt'.

except the Sacred Ship".

dius at the

a contest

the naval
fifty

games held by Clau-

miles inland from Rome,

the fleets of Rhodes and of

each consisting of twelve, or of

Sicily;

As

At

Lake Fucinus, some

was given between

fifty, trieres*.

to the ships used, trieres, tetreres

and penteres

are of

course ships with three, four and five banks of oars.

The

In late
dicrotce seem to be dieres, ships with two banks.
times there were in the dockyards ships with as many as
seven and nine banks". It is not clear that trieres were used
by Rhodes before about 400 B.C., when they had been three
centuries in use, and tetreres and penteres were first being
Nor is it clear that Rhodes had any ships larger than
used.
till
some penteres were given her about 227 B.C. The
trieres
pentecontoroe were vessels of fifty oars, presumably in one

In the legend of Danaos and his

bank.
'

16,

Livy, XXXVI. 45, xxxvii.

-2

2,

23,

-24,

9, II, tt,

26, 30.

Dio Chrysostom,

Polybios, [Link]. 3, 6; Livy, XLii.

p. 620.

45, 56.

n.

Polybios, XXXIII.

'

Diodoros, [Link]. 28; Appian, de

fifty

daughters, the

bel. Mith. 24.

Memnon,

'

Caesar, de bel. civ.

Appian, de

Suetonius,CIaudius, 21 ;DioCassius,

Fr. 50.

LX, 33.
'"

III. 5, 27, 106.

bel. civ. IV. 66, V.

Aiisteides, p. 341.

2.

AT

SEA.

41

ship that came from Egypt to Greece came by way of

Lindos and was called the Pentecontoros*. Possibly the
Lindians introduced this type of ship for long sea voyages.
The celoces or celetes, swift vessels also with one bank of
oars, were invented by the Rhodians''.
The triemioliae were
fast vessels without a deck; that is, without a fighting deck
from end to end. The aphractcE seem to be of the same
first

class.

boats'.

The Rhodian aphractce are said to have been bad sea

The ship called Peripolos was perhaps the guardship

and the phylacides cruisers to defend the

A Sacred Ship was maintained by most
Greek naval powers. The Rhodian traders plying to Egypt
must have been well armed, for in 305 B. C. they beat off the
war ships of Antigonos*.
In the Social War of 357 B.C., the first that the Rhodians
waged on their own account, they managed to bribe the
enemy's admirals not to attack them; and the action at the
Hellespont ended in nothing^. In later wars they relied on
and they were generally successful, though
their seamanship
very often opposed by fleets vastly stronger than their own
At the great siege of 304 B.C.
in number and in size of ships.
Demetrios had 200 ships and 170 galleys besides transports,
and had the pirates for aUies: yet he was at the mercy of the
Rhodian cruisers. Three of these suddenly attacked his ships
as they were ravaging the coast of the island, sank many of
them, ran others ashore and burnt them, and then went safe
home. After this three phylacides went to Carpathos, three
triemioliae to Patara and three others round the islands: these
sank and burnt his ships with impunity and captured his supplies on their way to the island and the plunder that was
being carried off; and they also took many of the pirates and
the Arch-pirate himself ^ The usual tactics of the Rhodians
in action were to run through the enemy's line and break the
oars of his ships as they passed and then turn and ram them
at the great city,

coast of the island.

The Parian Marble, Epoch

Pliny, VII. 57.

'

Cicero, ad Atticum, v. 12, 13.

Diodoros, XX. 82.

9.

'

Deinarchoi, pp. 92,110; Diodoros,

XVI. 21.
"

Diodoros, XX. 82, 84, 93, 97.

RHODES.

42

on the beam, always carrying away something

working the ships even if they did not sink them.
At the battle of Chios in 201 B.C. the enemy's small craft
hampered them in this by crowding round them and spoiling
When thus reduced to
their skilful steering and fast rowing.
ramming stem to stem the Rhodians in some way depressed
their prows, and so received the enemy's blow high up while

in the stern or

needed

for

striking

him deep.

One

pentere, however,

left

her ram fixed

and herself filled and went down'.

few
weeks later the Rhodians suffered
action
off
Lade
a
the
In
severely under the enemy's rams, and sailed out of action one
by one to stop their leaks till few were left to fightl At the
battle of the Eurymedon in 190 B.C. the enemy were disconcerted by the Rhodian tactics and the sinking of a Syrian
ship of seven banks of oars by a single blow from the ram of
a Rhodian of much smaller size^ At the battle of Myonnesos
that same year the anchor of a Rhodian caught in a vessel
she rammed and, as she tried to back off, the cable became
entangled in her oars, and she was disabled and taken. At
this battle the Rhodians carried braziers of fire hung over
their prows and in trying to avoid these, the Syrian ships
exposed their sides to the Rhodian rams^ These braziers
had alone saved the ships that had escaped at Samos a few
months before. The Syrians surprised the Rhodians by night,
when lying in harbour there. The Rhodian admiral at once
occupied the two cliffs that form the harbour's mouth, hoping
to keep out the enemy by a cross fire from above. But here
he was attacked by troops that had been landed on the other
side of the island and supposing in the dark that these were
part of a large force, he re-embarked his men and tried to
fight his way out to sea.
Five Rhodian ships and two from
Cos carried braziers, and the enemy opened to let these pass;
but all the rest were lost^ The Rhodians were much embarrassed by the swift little vessels of the Cretan pirates in

in a vessel she thus sank,

'

Polybios, XVI.

'

lb. XVI. 15.

Livy, xxxvii. 24.

Livy, XXXVII. 30; Appian, de reb.

4, 5.

Syria, 27.
5

Livy, xxxvil. 11

Syria, 24.

Appian, de

reb.

AT

SEA.

43

154 B.C.'. But they easily defeated the unwieldy ships of

Mithridates in 88 B.C. off Myndos'. In the next action, how-

king seemed likely to surround them with

and they thought it prudent to retire without

ever, the
fleet,

But

his

huge

fighting.

their usual tactics again succeeded in a smaller action

from an attack by a Rhodian dicrotos on one of the

and the arrival of supports on both sides. In
the end the Rhodian admiral found himself with six ships
opposed to twenty-five of the enemy, and before these he kept
giving way but as they were turning to go back at dusk, he
attacked them and sank two by ramming. And when the
king's transports were in difficulties in a storm, a Rhodian
Off
squadron came down on them and inflicted great loss''
Heracleia in 74 B.C. twenty Rhodians began the attack on the
Heracleots, thirty in number, and at the first shock three
Rhodians and five Heracleots went down*. In the Adriatic
in 48 B.C. a Rhodian squadron of sixteen ships under Coponius sighted some of Cffisar's ships crossing from Italy to
Greece and went in pursuit. When the enemy had just made
and the whole
the harbour, the wind suddenly changed

arising

king's transports

squadron went ashore and broke up. This is the only case of
the loss of Rhodian war ships through bad weather; and also
the only case in which a Rhodian squadron was commanded
by a foreign admiral. In one of Csesar's actions off Alexandria that same year four Rhodians, which had engaged the

enemy

to give time for the rest of his fleet to get into line,

were attacked by some forty ships at once but they were so

well handled that they gave their opponents no chance of
ramming them or breaking their oars. In the action off the
Canopic Mouth soon after this the admiral's ship was not
supported by the rest, either through a blunder or from
cowardice, and was surrounded and sunk^ The Rhodians
;

once more used their old tactics with success in the action off
Myndos in 43 B.C. till Cassius, having 80 ships to 33, closed
'

Diodoros, XXXI. 38.

Appian, de

bel. civ. IV. yi

lb.

de

bel.

"

Memnon,

"

Caesar, de bel. civ.

Fr. 50.

in.

26,

27;

Aiilus Hirtius, de bel. Alexand. 15, 25.

non, Fr. 31.

^

Mem-

Mith. 2426.

"

RHODES.

44

on them and confined the fighting to ramming stem to

match for the heavy Roman
ships: and in the second action he followed the same

in

stem, in which they were no

plan'.

During the sieges there was some fighting by the harbours.

In 304 B.C. Demetrios built two towers and two shelters for
throwing shot, and floated each of these four engines on two
merchant ships. In rough weather, however, they proved

unmanageable; and an engine that he afterwards built threefold the former in height and width foundered in a squall
before it came into action. Deck-houses with portholes were
fitted on the strongest galleys for the long-ranged catapults
and the Cretan archers. And to protect the engines from the
Rhodian ships a long raft was built with an iron-plated bulwark along it. On the first day of the attack the Rhodians
drove the raft and engines out to sea by means of fire-ships.

week

later three of their

best

ships

with picked crews

rammed the raft to bits, sank two of the engines and damaged
many of the enemy's ships. All this was done under a heavy
fire,

but only one of the three Rhodians was

walls were raised, as they were overtopped

towers

The

lost.

by the

The

city

floating

but they were soon breached by shot from the ships.

citizens held the breach against the

burnt the boats they had landed

enemy's troops, and

The

Little Harbour was

defended by booms and by engines placed on merchant ships
near its mouth. There were engines on the mole of the Great
Harbour, and a wall across it about half way down. The end
in.

of this mole was surprised and held for a fortnight by four

hundred of the enemy under shelter of barricades, the citizens

recapturing it on a stormy day when the enemy's ships could
not support its garrison. Fire balls were thrown from the
enemy's fleet into the Rhodian ships with great effect^ The
booms were again used for the defence in 88 B.C. Mithridates built a huge engine, the Sambuca. It was floated on
two ships, and armed with battering rams: boats followed it
carrying soldiers with scaling ladders to climb from
'

Appian, de

bel. civ. iv. 71, 72.

Diodoros, xx. 8588.

it

to the

AT
But

city walls.

SEA.

45

effected nothing,

it

and

at last collapsed'.

In 43 B.C. the Roman ships were able to attack the walls for
they had towers on board that took to pieces and were put up

Thus the city walls were close to the water at

some point in the days of Mithridates and Cassius: apparently
for the siege^

not so in the days of Demetrios, for he could only batter with

missiles

and

his

storming party had to cross some ground to

change was perhaps made about 227 B.C.

get to the breach.

Later on there was space for

merchant vessels touching at the great city to be drawn up
on shore and for their crews to pitch tents near them^ This
was perhaps inside the harbours there would be no walls
there, for command of the harbours gave command of the
city.
Thus when the Rhodians went over to deliver Halicarnassos from Artemisia in 351 B.C. the ships on returning
dressed with laurel as if for their victory were admitted to the
harbours without suspicion; and the city was taken. The
queen had seized the empty ships when their crews had landed
to occupy her city and had sailed back to Rhodes in them
with her own troops on board''. For this reason again the
citizens would not allow Demetrios to bring his fleet into
harbour in 304 B.C.^ On the other hand, they had driven
the Spartan fleet out of harbour in their revolt of 395 B.C.;
but this perhaps by surprised
The dockyard was maintained at great cost long after the
Thalassocratia had passed from the Rhodians'. Intruders
into some parts of it were punished with death as at Carthage
and elsewhere*. When Heracleides set fire to it in 204 B.C.
thirteen of the sheds were burnt, each with a triere in it".
after the great

earthquake.

The sheds were thus like those at the Peiraeus those at Syracuse and some other places held two trieres each. Besides
:

building for themselves, the Rhodians built ships for Antigonos; but he supplied his own timber'". Long afterwards

Appian, debel. Mith. 54,

lb.

de

bel. civ. IV. 72.

Lucian, Amoies,

<

Vitruvius,

Diodoros, XX. 82.

11.

41.

8.'

27.

'

lb. xiv. 79.

'

Aristeides, p. 341.

Strabo, p. 653.

"

Polysnos,

"

v. 17.

Diodoros, XIX. 58.

RHODES.

46

Herod of Judsea had a large triere built at Rhodes'. Immense quantities of ship timber were presented to Rhodes
after the great earthquake about 227 B.C., and fifty years later
Perseus presented morel
The presents for the dockyard
the earthquake also comprised iron, lead, pitch,

after

tar,

hemp, hair and sailclothl Once in time of need the

Rhodian ladies cut off their hair and gave it for making ropes,
just as the ladies of Carthage and Massalia had given theirs*.
These ropes were long afterwards shewn to strangers who
came to Rhodes I The Rhodian commissioners appointed to
send stores to Sinope when besieged by Mithridates in 220 B.C.
resin,

spent the vote of 140,000 drachmae (^^5,600) in sending 1 50 cwt.

of hair, 50 cwt. of sinew, 4 catapults with men to work them,

1000

suits of

wine".

armour, 3000 pieces of gold and 10,000 jars of

Subscriptions for the navy are partly in wine and

partly in

money

in

fleet

In the

Pausistratos'.

Rhodian list perhaps belonging

was sent out after the disaster

190 B.C. when a fresh

list

rations for six months,

99 drachmae 4 obols are given

and

obol be for some fee and 99.

265. 3 for

some other

time.

to
to
for

If

be for rations for six months,

After the earth265. 2 would be for rations for 16 months.
3

quake Ptolemy sent 20,000 artabes of corn as rations for ten

Taking each crew at 200 men, the daily ration at
one choenix, and the Egyptian artabe at 15 choenices, this
corn would last five months. These figures point to commisIn the list 151
sions for six months and for five months.
drachms are also given for rations for a year, and 302 for two
years.
By the treaty with Hierapytna in Crete each Rhodian
triere serving there was to be paid 10,000 drachms per
trieres'.

month". In the list the man who proposed the subscription

gave 7000 drachmae (^^280) while the rest gave from 5000
drachmae (;^20o) down to 50 drachmae {2). Aliens and strangers gave as well as citizens. Many of the subscriptions are for
^

Josephus, de bel. Jud.

'

Polybios, XXVI.

7.

8890.

'

lb. V.

<

Frontinus,

Aristeides, p. 355.

I.

7.

i.

14.

Polybios, IV. 56.

'

N. 343.

Polybios, v. 89.

"

M.

1852, p. 79.

AT

SEA.

47

and son; for self and daughter; for self, children and wife
and father: and one child gives for self and grand-

self

for self

papa.

Rhodian squadron went out every

going as

year, the trieres

The custom remained under

far as the Atlantic.

Roman Empire;

the

but then only one or two aphractos went

no further than Corinth^ In decrees 'service
on ship during war' is distinguished from 'service on ship'
simply: this last being perhaps on these yearly voyages^
There is no trace at Rhodes of the Athenian trierarchy, the
duty of fitting out a ship for the public service, though many
voluntary payments for the navy were expected'. The democracy had to supply pay for the seamen, and was once overthrown for refusing to hand it over to the trierarchs*. Thus a
Rhodian is called trierarchos of an aphractos, being apparently its captain , and the trierarchos, the master of the trieres,
seems an officer lilie the nauarchos, the master of the ships".
out,

and

sailed

The nauarchos was at the head of naval affairs and was of

high political rank, having power to make alliances for the
state'.
Other offices were pilot of trieres and master of
aphractoe^

Rhodian

squadrons were commonly of three

and there may have been

ships, or of multiples of three ships;

an

officer to

command

every three, for nothing

accounts for these numbers.

Rhodian

fleet

in their tactics

commonly had

one commander. At the Eurymedon the fleet had three

but it had been formed from three separate fleets".
It was a proverb that ten Rhodians were worth ten ships'",
r;/iej5 Siica 'FoSioi SiKa vyjef. and their fine seamanship was
acknowledged as much by Romans as by Greeks. There is a
story" of a Rhodian captain muttering while expecting to lose
his ship in a storm, "Well, Poseidon, you must own I'm sending her down in good trim." And they were fine swimmers.
;

Dio Chrysostom,

<>

F. i; N. 353;

p. 621.

R.H.

23; B. ^525.

''

Polybios, xxx.

F.

'

Livy, XXXVII. 22, 23.

5.

i.

'

Strabo, p. 653.

Aristotle, Tolitics, V. 3, 5.

Diogenianos, Parcemioe.

B. 2524.

"

Aristeides, p. 346.

Diodoros, XX. 88.

RHODES.

48

At

the battle of Chios in 201 B.C. they lost only sixty

men

though four of their ships were sunk, while the Macedonians

lost 9000 men besides prisoners': and when they went out to
burn the siege engines of Demetrios in 304 B.C. they simply

swam home

if

their

own

vessels took fire^

It is notable that

Rhodian youths of the noblest families eagerly served under

Pausistratos at sea, though he commanded only foreign mercenaries ashore'.
He perhaps doubted how long the zeal of
these sailors would last, for when they assembled in gorgeous
armour he took them on board and ordered them to stow
their armour there, and then put sentries to see that it remained as security for their return*. Just before the siege by
Cassius in 43 B.C. the somewhat degenerate Rhodians cruised
off the mainland to shew his troops the fetters they had collected for them'.
The ships' ornaments captured from Demetrios in 304 B.C. were dedicated'; and in late times trophies
of ships' rams and other spoil stood in many parts of the city,
some of it taken from the Etruscan pirates'. The Rhodians
had put down piracy on their early voyages to the western
Mediterranean*, and these trophies may date from that age.
Piracy in the Levant they never put down thoroughly. The
pirates there were well organised under an arch-pirate, and

made

alliances with

Demetrios and with Antiochos against

Rhodes". With regard to Cretan piracy, Hierapytna agreed

with Rhodes to attack the pirates by land and hand over
them and their ships to the Rhodians'". Caesar was captured
by pirates on his way to Rhodes. His friends were six weeks

ransom of 50 talents (;^i 2,000), but

he got some Rhodian ships and took the

in getting together his

directly he

was

free

The Romans always sent pirates to the cross; but

Caesar in return for some courtesy these had shewn him, had
their throats cut before they were nailed up". When Pompey
pirates.

Polybios, XVI.

Aristeides, p. 342.

Diodoros, XX. 86.

'

Strabo, p. 654.

Livy, XXXIII. 18, XXXVII. 12.

"

Diodoros, XX. 82; Livy, xxxvn.

PoIyKnos, V. 27.

7.

Dio Cassius, XLVII.

"

Diodoros, XX. 87.

11.

33.

'

M. 1852,

"

Suetonius, Cresar,

p.

79.
4. 74.

AT

SEA.

49

with the aid of the Rhodians crushed the pirates a few years
later {^"j B.C.) he could not crucify twenty thousand prisoners;

and he
Solce'.

most of them in the old Rhodian colony of

Piracy was again familiar in late times, for the plot

settled

of a novel written about 200

A. D. turns on the capture of the

hero and heroine by a Phoenician pirate triere that had been
lying in harbour at Rhodes as a merchant ship and had fol-

lowed

theirs out to sea^

Trade was sometimes attracted by dubious means. After

the battle of Chsroneia in 338 B.C. an Athenian called Leochares fled to Rhodes, saying that Athens was taken, the
Thinking
Peireeus besieged, and he was the sole survivor.
the power of Athens was really broken, the Rhodians sent
out men of war to bring in passing merchant ships; apparentSo in a case at
ly to enforce some right of preemption ^
Athens, in which a ship chartered to carry corn there from
Egypt had discharged at Rhodes on the way, Demosthenes
congratulates himself in his speech for the charterers that he

not before a Rhodian court, for in that case the owners

might be favoured for bringing corn to the island. The
owners, it appears, had desired Rhodes as an alternative port
to Athens in the charter-party; presumably by the direction
of Cleomenes, satrap of Egypt, in whose service they were*.
This satrap, who had a monopoly of the export of corn from
is

Egypt, must therefore have favoured the trade with Rhodes.

little later most of the supplies of the great city were drawn
from Egypt'. Merchant ships touched at the great city on
their way from Egypt to Greece; and even before its foundation they came round the north end of the island, probably
touching previously at Lindos like the Pentecontoros in the
Corn was also imported from Sicily but after
legend*.

Thus

Senate and in limited quantities.

Strabo, p. 67

in

1296, i97-

r.

Xenophon of Ephesos, de amoribus

Anthiset Abrocomaa, I. 13.
2

'

Lycurgos, p. 150.

Demosthenes,
T. R.

by leave of the
169 B.C. leave was

that her granary, this was only

Rome made

pp.

Diodoros, XX. 81.

xhucydides, VIII.

35;

Diodoros,

xiv. 79.
12S4,

1285,

RHODES.

50

Wine was

given to import 20,000 quarters'.

largely exported

from Rhodes both to Egypt and to Sicily, the handles of

the jars being found throughout Sicily and at Naucratis and
Alexandria. Many of these are stamped like the coins with
the head of Helios or the wild rose. They bear the name of
some priest of Helios the dignitary that gave his name to
the year at Rhodes in all cases; and in many cases the name
of some month as well. An emblem probably belonging to

some magistrate

is

the names of

The stamp would

often added.

the capacity of the jar:

it

certify

can hardly refer to the vintage,

for

the Doric months occur.

These handles are

found at many other places on the Mediterranean and the
Black Sea. Wine and oil were the staple exports from Greece
to the Black Sea, while the imports were cattle and slaves,
and also honey, wax and pickles. It was to maintain the
freedom of this trade that Rhodes, as the chief naval power
amo}^ the commercial states, went to war with Byzantion in
220 B.C.'''. Rhodian myrrh- oil seems to have been exported
to Athens'.
There was a commercial treaty between Rhodes
and Rome as early as 306 B.C.: and among the products of
the island exported thither under the Empire were chalk,
white-lead, glue, verdigris, sponges, purple, and the saffron
unguent^ After the great earthquake about 227 B.C. the
Rhodians were exempted from all custom dues in Syria and
The continuance of this exemption in Syria was
in Sicily^
secured for them by the Romans under the treaty with Antiochos in 188 B.C.; as were also their real property and rights
of action in his dominions^ They had long before been
encouraged to settle there, for when Antigonos went to war
with Rhodes in 304 B.C. he directed that the Rhodian merall

chants in Syria, Phoenicia,

unmolested'.

Cilicia,

and Pamphylia should be

The Rhodians occupied a

central position for

commerce of the ancient world, and

the

their

recognized

Polybios, xxviii.

lb. IV. 38.

Polybios, v. 88, 89.

'

Arislophanes, Lysist. 944.

Pliny, xiii. -i, XXIV. 1, XXVIII. 71,

lb. xxii. 26; Livy, XXXVIII. 38.

'

Polyrenos, iv. 6.

XXXI.

47,

XXXIV.

p. 688; Vitruvius, vii. 63, 65.

i.

26,

54; Alhenffios,

AT
policy of neutrality brought

SEA.

many

51

foreign merchants to settle

Thus the report of the taking

Rhodes by Leochares was spread over

in the island'.

brought to
earth

by the merchants

Romans

It is said that

when

the

offered a general remission of debts after the Civil

War, the Rhodians alone refused it^: and

remained liable for the full payment of his
after

the whole

And young men

residing there'^

were sent there to learn business'.

of Athens

he could escape

at

Rome by

liability at

Rhodes a son

father's debts

long

renouncing the

inheritance^

Rhodes had close commercial relations with Cnidos, lasos,

Ephesos and Samos soon after 400 B.C., as appears from the
issue by these states of coins of a uniform standard and with
the same type on the obverse. This standard seems to be the
Persian: but the Rhodians, on founding the great city, had
issued coins of a

new

standard,

commonly

of about 60 grains to the drachma.

called the Rhodian,

This was soon adopted

by Cos, Cnidos, Halicarnassos, Samos, Chios, Cyzicos and

other states as far north as ALnos and Byzantion; which thus
appear to have been under the commercial influence of Rhodes,
In a century and a half this standard fell to about 50 grains
to the drachma,

and probably became the unit of the

cisto-

throughout the Levant.

Rhodian talent of 4,500 cistophorce is mentioned, but the
passage is probably corrupt^. Early in the Ilnd century B.C.
Rhodes and several other states of the ^gean were striking
phorce,

coins

that

circulated

coins with the types of

Alexander the Great and of the Attic

standard: a measure necessary for their trade with European

Greece now that the Rhodian standard had fallen. These are
sometimes a trifle heavier than the corresponding Athenian
coins: and in a certain payment made at Tenos shortly before
167 B.C. 100 Rhodian drachmae seem to have been reckoned
equal to 105 Athenian'. The Rhodian standard fell still
further, for at Cibyra in 71 a.d. a Rhodian drachma was
1

Diodoros, XX. 82, 84.

"

Sextus, Hypotyposes,

'

Lycurgos,

Festus,

'

p. 149.

Plautus, Mercator, prologue, 11.

Dio Chrysostom,

p. 602.

'^

s. v.

B. 2334.

Talenta.

i.

149.

RHODES.

52

worth only ten sixteenths of a denarius when that coin weighed

about $2 grains'.
The maritime law of Rhodes was adopted by Rome. The
response of Antoninus Pius is preserved": "I rule the land,
but the law rules the sea. Let the matter be judged by the
naval law of the Rhodians, in so far as any of our own laws
do not conflict with that. This same judgment did Augustus
This last sentence is perhaps doubtful. The comgive."
ments of Salvinus Julianus, who flourished under Antoninus
Pius, are the earliest now extant on the only principle of

Roman

naval law that

is

certainly Rhodian.

principle of general average':

"that

to lighten the ship, all contribute to

curred for the benefit of

all."

if

This

is

the

cargo be jettisoned

make good

This principle

the loss instill

obtains

maritime nations; and probably much else of the

naval law of to-day has come down from the Rhodians.
Nothing is heard of these laws at Rhodes itself. The Jus

among

all

Navale Rhodioriim
'

B. ad. 4380,

a.

is
'^

a forgery of the Middle Ages.

The

Pandects, xiv.

II. 9.

'

lb. xiv.

II.

i.

IV.

ON SHORE.

The

City of Rhodes was built in the closing years of the

Peloponnesian War.
occupied before.

It

The

strange

is

that

its

site

was not

corn ships passing round the north end

of the island on their way from Egypt to Greece must often

have anchored where its harbours afterwards were while
waiting for the prevailing N.W. winds to fall. The site, however,

demanded a large city, for the only hill that could

was more than a mile from the harbours

as a citadel

serve
;

and

perhaps the islanders could not previously have peopled

Hippodamos of Miletos was

Pericles

the architect

the

had entrusted the rebuilding of the

notable that a

Deigma

man

to

Peiraeus'.

bazaar of the Oriental type

it.

whom
It is

was

in few Greek cities but the Peirseus and Rhodes.

Covering the level ground near the harbours and then rising
gradually along the terraces of the Acropolis hill to the vast
circle of walls with their lofty towers, the city was compared
to the body of a Greek theatre^ Thus the people could watch

found

the fleet of Demetrios as

ing on the walls and the

it

crossed the

women and

the men standmen on the roofs

strait,

the old

But in storms all the rain water rushed

and in the first century of the city there
were three serious floods. The first of these was soon after
the city was founded, while there was still much vacant
of their houses^

down

to

one

Strabo, p. 65+.

place,

'

Diodoros, XIX. 45, xx. 83.

''

lb.

XX. 83,

RHODES.

54

ground and was the least destructive. More damage was

done by the second and more still by the third, when five
hundred lives were lost. This was in 315 B.C. The lower
part of the city was inundated till the walls gave way under
the pressure and let the water fall into the sea. There were
channels under the walls to prevent these floods but the
people had not kept them clear, as they fancied the winter
rains were over\
few years later (304 B.C.) Demetrios
destroyed all the trees and buildings near the city for material
for his camp.
The walls by the sea were raised during the
siege, and a second line of defence, probably temporary, was
built within the walls on the landward side; stones from the
outer wall of the theatre and from some of the temples being
used for this. When the siege was over, a grove within the
city was enclosed with porticos and dedicated to Ptolemy
and the theatre, the walls and the temples were rebuilt with
greater splendour than before^.
marble theatre was afterwards promised by Eumenes, but was not built ^ The city
was ruined by a great earthquake about 227 B.C., when the
Colossos and the greater part of the dockyards and the walls
were overthrown ^ It was soon rebuilt by aid of immense
but it was again shaken by the
gifts from foreign powers
earthquake of 196 B.C.' Some Rhodian monuments to the
victims of earthquakes still exist; and also inscriptions recording repairs to older monuments that had been thrown down".
The extension of the south end of the Acropolis was earlier
than the siege by Mithridates in 88 B.C.; but apparently much
later than the rebuilding of the walls after the great earth;

quake, for the wall there

is

of very inferior work.

The

suburbs

were levelled by the citizens before this siege'. It was the

city of this age that called forth Strabo's opinion that " in
harbours, in streets, in walls, and in other buildings

passes

all

other cities that

less its supsrior."

Diodoros, XIX. 45.

lb.

'

lb. [Link]. 36.

Polybios, V. 88

XX. 83,

Two

85, 87, 93, 100.

90.

we cannot

call

any

its

it

so sur-

equal,

much

centuries after him, the rhetorician

xxx.

"

Justin,

"

B. C.

'

Appian, de

Strabo, p. 652.

H. u.

4.

617, V.

33i;L.U.

bel. Mitli. 24, 26.

9.

ON SHORE.

55

Aristeides talks of the sacred groves in the Acropolis ; the

symmetric building of the rest of the city, so that it seemed a
single house rather than a

town the long, broad streets and

the absence of vacant ground between the walls and the buildings
a thing rare in Greek towns'. This city perished in
the earthquake of 157 A.D. The sea went back, and returned
;

in a

wave

the buildings fell in a shapeless mass of ruin and

broke out that burnt on day and nightl The
Emperor Antoninus Pius rebuilt the city'; and in a few years
Aristeides could again call it the fairest of Greek cities*.
It
was probably after this rebuilding that Pausanias reckoned
the city walls among the finest he had seen^
Six thousand citizens and a thousand aliens bore arms at

then

fires

the great siege of 304 B.C. The aliens that refused to bear
arms had been expelled they were chiefly merchants who
:

had been attracted to the island by its steadfast neutrality in

that age of warfare, and not more than one man in six of this
class would care to fight.
Thus in times of peace the aliens
may well have been as numerous as the citizens. In a census
taken at Athens a few years earlier 21,000 citizens, 10,000
aliens, and 400,000 slaves were returned. Allowing for women
and children, this implies a free population of about 150,000;
and assuming that the 400,000 slaves include women and
children, the free are to the slaves as three to eight.

If this

Rhodes, 6000 citizens and 6000 aliens

would imply 60,000 free persons, and so 160,000 slaves or
220,000 for the whole population. This was before the city's
great prosperity but most of the islanders must have come
proportion held

at

into the city for protection during the invasion.

