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Divergence Theorem

The document summarizes two examples that verify theorems from vector calculus: 1) The divergence theorem is verified for the vector field F = xi + yj + zk over a sphere of radius a centered at the origin. The divergence integral I1 and flux integral I2 are shown to be equal, verifying the theorem. 2) Stokes' theorem is verified for the vector field F(r) = yi - xj over the upper hemisphere of a sphere of radius 3 centered at the origin. The circulation integral I1 and surface integral I2 are shown to be equal, verifying the theorem.

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Adithya
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278 views6 pages

Divergence Theorem

The document summarizes two examples that verify theorems from vector calculus: 1) The divergence theorem is verified for the vector field F = xi + yj + zk over a sphere of radius a centered at the origin. The divergence integral I1 and flux integral I2 are shown to be equal, verifying the theorem. 2) Stokes' theorem is verified for the vector field F(r) = yi - xj over the upper hemisphere of a sphere of radius 3 centered at the origin. The circulation integral I1 and surface integral I2 are shown to be equal, verifying the theorem.

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Adithya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Example 1: Verify the divergence theorem for the vector eld

F = xi + yj + zk
over the sphere V of radius a centred at the origin
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 :
Solution:
(a) Divergence integral
The divergence of F is
r F=

@
@
@
(x) +
(y) +
(z) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
@x
@y
@z

so
I1 =

ZZZ
V

ZZZ
r FdV =3
dV:
V

Method 1: Note: the value of the integral


ZZZ
4 3
a :
1dV = volume of region V =
3
V
use this fact without proof.
Method 2: Relative to spherical polar coordinates the limits are constants
and dV = r2 sin drd d
ZZZ
Z Z 2 Z a
dV =
r2 sin drd d
V

=
=
=
Hence
I1 = 3

1 3
r
3

sin d d
0

Z
Z 2
1 3
a
sin d
d
3
0
0
1 3
2
a [ cos ]0 [ ]0
3
1 3
a
2 2
3
1 3
a
3

4 = 4 a3

(a) Flux integral


Let
F (x; y; z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2

a2 = 0

then
rF = 2xi + 2yj + 2zk
1

and
jrF j =

q
2
2
2
(2x) + (2y) + (2z) = 2a:

Hence the outward unit normal to the sphere is


n=

rF
xi + yj + zk
=
:
jrF j
a

and

xi + yj + zk
a

F n = (xi + yj + zk)

x2 + y 2 + z 2
a

On the surface S of the sphere


a2
= a:
a

F njS =
Thus,
I2 =

ZZ
S

ZZ
F ndS = a
dS:
S

Let S1 ; S2 denote the upper and lower hemispheres then


0
1
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
@
A
I2 = a
dS +
dS = 2a
dS
S1

S2

(1)

S1

Method 1: Note: the value of the integral


ZZ
1
1dS = area of S1 =
2

4 a2 :

S1

use this fact without proof.


Method 2: Relative to spherical polar coordinates r = a and the element
of area is dS = a2 sin d d
ZZ

S1

dS

= a

1
2

a2 sin d d

1
2

sin d

= a2 [ cos ]02 [ ]0
= a2 1 2
= 2 a2 :
Hence
I2 = 2a

2 a2 = 4 a3 :
2

Hence
I1 = I2
and the Divergence theorem is veried in this example. Method 2 is the preferred
method, but:
Method 3: Returning to equation (1)
From Theorem 4.5, on S1
q
2 + F2 + F2
F;x
;y
;z
jrF j
2a
a
dxdy =
dxdy =
dxdy = dxdy
dS =
jF;z j
jF;z j
j2zj
z
a
= p
dxdy
a2 x2 y 2

so

ZZ
p
I2 = 2a
a2
A

x2

y2

dxdy

where A denotes the disc

x2 + y 2

z = 0;

Thus, transforming to plane polar coordinates


Z 2 Z a
2
I2 = 2a
0
0 (a2
Z 2 h
= 2a2
a2
0

2a

a2

2 )1=2

d d

ia
2 1=2
0

ad

4 a3 :

and again
I1 = I2 :
Example 2: Verify Stokestheorem for the vector eld
F (r) = yi

xj

taken over hemisphere


x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9;

x2 + y 2 = 9;

z = 0:

and its bounding circle


Solution: (a) Circulation integral
F (r) dr = (yi xj) (dxi + dyj + dzk)
= ydx xdy:
3

The equation of the circle may be written parametrically as


x = 3 cos ;

y = 3 sin

so
dx =
where 0

3 sin d ;

dy = 3 cos d

2 : Let
I1

I
F (r) dr = ydx

(3 sin ) ( 3 sin d )

xdy

(3 cos ) (3 cos d )

18 :

(b) Surface integral


r

i
j
@=@x @=@y
y
x

F =
=
=

0i 0j + ( 1
2k:

k
@=@z
0
1) k

From example 1, with a = 3


n=
Let
I2 =
=

Z Z

xi + yj + zk
:
3

Z Z

(r

F) ndS

xi + yj + zk
3
Z Z
2
zdS
3
S

( 2k)

dS

Method 1:
I2

=
=
=

Z Z

2
3

2
3

1
2

1
2

cos sin d

18

1
sin 2 d
2

36

18 :

32 sin d d

3 cos

18

zdS

2
1
2

1
cos 2
4

Method 2: From Example 1


3
dxdy
z
Z Z
2
3
=
z dxdy
3
z
S
Z Z
= 2
dxdy
dS =

1
2

2
=

d d

2
0

So
I1 = I2
and Stokestheorem is veried.
Examination:
3 hour paper, two sections, Section A (TS), Section B (DH)
There are three question in each Section.
Answer 5 questions (from 6).
Please use separate booklets for each Section.
There are some formulae at the end of the paper (trig. identities, standard
derivatives and integrals).
Make sure you revise enough material to be able to answer 6 questions.
For Section B:
(1) There will be 1 ques. on Coordinate systems/Partial Dierentiation
1 ques. on 1st order pdes
5

1 ques. on Vector Calculus


(2) Revision hints:
(a) Understand and learn important denitions and theorems.
In stating denitions and theorems explain your notation.
(b) Make sure you can do the examples given in the lectures and in the
examples sheets.

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