The

slaves

were armed for the siege. Many, no doubt, had gone away
with their alien masters, and many would not be trusted
still, if half the able bodied slaves were armed, they added

some 16,000
Egypt: and

men for the garrison. The

men from Crete and 500 from
1500 more from Egypt. The whole

to the 7000 free

reinforcements were

150

later on,

Aristeides, pp. 342, 343.

lb. pp. 345, 349, 351, 353.

Pausanias, vill. 43.

Arisleides, p. 396.

'

Pausanias, IV. 31.

RHODES.

S6

garrison would thus be about 25,000 men.

The attacking
force was 40,000 men, besides the cavalry, the engineers and

the sailors*.

For the attack Demetrios

engines, the Great Helepolis.

built

the

Colossos of siege

This was a moveable tower

the base square and the sides sloping inward.

variously given

Plutarch puts

Its size is

by 72 broad:
Diodoros at 150 feet by 75: Vitruvius at 125 by 60, and
gives its weight as 125 tons.
It moved on wheels, going very
steadily though with much creaking and straining and was
propelled by a body of soldiers underneath. There were
portholes for discharging shot at each story of the tower, and
huge tridents were carried for breaking away obstacles. On
either side of the Helepolis were four shelters to cover the
miners and two others with huge battering rams like ships'
prows. These shelters also moved on wheels, and were connected by a covered way for the men working them. At the
:

it

at

99

feet high

attack a very massive tower built of squared stone was

thrown down and the wall on either side so damaged that the
citizens could not get to the battlements. These siege engines
were built only of wood and so were covered with basket
v/ork and raw hides to resist fire balls and the heavy stone
shot.
The citizens once knocked off some of this covering
with their shot and set fire to the woodwork but there were
water tanks in the upper parts of the engines, and the fire
was put out. The Helepolis itself was designed to resist
stone shot of 2J cwt., but no stone shot heavier than J cwt.
seem to have been used at the siege. In a night attack many
were killed because they could not see the stone shot and the
pointed shot coming and get out of their way, so the velocity
was low. Pointed shot nearly two feet long were used. In
this night attack over 1500 pointed shot and 800 fire balls
were discharged by the citizens. It is said that a little before
the siege a certain Callias of Arados came to Rhodes with a
design for a huge crane to stand on the city walls it would
grapple a common helepolis as it came up and lift it over the
walls into the city.
The Rhodians forthwith made him state
first

'

Diodoros, XX. 82, 84, 88, 98.

ON SHORE.
architect in place of Diognetos,

But the Great Helepolis was too

who
much

57

then held that office.

for the crane.
Diog-

netos would do nothing,

till at last he was moved by the

prayers of ingenuous maidens and youths escorted by priests.
He then diverted the sewage of the city toward the Helepolis, which soon clave to the swamp and could not be moved.

After the siege he brought

to the people.

It

it within the city and dedicated

was designed by Epimachos of Athens'.

it

Besides the second line of defence erected within the walls

during the siege, half-moons were built to cover weak points
and a great trench was dug round the first breach made by
the Helepolis. Fifteen hundred picked men, however, got

through this breach by night, killed the guards at the trench,

and occupied a portion of the city near the theatre. But next
day they were attacked by the best of the Rhodian troops

and the fifteen hundred mercenaries from Egypt, and very

few of them escaped. The mines were met by countermines:

enemy tried to seize by bribing the officer of the

guard, a certain Athenagoras, but with very poor success.
The citizens rewarded him with a golden chaplet and five
these the

betraying this attempt.

He was not a
Rhodian, but of Miletos and in command of the mercenaries
from Egypt: and they hoped by this to attach the other mertalents (;^I200) for

cenaries.

They attached

the slaves

by a decree

that all

who

fought well should be purchased by the state and enrolled as

citizens: and the decree was carried out.
The citizens them-

by a decree that those who fell should

and children maintained out of the treasury, their daughters dowered on marriage and their sons on reaching manhood crowned in full
armour in the Theatre at the Festival of Dionysos. The rich
had readily given their money for the defence, and the workmen their work; some at arms and ammunition, but most at
selves were encouraged

be buried at the public

cost, their parents

strengthening the walls.

trios at

'

Diodoros, XX. 91, 95

Ammianus

Ransoms were arranged with Dememan and half that sum

looo drachmae (^40) for a free

97;

Marcellinus, XXIII. 4.

Plutarch,

Demetrios, 21; Vitruvius, X. 46

48;

RHODES.

58
for a slave'.

It is said

that at the siege of 88 B.C. Mithridates

Rhodian prisoners for Leonicos, who had

saved his life, thinking it better to endanger his success than
prove ungrateful ^ In that siege there was little fighting byland, and in the sjege by Cassius none at all.
Mithridates
intended to surprise the south end of the Acropolis by night
and thence give the signal by a fire for his troops to attempt
exchanged

all his

the city walls with scaling ladders while his ships attacked
the harbours.
lighted the

manned

fire

But the

discovered his plans and

citizens

themselves; and his troops finding the walls

did not deliver the attack .

Among

the mercenaries sent in from

Egypt during

Rhodians who had taken

siege of 304 B C. were

the

service with

Telephos of lalysos who has carved his name on

Abu Simbel seems to have
come there among the Greek troops in the service of Psametik
coin with the lion's head
II. nearly three centuries earlier.
Ptolemy'.

the leg of one of the colossi at

of Lindos and the silphion tree of Cyrene on the obverse and

the eagle's head of lalysos on the reverse was probably struck

as pay for Rhodian mercenaries in the army of Arcesilaos III.

on his restoration at Cyrene in 530 B.C. Seven hundred

Rhodians served on the Sicilian Expedition of 415 B.C. as
slingers^ Early in the retreat of the Ten Thousand in 401 B.C.
Xenophon found there were Rhodians among them and formed
a body of two hundred slingers. Their leaden bolts carried
twice as far as the stones from the Persian slings and further
than most arrows

and

in the

retired out of range, for not a

next action Tissaphernes soon

Rhodian missed his man.

They

had obtained the cords and lead from the villages they passed'.
Some sling bolts lately found in the island are about an inch
in length and shaped like filberts, bearing in low relief an
arrow head on one side and on the other their owner's name,
Bagyptas. In later times the Rhodians kept mainly to the
sea.

The

force with

which Pausistratos recovered the Peraea

Diodoros, XX. 84, 93, 94, 97, 98,

'

100.
^

Valerius Maximus, v.

Appian, de

bel.

7,

Ext.

Mith. 26.

2.

"

Diodoros, XX. 88.

'

Thucydides, vi. 43.

Xenophon, Anabasis,

ill. 3, 4.

ON SHORE.

59

comprised Achseans, Gauls, Pisuetas, Nisuetas,

Tamiani, Arei from Africa and Laodiceni from Asia, but
no Rhodians: yet when this same Pausistratos commanded
in

197 B.C.

the

fleet

the best

under him'.

By

men among the Rhodians eagerly served

the treaty with Hierapytna two Rhodian

be demanded for service off Crete and two hundred heavy armed Cretan soldiers for service in Rhodes.
Transport for these was to be provided by the Rhodians and
pay from the date of arrival at the rate of nine obols (15^'.) a

trieres could

day a man and two drachmas (201^.) a day for officers commanding not less than fifty men. Hierapytna was to aid
Rhodes in levying mercenaries in Crete, and Rhodes was to
do the like for Hierapytna in Asia Minor" The forts in the
Rhodian possessions in Asia Minor were garrisoned with
foreign mercenaries'.

The Rhodian sailors were capable of service on shore. In

Cento's descent on Chalcis in 200 B.C. they forced Philip's
jail, and liberated his political prisoners.
In the
war with Nabis five years later they helped to construct the
works for the siege of Gytheion and took part in the assault
on Sparta*. At Ruspina in 46 B.C. Caesar employed them as
light armed troops to act with his cavalry^.
It is characteristic that when the Ten Thousand were stopped in their retreat
by the river Tigris a Rhodian came forward with a plan for
crossing it on a pontoon of inflated skins".
Polyxenidas, the
Rhodian exile who commanded the fleet of Antiochos the
Great against his own countrymen, had thirty years earlier

strongest

commanded Cretan

mercenaries in Hyrcania'.

In 190 B.C.

he treated with Pausistratos the Rhodian admiral for his recall

from exile in return for the surrender of the king's fleet, apparently compromising himself irrevocably by letters written
with his own hand and sealed with his seal, and then surprised
Pausistratos in his false security*. Memnon the Rhodian,
'

Livy, XXXIII. 18, XXXVII. 12.

M.

1852, p. 79.

Dio Chrysostom,

'

Livy, XXXI. 23, xxxiv. 29, 38.

Aulus Hirtius, de

p. 611.

bel. Afric. 10.

Xenophon, Anabasis,

'

Polybios, X. ig.

'

Livy, xxxvil. 10, 11; Appian, de

reb. Syria, 24.

ill. 5.

60

RHODES.

who commanded

the

Great, had previously

Persian

fleet

commanded

against Alexander the

against him on land at the

battle of the Granicos and at the siege of Halicarnassos, and

had alone urged the true policy of Persia when the war began
defensive operations in Asia and an attack on Macedon by
sea\ He was satrap of the west of Asia Minor, as was his
Mentor had held a joint combrother Mentor before him.
mand in Egypt with Bagoas, the chief eunuch of the Persian
l<ing, and he had there arranged with some Greek mercenaries
serving on the other side that Bagoas should be taken prisoner
and then had rescued him from them. He owed his satrapy

to the eunuch's gratitude for this escape".

sister of

Mem-

non and Mentor married Artabazos, the satrap of lower

Phrygia; and from this marriage sprang Barsine, the mother
by Alexander the Great of Heracles'. That young prince
had no small chance of obtaining the throne of Macedon at
the time of his assassination in 311 B.C. Under Memnon's
government at Lampsacos it was the custom to give the
But
soldiers their rations on the second day of the month.
by delaying three days one month and five days another till
he made up thirty days, he was enabled to save the state the

Then he obtained
some wealthy citizens on the security of certain
revenue shortly due: but when this revenue was paid he felt
bound to apply it to the pressing needs of government, and
the citizens had to be content with a promise of interest while
Another Rhodian, Aristoteles, when
their loan remained.
cost of a month's provision for the army.

a loan from

governor of Phocaea, informed the leaders of one of the

cal parties in that city that the other party

put them

power; but, as those

in

whom

politi-

had bribed him

to

he addressed were

would rather be bribed by them for

and they bribed him. He then used the same
argument to the leaders of the other party; and when he had
really obtained a bribe from them, he formed a coalition
government. Again, perceiving that many heavy lawsuits
were pending, he formed a new court and ordered that all
better administrators, he

that purpose

'

II.

Anian, Anabasis,
I.

I.

n,

ao,

23,

Diodoros, xvi. 50.

'

lb.

XX. 20, 28.

ON SHORE.
pending

and by

suits

6l

should be at once brought before

it

or be barred

and by taking
bribes from both sides at the trials he greatly augmented the
revenue. When Antimenes the Rhodian was warden of the
highways arourld Babylon under Alexander the Great, he discovered an obsolete right to a tithe on imports and suddenly
revived it when certain high officials and others well able to
pay were expected, to the great advantage of the treasury.
Then he insured slaves at eight drachmae {6s. Sd.) a-head per
annum for whatever sum their owners chose to name. This
brought in a good revenue; and when a slave ran away, he
fining those litigants that did not appear

simply ordered the governor of the province to catch the slave

pay the insurance \ Another Rhodian placed in office by

Alexander was jEschylos, whom he made governor of Alexandria just after its foundation I
Long afterwards Phanagoria on the Black Sea was held for Mithridates by Castor
the Rhodian, who opportunely betrayed the city and the king's
sons to Pompey in 63 B.C. and was rewarded with the title
or

'

Friend of the

Romans

He married a daughter of Deiotaros,

'

'.

the able king of Galatia, and his son and grandson held royal
dignity. This son unluckily made political charges against Dei-

Rome in 45 B.C., whereupon the king slew Castor*.

There were probably twelve generals, strategce, at Rhodes,
of whom the strategos e/c "TravTaiv was presumably the
chief: one of them commanded in the Persea and another
in the parts of the island which lay outside the cities'.
otaros at

No

other military officers are mentioned.

however, sometimes took

during the siege of 304

command both by
B. C.

The

prytaneis,

by land
These prytaneis were at the
sea and

head of the state. They probably held office for a year. One
was president during the first six months and another during
the last six. There were probably more than two, but it is
not clear

how many

there were.

of the citizens in the Theatre.

Aristotle,

Economics,

ii.

15,

ig,

They

presided at assemblies

Reports from abroad were

*

Strabo, pp. 642,

rege Deiotaro,

J.
2

Quintus Curtius,

Appian, de

bel.

IV. 8.

Mith. 108, II4-

^
'

j,

568; Cicero, pro

11.

I. 275; N. 353; M.I. A. n. 214.

Djodoros, xx. 88, 98.

R.

RHODES.

62

addressed to them; and so also the admirals' despatches, for

these were preserved in the prytaneion. They received foreign

ambassadors

in the prytaneion at the state

altar.

In later

Roman Emperor

were directed to
them'. There were probably seven treasurers, tamiae, and
five intendants, episcopoe the latter with a secretary^ There
were officers of revenue, poletae, and guardians of foreigners
times despatches from the

and

prostata;

slaves,

"the prostatas;

these last acting in committees, for

those with Charinos" are mentioned:

and

there were also five overseers, epimelets, of the foreigners,

There were also guardians of public

Probably all these offices were elecAn admiral, however, dying on active service, could
tive.
appoint his own successor^- At Camiros the demiurgos appears to be the chief magistrate after the founding of the
great city"; and the same office was probably introduced at
Naxos when that island was subjected to Rhodes'. At
Lindos there were probably three commanders, agemones'.
A certain Rhodian was commander in the territories presumably on the mainland in time of war"; and three others
were respectively commander at Caunos, commander in Caria
and commander in Lycia'". This was probably the office of
Podilos, of whose oppression envoys came from lasos to
Rhodes to complain". The Rhodians certainly governed their
subjects harshly. The islands subjected to them by Antony
were soon forfeited through their oppression 'I The Lycians,
when subjected to them in i88 B.C., found they had fared
better even under Antiochos: actual violence was now offisred
to them and their wives and children, and they were contemptuously insulted merely that the Rhodians might shew their
mastery". This" led to three wars in the next twenty-five
with a

secretary'.

buildings, astynom^e^

XV.

Polybios,

XXVII.

XXIX.

6,

23,
5;

XVI.

Livy,

9,

15,

'

B. ad. 2416, b.

xlii.

45;

B. C.

B. 1524.

R. H. 23.
2

R.

N. 343

I.

M.

I.

A.

M.

I.

A.

II.

275
;

II. p.

124.

p. 224.

M.

u W.

I.

H.
A.

1885, p. 106.

p. 224.

11.

251.

B. 2524.

^2

Appian, de

'

Polybios, XVI. 9.

"

Livy, XLI.

F. 59; B. C.

"

Polybios, XXXI.

H.

V. p. 337.

bel. civ. v. 7.

6.
7.

ON SHORE.
years.

63

century later the tribute was so rigorously exacted

Roman Senate that

might be collected by publicans from Rome'.
Rhodian envoys were constantly at Rome. In their prosperous days they were entertained at a public mansion and
escorted thence to the Senate and then to the Capitol to
make their offerings. But those that came just after the
blunder about the war with Perseus were forbidden to stay
in the city and could hardly get lodgings for money at a
wretched inn in the suburbs they put off their white robes
and went in mourning to the houses of the leading men to
beg their aid with prayers and tears, and in the Senate they
bowed to the ground holding twigs of olive- toward the Senators^
A few years earlier some Rhodian envoys had lost
their temper in the Senate and others had declined the
customary present of 2000 asses {$) offered to each envoyl
Long afterwards some Rhodian magistrates sent despatches
to Tiberius without the clause that they would ever pray,' and

that the Caunians and others begged the

it

'

the

Emperor ordered them

By sending

Rome

to

over their admiral,

to insert the clause*.

who had always power

to

conclude alliances, the Rhodians were able to negotiate quietly

with Rome for a treaty of alliance after the war with Perseus,

when they feared damage to their reputation if it were

generally known they had asked for such a treaty without
success^

Their treaty with Hierapytna was to be sworn to

by the Commons on behalf of all Rhoand the like oath was to be administered
by the prytaneis to the envoys from Hierapytna at an
Envoys from abroad were heard before the
Assembly".
Senate as well as before an Assembly of the citizens in the
Theatre, and various honours were granted them'. Honours
granted to Rhodians by foreign states with which they had
by

five

men

dians of

full

elected

age

negotiated a treaty were proclaimed at Rhodes at the Festiad Quintum,

'

Cicero,

"

Livy, XLV. 20, 25; Diodoros, XXXI.

'

Livy, XLIV.

i.

i.

5.

Macedon,

9.

15; Appian, de reb.

'

Dio

Cassius, LVII.

IIJ Suetonius,

Tiberius, 32.
=

Polybios, XXX.

'

M.

'

Polybios, XV. 23; B. 3656;

5.

1852, p. 79.

W.

251.

RHODES.

64

Rhodian envoys were also employed abroad

mediating between belligerents^ Similarly,
a disputed claim to territory was referred by Samos and

val of Helios'.

in several cases in

Priene to the arbitration of Rhodes'.

After the great earthenvoys were sent to nearly all the Greek
states to ask for assistance and the same course was proposed
after the earthquake of 157 A.D.
But the immense gifts sent
in response were received in a patronizing way, quite as a
favour to the givers'. Still the Rhodians occasionally made
some return for the gifts that were always being sent to them,
even from sovereigns as remote as Herod of Judaea'. During
the siege by Demetrios they captured the ship bringing his
royal wardrobe, and sent it to their ally Ptolemy^ When the
wife of Seleucos was taken by the Gauls and brought to Rhodes

quake about 227

B.C.

to be sold as a slave, they bought her and sent her dressed as a

queen to her capital'. Four Athenian ships captured by the

Macedonians in 201 B.C. were recaptured by the Rhodians
and sent back to Athens. Upon this the Rhodians were
granted such rights of citizenship at Athens as Athenians
then had at Rhodes". Some time afterwards, Glaucon son of
Eteocles, apparently the Olympic victor, was consul (proxenos)
.

Rhodes

for

He

at Athens".

dedicated a statue

in the great

Zeno son of Nahum, who was consul for Rhodes

Arados'". Nine Rhodians are named among the consuls

city
at

as did

Delphi

for

in the list for

180

on the south wall of

B.C. inscribed

the enclosure of the great temple of Apollo".

Philophron, a

Rhodian statesman of the period of the war with Perseus,

seems to have been consul for Delphi. The grant was to him
and his descendants, and the recompense for their duties to
Delphians at Rhodes included priority in consulting the
oracle'^.
'

'

R.

'

Polybios, V. 63, XXII. 8, xxviii.

I.

93.

Demetrios,

Plutarch,

22.

B. 3047.

'

PolyEenos, VIII. 61.

B. 2905.

Polybios, xvi. 26; [Link], xxxi.

Polybios, V.

'

F. 18; Pausanias, VI. 16.

19

8890;

Aristeides, p.

361.
*

Josephus, de

ant. Jud. XIV, r4.

bel.

Jud.

i.

21

de

D;o-

doros, XX. 93.

"

B. 2526.

i'

W.

1^

B. C.

F.

18.

H.

v. p. 403.

i-,.

ON SHORE.
Beside the Senate in the great

65,
city, the

Senates of the

any rate of Lindos, existed as late

as the Roman Empire'.
There was a secretary to the Senate
in the great city, and an undersecretary to the Senate and
apparently to the Prytaneis as well and also a public secretary''.
At Lindos there was the Commons (o S^/xo?) of the
Lindopolitae'': and also the Entire Commons (0 o-y/tTra? 8)7^0?)

three ancient cities, or at

Camyn-

apparently consisting of the Argeice, Brasioe, Bulidas,

dice,

Cattabioe, Clasioe, Ladarmioe,'

and

Pedieis,

who were

citizens

Nettidae,

of places in

of Lindos, together with the Lindopolits,

of Lindos

CEiatae, Pagice

the territory

who were

citizens

These were all termed Lindians, but were

distinguished as citizens from the People {to TrXijOo'i) of the
Lindians. A Polites was presumably a citizen of the great city.

Very

itself*.

remains of Cicero's account of the constitution

But it appears that the Senators were not a
class the same men sat as Senators in the Senate House and
little

about 100

B.C.

among the Commons

in the Theatre, serving for some months

one place and then for some months in the other and they
were paid for attendance in both places". These changes
probably occurred every six months, when the prytaneis
changed office. At this period all citizens served as jurymen
without regard to their wealth or poverty and they were
proud of the justice thus administered". Alexander the

in

Great had previously recognized

of the

uprightness

the

Rhodians by leaving his will in their keeping'. Before his

days the administration of the democrats had sometimes been
so incompetent and corrupt that the wealthy classes had been
compelled to put an end to their government in self-defence'.
It was by means of a party among the citizens, which he
afterwards repudiated, and not by foreign troops that Mausolos upset the democracy". By the treaty between Rhodes
and Hierapytna each state was bound to oppose any attempt
1

R. H.

N. 346; R.

23.
I.

275;

M.

I.

A. n.

SalluBt,

'

Diodoros, xx. 81;

listhenes,

224.

N. 345 F. 6.
N. 357; R. A. 21, 24; F. 68.

m.

cf.

2.

Pseudo-Cal-

33.

Aristotle, Politics, V. 3, 5.

"

Demosthenes,

>

de repub. ord.

p.

194.

Cicero, de jepub. HI. 35.

T.

R.

RHODES.

66
to upset the

democracy established

the other'.

in

As

late as

Domitian's time the clumsy government of the democracy

the Rhodians were
though other Greeks
seldom met^ Even under the Antonines they had energy
enough for political disturbances, and it was a saying that
they would refuse immortality itself unless assured of eternal

caused serious disturbancesl

still

meeting daily

for

Later

still,

deliberation,

democracy*.

The revenue was large. About 170 B.C. the harbour dues
reached a million drachmae (;^40,000) a year. Most of Lycia
and Caria was at this time tributary the cities of Stratoniceia
;

and Caunos alone paying 120 talents (;"28,8oo), though

Caunos had been purchased rather more than a century before
Rome replied to the conceit
for only 200 talents (;'48,ooo).
of the Rhodians during the war with Perseus by making
Delos a free port; and by 164 B.C. their harbour dues had
fallen to 150,000 drachmae (6,oooy.
But Lycia and Caria
remained subject, with some intervals, as late as the Roman
Empire and in those days there were many other tributary
Besides the immense gifts from abroad, large sums
states^
used to be presented to the state by private citizens for public
purposes and especially for maintaining the poor. An ancient
;

custom, moreover, required the rich to see that the poorer

Fees must have been paid to the

on admission to citizenship, for after the great earthquake about 227 B.C. Hiero and Gelon sent ten talents
citizens did not want'.

state

number of citizens^ Many of the

made citizens after the siege of 304 B.C., and in
one case of much later date a slave was emancipated by the
City and made Guest of the Senate and Commons'. He was
of foreign birth.
The slaves, or emancipated slaves, whose
(i!'2.40o) to increase the

slaves were

dedications have been found in numbers near the great

were mostly natives of Asia Minor.

There were

M.

Dio Chrysostom,

Plutarch, prjEcept. ger. reip. 19.

Strabo, pp. 652, 653,

1852, p. 79.

"

Dio Chrysostom,

p. 567.

'

Polybios, V. 88.

Aristeides, pp. 384, 385.

"

R.

'

Polybios, XXXI.

7.

I.

278.

city,

slaves belongp. 670.

ON SHORE.

67

ing to the City, and probably a board of masters to

them

manage

they seem once to have rebelled \ Adoption was very

popular.
Nearly half the Rhodians named in inscriptions are
:

described as 'son of so-and-so, but by adoption son of so-andso.' Pliny in one instance has evidently mistaken the Rhodian

phrase Ka0' vodecriav by adoption for Kad' inr66e(Tiv by hypoand has founded a curious story on his blunderl
Public life brought many dangers.
Cassius and Arte-

thesis

men on capturing the great city.

Hostages were taken by Demetrios after his siege and by the
Persians just before Marathon, while the leaders of the
Persian party were exiled by their fellow-countrymen. After

misia killed the leading

war with Perseus the citizens tried to exonerate themby executing the leaders of the anti-Roman party.
There was civil war in the island soon after the great city was
founded.
A little earlier the leading aristocrats had been
driven into exile by Athens. Dorieus, the most famous of
these, retired to Thurii and there fitted out ships to serve
against Athens during the Peloponnesian War.
His men
were devoted to him and when Astyochos once raised his
the

selves

staff against him, the act nearly cost the

Spartan admiral his

hands of the indignant soldiers and sailors^ He
was taken in 407 B.C. and brought to Athens. The people
had already decreed his death
but on seeing a man so
famous for his Olympic victories in chains before them, they
Twelve years later he
set him free without even a ransom.
was in Peloponnese when news came that Rhodes had again
gone over to Athens and he was put to death at Sparta
in blind vengeance for the revolt.
When his ancestor Damagetos, the despot of lalysos, enquired of Apollo at Delphi
whence he should choose for himself a wife, the god bade
him wed a daughter of the best man among the Greeks, and
Aristomenes did not refuse him his daughter's hand. The
hero of the Messenian Wars came with his daughter to the
life

at the

island

and there ended

'

N. 346.
Pliny, XXXVI.

Thucydides, vin. 84.

his days'".

4.

Xenophon, Hell.

IV. 24, vi. 7.

i.

Pausanias,

RHODES.

68

lalysos and Camiros were in ruins before the earthquake

of 157 A,D., though lalysian decrees occur

of the

Emperor

The

Titus'.

down

to the time

chief remains at Camiros are

At

of structures for the supply of water.

the top of the

Acropolis a gallery about two feet wide and six high runs
under the surface for about 230 yards in a straight line,

having on one side three branches of about 27 yards each,

one at the centre and one at each end. From these main
galleries many others diverge, generally one or two yards in
length and none longer than ten yards and these all end in
shafts opening to the surface.
It is clear they were for water
;

supply and not for drainage, as the bases of the shafts are

always lower than the galleries leading to them. The city

straight through the eastern
limb of the Acropolis hill to a cistern on the east side and
this was itself fed by another conduit running southward under

was supplied by a conduit hewn

the

hill

to a spring.

and two wide.

These conduits are about four

feet

high

Pliny mentions a Rhodian marble with golden

but the ruins throughout the island are of stone. The

gymnasion in the great city was a magnificent building, full
No less than 75 talents
of famous pictures and statuesl
(;'i8,ooo) were sent by Hiero and Gelon to supply oil for
Under the
it after the great earthquake about 227 B.C."
Roman Empire the gymnasiarch of the young men in the
veins'',

name

great city gave his

to the year, but

presumably only

purposes of the gymnasion : and a great athlete and

of the gymnasion at Philadelphia was

The Rhodian

senator of Rhodes'.

made

Rome

sides,

and

columns'.

that

it

many

had a colonnade on

facing the

"They

citizen

and

builders invented a type

of courtyard that was afterwards adopted in

wealthier houses at

for

officer

all

of the

the four

south was carried on higher

build for eternity, but they eat as though

they were to die to-morrow" was an ancient saying against

the Rhodiansl

They judged
H.

man by what

Aristeides, p. 354; R.
Pliny, XXXVII. 62.

B. 3426.

Strabo, p. 652.

Vitruvius, vr. 50.

Polybios, V. 83.

Plutarch,

'

ate.

R. A. 26.

'

'

23.

he

rle ciipid,

divit. j.

ON SHORE.
connoisseur in

was

fish

at

69

once pronounced a gentleman

and

man who was

content with meat, a mere shopkeeper'.

Lynceus of Samnos in an epistle** written about 250 B.C., in
which he compares the delicacies of Rhodes and of Athens,

calls
(.'

the island admirable in

anchovy), the ellops

(.'

its fish

and praises the aphye

sword-fish), the orphos

{?

sea-perch)

and a kind of shark called the alopex, the fox. A popular

saying advised a gourmet who could not afford a Rhodian
alopex to steal one even if he died for it. Varro and Pliny,
however, thought the ellops the greatest delicacy of the
island'.
Then in the matter of milk cakes, Lynceus thought
highly of the Rhodian echinos at the second course of a
dinner.

For dessert he approved the Rhodian escharites, a

made drinkers sober and restored to gour-

sweet cake that

mands

Martial, however, suggests that a

need not break his slave's jaw with a blow:
he might give him a Rhodian cake*. The peach tree, when
introduced from Egypt, proved sterile and tantalized the
people by merely flowering^. But the wild figs were admired
by Lynceus, and also the custom of eating them before
dinner instead of after. The figs had a fine flavour and were
known in Rome. The dried figs called brigindarides were a
local growth in the island, for the ethnic of one of the demes
Lynceus also commends a grape called
is Brygindarios'.
The Rhodian grape was
hipponios that ripened in July.
a well-known species, and must have been largely grown
bituminous earth found there
throughout the island'.
their appetites.

Roman gentleman

proved very useful in killing the insects off the

vines'.
The Rhodian wine was in repute at Athens and at
Rome", and was widely exported. Some of it was sweetened
with boiled must, but most of it was pure and a delicate
about 100

B.C.

'

^lian, var.

'

AthenEeos, pp. 75,

hist.

"

Athenseos, p. 80; Pliny, XV. 19.

109, 285, 295,

'

Athenaeos, p. 652.
Pliny, XIV. 4; Macrobius, Sat.

6; Pliny, IX.

16.

28.

I.

360, 647, 654.

"

Varro, de re rust.

11.

79.
^

Martial, XIV. 68.

"

Theophrastos,

hist,

Pliny, XV. 13, xvi. 47.

plant,

iii.

'

Strabo, p. 316.

"

Vergil, georg.

lius, xiii. 5.

11.

II.

102; Aulas Gel-

RHODES.

70

was imparted by just the right quantity of sea water'.

Cato economized by flavouring his home-made wine in this
way, and flattered himself that it passed for Rhodian or the
kindred Coanl The Rhodians frequently drank theirs mulled
with myrrh, cinnamon, mint, etc., with divers beneficial results'.
There was much drinking and gambling with dice among the
flavour

Rhodian

aristocrats in early times, often

very curious

for

Their fighting
and cock-fighting was common.
cocks rivalled those of Tanagra, and became favourites at
Rome^
sumptuary law could not be enforced even
against shaving^ And in many ways the austerity of these
Dorians was tempered with Oriental luxury'. The Rhodian
youths disturbed Diogenes by appearing at the Olympic
Games in more costly attire than any of the Greeks': and in
stakes*;

Roman

later times the

other hand there

Roman

is

satirists

On

did not spare them".

the

a story of a grave Rhodian rebuking

lictor for fussiness".

Wealthy Romans frequented the

island. Its sunny climate

them". Caesar, Brutus, Cassius and Cicero, all
stayed there to study rhetoric.
Pompey halted there in 6"]
and 62 B. c. on his way between Rome and his commands in
the East''.
Herod of Judaea came there to meet Octavian
after Actium".
Nero, who had as a boy pleaded the cause of
the Rhodians before Claudius, afterwards talked of abdicating
the Empire for a life of leisure at Rhodes". Titus visited''
the island in 68 A.D. before he became Emperor. Tiberius
lived there for seven years.
He had been struck with the
climate and the beauty of the island when touching there on

attracted

'

Athenaeos, pp. 31, 32.

'

Pliny,

XIV. 10,

12;

Cato, de re

rust. 112.
^

"

II. 2,

Athenaeos, p. 464.

* lb. p.

Juvenal,

444.

Pliny, X. 24; Martial,

III.

58,

17;

vi. igS,

rence, eunuch.

III.

i,

113; Te-

viii.

29; Plautus, epid.

115.

'"

Plutarch, de cohib.

"

Horace, Odes,

I.

10.

ira.

7, i

Martial, iv.

55, 6, X. 68, i; Pliny, II. 62.

'^

Strabo, p. 492; Pliny, vii. 31.

Athenaeos, p. 565.

^*

Josephus, de ant. Jud. XV.

Anacreon, xxsii. 16; Athenaeos, pp.

^"*

Suetonius, Nero,

Columella, viii.

2,

11.

"

129, 352.
^

/EHan, var.

hist. IX. 34.

Tacitus, hist.

II.

7, 34.
2.

6.

ON SHORE.

71

from Armenia, and so chose it for his retreat. He

was tribune but he lived as a private gentleman with a
moderate house in the great city and a villa outside, and
would stroll about the gymnasion without lictor or attendant,
mixing with the Greeks on almost equal terms. One day
when he was going to visit the sick, some blundering official
caused them all to be brought down to one place and arranged

his return

in groups according to their complaints for his convenience:

and there was not one of them, however humble, to whom he

did not apologize. When the term of his office as tribune
expired in 2 B.C., Augustus forbade his return to Italy; and
he stayed on at Rhodes. He was now in daily fear of assassination.
He gave up exercise with horse and arms, exchanging the Roman toga and sandals for the Greek cloak
and slippers probably the peculiar Rhodian shoes' and

retired to the country to avoid the visits of the

touching at the great

city.

Roman

officials

There he devoted himself

to the

study of astrology, keeping a stalwart slave in attendance to

throw untrustworthy astrologers down the cliff to the sea as
they left his house. At last an eagle, a bird then rarely seen
in the island ^ perched on the gable; and in a few days news

came of his recall. When Emperor he once wrote a friendly

He
letter to a Rhodian acquaintance inviting him to Rome.
was absorbed in his enquiries into the murder of Drusus and
was torturing everyone for evidence when the guest arrived,
and he absently ordered him to be tortured. On finding out
the blunder, he had the man killed that he might not go about
He had been virtually an exile during the last
talking of it'.
years of his stay in the island; and many Romans must have
lived there in like case, for Rhodes was excepted in the decree
of II A.D. that exiles interdicted from fire and water should
live in

no island within forty miles of the continent ^

the general corruption of the Greeks in the

Amid
severity

and quiet good

vn.

Pollux,

Pliny, X. 41.

'

Suetonius,

sense.

Tacitus, annales,

22.

Tiberius,

11

14,

62;

Hnd

much of the old Doric

They kept gladiators out of

century A.D. the Rhodians retained

Dio

I.

4, vi. 20, jr.

Cassius, LVI. 27.

RHODES.

72

the island, just as they kept the public executioner out of the
city

and held

trials for

murder outside the

walls.

The

rest of

the Greek world could not rival them in wealth or culture.

The every-day

duties of life were performed with perfect

and even the rustics seemed less clumsy than usual in
the gymnasion there. At the Theatre they listened in silence
and did not applaud till the end. They dined quietly like
men who knew how to order a dinner, and cared more for
conversation than for drinking. Their dress was simple and
strangely moderate in the use of purple. They did not bustle
about the streets and if strangers failed to fall in with their
pace and walked about without looking where they were
finish,

them to order\
word that elsewhere meant a jester,

going, they called

Dio Chrysostom, pp. 620, 632, 650,

651,679; Aristeides, pp. 353, 360, 373.

It is

at

significant that a

Rhodes meant a

Hesychios,

s..

v. TryXatatrrT/s.

liar^

V.

THE GODS.
Helios was the great god of Rhodes. The whole island
was sacred to him, as Cythera was sacred to Aphrodite or
Delos to Apollo.

The people

revered him, the grandsire of

the heroes Lindos, lalysos and Camiros, as ancestor of their

gave the name to the year. The Colossos

and the coins of the great city bore his
image. The worship, however, was not so marked in early
times Athene of Lindos had then the greatest honours. But
when the great city was founded, some worship must have

His

race'.

was

priest

in his likeness,

been needed in which lalysos and Camiros should have as

and it was probably then that Helios

large a share as Lindos

His temple in the great city is often

mentioned; but there is no record of any temple to him in
took the

first

the ancient

place.

cities.

A
of Helios was yearly, in September ^
team of four horses was then sacrificed to him by casting
them into the sea'. Horses were sacrificed to him in many
places but not in teams of four, nor were they cast into the
sea.
The team was in this case referred to the chariot of the
sun and within the temple was a statue of the god standing
But every ninth year in
in the chariot with its four horses\
devoted to Poseidon
was
horses
four
Illyricum a team of
The

festival

'

Diodoros, V. 56.

'

Festus,

Scholia to Pindar, Ol. VII. 80.

Pliny,

s.

v.

October.

xxxiv.

19.

RHODES.

74

Hippios and cast into the sea^: and at Lindos Poseidon was
worshipped as Hippios I Thus the custom may have arisen
from some blending of the worships. The ancient sacrifice

HeHos

to

of white or tawny lambs was also offered in the

In the games at the festival there were races

island'.

horses and for chariots, gymnastic contests for

boys, and contests in music*.

white poplar^

The

were victorious also

and great

The

for

was a wreath of

prize

contests were severe

at the Pythia, the

for

men and

for victors there

Isthmia and the

Nemea

Marcus Aurelius Ascle-

athletes from abroad, like

it worth their while to compete".

In the great
days of Rhodes the neighbouring independent states and the
kings of Pergamos sent envoys to the festival': and it was

piades, thought

still

flourishing centuries afterwards*.

Athene Lindia was greatly reverenced throughout the

island and abroad.
Though Diagoras was of lalysos, it was
in her

temple at Lindos that Pindar's ode

From

dedicated'.

Greeks sent offerings to

Helios, the

Roman

in his praise

was

over the sea Egyptians, Phoenicians and

her.

Even

her eclipse by

after

Marcellus on taking Syracuse in 212

B.C.

She was worshipped " with flamewould seem, was made ready and the

sent gifts to her temple".

less sacrifices."

Fire,

it

victim was slain on an altar of burnt offering in a grove on the

The sacrifice
fire was not set to the altar".
and the victims were eaten within the temple".
A rock-cut inscription on the Acropolis records the planting
of a grove of olive trees there in honour of Athene". The
ruins shew that the temple consisted of a cella, measuring
externally some sixty feet by twenty-five, with two columns
in antis in both pronaos and posticum, and probably a portico
of four columns at each end. The order cannot be traced, but
Acropolis, but the

was

daily,

'

Festus, s.v. Hippius.

'

R. A.

R. H. 45.

7,

^'

Athenseos,

Ephesos, v.

12.

561;

p.

Xenophon

of

11.

Gorgon, Fr.

3.

R. H. 2i; F. 10, 12, 13; B. 3208,

5913; L. U. 2; L. B. 201.

1"

Plutarch, Marcellus, 30.

"

Pindar, [Link].48;Diodoros,v.56.

'

Scholia to Pindar, 01. vii. 80.

^'

Suidas,

'

F. 12, 13; B. 5913.

"

L. U. 55;

'

Appian, de

reb.

Macedon.

9.

xv.

1 1

s.

v. 'Podliov

xp^^t^^'

Anthologia Palatina,

THE
was presumably Doric.

GODS.

75

About the middle

of the Acropolis

which was certainly

Doric and of the best period of Greek art. This perhaps
belonged to Zeus Polieus, guardian of the city, who was commonly worshipped with Athene Lindia'. Athene Polias and
Zeus Polieus were worshipped together both at Camiros" and
in the great city': where Athene lalysia Polias and Zeus
Polieus Camires were also worshipped*.
Zeus was also worshipped in Rhodes as Paean, the healer^;
as Endendros, protector of trees'; as Eridimios, guardian of

are the ruins of another small temple,

the people''; at Netteia as Patroios, guardian of the family";

Camiros as Teleios, fulfiller of prayer'; and on Mount

Atabyros as Atabyrios^ Athene was worshipped with Zeus
Atabyrios at Acragas, and therefore probably with him on
Mount Atabyros ^ In the ruins of his temple on the top of
the mountain the walls of a cella measuring some forty-five
feet by thirty-five can be traced, and also the walls of a peribolos about forty yards square but no columns have been
found. On the Acropolis of the great city was another temple
of Zeus Atabyrios'".
In the temple on the mountain were
certain bronze kine that bellowed when any evil was to happen".
The bronze bull of Phalaris at Acragas bellowed when a man
was put inside and a fire lighted beneath. And it is to be
feared that when the bronze kine were heard bellowing on
Atabyros the priests were offering baked sacrifices to avert
the coming evil. Then a man was always sacrificed to Cronos
in August. This custom endured after the founding of the great
city; but in later times the victim was a criminal already condemned to death. He was led outside the city gates and
then, near the temple of Artemis Aristobule, wine was given
him to drink and he was slain'^ Human sacrifices to Cronos
were common among the Phoenicians, and Zeus Atabyrios
at

19,

R. A.
28

3, 4,

5, 6, 7, 8, lo, 14, 15, 16,

F. 63, 65, 66, 71.

'

B. C.

F. 17.

H.

V. 337.

lb. 71.

Hesychios,

Spas, 'EpidliMio!.

<>

naidf, "EvSei'-

S.

11.

354.

Diodoros, V. 59; Strabo,

Polybios, IX. 27.

'"

vv.

H.

N. 353

'

s.

J.

'

Appian, de

" Scholia

"

F. 59.

bel.

Mith. 26.

to Pindar,

Porphyry, de

p. 655.

Ol

vii. S7.

abstineiitia,

II.

54.

RHODES.

76

seems closely related to the Canaanite Molech of Mount

Tabor. These rites would therefore have been brought to

Rhodes by the Phcenician settlers, either directly from their

homes or by way of Crete. The custom that no herald should
enter the shrine of Ocridion'
like those of the

Athamidse

may

human

point to

at Alos.

sacrifices

If the eldest of the

Athamas entered the prytaneion there, the people

straightway decked him with garlands and offered him to
Zeusl Small bronze figures of bulls (Plate IV.) which probalineage of

bly served as offerings to Zeus Atabyrios are sometimes found

upon Mount Atabyros.

Zeus and Hera were worshipped together

may

Pontoreia as Orolytoe, whatever that

in the

deme

and Hera was

be';

worshipped in the great city as Basileia, the queen'.

Dionysos was much honoured in the great city. His altar
was probably the chief place in the Agora*. His temple was
the richest in offerings, and was crowded with works by the
greatest painters and sculptors'. There also the tripods given
as prizes at his festival were dedicated'.

At

his festival at

Lindos there were contests, processions and sacrifices and

both citizens and foreigners, whether holding land or merely
resident, could be called on to supply a choros'. Lambs were
:

sacrificed to
festival

him

when

The

in the island'.

Pagladia, a Rhodian

the vines were trimmed, must have been sacred

He was also worshipped in Rhodes as Thyonidas,

Semele a phallic rite'. In the great city there was
also a worship of Dionysos Bacchos to which belonged the
to him'.

child of

festival of

Bacchos, celebrated with greater

year as the Trieteris".

The Roman

pomp

Trieteris,

every third

which was

also

kept in the island, did not fall at the same time ".
Hermes was worshipped in Rhodes as Epipolaeos, protector
of traders '^ and as Chthonios, guide of the dead".
'

H.

Plutarch,

Herodotos, VII. 197.

F. 71.

"

N. 343.

'

Strabo, p. 652

Aristeides, p. 399.

^^

Gorgon, Fr.

'

R. H. 47.

"

Scholia to Aristophanes, pax, 6jo.

qiisest. grsec. 27.

J.

S. IV. p. 352.

Hesychios,

s.

vv.

na7Xii5ta,

Qvu

Mas.
i
;

Lucian, amor.

8.

B. 2525, b.

" R.

I.

277.
2.

THE GODS.

-j-j

Apollo was worshipped at Lindos as Pythios', as Olios',

and as Loemios^ averter of pestilence; at
Camiros as Epimelios^ guardian of flocks, as Aeigenetes^

averter of death,

perpetual giver of increase, as Mylas', guardian of mills, as

Carneios*, god of corn, and again as Pythios*; at Ixia, as
Ixios"; again as Pythios in the great city"; as Erethimios,
Erythibios, or Erysibios, averter of mildew, near the

modern

where the temple and a marble omphalos

forming part of the statue have been found'; and as Smintheus, destroyer of mice, both at Lindos and in the great city,
for there were sacred enclosures for the festivals at both
places' and these festivals differed from the Sminthia elsewhere, for Philodemos or Philomnestos wrote a book concerning the Sminthia in Rhodes^
Artemis was worshipped together with Apollo Erethimios"; also at Lindos" and near the modern hamlet of Artamiti on Mount Atabyros'^ as in Cecoea or simply as Cecoea,
whatever that may be; as Aristobule", admirable in counsel,
near the great city; in the island, as Euporia", goddess of
plenty; and at Lindos as Pergsea'", apparently of Perge in
Pamphylia. And it was a custom in Rhodes to crown the
statues of Artemis and of Persephone with asphodel'", provillage of Tholo,

bably as deities of the nether world.

The worship of Poseidon at lalysos was in the hands of a
priesthood of Phoenician origin", but nothing further is known
it.
On occupying the volcanic island upheaved between
Thera and Therasia in 196 B.C. the Rhodians built there a
temple to him as Asphaleios, bringer of safety". He was
worshipped at Lindos" and in the great city"" as Hippios,

of

272; R. A. 7; F. 65.

R.

'

Macrobius, Sat.

J.

I.

H.

I.

"

R. A.

6, 8,

15; R.

I.

'-

H.

'^

Porphyry, de ahstinentia,

^^

Hesychios,

B. C.

Stephanos,

"

F. 71.

'

Strabo,

V. 337.

p.

s.

v. 'l^^ac,

613; R.

272; F.

B. C. H. IX. 100.

S. IV. 351.

I.

R. H. 43, 44.

276, 277;

s. v.

'"

F. 67.

^'

Suidas,

"

Diodoros, V. 58.
Strabo, p. 57.

Strabo, p. 605.

'*

'

Athenaeos, pp. 74, 445.

R. H. 43.

'"

R. A.

2"

F. -I.

4,

65, 66, 71.

17.

s.

EyTrop^a.

v. 'Acri^iSeXos.

7, 12.

II.

54.

RHODES.

78

creator of the horse; also as Gilseos', apparently of Gela in

Sicily, in the great city; as

Cyreteios^ apparently of Curfis in

Camiros; and near the modern village of Yannathi
as Phytalmios, giver of life, with sacrifices of mature pigs'.
Hestia was worshipped with Zeus Teleios at Camiros^
References to the worship of Apollo Telchinios at Lindos,
Italy, at

of

Hera Telchinia

Nymphs

and at Camiros, and of the

shew only that the statues of
temples were held to be the handiwork

at lalysos

Telchiniae at lalysos

the deities in certain

of the Telchines\

At Lindos there was a strange worship of Heracles.

While the sacrifice was offered, the priest heaped curses and
abuse upon the hero; not, however, at random, but in a fixed
sequence handed down from early times*. There was nothing like this elsewhere in Greece; and it may have arisen
from some outburst of the Egyptian settlers at Lindos against
"Lindians at

the sacrifice of animals that they held sacred.

their sacrifice" or

"Rhodians

at their sacrifice"

became

a pro-

verb for bad language in sacred places'. The sacrifice was

probably of one ox of the plough. Lactantius, however, says
that two oxen of the plough were sacrificed yoked together on
an altar called Buzygon. If this was so, the rites of Heracles

Buthcenes, the beefeater, had been blended with those of the

harvest festival Buzygia at which a yoke of oxen was thus
sacrificed.

The temple of Asclepios was an important place in

The guild of the Asclepiadae, however, was
great city*.

the

ex-

in the Ilnd century A.D., though the guilds at

Cnidos were still flourishing'. The worship probably came from Epidauros in very early times, but the
legends about this have perished".
The ancient tree worship perhaps survived at Lindos in

Rhodes

tinct at

Cos and

5;

at

tius, I. 21.

F. 71.

g_ Q^

ji3_ II,

F. 59.

'

N. 343.

'

Diodoros, V. 55.

'

Galen, de meth. med.

Conor), Nar.

'

fj. V. 337.

Hesychios,

fflav, 'PdStot T7}V

5ig.

11

Philostratos, imag.

ApoUodoros,
II.

11.

74; Lactan-

"

s.

vv.

AlvSloi ttJc Ou-

Qvaiav.

Aristeides, p. 396.

i.

THE GODS.
that of Helen Dentritis':

and

renced in the island, as in

many

ship of the river

Among

79

running streams were reveby the wor-

all

parts of Greece,

Acheloos^

the characters in Rhodian history or legend Halia',

the bride of Poseidon, was worshipped as an immortal under

the name Leucothea and therefore as a sea goddess: while
Alectrona', Phorbas'', Althaemenes of Crete', Aristomenes of

Messene*, Ocridion^ and Tlepolemos" had the honours of

heroes.

It is

not clear in what part of the island the temple

of Tlepolemos stood.

Every year there was a solemn assem-

bly there with a procession, a burnt sacrifice of sheep, and

contests wherein the prize was a wreath of white poplar.

There is extant a curious decree for keeping holy the temple

and precinct of Alectrona near lalysos. "There shall enter
in to the precinct no horse, donkey, mule, jennet, or any other
beast of burden, nor shall any man drive any of these into it;
nor shall any man bring in shoes or anything made of pigskin:
whosoever breaketh this law shall purify the temple and precinct and offer sacrifice or else be liable for impiety: but if
any man drive in sheep, he shall pay one obol (twopence) for
each sheep'." To Phorbas the Rhodians sacrificed for good
luck before setting out on a long voyage". Mylas, one of the
Telchines, was held

to be the founder of the sacred rites

some festival of the millers, at Camiand a promontory near there was sacred to him". In
like manner another promontory was sacred to Pan"; and a
third to a certain Thoas, of whom nothing is known 'I There
was also in Rhodes a worship of the Macrobioe, the elderly
nymphs".
Egyptian gods of course found followers in Rhodes.
Sarapis was worshipped in the great city" and at Lindos".
Mylanteia, presumably

ros';

Pausanias, in. ig.

Scholia to

Diodoros, v. 55, 56, 58, 59.

Pausanias, IV. 24.

"

Homer,

II.

xxiv. 6i6.

'"

Hesychios,
Stephanos,

=.

v.

MuXas.

v. M-vXavTla.

"

Ptolemy, geographia,

^2

Strabo, p. 655.

'

Plutarch, qusest. grsec. 27.

i'

Hesychios,

'

Scholia to Pindar, Ol. vii. 77.

"

F. 71.

'

N. 349.

"

R. A.

Polyzelos, Fr.

i.

s.

12.

s.

v.

v. *.

80

RHODES.

The temple

of

Isis in

the great city stood near the walls by

by Mithridates a spectre of the

fire upon his floating

the sea, and during the siege

goddess was seen to hurl down a mass of

Thus the Rhodians gained something from

wisdom of the Egyptians
the phantom goddess that
came to the Greeks at Salamis gave only good advice. After
the siege by Demetrios the Rhodians by leave of the oracle of
Zeus Ammon began to worship their ally Ptolemy Soter.
They dedicated to him a square grove within the great city,
siege engines'.

the

and
this

built

on each side of

it

a portico a furlong in length; and

Long

they called the Ptolemaeon^

mained

afterwards

it

re-

custom to chant a paean in his honour'. The

goddess Pistis, good faith, seems of Roman origin*.
Although religious zeal was then dying out in Rhodes, the
walls and towers of the Acropolis of Lindos were thoroughly
restored as late as the time of Hadrian^
The panegyreis, the solemn assemblies, of the Lindians
were yearly. An inscription found at the temple of Apollo
Erethimios mentions "the panegyris after the war" and also a
festival called Dipanamia".
festival called Episcaphia was
celebrated in the island, presumably when the seed was sown,
and at Lindos there was a sacrifice called Telesthia'.
The festival of the Doric Pentapolis at the Triopian Cape
brought over the islanders with their wives and children, and
led to much friendliness between the people of the three
Rhodian cities and those of Cos and Cnidos. They met at
the temple of Apollo and sacrificed together; and then there
were races for horses and gymnastic and musical contests.
The prizes were bronze tripods, but the winners were expected
Once a man from Halicarto dedicate these in the temple.
nassos, Agasicles by name, carried off the tripod he had won
their

to his

own house and

arising from this

from the league

Appian, de

Diodoros, XX. 100.

Athenasos, p. 696.

'

A. Z. 1878,

B. C.

bel. Mitli. 27.

p. 163.

IX. p.

it

The

there with nails.

in the

dispute

expulsion of Halicarnassos

".

H.

fixed

ended

109.

'

R. A. ix; R.

I.

'

Hesychios,

vv.

s.

277.
'ETrur/cd^ia,

Te-

Xeadla.
'

Dionysios of Halicarnassos, IV. 25;.

Herodotos,

i.

144.

1:

THE GODS.
At the Olympic games Leonidas
greatest of all runners.

He was

8
of

Rhodes was the

four times victor in the race

and was twelve times crowned as victor in the heats.

family could rival the Diagoridae of Rhodes. Diagoras
himself won the boxing for men in 464 B.C.
Of his sons,
itself,

No

won

the boxing for men,

Damagetos won the

him Dorieus the youngest won the pancration in 432, 428 and 424 B.C.
Of his grandsons by his
daughter Callipateira, Eucles won the boxing for men and
Peisirrhodos that for boys.
Rhodes did not reap all the glory

Acusilaos also

pancration, and after

of these victories, for Dorieus and Peisirrhodos were in exile

when they won and entered as men of Thurii. Diagoras was

at Olympia with Acusilaos and Damagetos when they won,
and the young men carried him on their shoulders through the
assembly while all the people cast flowers on him calling him
blessed in his sons. Callipateira was the only woman that ever
ventured to the Olympic games. After her husband's death
she accompanied her son Peisirrhodos thither disguised as his

She was discovered, and there was a law that any

found there should be cast from a certain rock; but
they considered of what family she was and sent her away
unharmed.
The statues of the Diagorid^ formed a notable

trainer.

woman

group in the Altis

at

Olympia. Near them was a statue bought

with a fine paid by the Rhodians to Olympian Zeus because a

wrestler from

bribe offered

Rhodes had cheated, and another bought with a

by a Rhodian in 68 B.C. to the wrestler Eudelos\

Replicas of the statues of the victors would have been set up

At Lindos there is the base of a statue

who won the wrestling for boys at Olympia

in their native island.

of Agesistratos
the

men

of Lindos set

it

up^

Diagoras claimed descent from

Heracles in the male line through Damagetos the despot of

lalysos

who was moreover

of the royal line of Argos, and in

the female line through Aristomenes the Messenian hero

who

had thrice offered the sacrifice of him v/ho had slain a hundred
foemen: and he was himself a huge man and 6ft. 5in. in
height'.
He was also victor four times at the Isthmia, twice
'

Pausanias, V. 6, ^i, VI.

Aulus Gellius,
T. R.

III.

15.

7,

13;

cf.

"

R. A. 25.

'

Scholia to Pindar, 01. vii. 15.

82

RHODES.

Nemea and

His son Dorieus besides

Olympia, gained eight at the Isthmia
and seven at the Nemea; while at the Pythia no one would
at the

often elsewhere'.

his three victories at the

him I

Another Rhodian was afterwards victor at the

Nemea, the Pythia and several other festivals'.
The Rhodians were generous to the gods abroad. At
Delphi the Lindians set up a statue to Apollo*. In a list of
plate in the temple of that god at Miletos are entries:
vase,
plain, on pedestal
offering of Peisicrates the Rhodian
another, on pedestal six feet high offering of Sophanes chief
envoy and the other envoys from Rhodes^ At Odessa a
Rhodian was honoured for giving money to pay for the sacrifices.
Near Beyrut in Syria a drinking fountain was set up
by a man "from afar, from island Rhodes; a desired piece of
handiwork, a bronze image of horned Ammon, pouring out
face

Isthmia, the

holy running water'." When certain Greeks set

up a statue of the god Tanos near Memphis in Egypt, where
they were probably serving with Agesilaos and Chabrias about
360 B.C., a Rhodian was among those who dedicated the table
of libation^
Other Rhodians, however, shewed little respect
for the deified Pharaohs by scrawling up their own names on
the tombs of the kings at Bab el Moluk near Thebes one of
these names was written in 75 B.C." The gods at Rhodes
were in their turn largely endowed from abroad. For example, after the great earthquake about 227 B.C. Hiero and
Gelon of Sicily sent ten talents (^^2,400) for sacrifices, and Ptolemy of Egypt sent stores of corn for sacrifices and games'".
for mortals

Sometimes the Rhodians imposed the worship of their own

on foreign countries. When Naxos was subjected to
Rhodes about 40 B.C. the worship of Rhodos was introduced
And the
there, and her priest took precedence of all others".
priests of Hierapytna were bound by the treaty with Rhodes
to pray to Helios, to Rhodos, and to the rest of the gods and
deities

Pindar, Ol. VII. 8087.

'

B. 4535.

Pausanias, vi.

B. 4702.

'

F. 14.

"

B. ad. 4778, b, 4789, b, ad. 4789,

Pausanias, X. 18.

<

B. 2860.

'

B. ad. io6o,

c.

7.

ad. 4807, d.

"
"

Polybios, V. 88, 89.

B. ad. 2416, b.

a=,

THE GODS.

83

goddesses and founders and heroes of the city and country of

Rhodes*.

The

were not a caste; except perhaps in the worAt Lindos they were to be
chosen from the Lindians alone, and probably there was the
priests

ship of Poseidon at lalysos.

like rule in the other cities ^

In late times

when some families

had died out and others had grown too poor to hold the office,
this rule must often have brought several priesthoods to one
man or the same priesthood to several members of one family.
Thus at Lindos a man was priest of five deities', and in the
great city a man and his two sons successively held the priesthood of Helios*. Most priesthoods were held for a year, but
in one case at Lindos a man held the office for thirteen
months', and in late times it may have been held for life".
The priesthood of Helios was at one time obtained by lot'.
Perhaps a retired priest had some status in a temple, for the
public secretary in the great city, who had been priest of Zeus
Atabyrios, dedicated to that god on behalf of the masters of
the public slaves ^ At Camiros there was an Archiaristas, or
Exieristes, a chief purifier; and presumably other purifiers'.
At Lindos", and in the great city", there were Hierothytse:
fiifteen of them at Lindos with an Archierothytes.
They had
a hall there, the Hierothyteion, and maintenance in it was
granted by the Lindians just as maintenance in the Prytaneion was granted by other cities '^ There was also a hall of
feasting, the Histiatorion, in the temple of Alectrona near
lalysos".
In most places the Hierothytae were attendants
who slew the victims, but in Rhodes they apparently formed
a board appointed

by the

manage

state to

public worship.

There were twelve Hieropoece at Camiros and six at the

temple of Apollo Erethimios and the office existed at Lindos".
:

M.

'

1852, p. 79.

N. 357.
R- A. 7.

F. 16.

B. C.

F. 71.

'

B. C.

H.

H.
N. 346.

N. 353; B. C. H. V. p. 337.
N. 35j; F. 6,. R. A. 9, 16,
R. I. ^^l B. C. H. IX. p. 112.
9

10

17;

IX. p. 108.

11

F.

12

R. A.

I.
I,

21, 21.

13

IX. p. 96.

N. 349.
" N. 351,
B. C.

H.

353,

357;

R.

I.

V. 337.

62

276;

RHODES.

84

The Hieropoeoe

generally were magistrates

who saw

that the

victims were without blemish: and at Camiros they were to

see that no intruders beheld the sacrifice.

a Rhodian was sent as Hieropceos to

Didymaeon

In one instance

Lemnos and

to the

presumably to attend sacrifices

offered there by his city.
At Lindos there was a Hierotamieus, and at Camiros and at the temple of Apollo Erethimios
a Tamieus, treasurer of the temple'. A man could be Hierotamieus more than once. Dionysios the historian was priest
of Helios and a retired priest became public secretary^: but
the men who held these other offices were of another type;
they became admirals, ambassadors or Prytaneis". At Lindos
near

Miletos,

these officers were, like the priests themselves, to be chosen

from the Lindians alone. In the great city and at Lindos

and Camiros there was the office of Agonothetes, judge in
the festal contests*; and in the great- city the office of Prophetes, interpreter of oracles^ At the temple of Apollo
Erethimios there were Hierophylaces, guardians of the temple.
They probably managed its property, for they had a secretary

and an undersecretary^.

The

territories of the three ancient cities were, for religious

divided into districts called Ctoenae'. Those of

Camiros extended to the mainland of Asia Minor and to the
island of Chalce, the islanders having some sort of home rule.
The inhabitants of each district who had the right to share in
the sacrifices to Athene at the city in whose territory the
This right passed by dedistrict lay were called Ctoenatae.
scent: and perhaps also by adoption. Apparently it was
sometimes claimed by intruders who were seeking the position
of Ctoenatae, for it was ordered at Lindos that no one should
in future share in the sacrifices who had not before, and at
Camiros that the Ctcena should be registered and the
purposes,

Ctoenatae

of the
I

admitted to the sacrifices only in the presence

For such registration the Ctcenats in

Hieropceoe.

N. 351; R. A. 17; R. H. 23; R.

THE GODS.
each Ctoena elected an

officer,

8S

the Mastros, the election being

These Mastrce
Thus at lalysos

held in the most holy temple in the Ctcena.

superintended religious matters in general.

they passed a decree for keeping holy a certain temple: and

at Lindos they conducted the election of choregce, they set up

men for their piety, and they passed a decree in

men who had carried on lawsuits against intruders

statues to

honour of

There was a secretary of the Mastrce both

Lindos and at Camiros^ The form of the decrees is "by
the Mastrce and the Lindians," or as the case maybe: so

to the sacrifices'.
at

Mastrce probably acted as a senate in initiating the

Some of these decrees

the

decrees to be laid before the people'.

are

made "with

bably the chief

who were proThere was, how-

the consent of the Epistatae,"

officers in religious matters.

ever, in the great city

Certain

an "Epistates of the boys*".

by the Commons of Lindos apparently

Epistatae sent out

to

some of the neighbouring islands are mentioned, but these

were natives of the islands to which they were sent'. At the
temple of Apollo Erethimios there were three Epistatae and
also

an Episcopos". At Lindos there were again three Episand thirty men were elected to aid them in carrying

tats,

on the lawsuits against intruders'.

These numbers point to

and their thirty clans.
Other tribes" existed in the island, apparently named from
the legendary leaders of the peoples that had migrated
thither; for example, from Althaemenes.
These were divided
into clans, Phratriae, and these again into families, Patrae. It
is notable that some family names are found more than once
in the same clan and also in more clans than one.
These
tribes apparently survived as religious societies based on the
sacred rites of the family. The guilds, Erance, were open to
all, women as well as men', and the highest offices in them
could be held by foreigners and persons born in slavery'".

by the

election

'

N.

47;R.

three Doric tribes

349, 351, 357; R.

I.

A. 26; R. H.

N. 353

'

Hesychios,

F.

R. A.

R. A. 15
s. v.

R. H. 47.

luuTrpoi..

9.

I.

^^6.

357.

n.

"

F. 20; B. C. H. IX. 121

1.

R.

'N.

271.

345, 352

F. 6.

B. 2625, b; B. C.

H.

L. U. 61.

v. p. 331.

86

RHODES.

These guilds were the Heliastae and Heliads, the Diosatabyriastas, the Diosxeniastee, the Athenaistae, the Panathenaista,
the Athenaistae Lindiastae, the Poseidoniastae, the guild of

Apollo Strategics, the Dionysiastae, the Hermaistae, the Panithe

astae,

Asclepiasts, the Serapiasts, the Heroeistae, the

Soteriastai, the Euthalids, the Agathodaemonaistae, the Thia-

the Pyrganida, the Nacoreioe, the Lemniastae, the Samoand the Lapethiastas". These guilds broke up into

sitae,

thraciastae

groups probably named from their founders: the Diosatabyriasts of Euphranor; the Dionysiastae of Chaeremon
the
;

Soteriastae of Lysistratos

the Agathodaemonaista; of Philon

the Samothraciastffi of Meson.

Then these groups, the guilds

themselves, or unions of guilds broke up into temporary
branches: the Diosatabyriastae of Euphranor, those with
Athenffios of Cnidos ; the Athenaistae Lindiastae, those with
Gaius; the union of the Samothraciastae and the Lemniastae,
those

who went

to sea with so-and-so.

of two or three members, and the

These unions were

members might be

entire

They were probably temporary

or for limited purposes, for the same guild often figures in
different unions.
When named together entire guilds take
precedence of groups or branches. The guilds Lemniastae,
guilds or groups or branches.

Samothraciastae, and Lapethiastae may have been for people

from Lemnos, from Samothrace, and from Lapethos in Cypres,

Union of the Islanders that set up a statue

Rhodian at Delos seems such a society^ At the
there was a union of the young men'.

respectively: the
to a certain

great city

The

officers of a guild

Grammateus,

the

treasurer; the

the

the

were the Epistates, the president;

secretary

the

The members were

This
was an Archeranistes.
many years together and was
auditors.

there
for

Hierotamieus,

and the

Hieroceryx, the herald;

that of Epistates.

The

festivals,

called

the

Logistae,

and

Eranistae,

be held

could

office

quite

distinct

from

Hiera, were yearly;

pro-

There was a meeting, Synodos, the

the festival; and another, Syllogos, the

bably at the Baccheia.

second day after
1

B. 2525, b,

1864, p.469; B.

2528;N.

C.H.

353, 358; R. 1-281; F.

IX. p.122; L.

U.

I,

I ;

50, 61, 64.

J.

H.
2

S.

II.

p.

354; Rev.A.

ad. 2283,

c.

'

F.

i.

THE GODS.

87

and perhaps every month. The Epiwas another of their ceremonies. Land
was held by guilds and by unions of guilds for their festivals
and also for the burial of their members. Thus, an eranist
gave his guild a piece of land 50 yards by 32 in extent as a

month

after the synod,

chyseis, the libations,

burial-ground: another paid 550 drachms {22) costs in a

lawsuit to defend the title to the grounds of a union of guilds,

560 to put the grounds in order, 100 for buildings on them

and another 100 probably for furniture: and an archeranist rebuilt certain walls and monuments after an earthquake
at his own cost and paid over to the guild the money colThese men were all rewarded, as
lected for the rebuilding.
were others who had enlarged a guild or paid for its sacrifices'.
In one case an archeranist receives rewards from his fellow
eranists, but in all others the rewards are granted by a guild
or by a union of guilds.
The rewards were the title of Euergetes, the benefactor
a laudatory speech remission of all
dues payable to the society for one or for two years a wreath
:

of gold, of

young

olive or of white poplar

the synods of a man's good works and

a proclamation at
his

rewards

the

dedication in a temple of a pillar engraved with a decree in a

man's honour. With chaplets of gold the degree of the

reward could be measured by the size: thus, one is to be made
from ten pieces of gold {^), another of the largest size
allowed by law. With chaplets of leaves it was an honour
to be crowned first at the synod.
The chaplet of gold was
most commonly granted 'for virtue.' One decree orders that
a man's tomb be crowned with a chaplet of gold every year

in Hyacinthos (July
August), and that his good works and
rewards be proclaimed at the yearly synods for evermore;
and for this it provides a sinking fund, trustees, and a separate

account; imposes a fine of 100 drachmae {4) on any one

failing to carry out any part of these honours or bringing

forward a motion to discontinue them; and declares that such

motion should be of no

effect.

The

dedication in a temple

of a pillar bearing the decree of a guild in a man's honour

>

B. 2525, b;

N. 358;

J.

H.

S. 11. p.

354; B. C. H.

IV. p.

138, v. p. 331.

88

RHODES.

required the consent of the Senate and

whose

in

territory the guild

The end

was

Commons

of the city

established'.

of setting up such engraved pillars was, as one

"that it may be manifest to all that may herebe born that the Lindians make a memorial of their
worthy men to all time." The Mastroe and Lindians who
decree puts

it,

after

ordered this decree, which referred to their

sacrifices, to

be

up in the temple of Athene at Lindos, directed the priest

of Athene to pay for the pillar and inscription and the epistatae to see that the work was done.
The Camires directed
set

the three

men conducting

the registration of the Ctoenae to

contract at the lowest tender for supplying a pillar, inscribing

and engraving the Ctcen^ thereon, setting it in the temple of

Athene and fixing it there with lead in all security and seemliness; and the treasurer was to pay the cost.
The guild of
the Euthalidje directed their treasurer to spend no more than
fifty drachma {2) in setting up a pillar engraved with a
decree in honour of a member in the temple of Zeus Patroios
The mastroe and lalysians, when ordering the
at Netteia.
temple of Alectrona to be kept holy, directed the treasurers
to see that three pillars were made and the decree engraved
thereon, and that one was set in the temple and the others on
roads leading to it. The decree forbad various things to be
brought into the temple, and these two last pillars must have

Three copies of a subscription list

navy were set up in the great city; one in the Theatre,
another in the temple of Asclepios, and the third in the Agora
near the altar of Dionysos presumably for greater publicity.
The poletae were to contract for making these pillars and
putting them up. The treaty between Rhodes and Hierapytna was to be engraved on two pillars, one for Hierapytna
and the other for the temple of Athene in the city of Rhodes.
The poletae were to contract for the Rhodian copy at a price
not exceeding 100 drachmae {^, and the treasurers were to
pay for it. Foreign states sometimes engraved their decrees
in honour of Rhodians on pillars and set them up at Rhodes.
served as notice boards.
for the

B. 2525, b, 2528; N. 358; R.

A. 1864,

p.

469; L. U.

50, 61, 64.

I.

282; F.

I,

20, 52; J.

H.

S.

II.

p. 354;

Rev.

THE GODS.
Some

89

of the decrees order the stone of the pillars to be Lartos,

probably a local name:

The law against

Thus it was sacrilege

it is

in fact foetid limestone'.

sacrilege

protected material honours.

word on an inscribed pillar,

from a statue, or
even to carry off a faded wreath from a tomb: and for sacrilege a man was liable to torture on the wheel or to death.
Mere portrait statues were protected by this law if the formula "to the Gods" was added to the inscription on the
base^ On capturing the great city, Artemisia set up there
a bronze group of herself scourging Rhodes and dedicated it
to the gods.
The citizens held that it was not lawful for them
to cast it down: but they removed it from their sight by
building a wall round it and roofing it over, and then proclaiming the place holy ground so that none might go therein I
Just before the siege of 304 B.C. when there was still hope of
peace the citizens set up statues of Antigonos and Demetrios.
During the siege the Assembly was urged to cast these down,
as it was not seemly that men who besieged the city should
be honoured like those who aided it: but the motion was
to erase a

to steal a spear or a shield or a horse's bit

angrily thrown out*.

And

during the siege of 88

B.C.

they

respected the statue of Mithridates, though they were daily

shooting at the king himself.

In late times the custom of setting

At Lindos and

in the great city statues

up statues was abused.

were set up not only to

the Csesars and their wives" and the officials of the province'

but to nearly every

Romans

at the island. Indeed,

To meet this demand the Rhodians

The strategos would take off

or Byzantion.
their

Roman who touched

cared more for a statue at Rhodes than at Athens

old

statues.

used up
the

old

and put up others till some figures had done duty

for Greeks, Romans, Macedonians and Persians.
Sometimes
the strategos was careless and assigned an old man's statue to
inscriptions

'

II.

N. 343, 349, 351, 357; J. H. S.

M. 185-2, p. 79; F. 5.
Dio Chrysostom, pp. 6io 612,

p. 354;
'

614.
^

Diodoros, xx. 81, 93.

'

Cicero, in Vetrem,

"

R. A. 2o, 28, 29, 30; L. U. 54.

F. 7, 8, 9.

'

Vitruvius,

II.

41.

11.

2, 65.

RHODES.

90

a young man, or an athlete's to an invalid, or that of a general

on horseback marshalling his troops to some man too lazy to

leave his litter. But when a statue was once named after a
Roman they hesitated about changing the name, and the
Caesars were always allowed new statues'.
Portrait statues
were often set up by the people themselves or by their rela-

Thus

tions.

girl's

statue

was

up by her mother, her

set

her maternal grandfather and grandmother, her maternal

sister,

uncle, and her mother's second husband".

cheaper honour
was to set up a silver mask: this could be done for nine
drachmae {7l6y. At Camiros they engraved the names and
honours of commanders on shields of white marble*. At
Lindos the same group of honours was commonly granted
and women could receive it with a few variations. It con;

sisted of a laudatory speech, a

the right to wear a wreath and

sacred

games or

at the

wreath of gold, a bronze statue,

sit in a place of honour at the

solemn assemblies, maintenance

in the

Hierothyteion, and proclamation of those honours for ever-

more.

similar group

honours served

mons

was granted

of Ilios crowned the

Commons

Such
Thus the Com-

in the great city'.

for international courtesies.

of Rhodes".

In 201

B.C.

the Athenians sent a wreath of gold to the Rhodians for their

valour; and in 167 B.C. the Rhodians sent to the Romans a
wreath made from ten thousand pieces of gold (;^8,ooo), or from
twenty thousand according to another account; and then set
up in the temple of Athene in the great city a statue of the
Commons of Rome forty-five feet in height'. Hiero and

Gelon set up in the great city a group of the Commons of

Syracuse crowning the Commons of Rhodes'. In some cases
a tenth or a firstfruit was spent in setting up a statue^
The road leading up to the Acropolis of Camiros on

its

landward side seems to have been a sacred way bordered

'

Dio Chrysostom, pp.

6i2, 623, 648

cf.

569, 589, 613,

R. A. 20.

F.

'

R. H. 23; B. 1570.

"

N.

R, A.

II.

21,

22; R.

70; B. C. H. ix. p. 96.

B. 3598.

'

Polybios, xvi. 26, xxx.

5,

xxxi.

16; Livy, xxxi. is, XLV. 25.

353.
I,

68, 69,

H.

23; F.

4,

'

Polybios, v. 88.

'J

R. A.

10,

13; B. C. H. ix. 106.

THE GODS.

91

with statues, of which fragments have been found.

Many

of the tombs in the valley below are rock-cut chambers ap-

proached by vertical shafts, like the typical Egyptian tombs

and in many cases large jars containing children's bones have

been buried in these shafts after the tomb chambers themCuriously the finest tombs contained
selves had been filled.
coins of the great city, and therefore were in use when Camiros
was presumably falling to decay. The finest tomb at Lindos
apparently belongs to the Ilnd century B.C.
In front there
have been twelve Doric columns about 15 feet high hewn
in the rock, four in the centre standing clear and giving access
Above these
to the tomb chamber, the other eight engaged.
have been architrave, frieze and cornice: and upon that four
marble altars. Just to the south of the present city of Rhodes
are remains of a remarkable monument, hewn out of a sand-

On

stone hillock.
it

a square base of about 90 feet each

rose vertically to a height of about 20 feet,

that

was probably a pyramid.

there

way

and above

Three steps led to

the base, and from the highest of these rose twenty-one en-

gaged columns on each side. These are unfluted and their

capitals are lost but they were probably Doric, as they have
no bases.
Within are two chambers surrounded by various
niches.
These chambers together occupy only about a
quarter of the area of the base, and there may be others
entered by some hidden door.
The entrance to these is
:

ostentatiously

marked by the

The monument
but there

is

altered spacing of the columns.

rather Phcenician than Greek in character,

is

nothing to shew

its

age.

In late times the authorities merely followed public opinion

in

changing the inscriptions on the statues of the gods so

it was hard to know one from another, for all the

often that

gods were then commonly regarded as a single power and

Nor did they spend more on sacrifices than on new
statues: they put on their garlands and went to the altars,
force.

but they

and then went their way deeming

There is, however, little trace of other
Tiberius was living in the island there were

made no

offering,

they had sacrificed'.

religions.

When

Dio Chrysostom, pp. 569, 570.

RHODES.

92

many

Chaldseans there,

who gained

a livelihood by casting

About this time Diogenes the grammarian disputed only on the seventh day".
This points to the Jewish influence, that might be expected
And the Jewish community in
in a great commercial city.
horoscopes and teaching astrology'.

Rhodes was of importance a century before'. The Apostle

Paul passed Rhodes on the return from his third journey,
but apparently did not land*. There is a tradition that he
afterwards preached at Lindos probably when he visited
Crete and Ephesos in the time of the Pastoral Epistles.
:

Tacitus, Annales, vi. 20, 21.

Maccabees,

Suetonius, Tiberius, 32.

Acts,

xxi.' i.

I.

xv. 23.

VI.

ART.

The

materials for the history of ancient art in

Rhodes

fall

two groups. On the one hand are passages from ancient

writers and inscriptions referring to the works of art in the
island or to the men who made them.
Of the works thus
noticed there remain only the Laocoon in the Vatican and the
group commonly called the Tore Farnese in the Museum
at Naples.
On the other hand are several thousand antiquities discovered in the island of late years.
These all belong
to minor arts that were ignored by ancient writers but they
are of interest now in the absence of greater works.
The
into

groups are so distinct that they are best treated apart.

Rhodes was an abode of the legendary Telchines and in

were called after them,
Apollo Telchinios at Lindos, Hera and the Nymphs Telchinis at lalysos, and again Hera Telchinia at Camiros'.
These statues must have been of metal, for the Telchines
were the patrons of metal work just as the Cyclopes were the
patrons of stone work. The. earliest metal statues in Greece
were made of wrought plates nailed to a framework of wood
and these were presumably of that class. The Telchines
probably reappear in a Rhodian legend as the Heliadas.
Athene granted them to master with cunning hands every
art of mortals, and the highways bore their handiwork in the
Indeed, they chained
likeness of men and creeping things.
;

historic times certain ancient statues

Diodoros, v. 55.

RHODES.

94

up

by the legs to hinder them from walking

of the golden handmaidens
of Hephsestos and the gold and silver dogs that kept watch
their statues

abroad'.

The Homeric legend

over the palace of Alcinoos belongs to this order of thought.

In the temple of Athene at Lindos was a cup

electron-; that

was the

it

breasts^

is,

of

on her

notion recalls the electron masks moulded on

the faces of the dead heroes at Mycenae.

"

made

Tradition said

silver.

of Helen and had been moulded

gift

The

of mingled gold and

There was

also

a notable bronze caldron, fashioned to the ancient form and

letters." It was accounted

This reference to the legendary founder
of the Phoenician priesthood of Poseidon at lalysos suggests

bearing an inscription in Phoenician

the gift of Cadmos'.

work of the
Athene Lindia
statue of Hera at Samos was

that the caldron was the gift and perhaps the

Phoenicians in that

was a

city.

The

earliest statue of

post, just as the earliest

a plank.

Tradition ascribed

its

dedication to Danaos, the

legendary founder of the temple^

Greek

statues,

for

list

it

There

was draped.

Like other primitive

is

extant a subscription

the renovation of Athene's robes at Lindos^; and

possibly it was for this statue that Amasis of Egypt sent to

Athene Lindia a cuirass of fine linen, wherein each thread
was spun from as many strands as there were days in the
year. There was another statue of Athene Lindia. Cedren,
who apparently had seen it, says that it was six feet in height
and made of 'Kldo<i afidpaySo's he adds that it was the work
of the sculptors Dipoenos and Scyllis and a gift from Sesostris
Cleobulos rebuilt the
of Egypt to Cleobulos of Lindos'.
temple early in the Vlth century B.C. and doubtless set up
a new statue to the goddess^ Sesostris had then been dead
but Amasis was alive, and he certainly
for seven centuries
:

dedicated two statues in the temple at Lindos'.

Pindar, 01. vn.

5052, and scho-

lia.
^

Pliny, XXXIII. 23.

'

Diodoros, v. 58.

Callimachos,

V. 58.

Fr.

105

Diodoros,

H.

If this statue

B. C.

"

Herodotos, n. 182; Pliny, XIX.

'

Cedren,

"

Diogenes Laertius,

Herodotos,

IX. p. 85.

p. 322.

II.

182.

I.

89.

2.

:::

ART.
of

Athene was of Egyptian

9S

that the material

a conflagration \

Cleobulos

working

was glass

is

The

Dipoenos and Scyllis lived

The

the statues of the victors at

ing group of Rhodian athletes.

arm

in the

days of

uplifted,

when

reference to these pupils of Dajdalos

was perhaps suggested by the Egyptian

right

notion

hopeless, for the statue survived

but they always worked in white marble,

in stone.

Among

must have

origin, the material

been one of the green marbles of that country.

stiffness of the figure.

Olympia was a

strik-

Diagoras, standing with his

On

towered over the others.

his

right

boy Peisirrhodos and on his left his

three sons, Damagetos, then Dorieus, and then Acusilaos
the last wearing the boxing-glove on the left hand and raising
was

his grandson, the

the right as

if

in prayer.

The

statue of Eucles, the other

grandson of Diagoras, stood apart.

It

was the work of

Naucydes, a master of the family and of the school of Poly-

The

cleitos.

pedestal was found in the late excavations, but

The statue of Diagoras was by Callicles of

and thus could hardly have been set up before that
of his grandson Eucles^ At Delphi the great group dedicated
by the Spartans after their victory at yEgospotamoe (405 B.C.)
not the figure.

Megara

who had commanded on

Timarchos and another Diagoras
both the work of Tisandros. There was also at Delphi a
statue of Apollo dedicated by the Lindians'.
The building of the Mausoleion at Halicarnassos soon
after 350 B.C. attracted thither several of the great Greek
sculptors
and the neighbouring cities began to collect
statues.
Cnidos had an Aphrodite from Praxiteles, an
Athene and a Dionysos from Scopas, and another Dionysos
from Bryaxis Cos had another Aphrodite from Praxiteles
Patara had a Zeus and an Apollo from Bryaxis and Rhodes
had from Bryaxis colossal statues of five of the gods^ This
was perhaps an incomplete group of the twelve gods, for no
five were worshipped apart at Rhodes.
The material would
included statues of two Rhodians
their side in the battle,

Zosiraos, V. 24.

Pausanias, VI.

6,

7:

Scholia

Pindar, 01. VII. 15; L. B. 86.

to

Pausanias, X.

" Pliny,

xxxiv.

9,

18.

18.

::

RHODES.

96

have been white marble,

when not using the

in

which Bryaxis commonly worked

precious metals.

It is strange that the

Rhodians employed Bryaxis rather than Scopas or Praxiteles

a young Rhodian, however, Alcetas by name, outraged two
statues by Praxiteles, the Aphrodite of Cnidos and the Eros
of Pari on'. The bronze group of Artemisia branding the
Rhodian State like a runaway slave, which she dedicated at
Rhodes soon after 351 B.C., may have been by one of the
great sculptors then working for her on the Mausoleion".
A similar personification occurs in a group of the Commons
of Syracuse crowning the Commons of Rhodes, which Hiero
and Gelon set up in the Deigma at Rhodes about 220 B.C.,
and in a statue, set up by certain Lindians, of their "native
land, most beauteous Rhodes'".
A masterpiece of Lysippds
in the temple of Helios in the great city belonged to this
period*.
The subject was " a quadriga with Helios of the
Rhodians." Quadrigae of many kinds are mentioned among
He had for a pupil, howhis works, but not another Helios.
ever, Chares of Lindos, the master of the Colossos and it
may be that the Helios was by Chares and the quadriga
alone by Lysippos. The material must have been bronze,
Lysippos did not teach Chares
as in all works of that school.
by study of the older masters he merely let his pupil watch
him at every part of his work'. But he set the example of
a huge bronze statue in the open air by his Zeus, sixty feet
in height, in the market place at Tarentum.
:

The Colossos
As

ancient times.

attracted

comparatively

a work of art

masterpieces of Greek sculpture

by

earlier

and was

statues

owed

its

in repute.

and

notice

in

among

the

little

did not rank

in size

it

was

aftervvards surpassed.

rivalled
It was,

celebrity in

Wonders and to this

the Middle Ages, when such lists were

But the

may have been

indeed, placed in the

it

it

list

list

of the Seven

of merely local origin

Artemision

at

Ephesos, the Mausoleion at Halicarnassos, the Colossos

at

and

in

fact four of the seven wonders, the

XXXVI.

Pliny, VII. 39,

Vitruvius,

Polybios, V. 88

II.

4.

41.
;

R. A.

19.

xxxiv.

Pliny,

''

Auctor ad Herennium,

19.

IV. 6.

ART.

97

Rhodes and the Pharos at Alexandria belong to the same

region and period. The Athenians had employed their booty
from Marathon in setting up the great bronze statue of
Athene Promachos on the Acropolis at Athens: and this no
doubt prompted the Rhodians to utilize their trophies of the
great siege of the city of Rhodes for a huge bronze figure
Three hundred talents
of their own national god, Helios.
(^72,000) were obtained for building the Colossos by the sale
of the siege-train which Demetrios Poliorcetes had abandoned
on raising the siege'
said that

Ptolemy

for rebuilding

it

in the spring of

303 B.C.

It

is,

however,

offered three thousand talents (;'720,ooo)

after the earthquake^:

but a tenth of that

sum seems more probable. Lucian makes the Colossos boast

that he cost as much as sixteen golden gods, to say nothing of
the art and the finish of the workmanship in spite of the size'.
This

fine finish

There

might be expected from a pupil of Lysippos.

Rhodians at first in-

a very doubtful story that the

is

tended the figure to be but half

its

actual height,

and that

Chares only doubled his charge when they doubled the height,
and was driven by his miscalculation to bankruptcy and

The height was probably

suicide*.

given as 90 and as

a somewhat

120

rhetorical

It

feet.

105 feet: but

may

it

also

is

be gathered from

account that the figure was

in

was hollow and was steadied by

a framework of iron rods resting on pillars of masonry inside
that it was cast in many sections and built up gradually that
the material employed was 500 talents (i2|^ tons) of bronze
and 300 talents (7^ tons) of iron and that the base was of
white marble and overtopped the other statues^ This restanding posture

that

it

ference to the other statues suggests that the Colossos stood

in

some public place within the

city,

such as the Deigma.

The Deigma was in the lowest part of the city by the water'.
There is now a piece of very low ground near the south-west
XXXIV.

'

Pliny,

Polybios, V. 89.

18.

'

Lucian, Zeus Trag. 11.

Sextus Empiricus, adv. math. VII.

xxxiv. 18; Strabo,

Pliny,

Pseudo-Philo of Byzantion, de sep-

p. 652.

tern miraculis, 4.
'

Diodoros, XIX. 45.

107.

T. R.

RHODES.

98

corner of the northern harbour and perhaps the figure stood

here on the site of the church of Saint John of the Colossos.
;

The

ludicrous mediaeval notion that

it

stood across the har-

bour would have been suggested by the two curious towers

at the mouth of the southeirn harbour rather than by an
ancient epigram'-

The Colossos was twelve

and then stood

years in build-

There was a
which threw down the
greater part of the city walls and of the dockyards, and the
upper part of the figure broke away at the knees and fell.
It was still lying on the ground in the time of Strabo and of
the elder Pliny; and its subsequent restoration is most improbable.
Pliny describes it as marvellous even after its fall:
few men could clasp its thumb in their arms: its fingers were
larger than most statues vast caverns yawned in the broken
limbs, and within was seen the massive masonry that had
ing,

great

earthquake

for

only

about 227

fifty-six years.

B.C.

supported

Rhodes

It is said that

itl

when

the Saracens occupied

Vllth century A.D. they sold the remains of the

Colossos to a Jew for old metal, and that he loaded 900
camels with it?. The twenty tons of metal would not, however, load more than 90 camels.
The only other known work
of Chares was a head of colossal size^

The

in the

rebuilding of the great city after the earthquake of

B. C. was followed by a sudden development of the

power of Rhodes, which culminated in 190 B.C.
during the war with Antiochos and then declined equally

about 227

political

suddenly after the defeat of Perseus in 168 B.C. All the

sculptors of the Rhodian school appear from the style of

more than
them were men of foreign birth who
migrated to Rhodes, and whose sons worked there after them.
From Salamis probably the island near Athens there came
Simos, son of Themistocrates ^ and Onasiphron, son of
Cleionseos".
From Miletos there came Archidamos'. From

their signatures to belong to this period of little

fifty years.

Many

of

'

Anthologia Palatina, vi. 171.

Pliny,

XXXIV. 18; Polybios, V. 88;

Strabo, p. 652.
'

Cedren, p. 431.

"

Pliny,

R.

F. 15; L. B. 165.

'

F. 64; L. B. 200.

I.

xxxiv.

18.

279; L. B. 163.

ART.
Laodicsea there

came Charinos,

From

dence was granted'."

99
" to

whom

the right of resi-

the Rhodian colony of Soloe in

came Sosipatros and Zehon";

Cilicia there

whom

charmos, "to

and also Epi-

the right of residence was granted":

and with him there worked Epicharmos of Rhodes, son of

Epicharmos'. From Cydonia in Crete there came Protos*,
and from Eleuthernae in Crete there came Timocharis". Then

was Pythocritos of Rhodes, son of Timocharis" perwho was famous for his statues of
athletes, hunters, warriors and priests'.
From Lucania there
came Botrys, whose signature (ej^jaX/coypYT/o-e) marks him as a

there

haps the Pythocritos

worker

He was

in bronze'.

From

Halicarnassos there came Phyles^

up by the Union of the

Rhodian at Delos'". A single base at Lindos
bore statues of a man and of his son, who were both priests
of Athene Lindia, the one by Phyles and the other by
Mnasitimos and Teleson". There was also Mnasitimos of
Rhodes, son of Teleson'''. A work by this Mnasitimos stood
next to a work by Theon of Antioch, " to whom the right of
residence was granted," on a long base for the statues of
athletes in the great city". There were other works of Theon
in the island": and a plinth was found at Alexandria, apthe sculptor of a statue set

Islanders to a

parently belonging to the statue of a horse in white marble,

Theon and of Demetrios of Rhodes,

not likely that the horse was made
at Rhodes and afterwards removed to Alexandria, for this
signature of Theon omits the phrase about the right of resiwith the signatures of

son of Demetrios '^

dence.

It is

There was also a Demetrios of Rhodes, son of Helio-

doros", and probably the father of this Demetrios: and also

Plutarchos of Rhodes, son of Heliodoros".

The absence

R. A. 7; F. 4; L. B. 179, 180.
B. ad. 2283, c; L. B. 178.

F. lo; L. B. i88, 189.

'

R. A. 2; L. B. 190.

"

'

R. A. i; F. i; L. B. 191, 193.

"

R. A. 6; L. B. i8i.

R. A. 8; L. B. 198.

12

R. A.

"

R. A. 3; R. H. 37; F. 63; L. B.

"

F. 13, 13; L. B. 184.

"
"

B. ad. 4684, e

170 173'

R. A. 4; L. B. 174, 174a, 175.

'

Pliny,

B. C. H. IX.

XXXIV.

19.

p. 399.

of

L. B. 182, 183.

F- 2; L. B. 185, 186.
;

L. B. 187.

'^

L. B. 193.

17

R. A. 9; F. 11; L. B. 194196.

72

RHODES.

too

Doric in these signatures suggests that Heliodoros was not a

native of Rhodes.
Andragoras of Rhodes, son of Aristeidas,
worked in the neighbouring island of Astypalsea': and in

Rhodes

itself there

worked a

whose

certain Leochares^,

nature differs from that of the great Leochares

sig-

a certain

Peithandros^; and Mnasitimos, son of Aristonidas*: probably

who

mixed iron with the

Rhodes that a rust
might shew through the lustre of the bronze and thus render
the shame of the king when he had slain his son in his
madness, just as Silanion had mixed silver with the bronze
in his statue of locaste to render her pallor.
The Laocoon
was the work of Agesandros, Polydoros and Athanodoros
the Aristonidas

bronze

in

his

the Rhodians".

is

said' to have

Athamas

statue of

at

Several signatures of Athanadoros of Rhodes,

son of Agesandros, have been found

and the order

in

which

names occur suggests that Polydoros was also a son of

Agesandros.
These signatures are inscribed on a plinth
found at Capri; on another found at Antium with a fragment
the

of drapery in white marble from the statue that it carried; on

two very small pedestals found at Rome and at Ostia respectively; and on a fragment of a small vase of white marble

found at Olympia'. The inscription' from Lindos recording

a decree in honour of Athanodoros, son of Agesandros, does
not appear from its style to be later than i68 B.C. And the

somewhat

later style of the signatures of

Athanodoros

is

not

conclusive for their date; for the Greek copyists reproduced

the signatures as well as the works of famous sculptors, and

the merely decorative size of the pedestals from

Rome and

Ostia shews that the works of Athanodoros were copied.

The only
group

about the authenticity of the Vatican

difficulty

that

is

it

is

in six

blocks,

Laocoon was made from a

have been deceived
L. B. 204.

B. 2488

L. B. 196, ^.
R. A. 10; L. B. 199.
R. A. 11; L. B. 197.

'
"
^

Pliny,

XXXIV. 40.

in

and that Pliny says the

but he may well

single block

this,

for the joints

xxxvi.

are

not easily

Pliny,

'

B. 5870, b, 6133, 6134; L. B. 203,

4.

446, 479, 480, 520.

8

R. A. 21; L. B. 546.


ART.

lOI

Pliny adds that the Laocoon was

detected.

made

de consilii

probably meaning, by leave of the Senate of

Rhodes or of Lindos\ .Rhodian guilds could not set up a

sententia

any temple without the leave

of the place, and a similar
permission may well have been needed for a statue^ This
Athanodoros, son of Agesandros, was perhaps the Athanadoros who was famous for his noble statues of women. The
Toro Farnese was the work of two brothers Apollonios and
Tauriscos, who came from Tralles in Caria.
There were also
statues of Hermerotes, figures half Eros and half Hermes, by
this same Tauriscos.
Philiscos of Rhodes, the sculptor of an
Apollo and an Aphrodite, and Alcon, the sculptor of a
Heracles in iron that stood at Rhodes, are also mentioned'.
The bronze statue of the eunuch Combabos by Hermocles of
Rhodes that stood at Hierapolis in Syria must have been set
up about 300 B.C., if a contemporary portrait*. The numerous
inscribed pedestals found at Lindos and in the great city
shew that much sculpture was made in Rhodes after 168 B.C.:
but the group of men who signed their works was extinct,
and only one of the later pedestals bears a sculptor's signature, that of Euprepes who migrated from the river Lycos
there were rivers of that name in Syria, in Phrygia and in
Pamphylia and became a Rhodian'.
The style of this Rhodian school is not clearly known.
The inscriptions shew that the works of sculpture which
existed in Rhodes itself or were executed elsewhere by
Rhodians were almost invariably portrait statues.
The
statue of the Commons of Rome that the Rhodians set up
in their temple of Athene to appease the Romans for the
Pliny
blunders of 168 B.C. was forty-five feet in height*.
speaks of a hundred colossal statues in the great city, smaller
pillar

engraved with a decree

of the

Senate and

in

Commons

than the Colossos

itself

but

still

He then menby Bryaxis, which

very notable.

tions separately the five colossal statues

were probably in marble; and thus suggests that the rest

'

2
'

Pliny,
J.

H.

Pliny,

XXXVI.
S. II. p.

XXXIV.

4.

354; B. 2525,
19,

b.

40; xxxvi.

4.

Lucian, de Syria dea, 26.

R. H. 36; L. B. 303.
Polybios, xxxi. 16.

'

102

RHODES.

were in bronze\ The statues granted in Rhodian decrees

were always bronze, and traces of bronze can be found on
most of the- remaining pedestals.
This taste for colossal
works and this use of bronze would mark the school of

On

Lysippos.
in

marble, as

the other hand the Laocoon and the Toro are

are the fragments by Athanodoros from

Olympia and from Antium and the fragment by Theon and

Demetrios and a statue by Theon that stood near Lindos
was also in marbled
Thus the Laocoon and the Toro
differed from the mass of products of the Rhodian school in
:

material as well as in subject: and consequently are not the

typical works of that school.
The Laocoon group was probably suggested by the great relief of the Gigantomachia at
Pergamos, which was set up early in the Ilnd century B.C.

when Rhodes was more closely connected with Pergamos

than with any other foreign power. The notion of the serpents in the Rhodian group seems borrowed from that of
the serpent-giants in the Pergamene

relief,

and the pose of

Laocoon himself from that of one of the more human giants

and though the Rhodian group is in the round, it can be
viewed only from the front just as if it were a relief The
Toro also has the air of an adaptation. The figures which
form a confused crowd in the marble would group themselves distinctly in a painting; and the animals and plants of
the background have been carved as they might have been
painted, without regard to the personification needed in
.

sculpture.

The same

subject

is

represented in several frescoes

and perhaps Tauriscos the painter was the

Tauriscos who worked on this marble group.
Pliny mentions Tauriscos as the painter of a Discobolos,
a Clytamnestra, a Paniscos, a Polynices seeking his kingdom,
and a Capaneus Simos, probably the sculptor from Salamis,
as the painter of a youth reposing, a fuller's shop, a person
celebrating the festival Quinquatria, and a fine Nemesis and
the sculptor Mnasitimos, the son and pupil of Aristonidas,
There is a curious
as a painter deserving a passing notice".
at

Pompeii

Pliny,

XXXIV.

i8.

'

L. B. i86.

Pliny,

XXXV.

40.

ART.

103

grammarian painted his master, the

Tragedy in his heart, for that
he knew by heart all tragedy but he may have done this at
Philostratos deAlexandria before he settled at Rhodes\
scribes a picture of the descent of Plutos upon the Acropolis
of Lindos or of the great city the god was of golden body,
winged, and with watchful eyes, in remembrance of the legend
that Zeus rained gold upon the Rhodians when they had
been the first to sacrifice to the new-born Athene. He also
describes a picture in which Heracles was seen feasting at
Lindos, while the ploughman Theiodamas looked on with
imprecations
and the rugged country near Lindos was in
the background.
But it is doubtful whether he is describing
pictures that he had actually seen, or is merely suggesting
good subjects for painting^ There was, however, at Lindos
a Heracles by Parrhasios, one of that master's most famous
works. "Even as he was ofttimes revealed by haunting vision

story that Dionysios the

great Aristarchos, and painted

:

is he here to behold," were the

and the painter boasted that the hero,
when thus revealed, had put himself in an attitude for the
picture.
A panel by Parrhasios of Meleager, Heracles and
Perseus, stood in the great city it was there thrice struck by
It had perhaps been brought
lightning but not destroyed.
from Lindos, for Parrhasios probably visited the island before
the great city was built.
reference to " all his works at
Lindos" suggests that he stayed there for some while.
It
was there that he placed on his pictures the verses beginning,
"living daintily, Parrhasios painted this," and one letter was
changed and another added so that they read, " living by his

to Parrhasios in sleep, such

verses on the panel

Deeming himself

paint brush, Parrhasios painted this."

the

Apollo and little lower than the gods he painted,

Parrhasios passed his days in wealthy and graceful ease
wearing purple raiment and a chaplet of gold and singing
child of

in lightness of heart as

he worked'.

In striking contrast to

him was Protogenes, who dwelt in poverty in a suburb of the

great city and lived wholly on boiled beans, that no luxury
'

Scholia to Dionysios, p. 672.

Philostratos, imag. n. 14, 27.

'

Pliny,

543, 687.

xxxv. 36

Atlienseos, pp.

RHODES.

104

He was a native of
Caunos on the mainland opposite Rhodes, but had settled in
the island. The Rhodians did not, however, appreciate the
great man who was among them till Apelles arrived and told
everyone that he was buying Protogenes' unsold pictures for
fifty talents (;^ 1 2,000) to sell as works of his own.
The
story of the contest between these masters is well known.
When Apelles landed he went at once to see Protogenes
and failing to find him at home, drew a very fine coloured
line across a large panel that was standing on an easel.
On
of diet might stay him in his painting.

returning, Protogenes

at

once perceived that such a

could be the work of no one but Apelles: and

line

in reply

he

drew a still finer line upon the first with another colour, and
then went out. Apelles called again and with a third colour
drew a third line upon the second, making it so fine that
there was no space for a fourth.
Protogenes then saw that
he was beaten, and hurried down to the port to call upon his
The panel was preserved for centuries afterwards
visitor.
with only these lines upon it\ The masterpiece of Protogenes, the lalysos, on which he worked for seven years, so
amazed Apelles that his voice deserted him but after a
while he managed to observe that though the work was
:

marvellous in

its

laborious finish,

it

missed the grace that

Nothing is known of the

composition but that beside the hero there was a dog, panting
and foaming at the mouth. It was reported that Protogenes
worked long at the foam without success, and at last threw
his sponge at the picture in a rage: this chanced to hit the
It was
dog's mouth and thus rendered the foam admirably.

made

his

own works immortal.

also reported

he gave

this picture four coats of paint, so that

as one peeled off another would take its place. There is a

story that during the siege of 304 B.C. Demetrios found the

great city impregnable at every point but one, and to attack

there would have been to give up the lalysos to destruction:

he spared the picture and thereby failed to capture the city.

Another story is that Protogenes was still working at the
1

Pliny,

XXXV.

36.

ART.

in one of the suburbs that fell

and the citizens, on begging
spare the work, were answered that he would

picture, then all

into

the

105

but finished,

besiegers'

Demetrios to

hands

rather burn his family portraits than such

a masterpiece'.

But another story is that it was the Satyr on which Protogenes was working during the siege.
He went on painting
placidly in the midst of the fighting and when Demetrios
;

asked

how he ventured

to stay outside the walls, replied that

he knew the king was at war with the Rhodians and not
with the Arts.
After that courtly answer Demetrios set a

guard for his protection and often found time to watch him
The satyr stood by a pillar, holding a pair of
at his work.

and resting whence it was named the Anapauomenos.

At first there was a partridge perched on the pillar but
when the picture was placed in a temple, probably in that
flutes

of Dionysos in the great city, the people overlooked the satyr

and stood gaping

the partridge

at

and to make matters

worse the partridge breeders brought tame birds to hear

them chirp

to the picture.

At

last

by leave of the

priests

Two others of the

Protogenes painted out the partridge^
the
eleven known works of Protogenes were at Rhodes
:

Cydippe and the Tlepolemos. Cydippe was the mother of

Lindos, lalysos and Camiros; and Tlepolemos was the leader
And the war ships in a
of the Rhodians against Troy.
picture by him in the Propylaea at Athens were probably
suggested by his life in the island. There were also at Rhodes
portraits by Apelles of a certain Antsos and of Menander,
one of Alexander's generals and afterwards satrap of Caria'.

These scattered notices of the pictures in the island scarcely

suggest the ascendancy of painting there that permitted
reference to it as the Rhodian art*.
Pictures and statues seized at the capture of Syracuse in
212 B.C formed the gift of Marcellus to the temple of Athene
at Lindos': and a gift from the city of Rhodes to Alexander
'

Pliny, VII. 39,

Demetrios, 22;

cf.

XXXV. 36

Pliny,

Pseudo-Anacveon, xv.

'

Plutarch, Marcellus, 30.

31.
'

Pliny,

xxxv.

Plutarch,

Aulus Gellius, XV.

xxxv. 36; Strabo,

p. 652.

36.
3.

I06

RHODES.

the Great was a robe woven by Helicon, one of the earliest

weavers of the peplos at Athens \
Vases with reliefs by Mys of Sileni and Erotes stood in
the temple of Dionysos in the great city. That master of
metal work always followed designs by Parrhasios, and

perhaps made these vases in the island when his prompter

was there. In the same temple were other vases with reliefs
by Acragas of Centaurs and Bacchanals and in the temple
of Athene at Lindos were similar works by Boethos, the
famous sculptor of children I And it was at Rhodes that
Dionysios the grammarian modelled from the description in
Homer the vase of Nestor with its reliefs^ The vases called
" Rhodians
were devised by a certain Damocrates as an
improvement on a Boeotian rendering in metal or in clay of
the Scyphos, an ancient type of wooden vase. Lynceus of
Samos mentions them in his epistle; and also a type of metal
vase called the Hedypotis, which was invented at Rhodes to
rival the celebrated Thericleians of Athens in form and surpass them in lightness*.
:

''

In denouncing Verres for carrying off works of art from

Greek cities, Cicero instanced the lalysos of Protogenes at
Rhodes as a work that it would be scandalous to carry off^.
A century later it was in the temple of Peace at Rome: and
the panel with the rival lines of Protogenes and Apelles had
arrived at Rome in time to be burnt at the fire at Caesar's
House on the Palatine in 53A.D.'' The linen cuirass presented
by Amasis to Athene of Lindos was then in Rome, where
men of distinction were allowed to try it on till at last it
came to pieces'. In Pliny's time the Laocoon was in the
Palace of Titus the Apollo by Philiscos was in a shrine of
Apollo near the Portico of Octavia, and his Aphrodite in a
temple of Juno within the same portico the Toro Farnese
and the figures of Hermerotes by Tauriscos, one of the
:

sculptors of the Toro, were in the collection of Asinius Pollio:

'

Plutarch, Alexander, 32.

'

Cicero, in Verrem, IV. 60.

Pliny, xxxiii. 55.

"

Pliny,

Athenaeos, p. 489.

'

Pliny, xix.

'^

Athenasos, pp. 469, 496, 500.

xxxv.
i.

36.

ART.

107

Lenin the Capitol.

was consul in 57 B.C., and the
The
collection of Asinius Pollio was formed a little later.
"quadriga with Helios of the Rhodians" was at Rome in
Nero's time: it unluckily struck the Emperor's fancy, and by
his order was covered with a plating of gold, which left its

and the colossal head by Chares was

tulus,

traces

who dedicated

on the

this head,

It is said that after the

statue'.

capture of the

great city in 43 B.C. Cassius carried off all the statues except
this^:

but

it is

way during

not likely that he encumbered himself in this

a campaign.

century later there were

still

three thousand statues at Rhodes": and the island suffered

less

than the rest of Greece from the

The

Roman

passion for

Athene of Lindos was taken

to

Constantinople, and stood opposite the statue of Zeus

of

collecting*.

Dodona

statue of

at the entrance of the Senate

was burnt

in the riots of

House.

When

that

404 A.D. these statues marvellously

escaped the melted lead from the roof and the falling masonry: and Cedren apparently saw this statue of Athene at

Constantinople six hundred years afterwards ^

The antiquities found in the island of

been obtained mainly from tombs on the

late years

have

sites of lalysos

and Camiros and of some town near the modern village of

Siana and from trenches and shafts on the Acropolis of
Camiros. Unlike these places on the western coast, Lindos
and the city of Rhodes have survived till now; and their
inhabitants seem to have cleared the tombs round them
centuries ago.

group of tombs at lalysos has yielded works of that

Greek art which has been made widely known

early period of

by the discoveries at Mycena. Terra-cotta vases of this

period have been found at Hissarlik, at Thera, and at various
other places in the islands and on the coasts of Greece, as
It may be that these
well as at Mycenae and at lalysos.
were all made at some one place and exported thence: but

XXXIV. t8,

'

Pliny,

Valerius Maximus,

sius,

XLVII. 33.

19,
I.

xxxvi.
5;

4.

'

Dio Cas-

^
^

xxxiv. 17.
Dio Chrysostom, pp. 644, 645.

Pliny,

Zosimos, v. 24; Cedren, p. ^^^,

RHODES.

I08

the various types appear from their prevalence in various

districts to

be products of those

districts

and

in that case

the vases from lalysos, which shew the style of this period

would be of Rhodian work. These fine vases are

and graceful in form and simple patterns of spirals or
of network, groups of shells or water-plants, and very often a
cuttle-fish, are painted in brown upon the light yellow of the
clay.
Their style seems unfettered by any system of art and
inspired simply by nature.
With these were found various
bronze weapons (Plate III.), swords and spearheads and curved
knives, of types found at Mycenae
a gold ring that resembles the rings from Mycenae and differs from other Greek
rings in the hollowing out of the back of the bezel to fit
the finger and also a gem on which is engraved the subject
carved above the gateway at Mycenae, the two rampant lions
and the column between them. This gem is one of those'

at

its best,

light

early intaglios in crystal, jasper, sard, carnelian,

found

in

most of the Greek

islands,

etc.

and especially

that are
in

Crete

they are circular in form, with a thickness of about half their

diameter in the centre and tapering toward the side, and are
pierced from edge to edge for fitting in a ring or a necklace.
small cylinder of Egyptian porcelain bearing figures of

commonly found on
cartouche of Amenhotep

the type
the

these
III.,

gems and

a scarab with

a Pharaoh of the xviiith

Dynasty, were found at lalysos with these objects of the Mycenaean period. The rock-cut chambers that form this group of
tombs open into one another, and all the objects found in them

must be of nearly the same

date.

If the cylinder

and scarab

were made at Naucratis, they cannot be of earlier date than

the accession of Psametik I. in 666 B.C.: and it is pretty
have been
clear that they were made at Naucratis, for there
found there not only a number of porcelain objects with
early Greek
figures in the style that prevails among the
gems, and scarabs with more or less successful copies of the
cartouches of various Pharaohs, but also the moulds for
making them. It would also appear that the engraved shell
of a Tridacna Squamosa that was found at Camiros was
made at Naucratis; for these and other shells were found

ART.

109

there in different stages of engraving, and the species belongs

Red Sea and not to the Mediterranean. The subjects

engraved on these shells are, however, Assyrian and not
Egyptian in character
and engraved cylinders like that

to the

from lalysos were an Assyrian invention.

An

ivory cylinder

was also found

at Naucratis
and, as Egypt had almost a monopoly of ivory,
was presumably made there. It would thus seem that Nauof this type with figures of Assyrian deities
;

produced the ivory statuette of a seated deity in the

Assyrian style, of which the statue of Shalmaneser from
cratis

Ashur

is

lalysos,

an example, found in this same group of tombs at

and an ivory lion in the posture common on Baby-

lonian weights, with an unsuccessful attempt at an inscription

in

cuneiform character, that was found at Camiros.

But many

Rhodes

objects of Assyrian or Egyptian character found in

were clearly not made at Naucratis. Several figures of a

seated sphinx wearing the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt,

and a standing

figure of a deity grasping a lion in the

As-

syrian fashion, found on the Acropolis of Camiros, a seated

Egyptian ram-headed god Knef, found at Lindos,

and many others, are made of the white calcareous stone of
Cypres and are in the style of the numerous figures of the
same material found in that island. These were clearly the
work of the Phoenicians. The strength of Phoenician art,
which had no subjects of its own, lay in harmonizing the
subjects it borrowed from Assyria and from Egypt and its
success in this may be seen in some little gold plates for
stringing on a necklace that were found at Camiros.
Some
of these bear in relief an Assyrian sphinx above a row of
heads wearing Egyptian wigs, and one bears a deity in relief
holding in Assyrian fashion in either hand a lion in the
round and above this two Egyptian hawks in the round
but the alien subjects have in each case been brought into
figure of the

perfect agreement.

Some

of these plates, however, bear

of those thoroughly Greek monsters, the Centaurs.

reliefs

Their
heads are like those in Egyptian wigs on other plates, and
in one case the border of the plate takes the form of an
Egyptian gateway with sloping sides but the centaurs them:

no

RHODES.

selves are of the early Greek type with human forelegs, and
have no kinship with the beast-footed monsters of the East,

Reliefs of centaurs with human forelegs also occur together

with the flower and spiral patterns of the Mycensan period

on large terra-cotta jars found at Camiros. These patterns

are again moulded in relief on some of the little glass plates
found in this same group of tombs at lalysos, while a sphinx
and Assyrian rosettes are moulded on others. These plates
are of an opaque white glass tinted with blue, and sometimes
bearing traces of gilding
and are pierced with fine holes
from edge to edge as if for sewing as ornaments to a garment. Similar glass plates have been found elsewhere, but
only with remains of the Mycenaan period. If the Greeks
had made these, they would probably have used the Assyrian
rosettes, with which they decorated their terra-cotta vases at
;

a later period, to decorate their terra-cotta vases as well as

and if the Phoenicians had made

these plates at this period

them in their own country, they would hardly have used the
Greek flower and spiral patterns. The group of tombs at
lalysos also contained some rude terra-cotta figures of the
Mycenaean type among them a goddess with an almost
featureless face and a body like a post with stumps on either
:

side that

might be

somewhat heavier

either

wings or arms.

Similar figures of a

and as rude as
were found at Camiros but in these the heads, which
have been moulded apart, are the same Phoenician renderings
of heads in Egyptian wigs that occur on the little gold plates.
With them were found terra-cotta figures of a closely draped
female figure which belong to a class found at Sidon and
this,

build, but almost as early

:

elsewhere in Phoenicia. Apart from the legends, the existence

at

lalysos in historic times of a priesthood

of Phoenician

origin implies a Phoenician settlement in that district in early

and these settlers were probably the makers of these

abnormal examples of Phoenician art.
Some terra-cotta vases found at Camiros must have been
made at Athens about 600 B.C. They are rude and clumsy,
but still plainly enough the direct ancestors of the finest
Athenian vases. The decoration is brought to bear on a few
times

ART.

1 1

rectangular spaces, while the rest of the surface

is

merely

and the
favoured spaces are filled with geometrical patterns in which
the lines are generally straight, or with a stiff drawing of
This
an animal surrounded by little angular ornaments.
geometrical decoration was also employed by the islanders
themselves, for it occurs on the polygonal masonry of an
ancient Greek fort by the church of Aghios Phocas not far
from the modern village of Siana. The importation of vases
from Athens seems to have been checked for a time by the
rise of a local style at Camiros.
This style is marked by
the use of the lotos for decoration.
But this lotos pattern
is not derived from nature or from any Egyptian rendering
of it, and differs materially from the lotos pattern on the
vases from Naucratis
it was
rather derived through the
Phoenicians from Assyria, and in fact closely resembles the
lotos pattern on the pavement of the North Palace at Kou-

painted brown or

to the yellow of the clay

left

Two shapes prevail a large jug of fine form that

seems to be copied from bronze, and a large flat dish. The
clay is of a rich creamy colour; and indeed Camiros probably owed its epithet of " glistening," dpyiv6ei<;, to the white

yunjik.

earth of the district.

figures are outlined in

colour and partly

left

In the earlier vases of the style the

brown and partly filled in with that

to the white of the clay, the details in

the brown portion being

white portion with brown.

marked with maroon and

in the

The long-horned Cretan goat

is

often drawn, but the other animals and the angular ornaments

seem borrowed from the early Athenian

vases.

On

one dish

the Assyrian subject of a deity holding a lion in either

hand

and on another the

is adapted to a Gorgon with two swans
two eyes often seen at the head of Egyptian tablets appear
above a combat of Hector and Menelaos over the body of
;

Euphorbos, the names of the heroes being written beside

In the later vases of this
in early Greek characters.
finished; and the whole
better
finer
and
style the clay is
figures are filled in with brown, over which maroon is used to

them

pick out

some

features, while details are

cut through the paint into the clay.

marked by

The drawings

fine lines
are,

how-

RHODES.

112
ever,

and represent mainly foreign or monstrous

leopards and sphinxes and sirens, with Assyrian

weaker

creatures,

rosettes in the background.

curious vase found near the

which shews the later work of this

style on the upper part and the earlier work on the lower, is
an ancient imitation. It is not made of the white clay of

modern

the
face.

village of Siana,

district,

but of a reddish clay painted white at the surand maroon upon black on

peculiar use of white

a band running round

birth-place.

middle betrays Naucratis as

its

its

Several phiala?, or libation bowls, bearing the

Naucratite lotos pattern in white and

maroon on a

The

black ground were also found at Camiros.

dull

objects in

Egyptian porcelain found at Camiros would also have come

for on the neck of a vase in the form of a
from Naucratis
dolphin there is inscribed below the glaze " I belong to
Pytheas " in Greek characters, and it is not likely that
Egyptian porcelain was elsewhere made for Greeks. Some
of these porcelain vases are in the form of the aryballos, the
common oil jar for Greek athletes, while others are in the
form of a helmeted head and in various fanciful shapes.
Many of the later terra-cotta vases of the Camiros style
are likewise in the forms of birds and animals and of human
heads, and especially of the head of a youthful warrior wearing a helmet. And probably the little bronze vase in the
form of a helmeted head inscribed " Cceos made me " in very
early Greek characters which was found at Olympia was the
offering of some man from Rhodes or Naucratis.
Most of
these porcelain objects are figures of Egyptian deities and
sacred animals and scarabs but the hieroglyphic inscriptions
on these, as on the scarabs found at Naucratis, are generally
blundered and only a few simple cartouches, like those of
Ramenkheper and Ramaneb, read truly.
porcelain vase
of Egyptian shape engraved with Athor and the Cow resembles those found in the Polledrara tomb at Vulci and it
was perhaps through Rhodes that such products of Naucratis
;

Some pieces of
may have been part

passed on to the lines of Phoenician trade.

Etruscan black-ware found at Camiros

of a Phoenician return cargo.

The

porcelain objects from

ART.

1 1

Camiros were found chiefly upon the Acropolis in various

rock-cut trenches and in a deep vertical shaft sunk like a
well in the rock and perhaps intended to receive superfluous

The tombs of this period near Camiros have also

number of vases of translucent glass. The body of
these is commonly a deep blue and the decoration, which is
always of linear patterns and never of figures, is in white,
yellow, green, or maroon.
These were presumably the work
of Phoenicians who would, however, have been guided by
offerings.

yielded a

Greeks in their choice of form, for the Greek amphoriscce

and oenochose outnumber the Oriental alabastra. It may be
that some Phcenician settlers made them in Rhodes
and
certainly they have not been found in such numbers elsewhere. The local style of terra-cotta vases at Camiros seems
to have struggled on against a great importation of vases
from Athens that began about 500 B.C. Vases have been
:

found there on which the simple painting

in

brown on the

cream-coloured surface has been retained, while their form

is

that of the Athenian amphorse with black figures on an

orange-coloured body, and their decoration

is

a rough and

bold rendering of that of those amphorae.

The

Camiros form a fairly

They
400 B.C.
and
are for the most part of female figures heavily draped
do not differ from those found on the sites of other Greek
cities.
With these was found a terra-cotta relief (Plate v.)
of a winged maiden rushing away with a youth in her arms.
The relief of Eos (or Hemera) carrying off Cephalos which
Bathycles carved upon the Throne of Apollo at Amycla
about 550 B.C. must ha -e been of the same character; and
terra-cotta statuettes found at

continuous series extending

down

to about

perhaps inspired this

relief,

The group, which has been

which can be of

little later

brightly coloured,

is

in

date.

very low

and seems from its thinness and the flatness of its

back to have decorated some even surface. It was probably
made at Melos, where most of the reliefs of this class have
been found. Some children's graves contained their terragrotesque figures, and dolls with moveable
cotta toys
relief,

limbs.
T. R.

RHODES.

14

Among the earliest of the long series of Athenian vases

found in Rhodes is a hydria (Plate VI. A.) in the Chalcidian
style.
The vases in this style have been termed Chalcidian
mainly because the names written on some of them are in
the early inscriptions from Chalcis.

the alphabet used in

But the marked individuality in the writing of this period

makes such a test of little value and in fact this alphabet
is used for the names on some Athenian vases, while the
:

Attic alphabet

The

style.

used on others which are almost in

is

this

metallic form of this hydria seems to be derived

from the metal vases of the Phcenicians and the huge lotos
flowers growing up in the upper frieze (Plate VI. A, a) and
the lotos pattern above and below it must have been borrowed
from that people while the Cretan goats in the lower frieze
In the centre of the
recall the vases of the Camiros style.
;

upper
in

frieze is Cebriones, the charioteer of Hector, standing

a chariot with Hector on his right hand and Glaucos,

left.
Their names are written beside
them, and curiously the initial letter of Glaucos seems hidden
behind that hero's hand and the final letter of Cebriones
behind a horse's head, although the names were certainly

the Lycian chief, on his

This group may be

merely a scene of everyday life to which the painter has
sought to give greater interest by naming the figures after
these Homeric heroes. But this same group, though without
the names, filled a metope in Temple C at Selinos which
written after the figures were painted.

dates from about 600 B.C.: and as the subjects of the other
surviving metopes

of

temple belong

that

to

the

heroic

legends, this group must have been already associated with

certain heroes.

The

central figures of the upper frieze having

thus been borrowed from

some

earlier

work of painting or

sculpture, the remaining figures of that frieze like the animals

in the lower frieze

The

merely serve to decorate a vacant space.

subjects on another Athenian vase from Camiros

of some interest.

It is of

somewhat

ordinary black- figured style.

is

On

later date

and

one side (Plate

are

in the

VI. B, b)

seen the combat of Hei'acles with Cycnos which forms the

main subject of Hesiod's poem, the Shield of Heracles.

ART.

Cycnos

is

patron,

Athene

supported by his
;

sire,

1 1

Ares, and Heracles by his

while Zeus, the sire of Heracles, appears

between the combatants. But, according to Hesiod, Zeus

took no part in the combat, and merely sat in Olympos
thundering mightily and raining drops of blood as a sign

And

to his son.

this

must be an instance of the early Greek

of representing the deity

practice

action as bodily in

its

who

presided over an

Nicosthenes places Athene

midst.

and Ares with Zeus between Heracles

and Cycnos.

the other side (Plate VI. B, a) Heracles

is

Geryon, who

On

seen attacking

The herdsman Eurytion

Athene supports Heracles, while
the figure supporting Geryon may be the deity of his island,
Elrytheia.
In the earliest art Geryon was sometimes a
winged monster with three bodies upon one pair of legs
bit the type of three men cleaving together was used as
early as the 7th century B.C. upon the Chest of Cypselos.
defending his herds.

is

dead between them.

lies

Peisander, the epic poet of Camiros in that

had equipped Heracles with the club and lion skin
place of the shield and spear or bow and sword of the

It is said that

century,
in

heroic age

but Heracles here carries a quiver as well as

the club and lion skin in his combat with Geryon, and in his

combat with Cycnos wears the lion skin and fights with
sword and shield. The Athenian vases found in Rhodes are
generally

much

less elaborate

than those found

in Etruria,

work recall those found near Athens

itself.
But two of them are among the finest extant examples
of Greek art.
One of these is a cylix of the end of the
and

in their careless

5th century

B.C.,

delicate colours

on the interior of which there

on a flying swan.
in

date

it

can well

is

be.

is

painted in

upon a white background Aphrodite riding

The

other

is

perhaps half a century later

a pelice, and as shapely as a vase of that form

On it is painted the surprise of Thetis by

figures are seen in the deep red colour

of the clay against the black varnish that covers the body

Peleus

most of the

Eros are painted in

opaque white, her cloak is a sea-green and his wings are blue,
and gilding is used for details in several figures. The drawing
of the vase, but Thetis herself and

82

RHODES.

Il6
breaks the

law of vase painting

first

that the whole subject

should be in one plane though the defect is cleverly masked

by the stronger colouring of the chief figures and this
:

suggests that

With

this

it

was a

direct

copy from some great

picture.

vase was found a small gold box (Plate

I.

A)

A, b) Thetis riding on a
dolphin across the waves and holding out in her right hand a
helmet, part of the armour the Nereids were carrying to
Achilles before Troy and at the other end (Plate I. A, a) a
winged Eros leaning against a pillar and with his extended
hands forming a noose with two cords for the game called
Protogenes had painted his
i/j,avTekiyfi.6v by the Greeks.
Satyr standing by a pillar; and his picture may have suggested the attitude of this Eros. Figures riding on dolphins
were not uncommon, and were to be seen from the 6th
century onward on the coins of Tarentum. The somewhat
obtrusive rings surrounding these figures seem borrowed
together with the form of the box from gold reels for thread
(Plate I. B) on which they are appropriate enough.
The earliest Rhodian coins belong to the end of the 7th
bearing in relief at one end (Plate

I.

century

B.C.

while the earliest coins

beginning of that century.

The

known belong

to

the

three ancient cities coined

was founded, and each kept faithfully to

head on obverse and a
sunk square on reverse for lalysos, a winged boar on obverse and an eagle's head in a sunk square on reverse and
for Camiros, a fig leaf on obverse and a double sunk square
on reverse. These sunk squares are a relic of the Lydian
custom of merely punching pieces of metal, which was the
beginning of coinage but the double sunk square is peculiar
The coin with the lion's
to Rhodes and the neighbourhood.
head of Lindos and the silphion tree of Cyrene on obverse
and the eagle's head of lalysos on reverse must have been
struck at Cyrene soon after 530 B.C. as pay for Rhodian
mercenaries. There are coins of Astyra of this period with a
vase on each side, a diota on obverse and an oenochoe on
reverse.
All the above coins are silver. The founding of
the great city in 408 B.C. called for a new coinage and the
until the great city

its

first

types

for Lindos, a lion's

:

ART.

117

types then adopted were those of nearly

to time in

Roman
detail.
On

nearly in

full

down

On

all

Rhodian coins

Empire, although varying from time

the obverse is the head of Helios seen
face with long hair thrown carelessly back.

to the

the reverse

the flower of a wild rose with the word

is

and very often the name of some

eponymos magistrate and an emblem belonging to another
or merely po

poStov

magistrate

is

in

a very slight sunk square serving to frame the

Instead of the head of Helios on the obverse there

whole.

some cases a head of Medusa with serpents

in her hair

The heads
Hermes, Dionysos and some uncertain
female deities, which sometimes occur on the obverse, and
of Poseidon and Sarapis, which sometimes occur on the
reverse, are always in profile, as are those of Helios and
Medusa on late coins. In rare cases the rose flower is on
both sides. A silver coin of Camiros, which can hardly be
and often winged
of Zeus,

this also is nearly in full face.

Apollo,

than the founding of the great

later

city,

bears the rose

flower on obverse and a gryphon's head on reverse.

Thus

may have been adopted by the city of Rhodes

Camiros and at Camiros it may have been developed

the rose flower

from

from a

fig leaf, for

rose flower
coins.

city

is

the outline of this side view of the wild

not unlike that of the

fig leaf

on the

earlier

The emblems on

the reverse of the coins of the great

very various

helmets, strygils, tripods, tridents,

are

Athene holding
These same
emblems with the name of some eponymos magistrate and of
one of the months are found stamped on the handles of the
Rhodian wine jars in oblong cartouches. Circular stamps
like coins, with the head of Helios or the rose flower in the
centre and the name of the magistrate and sometimes of the
ships

dolphins,

eagles,

rats,

butterflies

Nike, Artemis with a torch, and so forth.

month running

round, were also used for these handles, but

apparently at a later date. The Rhodian coins of the 3rd
century B.C. bear on the obverse. a radiated head of Helios,

perhaps borrowed from the Colossos, and are without the

sunk square on the reverse. This radiation is not found on
the earlier coins of the 2nd century: but about the middle

RHODES.

Il8

of that century the radiation on the obverse and the sunk

square on the reverse were both ostentatiously revived, and

the full face was exchanged for profile on all the coins but a

Astyra struck copper coins after the

few gold pieces.
founding of the great city, some of them bearing the head of
Helios on the obverse while the diota

is retained on the
have a head of Artemis on obverse and
the rose flower on reverse. The silver coins of Megiste with
the head of Helios or the head of Artemis on obverse and
the rose flower on reverse are distinguished from the Rhodian
by the letters /ue in place of po. The group of the infant
Heracles strangling the serpents which appears on the obverse of some silver Rhodian coins bearing the rose flower on
the reverse appears also on the obverse of silver coins of
Ephesos, Samos, Cnidos, and lasos bearing on the reverse
the respective types of those cities. These coins belong to
the beginning of the 4th century, and the letters a v v on
them may refer to a political alliance between these states
after the battle of Cnidos in 394 B.C.
their common type is
borrowed from the coinage of Thebes.
During the 2nd
century B.C. Rhodes and several other states of the yEgean
struck coins bearing the types of Alexander the Great the
head of the youthful Heracles on obverse, and Zeus enthroned
with eagle and spear on reverse.
The name 'AXe^dvBpou
appears on the reverse, and also something to mark the place
of coinage in the Rhodian examples, the rose flower, the
letters fio or Si, as an abbreviation for pSSiov, and sometimes
the name of some eponymos magistrate.
Gold and silver
were not coined in the island after the accession of Augustus,
but there are copper Rhodian coins of various emperors
down to Commodus. The imperial heads on the obverse are
generally radiate, but sometimes only laureate.
There is
sometimes the head of Helios or the head of Dionysos on

reverse, while others

the reverse

but more often a

some

full

length figure, generally of

an imperial head on both sides

for example, Antoninus Pius on the obverse, and on the reverse Marcus Aurelius.
Nike.

In

cases there

is

VII.

LEARNING.

The central
made

it

position of

Rhodes and its policy of neutrality

Thus it was at Athens and

a great seat of learning.

Rhodes that Ptolemy Philadelphos collected books for the

But the island lay too open to all
Greece for any local style to flourish there, and the Rhodians
left little mark of their own on any branch of Greek culture

at

library at Alexandria'.

but rhetoric.

Homer was

born in Rhodes as in most of the JEgean

him came Peisander of Camiros, an epic
poet of the 7th century. It was said that he stole his great
work, the Heracleia, from Pisinos of Lindos but nothing is

islands'.

Next

after

known

of this Pisinosl

The Heracleia was

of some interest

famous labours from the many

feats ascribed to the hero by local traditions*
it first equipped
Heracles himself with the familiar club and lion skin in place
of the shield and spear or bow and sword of the heroic age^
and it first gave the Hydra more heads than one*. Years
after Peisander was dead the Commons of Camiros set up
his statue in bronze and Theocritos wrote his epitaph.
little after him came Cleobulos of Lindos, one of the Seven
Wise Men'. He was not a legislator like Solon or a natural
for

it first

selected the twelve

'

Athenffios, p. 3-

Suidas, s.v.

Clement of Alexandria, Strom.

"OjU7//)os.

2.

VI.

Strabo, p. 688.

Pausanias,

Plato, Protagoras, p. 343

nias,
''

Theocritos, Ep. 20.

93.

X. 24;

II.

37.
;

Pausa-

Diogenes Laertius,

I.

89

RHODES.

I20

philosopher like Thales, and merely uttered

rest.

When

men went
dedicated a maxim

the wise

economically

wisdom,

his offering

The maxim

was

"

maxims

like the

a body to Delphi and

in

apiece as the

moderation

is

iirstfruits

of

best", jxerpov dpta-Tov.

of Bias of Priene " the masses are rascals

",

oi

an echo in verses of Cleobulos declaring

that mankind is mainly clumsiness and chatter.
And no
doubt the sea- faring populace of Lindos was far below the
despot of surpassing beauty and strength who claimed descent
from Heracles, the master of the wisdom of Egypt and the
second founder of the temple of their patron goddess.
It
was said that Cleobulos originated the Rhodian custom that
children should go round in the autumn singing the Chelidonisma, the song of the swallow, and begging gifts for the
bird on its return to the island for the winter.
The singing
of the Coronisma, the song of the crow, was a similar custom
finds

'[Link] Ka/coi,

in Rhodes
but the story of its origin has perished, for it
was long and Athenseos was too lazy to repeat it.
The
extant songs are much alike and demand gifts of a basket
of figs, a beaker of wine, and other things which are not the
:

common

food either of swallows or of crows'. The nucleus

of the Chelidonisma was perhaps due to Cleobulos, for he

wrote songs and epigrams to the extent of some three thousand

verses.
His epitaph on Midas, sometimes called Homer's,
declared that while the forces of nature endured, the bronze
maiden upon the tomb would proclaim to the wayfarer that

Midas whereon Simonides of Ceos took him

comparing with such things the endurance of a
monument that any man might smash, and ended abruptly

therein rested

to task for

" this is the

on

saying of a

maxim

his

that

silly

men

man."

should

Cleobulos perhaps acted

make companions

of their

daughter Cleobulina wrote enigmas in

hexameters. One other gifted lady is heard of at Rhodes,
Myro by name she was a philosopher, and wrote a book on
daughters,

for

his

the sayings of royal ladies,

besides

novels^

Among

the

kinsmen of Cleobulos was Antheas of Lindos, one of the

1

Alhen^os, pp. 359, 360.

'

Suidas,

s.v. Mu/:ci.

LEARNING.

121

Greek

founders of the Bacchic revelry from which sprang

He was

comedy.

man

of high station and wealthy, and

maintained a troop of Bacchanals whose revels he led by

day and night and the comedies and songs that they chanted
:

were his handiwork.

of forming the huge

He seems

to have discovered the art

compound words found

in later

comedies were probably

poets, but his primitive

Timocreon of

than personal abuse in dialogue'.

comic

more

little

lalysbs,

the scurrilous lyric poet, flourished during the Persian wars.

He was

man

of position

a guest of Themistocles and after-

wards of Dareios. He was exiled as a partizan of Persia

but when Themistocles came sailing round the islands in
480 B.C. after Salamis and restored most exiles, he failed to
restore the poet to his native lalysos, being dissuaded there;

from

(so run

Timocreon's verses) by

filthy lucre, to wit, three

In the dozen lines that remain of this ode Timocreon

talents.

charges his former host with treachery, falsehood, murder,

oppression, and giving his guests cold meat.

But

was

this

nothing to the bitterness of his attack when Themistocles was

He

himself exiled nine years later as a partizan of Persia".

Simonides of Ceos and parodied his verses";

but Simonides had the last word in this pretty quarrel, and
" much I drank, much I ate,
wrote Timocreon's epitaph
much evil I spake of men now rest I here, Timocreon of
Rhodes. " The poet figures in a list of unspeakable eaters,
and the Great King marvelled at his appetite. Dareios once
asked what he would do after the huge dinner he had eaten,
and was answered that he would break the heads of countless
also

fell

foul of

Persians

and when he had done

out rhythmically in the

the blows

left over.

As an

this,

he remained hitting

telling Dareios that those

air,

athlete he

had conquered

His works were well known at Athens.

song of his,

pentathlon*.
refers to a

ttotI
>

Athenseos, p. 445.

'

Timocreon,

Fis.

Themistocles, 21, 22.

rav fxarep'
'

i,

3;

Plutarch,

hist.

were

in the

Plato

ecpa,

Timocreon, Fr.
Atlienseos,
I.

27.

p.

10.

416;

/Lilian,

var.

':

RHODES.

122

written in the metre called from him the Timocreonticon'

and Aristophanes parodies him in a chores in the 'Wasps',
and in the 'Acharnians chooses to find a likeness between
Pericles' solemn decree against the men of Megara and
Timocreon's drinking song that curses Plutos^ Timocreon
has been placed, apparently in error, among the poets of the
Old Comedy. The great master of that group, Aristophanes
himself, has oddly been called a Rhodian of Lindos or of
Camiros and one of the two great masters of the Middle
Comedy, Antiphanes, who was probably of Cios, has also
Alexis, however, the other great
been called a Rhodian'.
master of the Middle Comedy, wrote a play about a Rhodian
woman as also did Philemon, one of the two great masters
of the New Comedy^
But Rhodes certainly gave birth to
one considerable master of the Middle Comedy in AnaxanHe brought out sixty-five plays the
drides of Camiros.
first at Athens" in 377 B.C. and of these ten won the first
prize.
The fragments are meagre: but this is partly explained by the story that in his later years he carried any
play of his that failed to win the first prize straight off to
the incense market to be torn up. The same deference to
'

public opinion appears in his lines "pleasure

lies in

finding

some new thought to shew the world men who keep their
wisdom to themselves have no judge of what it's worth."
:

To

introduce on the stage

was

his distinctive

quite a horrid

man

work

but

'

and undoings of maidens

Empress Eudocia calls him

loves

the
there

is

nothing

in the

fragments

him from the other poets of the Middle Comedy.

Most of the fragments have been preserved by Athen^eos,
and consequently deal mainly with food and feeding perhaps
the brightest notion in them being the introduction of the
venerable sea god Nereus as the great author of fish dinners.
to separate

The

poet disputed the order of the blessings laid

Simonides,
1

first

health, next beauty,

Timocreon, Fr. 6; Plato, Gorgias,

p. 493; Servius, VII. I.

2

Timocreon,

Frs.

Suidas,

(/lociis,

7,

Aristo-

phanes, vesp. 1063, acharn. 533.

down by

then wealth, on the

[Link].

li/xoKp^wv,

'Apurro-

'AvTi0an;!.

Athenaeos, pp. 395, 645.

epoch. 70.

The Parian Marble,

ground that a handsome

Some

creature.

LEARNING.

123

man without

a dinner was a wretched

of his plays are noticed by Aristotle,

praises the disreputable Philemon's acting in

drides himself

described as goodly in aspect and

is

who

Anaxan-

them\

tall,

with

flowing hair, and clad in purple raiment fringed with gold.

And

there

is

an odd story of him that once when bringing

out a dithyrambic choros at Athens, he dashed in on horse-

back and declaimed some of the verses himselfl

Pindar
had perhaps set the Rhodian poets an example of splendour
in their daily life when he came to the island after the
Olympic victory of Diagoras in 464 B.C. chanting with lyre

and many-voiced choir of flutes the praise of Rhodos

That
grand ode setting forth the great Rhodian legends was engraved in letters of gold upon the temple of Athene at Lindos*.
The poetess Erinna, the youthful friend of Sappho, is reported
on slight authority to have been a Rhodian : and the like
'.

report

made

is

of Philetas of Cos, the elegiac poet of the

In that age Simmias of Rhodes, who was

more grammarian than poet', devised those epigrams that
take the form of some object from the varying lengths of the
lines.
Of these he wrote the Egg, the Axe, and the Wings'
and he made the words respond to the forms the Egg, for
example, beginning " take this fresh egg of an undefiled
nightingale."
He also invented two metres called from him
A little after him
the Simmieion and the Simmiacon'.
Timosthenes of Rhodes, the admiral of Ptolemy Philadelphos,
invented the Pythian melody for the contest for lyres and
flutes that was then added to the contest for lyres and voices
Its theme was the struggle
at the Pythian festival at Delphi.
of Apollo with the Python, and it was in five parts first, the

Alexandrine age^

prelude

second, the attack

Aristotle,

Rlietoric,
'

m.

Nicom. Ethics,

VII. 10;

10, 11, 12.

Athenseos, pp. 222, 295, 374, 694;

Suidas

and

Eudocia,

s.

v.

'Ava^ap-

third, the struggle at its height

Homerum,

Eustathios, ad

Scholia to Theocritos, VII. 40.

Pindar, 01. vu. 11

Gorgon, Fr.

3.

14.

p. 327.

'

Strabo, p. 655.

'

Anthologia Palatina, XV. 22, 24,

27.

Spidijs.

'

Hephssstion, pp. 38, 60.

RHODES.

124
fourth, the cries

fifth,

the dying

commonly

called the

of victory and of defeat

Apollonios,

shrieks of the Python'.

Rhodian, was born in Egypt and probably at Alexandria

though Athenseos claims him for his own birthplace,
His youth was spent at Alexandria among the
Naucratis^
:

itself,

pupils of Callimachos, and in his later years he filled there the

But the best forty
great office of President of the Library.
years of his life were passed at Rhodes, where he received

works he preferred to describe

genius was wasted in the
His
himself as the Rhodian.
hopeless task of reviving Greek epic. The Argonautica, an
affair of some six thousand verses still extant, was produced
before he was twenty. The storm of ridicule that it raised
drove him from Alexandria to his retirement at Rhodes,
where he divided his days between a war of coarse words
with Callimachos, who had satirized him as an Ibis', and a
In its new form it succeeded as comrevision of his poem.
pletely as it had failed before and now faultlessly polished
and purged of all vigour it became a standard of Alexandrine
the citizenship

and

in his

and had some influence with the Roman poets*. He

on the founding of several cities, Naucratis,
Alexandria, Cnidos, Caunos and Rhodes but of Canopos he
apparently wrote in choliambics, a metre sacred to sarcasm.
The remaining fragment of the Founding of Rhodes may
refer to the legend of Phorbas. A little before him Antagoras
This he recited
of Rhodes had written an epic, the Thebais.
and he
to the Thebans, but they failed to detect its beauties
stopped abruptly, declaring they were rightly named Boeotians
The
{j3oiWTol) for they had the ears of oxen (^owv wTay.
poem is lost. One of his epigrams celebrates a bridge erected
by Xenocles of Lindos on the road to a temple of Demeter.
Antagoras passed most of his life in Macedon as court poet
and there is a story that Antigonos,
to Antigonos Gonatas
seeing the poet absorbed in cooking a conger eel in camp,
taste

also wrote epics

Strabo, p. 421.

Athenceos, p. 283.

Suidas,

s.v.

KaXX//.axos,

tliologia Palatina, XI. 275.

Suidas,

s.

v.

'ATroXXcirios,

Vita;

Apollonii.
cf.

An-

Maximus

'

Anthologia Palatina, IX. 147.

Confessor, loc. com. 15.

LEARNING.

Homer

asked whether

memnon

used to cook eels when he wrote

deeds, and

Agamemnon's

12$

was asked

in return

he did those deeds.

Antagoras would not

of his delicacies to a slave or even to his

for this

whether Aga-

troubled himself about the cooking of eels

he

is

duly

commended by

trust the

when

cooking

own mother and

who gives him a
:

Athenasos,

There also lived at

Rhodes a certain IdJEOs, who wrote some three thousand
verses on his own account about his native island and then
augmented and improved the Homeric poems by setting a
Euodos, an
line of his own between each two of Homer's
epic poet of Nero's time, a perfect marvel at Latin verse and
Pitholeon, who wrote his poems in a mongrel dialect of Greek
and Latin': happily their works have perished.
The many names given to the island, JEihriea, Asteria,

place in a select catalogue of epicures \

Corymbia,

Atabyria,

Oloessa,

Macaria,

Ophiusa,

Pelagia,

seem merely poetic ^

There is no trace of the common use of any of them.
Some ten or twelve Rhodian philosophers are known.
Peripatetics and Stoics
none of any great weight as original
thinkers, but some of them of importance in formulating or
in propagating the doctrines of their school.
That some
Rhodians were Peripatetics was a mere matter of chance
Poeessa, Stadia, Telchinis, Trinacria,

but Stoicism, the philosophy of the Levant, naturally took

deeper root at Rhodes, and a school flourished there for at
least a century.

The

story goes that a

before Aristotle's death his

little

He evaded
soon after asked for Rhodian and for Lesbian
sound wine and pleasant", said he tasting the

disciples asked

him

to

name one

to succeed him.

their request, but

wine.

"A

Rhodian

and then tasting the Lesbian,

good, but

(apparently quoting

"

And on

Lesbian."

preferred to
'

Athenaeos,

Pausanias,
^

his death

Eudemos
p.

340;

Vite

Suidas,

[Link]. 'ISatos,
i.

10, 10.

"

both thoroughly
sweeter is the

"

Theophrastos the Lesbian was

the Rhodian as chief of the school*.

Arati;

i. 2.

race, satires,

Alexis)

Euoffos,

Ho-

^ Strabo, p.
653 ; Pliny, V. 36;
mianus Marcellinus, xvii. 7.
*

Aulus Gellius,

XIII. 5,

Am-

RHODES.

126

But Eudemos did good work

expound

for the school in his copious

Able as he was, he
was content to make himself a mere echo of his master'.
But the voice of the echo was sometimes weaker and less
And in the last book of
distinct than the original voice.
the Eudemian Ethics, which are presumably the work of
Eudemos, the disciple falls to a more commonplace sphere
than in the previous books in which he was inspired by the
Nicomachsean Ethics of the master himself. The original
draught of the Metaphysics was lent to Eudemos but he
died while editing it, and the manuscript disappeared. The
work as it now stands is mainly a patchwork from Aristotle's
writings to

Aristotle's views.

other writings, but the excrescence

said to be the

work of

known

as a

Pasicles, a brother of

eXarrov

is

Eudemos and

him a disciple of Aristotle^ It may be noted that

Mentor the Rhodian was the satrap of western Asia Minor
who in 343 B.C. treacherously seized and deposed Aristotle's
It is said that Praxiphanes
friend, Hermeias of Atarneus''.
of Rhodes, a Peripatetic and disciple of Theophrastos*, taught
Epicuros*: and a little later, Hieronymos of Rhodes, a distinlike

guished Peripatetic, accepted without qualification the doctrine

that absence of pain formed the chief good, and consequently

was sometimes reckoned a follower of Epicuros^ But only

one Rhodian, Eucratidas by name, is found among professed
Epicureans. The Senate of Brundusium voted a piece of
ground for his tomb, but nothing more is known of him'.
Among the Peripatetics there was no other Rhodian of note
till Andronicos, the great editor and chief of the school in the
1st century B.C. Theophrastos had bequeathed his own manuscripts and those of Aristotle that he had to Neleus of Scepsis.
After keeping them for a century and a half in a damp cellar,
the family of Neleus sold what the worms had left to Apel^

Simplicius,

physica,

pp. 29, 201,

um,

279.
^

Asclepios of Tralles, in Brandis,

scholia to Aristotle, pp. 519, 520.

^

Strabo, p. 610; Diodoros, xvi. 52.

Strabo, p. 655; Proclos, in Timse-

p. 5.

'

Diogenes Laertius, X.

Cicero, de

fin.

11.

13.

3, 6,

iv. 18, v.

5; acad. prior, u. 42; disp. Tusc. n.

6.
^

B. 5783.

LEARNING.
licon,
all

a collector at Athens.

The

school gained

these works that had hitherto been out

but Apellicon was sending out copies

full

new

life

27

from

of their reach

of blunders, for

he was a true collector and careless of the contents of books.

Sulla carried off Apellicon's library to Rome, and
Tyrannion went to work on the manuscripts. Andronicos, who had probably met Tyrannion when that grammarian was studying at Rhodes, obtained copies from him
and then brought out a complete edition, rejecting the
spurious works and classifying and arranging the rest, which
seem previously to have been arranged by chance or at best
chronologically.
This edition is probably the Aristotle of

In 84

B.C.

there

to-day'.

There

a very doubtful story that Aristippos of Cyrene,

is

the disciple of Socrates and founder of the Cyrenaic school,

He had been shipwrecked off the island

and when he had made some money by his teaching, he
lectured his fellow-passengers, who had lost everything, on
the advantage of carrying goods that could swim ashore with
them". Melanthios of Rhodes, a finished writer, appears
among the Academics': and Antonios of Rhodes, who accompanied Porphyry from Greece to Rome in 263 A.D. on his
taught at Rhodes.

first visit

to Plotinos,

The Rhodian

was perhaps a Neo-Platonist*.

all belong to the period of transition

between the formulation of the Stoic doctrine by philosophers
at Athens and its acceptance by generals and statesmen at
Rome. Perhaps the ablest of them and certainly the most
successful was Panastios. Coming of a stock famed at Rhodes
for generals and athletes and himself a thorough man of the
world', he saw how to adapt the primitive Stoicism to its new

Stoics

He abandoned the traditional pedantry in speech

and narrowness in study; and Plato and Aristotle were always
in his mouth.
Instead of going about denying that pain was
an evil, he was content with casual speculations on its nature.
sphere.

Strabo,

p.

608

Plutarch,

Sulla,

26; Porphyry, Plotinos, 24.

^

Vitruvius, vi. proem,

Diogenes Laertius, n. 64; Cicero,

i.

acad. prior.

11. 6.

Porphyry, Plotinos,

Strabo, p. 655.

4.

RHODES.

128

He

softened

down

the rigid Stoic standard of virtue to meet

the well-known opinion that a

merchant coming to Rhodes with a cargo of corn in time of
scarcity was not morally bound to disclose the fact that other
corn ships were coming up from Egypt before selling at
famine prices'. He represented popular religion as a purely
political institution
and went somewhat further than most
Stoics cared to follow in wholly denying the immortality of
the soul and casting grave doubts on augury^
It may be
noted that Pythagoras of Rhodes, who draws a touching
picture of how terribly the less energetic gods must be bored
by constant attendance at the sacrifices in their honour, was
presumably a Stoic^ The friendship of the younger Scipio
Africanus gave Panaetios the opportunity of influencing Roman society. He was that general's sole companion on the
embassy to the East in 143 B.C.; and afterwards lived for
years as an honoured guest at his house, which was then the
meeting place of the ablest men at Rome. There he would
dispute with them while Polybios looked on, and through
them he made Stoicism the fashionable philosophy of Rome''The systematic treatment of the Stoics, which was applied
by Stilo, Scaevola, Tubero, and others to Roman philology
and jurisprudence, must have been derived from him. And

the needs of trade, as in

he apparently introduced the vastly important notion of the

Jus Gentimn, which mainly made Roman law a great system:
and the development of that law from his time down to its
great age under the Stoic Antonines was mainly at the hands
of Stoics. In philosophy Cicero based his de Officiis on a
treatise by Panaetios on the same subject, and seems indebted

him for the material for some other works*. Among the
Rhodian disciples of Panaetios were Hecato, a copious writer
on philosophy and a man of some weight with the Roman
Stoics^ a certain Plato' and Stratocles': but he was suc-

to

Cicero, de

fin.

IV. 9, 28

de

off. II.

Tusc.

I.

33; de re pub.

I.

21

ad Att.

IX. 12.

10, III. 12.

Cicero, de div.

I.

3; disp. Tusc.

I.

32.
'

Eusebios, prspar. evang. v. 8.

Cicero,

acad. prior.

11.

disp.

Cicero, de

II'- III-

'

Diogenes Laertius, in. 109.

Index Herculanensis, XVII. 8.

"

off. III. 1.

15-

LEARNING.

29

Rhodes by Poseidonios of Apamea'.

Though a Syrian by birth, Poseidonios was thoroughly idenhe filled the high office of prytanis^ and
tified with Rhodes
was ambassador to Rome in 86 B.C., when he came in contact
with Marius", and apparently again in his old age in 51 B.C.
ceeded

in

the school at

just before the Civil

War^

He

suffered

much from gout^

name of

but the physical strength that gained for him the

"the athlete" enabled him to bear

spirit of his sect

in 6"]

and again

discoursed to

his sufferings in the true

and Pompey, who

in 62 B.C., often told

him from

his sick

visited

how

him

Rhodes^

at

the philosopher had

bed on the theme that no-

thing was good save what was honourable, pausing at the

declare that pain was not an
him and remained his intimate
Among his Rhodian disciples
friend and correspondent".
were his daughter's son Jason, who succeeded him in the
school", and probably Leonides'".
But it was less as a philo-

paroxysms of
evil'.

his

attack to

Cicero studied under

sopher that Poseidonios was celebrated than as a traveller

and historian and the best informed man of his day".

Rhodes was of some importance in ancient geography as
the point of intersection of the primary meridian of Eratosthenes (about 250 B.C.) with his primary parallel of latitude.
The one passed through Merowd, Assouan, Alexandria, Rhodes
and Constantinople and the other through the Straits of
Gibraltar and of Messina, Cape Matapan, Rhodes and Alexandretta Bay'^: both of them somewhat wavy lines when
traced on a modern map.
This primary parallel had already
been used by Dicaearchos some fifty years earlier". The
measurement of the circumpolar circumference of the earth
by Poseidonios was made upon this meridian on the arc
between Alexandria and Rhodes. Eratosthenes had already
made observations with the gnomon at both ends of this
;

Suidas, s.v.

Strabo, p. 316.

Iloa-eiSciij'toj.

Au.

Cicero, de nat. deor.

II.

I.

3,

Suidas,

Plutarch, Marius, 45.

Suidas,

'"

Strabo, p. 655.

Cicero, Hortensius, Fr. 18.

"

"

Strabo, p. 492; Pliny,

lb. p. 753; Galen, p. 460.

Strabo, pp. 67, 70, 114.

'

Cicero, disp. Tijsc. n. ij.

T. R,

s.v. Iloo-eiSci^'io!.

vn.

31.

'"

"

44

i.

s.v. 'lairw.

Dicsearchos, Fr. 55.

ad

RHODES.

130
arc to determine

its

had apparently deduced

length*, but

from his own calculation of the circumpolar circumference which was based on a false estimate of the arc
between Alexandria and Assouan and he put the arc at
his result

375 geographical miles instead of 330. The sailors put it at

500 and this estimate was used by Poseidonios in obtaining
his result of 24,000 geographical miles for the circumference,
;

an error of observation of the star Canopos cancelling to

some extent the error of measurement^ His result is also
given' as 18,000 geographical miles, which would be obtained

by putting the

arc at 375 instead of 500 without correcting

One result is as much above the
the error of observation.

true value as the other

The

is

below

but his method was sound.

it,

length of the parallel through Rhodes, which

rather over 17,000 geographical miles,

is

really

was estimated by Era-

tosthenes at 20,000 and by Poseidonios at 14,000.

Curiously

both of them considered sailing round

westward

to India

this parallel

who knew of the upheaval of an island

group in his own lifetime, conjecturing that as

Poseidonios,

in the Lipari

the great island of Atlantis was not then to be found,

it

might have subsided in some volcanic change^ Mount Atabyros in Rhodes was among the mountains whose vertical
height was calculated by Dicaarchos, apparently the earliest
His result was fourteen stades; just
student of this problem.
double the true height^ Geminos uses several observations
certain
made at Rhodes, and perhaps resided there".

Bacorus of Rhodes is named as a geographer'. And a catalogue of notable geographers includes two Rhodians who
Timosthenes, the inventor of the
were otherwise famous
As admiral
Pythian melody, and Eudoxos, the historian.
to Ptolemy Philadelphos, Timosthenes was able to explore
the western Mediterranean when it was as yet little known
and he wrote technical works on Islands,
to the Greeks
on Distances afterwards edited by Eratosthenes and on
:

'

Strabo, p. 125.

Cleomedes,

Strabo, p. 95.

Strabo, pp. 64, 65, 102, 277.

cycl. theor.

i.

ro.

Diccearchos, Fr. 58.

Geminos,

Avienus, ora maritima, 42.

1,

2, 4, 5, 14.

LEARNING.
Harbours'.
the Greeks,
ranean,

till

131

The tides were never thoroughly understood by

who saw nothing but the ahnost tideless MediterPoseidonios made his observations on the Atlantic

He

coast at Cadiz.

then stated accurately the dependence

of the daily tides on the moon's position and of the spring

and neap

He

also

tides

moon and sun I

shew the movements of sun and
and Cicero considered how it would

on the

relative position of

made a sphere

moon and

planets

to

impress the barbarians in Britain".

Little

is left

many

of the

histories written

by Rhodians.

Thus, some remarks on a remedy for the liver alone remain

from Cleitophon's history of India

Poseidonios wrote the

in this he embodied
wide travels.
Each writer who
quotes it finds it a quarry for facts on his own subject.
Athenaios can quote him on the frugality of the Romans
and the luxury of the Syrians and of the Parthian kings
on the sacrificial feasts of Etruria and the surfeiting of
Alexandria
and on barbarian feasts, at which the Celts
would alternately listen to their bards and fight, and the
Carmani would pledge their friendships in cups of each other's

most ponderous of these

made during

the notes

histories

and

his

blood^

Strabo can quote him on the Parthian constitution,

the invasions of the Chersonese, and the sacking of Tolosa".

Plutarch can quote

him

for details

Marcellus,

Marius and Brutus'.

fault with

him

for errors in

From

temple at Jerusalem'.

about Fabius Maximus,

Josephus, however, finds

describing the interior of the

the tin mines of Britain and

the naphtha wells of Babylon to the turnips and carrots of

Dalmatia, nothing comes amiss to him

and here and there

man himself; how he laughed at the monkeys

and how he accustomed himself after a time to the

a touch of the

is

in Libya,

Gauls' habit of adorning their front doors with the heads of

Marcianus

Heracleotes,

p.

63;

Strabo, p. 411.
^

Strabo, pp. 173, 174.

'

Cicero, de nat. deor.

'

Cleitophon, Fr.

Athenjeos,

'
II.

i,

34.

152-4,

246,

Plutarch, Fab.

g, 19, 20,

i.

pp. 45,

273-51 527, 549, c,^o, 66z.

" Strabo,
pp. 188, 309, 515.

Max. 19; Marcell.

30; Mar. i; Brut.

Josephus, in Apionem,

II.

1.

7, 8.

RHODES.

132
their

The

enemies\

histories of India

and of Galatia by

by Diodes',

history of ^tolia

Cleitophon'', the

the local

by Dionysios the priest of HeliosS the history of

the kingdom of Egypt by Evagoras of Lindos^, the histories
by Eudoxos', and the history of Crete by Sosicrates', appear
histories

from

their scanty fragments to

have been equally compre-

hensive. Antipater', Dionysios the grammarian, Epimenides'",

Ergeias", Eucrates'^ Jason the Stoic", Polyzelos" and Zeno'^

wrote on the history of Rhodes itself, some of them setting
rather wide bounds to their subject while others wrote on
:

its

customs, as Theognis'" and

Gorgon" on

the sacrifices,

Agnocles on the Coronistae ", and Philodemos or Philomnestos

on the Sminthia". Zeno was less known for his chronicle of
Rhodes than for his history of his own times. His contemporary Antisthenes wrote a like work. They were not professional writers, and had taken up philosophical history as
becoming work for statesmen but Polybios, while reckoning
them the leading authorities on the events of that time,
charges them with caring more for rounding their periods than
for looking up their facts.
He shows how Zeno contradicts
himself in his account of the battle of Panion in 198 B.C. and
blunders over the topography of the Peloponnesos in relating the campaign against Nabis three years later, and he
points out the folly of both Zeno and Antisthenes in calling
the Rhodian defeat off Lade in 201 B.C. a victory, when the
admiral's despatch was still extant in the Prytaneion at Rhodes
It is notable that Polybios, who had been
to confute them.
on friendly terms with Zeno, makes these criticisms purely in
:

Athenseos,

p.

369;

Strabo,

pp.

147, 197, 743, 827.

"

Diogenes Laertius,

^^

Ergeias, Fr.

^^

Eucrates, Fr.

^^

Suidas, s.v. 'Idtrwv.

''

Cleitophon, Frs.

Diodes, Fr.

Suidas, s.v. Alov^itlos Movadiviov,

'^

Polyzelos, Frs.

Suidas,

^^

Zeno, Frs.

i, 3.

6.

s.v. "Eivayopas.

"

Eudoxos, Frs.

'

Sosicrates, Frs.

'

Antipater, Fr.

Dionysios Thrax, Fr.

i,

2.

9.

t.

r,

i.

115.

i.

i.

4.

i, ,

"

Theognis, Fr.

''

Gorgon, Fr.

"

Athenseos, p. 360.

^^

Philemnestos, Frs.

"i.

i.

i,

2,


LEARNING.

133

own work ', This

Rhodian historian cited as an authority
in the reference by Samos and Priene of a disputed claim to
territory to the arbitration of Rhodes^
Callixenos, Socrates
and Empylos also wrote on events of their own day. The
well-known description of Ptolemy Philopator's state vessels,
the great sea-going ship and the Nile boat, and of Ptolemy
Philadelphos' pavilion and procession come from Callixenos
self-defence to secure a hearing for his

Zeno seems

to be the

'.

He

is

very precise

car 30 feet long

noting, for example, in the procession a

and 24

feet broad,

thereon a wine press 36 feet by 22-|

drawn by 300 men, and

but he clearly thinks no

more of the 100 marble statues by the

first

masters than of

the gilded thunderbolt 60 feet long, and ends with an estimate

With

same tendency to inAntony and of

Cleopatra in his book on the Civil War *.
Empylos' book on
the Slaying of Cssar, written by a dependent of Brutus and
entitled Brutus, must have been a mere party pamphlet ^
of the value of the plate.

ventory Socrates relates

Castor', the author of

the

the festivals of

one of the

lists

of powers holding the

Thalassocratia, confined himself to fixing the dates of events.

His general chronography came down to 56

graphy of Rome ending five years earlier '.

There are a few stray

learning.

B.C.,

his chrono-

about various branches of

facts

Aristeas of Rhodes invented one of the remedies

was so quickly
what danger he had been, and
was not duly grateful to his physician
And Cleomenes of
Lindos discovered strange and drastic remedies for horses ^
On the other hand Chrysippos of Rhodes was the physician
who aided Queen Arsinoe in her attempt to poison Ptolemy
Philadelphos ". Timachidas of Rhodes was the author of a
huge epic poem entitled Dinners, and Parmenon of Rhodes
wrote the School of Cookery ". Pythion and Epigenes the
called Acharistos, thankless

cured that he did not

know

for the patient

in

'.

'

Polybios, XVI. 14

'

B. 2905.

Callixenos,

pp. 196

10.

Frs. I,

206.

Socrates, Fr.

Plutarch, Brutus, 2.

i.

^,

Athenreos,

"

Suidas, s.v. Kairru/).

'

Eusebios, Chron.

"

Nicolaus Myrepsus, de antidot.

Hierocles, hippiatrica,

I.

41, 48.

I.

9.

23,27, 30.

Scholia to Theocritos, xvn. 128.

"

Athenseos, pp.

6, 308.

RHODES.

34

Rhodians were notable writers on agriculture

Theodotas
Rhodian general who won for Antiochos
Soter his victory over the Gauls by an ambuscade of
elephants ^ treated of the tactics of his own day in his
Commentaries" while Stratocles the Stoic, a Rhodian statesman and man of letters*, wrote on Military Tactics in Homer'*.
The Rhodians Attalos", Aristoteles ', and Timarchos or
Timachidas " are named as commentators and Aristocles
the orator and Aristeas as grammarians^ The famous grammarian Dionysios surnamed Thrax was a native of Alexandria, but migrated to Rhodes about loo B.C. and thenceforth
called himself a Rhodian.
He had himself been a disciple
of the great Aristarchos, and among his own disciples was
Tyrannion, who was perhaps a Lindian on the mother's side".
Of his many works there remains only part of his grammar,
the ancestor of all grammars.
His definition of the subject
is wide, leading up through "the offhand rendering of phrases
and narratives " to " the criticisrri of poems " but unfortu'.

or Theodores, the

nately

it

is

only the most elementary part that survives".

When Tiberius was at Rhodes, a grammarian named Diogenes

was disputing there every seventh day. The future emperor,
who regularly attended learned disputes and sometimes took
part in them, called on Diogenes, but was received with a
message that he might come on the seventh day. And when
the grammarian afterwards presented himself at Rome to
salute the emperor, he was told that he might come in the
seventh year'^. Abron, another Rhodian grammarian, was
established at Rome in the days of Augustus ".
The Rhodian orators, in the opinion of some Romans,
formed a third school of oratory beside the Athenian and the

Varro, de re

'

Lucian, Zeuxis, lo.

**

Theodores, Fr.

rust.

Strabo, p. 655.

^lian,

I.

das, s.v. 'Apyds.

i.

'

Strabo,

p. 655.

Varro,

de

ling.

lat. X. 4.

1.

'"

Strabo, p. 655.

i^vaios

tact. i.

Suidas, [Link]. Aio-

'AXe^avdpeu^, Tvpayvluv.

liipparchos, ad Phcenom.

^^

Dionysios, gram.

Proclos, in Tima^iim, p. 27.

^^

.Suetonius, Tiberius, 11, 32.

'

Atlienceos, pp.501, 677, 678; Sui-

"

Suidas, s.v.'A^pi^v.

1.

i,

&c.

i.

LEARNING.
Asiatic.

But

this school, if there

135

was such, had nothing apart

from those two great schools, and was at most eclectic. Thus
Cicero derives both the Asiatic and the Rhodian styles from
the Athenian and distinguishes them only in this, that the
;

had lost the terse and chaste style of Athens more

than the Rhodian '. And Quintilian considers the Rhodian
style a mere compound of the style of Asia with the style of
Athens, or rather with the style of ^schines ^ That orator
had settled for a while at Rhodes after his retirement from
Athens in 330 B.C. and had apparently given systematic
It was there that he recited to
instruction in rhetoric there.
the citizens his speech against Ctesiphon, and then that of
Demosthenes on the Crown, adding when they applauded
both "had ye but heard the man himself", or as others
report "had ye but heard the beast itself bellowing out its
own words ". And the founding of the poSiaKov BiSaaKakelov,
which was apparently for the teaching of rhetoric, was attributed to him^
On the other hand Dionysios calls the
Rhodian orators Artamenes, Aristocles, Philagrios and Apollonios followers of Hypereides
saying, however, that they
missed his grace and power in their imitation, and proved
deficient in finish*.
But though Rhodian oratory is thus
derived from the Athenian of the 4th century, there is little
trace of its eminence before the ist century B.C.
In the 3rd
century Hieronymos the Peripatetic wrote on rhetoric , and
it is said that Apollonios Rhodios taught rhetoric ^ but the
Asiatic

named
The speech which the Rhodian envoy Asty-

poet has probably been confused with the later orators

Apollonios.

medes addressed to the Roman Senate in 167 B.C. just after

the war with Perseus seems to have been a piece of exaggerated declamation, unsuited to the time and the place
and when he published it, it was universally condemned by
the Greeks then at Rome.
His successful speech to the

Cicero, Brutus, 13.

''

Quintilian, XII. 10.

'

Cicero, de orat.

jEschines,
Pliny,
chines,

n;

epist. II.
1,

5;

III.

fals. leg. i.
^

56

Plutarch,

Quintilian,
;

Schoha

8.

3;

lb. Isocrates, 13.

^s-

'

Vita Apollonii.

XI.

Philostratos,

Dionysios of Halicarnassos,

narchos,

to yEschines,

de

Dei-

RHODES.

136

Senate three years later was apparently confined to

figures

'.

The Rhodian

style of the

facts

and

century seems to

ist

have been formed by two disciples of the graceful and epigrammatic orators Hierocles and Menecles of Alabanda, who
were then at the head of the Asiatic schooP.
Apollonios
surnamed Malacos had migrated from Alabanda to Rhodes
before 120 B.C., when Scaevola heard him, and found that he
smiled at philosophy and spoke with less gravity than wit '.
The more famous Apollonios surnamed Molon came from

Alabanda to Rhodes a generation later. He was at Rome

as Rhodian envoy in 88 and in 81 B.C., and was the first

who addressed the Senate without an interpreter''.

made his acquaintance in Rome and in 78 B.C., after
hearing the orators of Athens and of Asia, came on to Rhodes
foreigner

Cicero

He

to study under him.

calls

him a consummate advocate

and excellent writer as well as a skilful teacher and admits

that his own style was then shorn of some of its youthful
redundancy ^ Casar also came to Rhodes to study under
Apollonios either just before or just after the impeachment
;

of Dolabella in 79

B.C.

It is stated that

".

Pompey heard

the

Hermagoras at Rhodes in 62 B.C. But Hermagoras of Temnos was then dead, and the younger Hermagoras
was not yet born. And a preceding statement that during
rhetorician

Pompey heard

this visit to the island

the sophists and

all

presented them each with a talent (^^240) does not make the
Brutus and Cassius both studied
more credible'.
tale
rhetoric

in

the

island

And when

Cassius

afterwards

whose BiSaa-KoXdov he had

studied, was sent to plead with him for the city and made i
lengthy speech with tears and all fitting gestures but without
When the city was taken, the citizens with strange
result".
want of tact greeted Cassius as lord and king, and were
threatened Rhodes, Archelaos,

'

Polybios,

'

Cicero,

XXX.

Brutus,

xxxi.

4,

95;

xn.

7.

Strabo,

in

pp.

655, 661.

'

6.

Csesar,

Plutarch,

3;

Suetonius,

Csesar, 4.

Cicero, de oratore,

I.

Valerius Maximus,

II.

Cicero, Brutus, 89

91

17, 28.
2.
;

Quintilian,

Pompey, 42.

'

Plutarch,

'

Aurelius Victor, Brutus.

Appian, de

bel. civ. iv.

67

70.

LEARNING.

37

answered that he was no lord and king he killed lords and

'.
Theodoros of Gadara, who called himself a Rhodian,
instructed Tiberius in rhetoric at Rhodes, and perhaps pre-

kings

And when
Rome when the emperor was a boy
he founded the sect of orators opposed to that of Apollodoros
of Pergamos, the teacher of Augustus, Tiberius declared
Empylos the writer was also a
himself a Theodorean .
Castor the chronographer was a rhetorician
rhetorician *.
and a writer on rhetoric '. Evagoras the historian " and a
And even
certain Athenodoros ' also wrote on rhetoric.
viously at

'.

Poseidonios was once carried away by the prevalent rhetoric

and revelled in hyperbole . Tacitus records an opinion that
by the advocacy of some of the Rhodian orators anyone
could gain anything ^ But the cause of Rhodes was often
served by foreign speakers.
In the first Athenian Empire
Antiphon spoke for the Lindians in the matter of their
tribute".
When Artemisia occupied Rhodes, Demosthenes
delivered his speech in favour of the Independence of the
Rhodians ".
statement
however, that Hypereides de-

^'',

livered 170 speeches {\6yov<i po) hardly justifies allusions to

Cato saved Rhodes by his speech in

", and a few years later
the treaty of alliance between Rome and Rhodes was obhis

Rhodian Orations.

the Senate after the war with Perseus

tained

by the arguments of Tiberius Gracchus

Claudius restored the independence of Rhodes,

".
it

When
was

response to a speech delivered in Greek on their behalf

Nero,

who was then a boy

of fifteen

^ Among

in

by

the rheto-

Roman

Empire, Dio Chrysostom delivered a

wearisome oration to the Rhodians about 100 a.d. on their
stinginess in renaming statues and in other matters '"
and
ricians of the

'

Plutarch, Brutus, 30.

Quintilian,

iii.

berius, 57.

Suetonius, Ti-

'

Harpocration, [Link].

11

Demosthenes, pp. 190 201.

Scholia to iEschines, de fals.

Seneca, suas.

"

Quintilian, x. 6.

Suidas, s.v. Kaffrup.

^^

lb. s.v. EOayopas.

"

'

Quintilian,

^^

'

Strabo, p. 147.

3.

II.

17.

Tacitus, de orat. 40.

^"^

aTreiTre?!/,

18.

"

&c.

Aulus Gellius,

VI, 3.

Polybios, XXXI. 7.

Suetonius, Nero, 7.

Dio Chrysostom, xxxi.

leg.

RHODES.

138

on them two still more wearisome

on the earthquake of 157 A.D. and the"
other on their political factions. The oration on the earthquake was perhaps intended more for Antoninus Pius than
for the Rhodians themselves, and may have weighed with the
emperor in his decision to rebuild their city.

Aristeides

inflicted

orations', the

first

The Doric dialect of Rhodes was very marked. Thus it

was said that when the Rhodians who founded Gagae landed
in Lycia, the Lycians asked them what they wanted and were
answered in broad Doric, 7a, 7a, Land, land whereon they
called the new city ydyai ^
And when a certain Zeno was
discoursing somewhat affectedly before Tiberius, the emperor
asked what vile dialect he might be speaking. Zeno replied
that it was Doric and Tiberius at once banished him to
Cinaria, thinking the man was sneering at him for his retreat
A century after Tiberius there was hardly a
at Rhodes
name to be found in the island that was not Doric * and the
;

'.

inscriptions with few exceptions maintained there Doric to

the

last.

Strabo* noted that the Rhodians said ipv0l^w<s for

but the inscriptions read epedi/[Link]';. The converse
'^

epvalfii.o<;,

change of

and

rrepi^oXiPfocrai,

that in

and

Rhodes

fjb

for

occurs on

Rhodian inscription' in
Athenaos* remarked

TrepifioXv/SSoScrai.

j3pd/3v\a

was used

for KOKKVfirfka as in Sicily,

Xardr/r) for KOTra^o'i as in Sicily

many expressions

and

in Thessaly.

And

peculiar to the island have been preserved

by Hesychios. These must once have been numerous, for a

certain Moschos thought it worth his while to write a book
on the Explanation of Rhodian Phrases ^
1

Aristeides, XLIII. XLIV.

Etymologicum Magnum,

7ai.
3

Suetonius, Tiberius, 56.

* Aristeides, p.

401.

s. v.

Ta-

Strabo, p. 613.

R.

'

N. 351.

'

Athenseos, pp. 49, 666.

lb. p. 485.

I.

276, 277

R. H. 43, 44.

VIII.
LEGENDS.

Most
in

of the

Rhodian legends that survive are imbedded

a narrative in which the

latest

events

occur about a

thousand years before our era and the date of the earliest
can be measured only by generations of the gods\
The

Rhodian historians

whom

lected the isolated

legends that clung round worships and

Diodoros follows, apparently

col-

customs and ancient names, and then employed the scheme

of the chronographers to piece

however,

is

them

together.

This scheme,

always worthless and often inverts the true order

of the legends, for those of the earlier gods belong to a later

order of thought than those of the Olympians: and conse-

may

quently this narrative

The

Rhodes were Dorians

was Argos and they occupied the three
Lindos, lalysos and Camiros.

whose parent
cities,

be neglected.

earliest historical inhabitants of

state

Thus

Several of the legends accord with these facts.

the Catalogue of the Ships

in

Tlepolemos brought from Rhodes

nine ships of lordly Rhodians

who dwelt beneath

his

sway

in

Lindos and lalysos and glistening Camiros.

Astyocheia, a maiden of Ephyra, bore him to Heracles. And
when he was come to man's estate he slew the brother of his
sire's mother, the warrior Licymnios.
Then he built ships
and gathered together much people
and he fled away
threefold division,

over the sea, for the other sons of Heracles and

^

Diodoros, v. 55

59.

their sons

RHODES.

140

In grievous wanderings he

threatened him.

and there

his followers

made

came

to

Rhodes,

a threefold habitation in their

Pindar no doubt gives the local version of the legend

despots
was Tlepolemos the son of Heracles

tribes'.

that he must often have heard at the courts of the Rhodian

in Sicily.

It

His father's sire was Zeus, his mother's

Amyntor, and she Astydameia. Alcmene's bastard brother,
Licymnios, he slew at Tiryns, smiting him in headstrong
wrath. Then he went to the god and asked his bidding and
Apollo enjoined on him a voyage across the open sea from
Lerna's headland to a sea-girt realm where the gods' great
king had once bedewed a city with golden clouds^ In this
version Tlepolemos comes from Argolis at the bidding of the
Dorian god, Apollo and the tomb of his victim, Licymnios,
was pointed out at Argosl But in the Catalogue it is not
said whence he comes, nor are his followers there called
Dorians.
Strabo notes the omission, and argues that the
emigrants were .(Eolians and Boeotians rather than Dorians, as
Heracles and Licymnios dwelt at Thebes and that even if
Tlepolemos did start from Argos or Tiryns, his followers
would not on that account be Dorians, for it was before the
return of the Heracleidae*.
But Strabo is merely trying the
legend by the standard of the chronographers, and his argument may be left. The same train of thought no doubt
produced the statement that Rhodes was peopled by Lacedaemonians who departed out of Peloponnesos on the return
There was perhaps a Thessalian
of the Heracleidze''.
element among the emigrants. Pindar calls the mother of
Tlepolemos Astydameia, a daughter of the king of Thessaly:
and Hesiod agrees with him". In the Catalogue she is called
Astyocheia and comes from Ephyra in Thesprotis, whence the
and the Heraclids PheiThessalians migrated to Thessaly
dippos and Antiphos, who brought the ships from Cos and
that peopled Rhodes.

afterwards settled at Ephyra, are called sons of Thessalos.

These leaders from Rhodes and Cos were the only Heraclids
1

Homer,

Pindar, Ol. vii.

'

Pausanias, u. 22.

Iliad, ii.

653

670.

2334.

Strabo, p. 653.

"

Dexippos, Fr.

"

Hesiod, Fr. 90.

3.

LEGENDS.

141

who

fought before Ilion. Cnidos and Halicarnassos, which

were united in the earliest historic times with Cos and the
Rhodian cities in the Doric Hexapolis, were not held by the
Greeks at the date of the Catalogue
and the slaying of
Tlepolemos before Ilion by Sarpedon, king of Lycia, suggests
some repulse of the Dorian islanders from the mainland of
Asia Minor'. There were, however, legends^ in which Tlepolemos led the Rhodian colonies to the district of Sybaris and
But his
to the Balearic Islands after the return from Ilion.
death in the war is assumed in the Rhodian legend of Helen.
When Menelaos was dead Helen fled to Rhodes, and came
This Polyxo was by
to Polyxo who had been her friend.
birth of Argos, and had wedded with Tlepolemos there and
had shared his flight and now she ruled the island as his
son's guardian.
She took vengeance on her guest for the
death of Tlepolemos her handmaidens garbed themselves as
the Furies, and they seized Helen while bathing and hanged
her to a tree. Wherefore the Rhodians have a temple of
Helen of the Tree'. Some survival of the ancient tree worship was probably the nucleus of this legend.
It is not clear
whether the threefold division mentioned in the Catalogue
merely refers to the three Doric tribes, or implies the founding
Pindar regards them as
of the three cities by Tlepolemos.
already founded.
Strabo agrees in this, but also mentions a
report that Tlepolemos founded them and named them from
three of the daughters of Danaos.
Diodoros when giving the
legends of the Heracleidae says that Tlepolemos divided the
island into three parts and founded the three cities, but in
giving the Rhodian legends he says they were already
founded, and that the division was an equal allotment of the
land among the peopled All the legends agree that Tlepolemos was king of the whole island. There is this legend of
another Heraclid migration to Rhodes it seems formed from
Althasthat of Tlepolemos and that of Althaemenes of Crete.
menes, a grandson of Temenos the king of Argos, was at
:

659.

'

Homer,

'

Aristotle, p. 840; Strabo, p.

Iliad, V.

657

Silius Italicus, III. 364.

654;

'

Pausanias,

Diodoros,

III.

19.

IV. 58, v. 59.

RHODES.

142

variance with his brethren and departed out of Pcloponnesos

taking with him a body of Dorians and certain of the Pelasgi.

oracle bade him betake himself to Zeus and Helios and

An

ask from them a land to dwell

Zeus, and Rhodes
to Crete

first

to

make

and

is

the

left

that their

isle

Now

in.

Crete

is

there those of his followers

home

the

Wherefore he

of Helios.

and then he

who

isle

of

sailed

desired

on to Rhodes

sailed

It was also reported

some of the Dorians who founded Megara, left the new
city and went with him to Crete and Rhodes^.
Aristeides
tells the Rhodians they had Heracleidse and Asclepiada; for
founders and kings'. The legends of the Rhodian Asclepiadee

with the greater part of the Dorians \

that

have perished: but they probably pointed to a migration

from Epidauros, for Cos was very closely allied with Epidauros
in the worship of Asclepios. Mention is also made of Dorians
who departed out of Peloponnesos because of a grievous
famine, and made their abode in Rhodes*.
There is this

legend of the national hero of the Dorians. Heracles came

to Lindos, and there he asked from a husbandman food for
his son Hyllos

who journeyed with

him.

But the man gave

him no food, and treated him despitefuUy. Whereat Heracles

was wroth and slew one of the oxen of the plough wherewith
the man was ploughing he feasted thereon with his son in
contentment while the man cursed him from afar. Therefore
with curses the Lindians sacrifice to Heracles'. It appears
from other versions that the husbandman was named Theiodamas^ and that Heracles had landed at Thermydron'.
Probably some Egyptian antipathy to the sacrifice of oxen
formed the nucleus of this legend and then the name Ther:

mydron suggested Heracles, who was patron of hot springs.

The version in which Heracles slays both the oxen of Theiodamas apparently confuses these Lindian sacrifices with those
of the harvest festival Buzygial

Another group of legends deals with immigrations of

'

Conon,

'

Conon,

Strabo, p. 653.

"

Philostratos, imag.

'

Aristeides, p. 396.

'

ApoUodoros,

Hesychios,

"

Lactantius,

narrat. 47.

s.v. Ai^oSwpte??.

narrat. 11.

i.

II. 5.

11.

11.

24.

LEGENDS.

143

Greeks who were not Dorians. Haemon departed from

Thebes because he had slain a kinsman while hunting, and
came to Athens but he departed again thence with his followers and made his habitation in Rhodes with the men of
:

Macareus, the founder of Lesbos, sent out his son

Leucippos with much people and they were welcomed by
The followers
the Rhodians and shared the land with them.
Argos'.

of Macareus were of manifold races, but chiefly Ionian".

The

Rhodian land brought forth huge snakes, and many of the

people perished by them. Wherefore the Rhodians sent to
Delos to enquire of the god concerning the staying of the
plague
and Apollo bade them send for Phorbas and his
followers and give them a share in the island.
This Phorbas
was son of Lapithos and was wandering in Thessaly in search
of a land to dwell in.
And when he was come to Rhodes he
slew the snakes and freed the country from the terror and
thenceforth he dwelt in the island
There is another version
of this.-T-Rhodes was invaded by a multitude of serpents, and
among them was a dragon of huge size who slew very many
:

".

Then Phorbas, the son of Triopas by a

daughter of Myrmidon, was driven to the island in a storm

of the people.

and he slew the dragon and all the serpents'. This killing
of the dragon is very curious, for the legend recurs in the
island in the time of the Knights concerning the slaying of
the dragon by Deodato de Gozon.
The mediaeval dragon
seems to have been a crocodile. Another Rhodian legend
refers to Phorbas.
When Triopas was dead some of his
followers returned to Thessaly, but many went with Phorbas

to

lalysos or with his brother Periergos to the district of

Then

Camiros.
his sister

safe to shore at

one,

Periergos cursed Phorbas, and Phorbas and

Parthenia were shipwrecked.

Schedia near lalysos.

Thamneus, who took them

Howbeit they came

there met them

And

home, sending

to his

his slave

beforehand to prepare food. But when they came there,

nothing was made ready and he prepared all things himself
;

Wherefore

free

men

minister at the sacrifice of Phorbas, and

'

Menecrates of Nysa, Fr.

Diodoros, v. 81.

I.

lb. V. 58.

''

Polyzelos, Fr.

i.

RHODES.

144

no slave may draw nigh'. Phorbas is here called the son of

Lapithos or the grandson of Myrmidon, both of them Thessalians, and comes from Thessaly
but he is also called the son
:

of Triopas, the legendary" ancestor of the kings of [Link]

as the Argive Tlepolemos is called the son of the Thessalian

Astydameia. Settlements in the island of Thessalian and

other Greeks who were not Dorian no doubt formed the
groundwork of these legends but such settlers left no other
trace, and had been absorbed before historic times by the
:

Dorians.

In another group of legends the heroes are Egyptian or

Danaos fled out of Egypt with his fifty daughters

Phoenician.

and came to Lindos where he was welcorned by the people of

the country.
He founded there the temple of Athene and
dedicated the statue of the goddess: and after a season he
departed thence to Argos. But three of his daughters died
while they tarried at Lindos, and afterward Tlepolemos called
the three cities of Rhodes by their namesl In another version the temple is founded by the daughters of Danaos'. The
number of these daughters is explained by the legend that
the ship in which they came to Lindos was named the Pentecontoros, the vessel of fifty oars and this was the first ship
that came from Egypt to Greece''.
In historic times the trade
between Egypt and Greece passed through Lindos, and these
legends suggest that this was so in the earliest times. It was
perhaps by Egyptian sympathies and by commercial wealth
that Lindos was at one period isolated among the Rhodian
cities.
The Thessalians in one legend of Phorbas settle only at
lalysos and Camiros: and the Rhodian legends of the Phoenicians deal with settlements on the western coast, but hardly
mention Lindos. Cadmos, son of Agenor the king of Phcenicia, was sent forth by his sire in quest of his sister Europa.
As he sailed there arose a great storm, and he vowed a temple
He reached Rhodes and he
to Poseidon if he were saved.
founded in the island a temple of that god and left there cerThese joined the men
tain of the Phoenicians to care for it.

Dieuchidas, Fr.

Diodoros, V. ;8; Strabo,

7.

p. 654.

Herodotos,

The Parian Marble, Epoch.

II.

182.
9.

LEGENDS.

145

of lalysos and dwelt with

them as fellow citizens: and from

them the priests receive the priesthood by descent. And
Cadmos also made offerings to Athene' of Lindos'. It was
declared by an oracle that Althaemenes, son of Catreus the

sire.
To escape this abominafrom Crete, and many of the people
he came to Camiros and dwelt there

king of Crete, should slay his

Althsemenes

tion

fled

went with him. And

honoured by the people of the country: and upon Mount
Atabyros he founded the temple of Zeus Atabyrios on a lofty
crag whence Crete may be seen. Then Catreus sailed to
Rhodes to bring his son back to reign in Crete. But it was
night when he landed with some of his men, and the islanders
attacked them as pirates and in the fray Althaemenes hurled
his spear and unwittingly slew his sirel
In another version
Althaemenes names his settlement Cretenia: and he is accompanied by his sister Apemosyne, just as Phorbas is accompanied by Parthenia, and he slays her also by mishap'. Cretenia may here be merely Camiros under another name: it
lay below Mount Atabyros^
Patriotic genealogists managed
to shew that Althaemenes, Cadmos and Danaos were all Argive by descent.
lo was priestess of Hera at Argos.
She
was changed to a cow and wandered through many lands till
she came to Egypt there Zeus made her once more a woman,
and she bore him a son Epaphos. His son Agenor departed
to Phoenicia and ruled that land and there he begot Cadmos
and Europa. Zeus in the likeness of a bull carried Europa to
Crete, where' she bore him a son Minos.
His son Catreus was
the father of Althffimenes.
Danaos was of the lineage of
Epaphos in Egypt. The pedigree suggests that the curses
:

of the Lindians at the sacrifice of oxen and the veneration of

the bronze kine on

But

ism.

in spite

Mount Atabyros were

survivals of

Totem-

of the genealogists there probably were

true Phcenician settlements in Rhodes.

Apart from the legend

of Cadmos, the caste of priests at lalysos in historic times

implied such a settlement in that district in earlier times.

Then, although Althsemenes comes from Crete, his ancestors

^

Diodoros, V. 58.

'

Apollodoros, in.

'

Diodoros, V. 59.

Stephanos,

T. R.

2.

s.v. Kpip-Tji/fa.

10


RHODES.

146

have migrated thither from Phcenicia, and the temple that he

founds in Rhodes is of a Phoenician god: and that legend
would be based on some migration of Phoenicians from settleCamiros or Cretenia. And the three privirecall the customary Phoenician unions
of three cities. There is also a confused story of the occupation of lalysos and Camiros by a force of Phoenicians under a
certain Phalas in the days of the Trojan war": and the follow-

ments
leged

in Crete to

cities in

Rhodes

ing curious legend of the final expulsion of the Phoenicians.

Phalanthos the Phcenician and his people had an exceeding

strong city called Achaea in the district of lalysos and wanted

not for food

wherefore they cared

little

when

Iphiclos the

Moreover they knew from an oracle

that they should possess the land till there were white crows
and fish swam in the wine jars; and they were confident this
would never be. But Iphiclos heard of this response. Forthwith he waylaid a Phoenician, Larcas by name, who went to
draw water, and made covenants with him and then he
caught fish and threw them into the water jar, and bade the
man pour water therefrom into the jar whence wine was drawn
for Phalanthos
and this the man did. Then he caught
crows and chalked them, and let them go. And when Phalanthos saw the white crows, he went to the wine jar, and
there he found the fish. According to another version the
response was known only to a certain Phacas and to his
daughter Dorcia. She loved Iphiclos and was treating with
him through her nurse concerning marriage. It was she who
persuaded the water carrier to take the fish, and she chalked
And Phalanthos seeing the land was
the crows herself^
no more his, sent heralds to Iphiclos asking that he and
Iphiclos granted
his people might be suffered to depart.
this, and swore an oath that he would give them ships; he
swore also that they might take away whatsoever they should
carry in the belly. Then Phalanthos slew victims and taking
the entrails from out the bellies would carry off gold and
Whereon Iphiclos took out the rudders and
silver therein.
oars and sails from the ships and left only the hulks for the
Greek

laid siege to

them.

Dictys Cretensis, de bel. Troj. IV.

4.

Polyzelos, Fr.

2.

LEGENDS.
Phcenicians to depart in

buried

much

147

and they were

at a loss.

And

they

of their treasure, marking the places that they

might some day come to dig

it

up, but

much

of

it

they

left to

In this wise the Phoenicians departed out of Rhodes,

Iphiclos.

and the Greeks ruled the island'.

The remaining legends are of another order. The TelAided by Capheira the daughchines were sons of Thalassa.
ter of Oceanos they reared Poseidon, for Rhea delivered the
child into their charge. And when Poseidon came to man's
estate he loved Halia the sister of the Telchines, and she bore
him children, six sons and a daughter: and the daughter was
Then
called Rhodos, and the island had its name from her.
Aphrodite drew nigh the island as she passed from Cythera to
Cypres, but she was driven from its shores by the sons of
Poseidon in their overweening pride. Wherefore in her wrath
she sent madness upon them so that they wronged their

mother and did many evil things to the people. And Poseidon buried his sons beneath the earth because of the deed
they had wrought, and they were accounted dsmons of the
eastern lands.
But Halia cast herself into the sea, and the
people worshipped her as an immortal under the name Leucothea. Afterward the Telchines, foreseeing the deluge that

was to come, departed out of the island and were scattered

abroad''.
In other versions Rhodos is daughter of Oceanos
and of Aphrodite or Amphitrite'. This is the legend of a
sea-faring race: the sons of the sea and the daughter of the

ocean rear Poseidon, the lord of the waters; their sister

is

and Aphrodite, the goddess born of the

sea foam, would visit them. But the legend has been pressed
too far on this side and while an epic poet has pictured the
Halia, the salt wave:

Telchines gathering themselves out of the void abyss of the

sea*, a prosaic

archbishop has handed

down

the report that

they were amphibious and had webs between their fingers

after the

work

manner of geese'. The Telchines were the first to

and bronze: they made the trident for Poseidon

iron

'

Ergeias, Fr.

Diodoros, V. 55, 56.

Pindar, 01. vii. 14, and Scholia.

'

i.

Nonnos, Dionysiaca, XIV.

Eustathios of Thessalonica, ad

merum,

p. 772.

10

37.

Ho-

RHODES.

148

and the sickle for Cronos; and they were the first to fashion
images of the gods. They discovered certain of the arts and
gave to mankind other things advantageous to life. But they
were wizards and sorcerers. The charges against them are
for the most part general: rain and cloud, hail and snow
obeyed their will they changed their own shapes and so
forth.
There is but one specific charge they sprinkled sulphur in the water of the Styx with intent to destroy animals
and plants and did in fact by watering the fields therewith
:

make

barren the

of fruitful Rhodes'.

soil

Still,

their evil re-

pute clung to them; and objectionable things, such as violent

deaths and eclipses and bookworms, came to be called Telfirst home, and they were closely
and the Dactyls of Mount Ida: they
migrated thence to Cypres and afterwards to Rhodes'. Of
the two Telchines whose names are clearly Rhodian, Atabyrios is connected with Mount Atabyros and Mylas with Cape
Mylantia*. Both these places were near Camiros or Cretenia,
the home of the settlers from Crete in the legend of Althaemenes. Another report, however, brings the Telchines from

chines^

Crete was their

related to the Curetes

Peloponnesos'.

The chronographers placed

Telchines certain giants

who dwelt

in the

age of the

eastward parts of

in the

the island: also a people called the Gnetes or the Ignetes:

and

Spartseos, Cronios

bore to Zeus".

The

in the island of

bones

and Cytos,

whom

legends of these are

far larger

nymph Himalia
The discovery
of living men may

the

lost.

than those

Rhodos was beloved

and she bore him seven sons, Ochimos, Cercaphos,
Macar, Actis, Tenages, Triopas and Candalos; and also a
daughter, Electryone or Alectrona, who died young: these
were the Heliadae. Tenages was the goodliest of them all,
and certain of his brethren made away with him out of envy.
have given

by

'

rise to that

Helios,

Diodoros, V. 55; Strabo, p. 65+;

Nonnos, Dionysiaca, xiv. 47

machos, Hymn, in Delum. 32.
2

Stesichoros,

Fr.

Falatina, XI. 321.

^

of the giants'.

Strabo, p. 654.

9.^;

Calli-

Anthologia

Stephanos,

s.w.

'Aripvpoy,

Mv-

'Kavria..

Syncellos, p. 149.

Diodoros, v. 55;

T^^s; liesychios,
"^

Stephanos,

s.v. 'lYJiip-e!.

Phlegon, Fr. 45.

s.v.

LEGENDS.

t49

and Macar fled to LesCandalos to Cos, Actis to Egypt and Triopas to Caria,
where he dwelt on the cape named from him Tn'opion. But
Their plot was afterward found out

bos,

Ochimos and Cercaphos remained in Rhodes, for they were

innocent of the plot and they dwelt in the district of lalysos,
and there founded the city of Achjea. Ochimos the elder of
these was king; and he took to wife one of the nymphs of the
country, Hegetoria by name, who bore him a daughter at first
Cercaphos took her to
called Cydippe but afterward Cyrbia.
wife; and when his brother died, he reigned in his stead.
And when he died also, his three sons, Lindos, lalysos and
:

Camiros, ruled the island.

waste the city of Cyrbe

In their days a great flood laid

wherefore they divided the land between them, and each built a city called after his own name'-

In

Lesbos and Triopas to Caria,

and Triopas
of Phorbas, both of whom lead migrations from those places
to the island.
Then Actis flees to Egypt, whence comes
this

legend Macar

flees to

while in others Macareus

is

father of Leucippos

Danaos in another legend just as in others Danaos and Cadmos

go from Rhodes to Argos and Thebes, whence in others again
Tlepolemos and Hasmon come to Rhodes. And Electryone
;

here the sister of the Heliadae, while in the legend of Tlepo-

is

lemos Electryon

is

the father of Licymnios.

betrothed Cydippe to a certain

in his desire for

Ochimos

had

But Cercaphos
the maid persuaded the herald (for it was a
Ocridion.

custom to summon the brides by heralds) to lead her to him.

And he fled away with her, and returned not again till Ochi-

Wherefore at Rhodes no herald may enter

There is another legend of the Heliadae that served to explain an anomaly in Rhodian sacrifices.
When by the wielding of Hephsstos' axe Athene was
loosed from her sire's brain, Helios bade his sons be first to
build an altar in very substance to the new-born goddess and
gladden with sacrifice the hearts of Zeus and of his daughter.
Albeit they had germ of glowing flame, they kindled not the
fire: and with flameless sacrifices they made ready a grove in

mos was aged.

the shrine of Ocridion^.

'

VII.

Diodoros, v.

7176.

56,

57; Pindar, 01.

'

Plutarch, quaest. graec. 27.

RHODES.

ISO

Zeus rained gold on them from tawny clouds,

and Athene granted them with cunning hands to master every
art of mortals'.
This rain of gold was afterwards personified
as the descent of Plutos upon the acropolis ^ Another version
is more explicit.
When Athene was born, Helios proclaimed
to the Heliadffi that the goddess would abide with those who
first made sacrifice to her.
And this same proclamation was
their acropolis.

made

to the dwellers in Attica.

forgot to bring

fire,

The

Heliadae in their haste

and straightway

set the victims

on the

Cecrops the king of Attica tarried for fire and

was behind them in slaying the victims; and this custom endures in the sacrifices to Athene in Rhodes. And the Heliadee surpassed all men in learning and most of all in astronomy:
altar; while

and they discovered many things concerning seamanship and

the ordering of the hoursl

The

legend of the Heliadae

may

be a purely Rhodian version of that of the Telchines, which

Those of the Telchines

occurs in several parts of Greece.

who

settle in

Crete after their dispersion from Rhodes become

the Curetes: the Curetes are very closely related to the Cory-

bantes

and the Corybantes,

in a

legend that was current at

Hierapytna in Crete
which Corybas founded was also called Cyrbe and Camiros^
This suggests that Cyrbe where the Heliadae dwelt in Rhodes
was Camiros under another name, and Camiros is connected
with the Telchines through Atabyrios and Mylas. Achaea,
the city of the Heliada, was in the district of lalysos, and the
temple of Alectrona was there*: and the Telchines are also
But both Telchines and Heliadae very
called lalysian'.
curiously resemble the Phoenicians.
In the legend of Phalanthos the Phoenicians are established at Achsa, in that of Cadmos they settle at lalysos, in that of Phalas they occupy both
lalysos and Camiros, and in that of Althaemenes they come
from Crete to Camiros or Cretenia at the foot of Mount Atabyros and found the temple of Zeus Atabyrios on its summit.
Praesos in Crete, are sons of Helios ^

Pindar, Ol. VII. 36

51.

Philostratos, imag.

Diodoros, v. 56, jy.

Strabo, p. 472.

II.

27.

Stephanos,

N. 349.
Ovid, metamorph.

'

s.v. 'Ic/jaTnirra.

vil. 365.

LEGENDS.

151

cities founded by the Heliadse is of a Phoeand the charges of sorcery against the Telchines
are such as simple rustics might make against the civilized

The group of three

nician type,

PhcEnicians in the

cities.

The

Heliadas are endowed with

wealth and excellence in handicraft and the Telchines are

mighty workers of metal

who

while the Phoenicians were the rich

all the more costly

and especially with metal work. And the
Telchines are a race in union with the sea gods and the Heliadae are skilled in seamanship: while the Phoenicians were

traders

supplied the early Greeks with

objects of daily use

the great navigators of antiquity.

The

historical basis for all these legends of the

Rhodes was perhaps

island

among

this.

Three

cities

peopling of

were founded in the

a population presumably Carian

by Phoenicians

and from settlements in Crete.

Before these Phoenicians were firmly established at Lindos
they were expelled from that city by the Greeks and some
generations later the Greeks expelled them first from Camiros
and then from lalysos. The Greeks migrated to the island
from various districts and at various times the main body
coming from Peloponnesos and the chief of the minor bodies
from Thessaly. But these minor bodies were in time absorbed
by the ascendant body of Dorians, and the Carians were
expelled
and a homogeneous Greek population was thus
coming from Phoenicia

itself

formed.

There was this legend of the island itself. When Zeus

and the immortals meted out the earth, Rhodes was not yet
manifest amid the sea waves
the isle lay hidden in briny
depths.
And Helios was away from Olympos, and they left
him without portion of land. When he spake thereof, Zeus
:

lots again
but this he suffered not, for he
beheld within the surging sea that land arising from below to

would cast the

be a dwelling place for

men and

flocks.

Straightway he bade

Lachesis proclaim the gods' great oath and join with Zeus in
granting him that

be his realm'.

isle,

when

it

was born

into the upper

air,

to

According to the chronographers the Telchines

dwelt in the island long before

1

it

rose from the sea.

Pindar, 01. VII. 5568.

To

evade

RHODES.

152
this difficulty

some writers supposed

a deluge after the days of

the Telchines, while others rationalized the legend thus

myth is

that Helios loved

the

Rhodos and drove away the water that

is that there was continuous pouring

was above, but the fact

rain which made the lower parts of the island very swampy
and muddy till the Sun dried up the damp'. But Rhodes certainly rose from the sea. The great limestone mass of Mount
Atabyros and the lesser limestone hills, Akramytis, Elias,
Archangelo and Lindos, must once have formed a group of
islands and as these were gradually elevated, the lower hills
were being formed round them by volcanic action. These
facts were no doubt beyond the Rhodians of the mythopoeic
age but the elevated beds of sea shells at the base of the hills
would readily have suggested the legend.
:

'

Diodoros, v. jS.

INDEX.
Academics, 127

Atabyros, Mount,

Acanias (harbour), 2

145
Athene,

Achsa,

3, 146,

149

i,

33,

75, 84, 149,

i, 4,

Acheloos, 79
Acragas, 33, 75

Athene Lindia,

Administrators, Rliodian, 60, 61

Athenian

Admirals,

Athens and Rhodes,

3,

75,

76,

77,

150

74, 94, 95, 105, 106,

107, 123

etc., 47, 62,

63

Adoption, 67

iioff.

art,

14, 16, 18, 37,

38, 49, 64, 137

jEschines, 135

Agrigentum, 33, 75

Black Sea,

Alcibiades, 9

Brutus, 29, 136

Alectrona,

79, 83, 88, 148

3,

ij, 34,

50

Bryaxis, 95
Building, 68

Alexander the Great, 12, 51, 60, 61, 65,

105, 118

Bulls, 33, 75, 76

Alexandria,

Byzantion, 11, 12, 15, 19, 39, 50, 51

29,

35, 43,

50, 6r,

119,

124
Althffimenes, 79, 141, 145

Cadmos,

Amasis, 94, 106

Ambassadors, 63, 64

Caesar, 28, 29, 43, 48, 136

94, 144

Antoninus Pius, 52, 55, 118, 138

Cakes, 6g
Camarina, 33
Camiros, ruins

Apelles, 104, 105, 106

Caria, 18, 19, 20, 23,

Antirrhodos, 35

Apollo,

Argos,

4, 77,

Cato, 26, 70, 137

Aristomenes of Messene, 67, 79, 81

Aristophanes, 122

Chalce,

Aristotle, 123, 125,

Assyrian
Astyra,

art,

5, 8, 36,

84

96

Chersonese, Rhodian, 36
Chios, battle

of, 17, 42,

48

78,

88

Christianity, 92

109

ff.

Cicero, 128, 129, 131, 136

4, 116,

28,

Caunos, 26, 27, 28, 36, 62, 63, 66

Chares, 96, 97
Chelidonisma, 120

126

Artemis, 75, 77
Artemisia, 11, 12, 45, 89,
Asclepiadas, 78, 142
2,

26, 27,

Cassius, 29, 43, 48, 107, 136

Aristeides, jElius, 2, 55, 138

Asclepios,

68, 90, 91

62,66

78

139145

6,

at, 4,

118

Circumnavigation, 130

36,

INDEX.

54

Cleobulos,

Cnidos,

94) 119* 120

7i

of, 9, 51,

Coins,

14I

6, 8, 9, 34, 51, 95,

riS

Earthquakes. 15, 45, 54, 55, 138

Egypt and Rhodes, 9, 13, 14, 16,
18, 25, 34, 35, 49, 144;

4, 35, 51, 52,

ri8
37

116

Colonies, Rhodian, 31

Colossos, 96

league

82; gods

in, 58,

108

98

Epaminondas,

Confederacies of Delos,

Epicureans, 126

11,38

Erethimios, 138, see Apollo.

Ethnics, 5

Consuls, 64

Corn, 9, 25, 49
Coronisma, 120
II,

Exports, 50

18,

36,

51,

42,

39,

95,

Farnese Bull, 93, 10 r, 102, 106

Festivals,

141

Crete and Rhodes, 14,

16,

17, 27, 32,

73,

74,

76,

Fighting cocks, 70

151, see Hierapytna.

Figs, 69

Cretenia, 4, 145
Cronios, 148

Fire balls, 44, 56

Fire ships, 42, 44, 48

Cronos, 75

Fish, 69

Ctcense, 84

77, 79,

8082,

84

33. 42, 55, 59. 142, 145. 148, 150.

Cyrbe,

10, 51

Epics, 119, 124, 125

Constantinople, 107, 129

Cos, 6,

of,

11

Ephesos, league with,

9,

80; art

ff.

Colossal statues at Rhodes, 95, loi

Comedy, 121, 122
7,

of, 79,

17,

Rhodians

37 4i 47
Floods, 53, 54, 149, 152
Fleet,

4, 5, 149,

150

Cyrene, 58, 116

Cytos, 148

GagEE, 35, 138

Gambling, 70

Damagetos, 7, 67, 81
Danaos, 40, 94, 144

Gela,

'Dareios, 7, 121

Deigma
Delos,

66,

86

35

General average, 52
etc., 61, 62

(bazaar), 2, 53, 96, 97

27,

7, 32, 33,

Gems, 108

see

99,

Generals,

Confede-

racies.

Geographers, 129

131

Giants, 148

Delphi, 35, 64, 67, 82, 95, 120, 123

Gifts, state, 15, 6^, 90, 105,

Demes,

Glass ornaments, no, 113

Demetrios Poliorcetes,

13,

14, 41, 44,

Gnetes, 148

45, 89, 97, 104, 105

Gods, foreign, 82

Gold ornaments,

Democracy,

12, 65,

66

108, 109, 116

Demosthenes, 49, 135, 137

Government, 6r, 62, 65, 66

Despots,

Gracchus, 27, 137

7,

81, 120

Diagoras, 74, 81, 95

Grammarians, 134

Diagorid^, 8r, 95
Diogenes, 70
Dionysos, 2, 76, 88, 106

Grapes, 69

Dockyard, 17, 45, 46

Dorians of Rhodes, 6, 139
Doric dialect, 138
Dorieus, 8, 67, 81, 82, 95

Dragons, 143

106

Guilds,

8588

Gymnasion, 68

142,

151

Haemon, 143
Halicarnassos,

6, 11, 12, 34, 45, 51, 80,

95, 141

Hannibal, 21, 22

INDEX.
Harbours of the city of Rhodes,

i, t,

44,

12

20,

14, 16

23

27

45
Helen, 79, 94, 141

Mastroe, 85, 88

Helepolis, 14, 56, 57

HeUadas, 93, 94, 148

HeUos,

ISS

Macedonian Wars,

Mausolos, II

151

Megiste, 22, 35, 118

24, 63, 64, 73, 74, 96,

Memnon,

107

59,

60

Mentor, 60, 126

Hera, 76, 78

142

Heracles, 78, 103, 114, 115, 119, 142

Mercenaries, 57, 58, 59

Meridian of Rhodes, 139, 130

Hermes, 76

Mithridates, 27, 28, 44, 58, 61, 89

Heracleidse, 139

Herod of Judsea,

Monotheism, 91

46, 64, 70

Music, 74, 123

Mycenae, 107 if.

Hestia, 78

Hexapolis, 6, 34, 80

Hierapytna, Rhodian treaty with,

46,

Mylas, 79, 148

Myndos,

88

48. 69. 63. 65. 81.

battles at, 27, 29, 43

Hierothyteion at Lindos, 83, 90

Hippodamos of

Naples, 32, 93

Miletos, 53

133

Honours, 90

Naucratis, 34, 50, 108

Naval law, 52

Human

Nero,

Historians, r3i

sacrifices, 75
Hypereides, 135, 137

70, 107, 137

Netteia, 4, 5, 88

Nymphs,
lasos, 62

Ocridion, 76, 79, 149

Ignetes, 148

Inessa {fountain},

Isis,

'It

78, 79

league with, 9,51

Inscribed

ff.

stelse,

5,

87

Oligarchy, 7

34

89

12

Olympia, 64, 70, 81, 95, 100, 112

80

Islands subject to Rhodes,

Painting at Rhodes, 102

36

105

Parallel of Rhodes, 129, 130

Ixia or Ixise, 4, 77

Parrhasios, 103
Jettison, 52

Paul the Apostle, 92

Jews, 92

Pausistratos, 19, 21, 46, 48, 59

Peloponnesian War,

Jus Gentium, 128

7, 8, 9, 37,

38

Pentapolis, 6, 80

Lade, battle

of, 18,

Laocoon, 93, 100

Pentecontoros, 40, 41, 144

42

102,

106

Per^a, Rhodian,

Law, Rhodian naval, 52

Leucippos, 143

of, 5,

at, 3, 74,

Peripatetics, 125
75, 91

65; colonies

of,

territory

9,

38

Lysippos, 96

43

127

Persia and Rhodes,

7, 10, 12, 37,

121

Phalas, 146

66

Pharos, 35, 97
Phaselis, 34, 35

Philosophers, 125

Phoenician

Macareus,

58
24, 27,

Phalaris, 33, 75

70, 72

Lycia, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 36, 62,

Lysander,

Phalanthos, 146

37

Lipara, 34, 130

Luxury, 68

15, 17

102

Lindopolitse, 65

Lindos, ruins

19, 20, 24, 36,

Pergamos and Rhodes,

129

art, 94,

109

ff.

Phoenicians in Rhodes, 76, 77,144

151

INDEX.

156
Phorbas, 79, 124, 143, 144

Slaves, 50, 55, 57, 6r, 66, 85

Physicians, 133

Slingers, 58

Pindar, 74, 123, 140

Snakes, 143

Piracy, 16, 27, 28, 31, 41, 42, 48, 49

Social

Pistis,

War,

11, 39, 41

Solo:, 23, 35,

80

Poets, 119

49
Sparta and Rhodes, 7

125

Polyxenidas, 21, 22, 59

Spart^os, 148

Pompey,

Statuettes, 109,

28, 29, 48, 61, 70, 129, 136

10,

no, 113

102

Porcelain, Egyptian, 108, 112

Statues, 89, 90, 93

Poseidon, 47, 73, 77, 83, 144

Poseidonios, 129
131, 137

Stoics, 127

Praxiteles, 95, 96

Syracuse,

Priests, etc., 83

Syria and Rhodes, 17, 20

Prytanes, 61, 62, 129

at sea, 41

Ransoms,

57, 58

44

Rhetoric, 134

of,

Themistocles,

ruins

53

of,

55;

i,

2,

91; ac-

population

of,

14, 28, 29, 44, 45,

of,

S4-58
Rhodes (island), position and
names for, 125; legend of,
Rhodos (nymph), 82, 147, 148

size,

151, 152

Rhodes, 70, 71, 89

Rhodes, 14, 16 30, 50, 51,

-i,

11,

118

I2i

Geots on statues, 89
Theophiliscos, 17

Theophrastos, 125, 126

Thera, island upheaved near, 36, 77

Thermydron

(harbour), 4, 142

Thessalians in Rhodes, 140, 143, 144,

151
Tiberius, 63, 70, 71, 134, 137, 138

Tlepolemos, 79, 139

141

93, loi, 102, 106

Sailors, 47, 48, 59

44, 45

Samos, league with,

Tribes, 85, 141

10, 51

Trierarchs, 47

143
Sculpture, Rhodian school

Triopian Cape,

3,

of,

98

6,

80

102

Seamanship, 43, 47

Vases, metal, 106; terracotta, 107

Shells, engraved, 108, 109

Vines, 69

Ship-building, 45, 46
Ships of war, 37 41

Wine,

Shot, 44, 56
Siana, excavations

116

50, 69, 70

Wine-jars, 50, 117

at, 4, 107,

112

Sicilian Expedition, 7, 33, 37, 58

3234,

54,

88

Totemism, 145
Trade, 15, 16, 49 51, 128
Tree worship, 79, 141

Sacrilege, 89

Sarapis, 79
Schedia (harbour),

7,

Tombs, 91
Toro Farnese,

63, 106, 107

Sicily, 15,

50

44

Thebes and Rhodes,

55; sieges

Sambuca,

Tactics, naval, 41

57, 63, 6s, 72,

138

(city),

at

22, 25,

Theatre in the city of Rhodes,

Revenue, 66

Rome and

Telchines, 78, 79, 93, 147 ff.

Thalassocratia, 31, 36, 133

80

13, 14, 36,

Ramming

Romans

33, 34, 105

7, 8,

105, 106, 116

Ptolemy Soter,

count

129

Stratoniceia, 19, 20, 27, 36, 66

85
103

Protogenes,

Rhodes

67

40, 49,

Simonides of Ceos, 120

Zeus, 75, 76, 80; Atabyrios,

50

123

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED EY

C.J. CLAY, M.A.,

Polieus,

i, i,

76, 145

&

AT THE UNIVERSITY

SON,

3,

75,

33, 75

PRESS.