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Navier-Stokes for Engineers

The document summarizes the Navier-Stokes equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances. It presents the momentum and incompressibility equations and describes how the Reynolds number characterizes the ratio of inertial to viscous forces. It also outlines the common projection approach used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations numerically, including discretizing the equations on a staggered grid and using an implicit pressure correction scheme.

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Yasir Munir
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113 views5 pages

Navier-Stokes for Engineers

The document summarizes the Navier-Stokes equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances. It presents the momentum and incompressibility equations and describes how the Reynolds number characterizes the ratio of inertial to viscous forces. It also outlines the common projection approach used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations numerically, including discretizing the equations on a staggered grid and using an implicit pressure correction scheme.

Uploaded by

Yasir Munir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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18.

336 spring 2009

lecture 23

05/05/08

Navier-Stokes Equations

ut + (u )u = p +

1
2 u
Re

[+g] Momentum equation

u=0

Incompressibility

Incompressible ow, i.e. density = constant.

Reynolds number:

Re =

U L
inertial forces
=

viscous forces

U = Characteristic velocity
L = Characteristic length scale
= Kinetic viscosity

u
in 2D: u =
v
1
(1) ut + uux + vuy = px + Re
(uxx + uyy )
(2) vt + uvx + vvy = py +

1
(v
Re xx

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

+ vyy )

(3) ux + vy = 0
Famous Problems:
Lid driven cavity

Flow around cylinder

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

3 unknowns, 3 equations
DAE (Dierential Algebraic System), (3) is a constraint

Solve by projection approach:


In each time step

1
2
u
I. Solve ut + (u )u =
Re
U Un
1 2 n

U
= (U n )U n +
t
Re
Note: U
= 0
II. Project on divergence-free velocity eld
U n+1 U
= p

t
!

What is p : 0 = U n+1 = U t2 P

2 p =
U
Poisson equation for pressure
t
Discretization:
Solution:

u = v = 0,

p = constant

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

But: Central dierences


on grid allow solution
Uij = Vij = 0,

P1
i + j even
for
Pij =
P2
i + j odd
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Fix: Staggered grid

pressure p
velocity u
velocity v

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Boundary Conditions:

U13 = uw
U21 + U22
= us U21 + U22 = 2us
2

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Numerical Method:
I. a) Treat Nonlinear Terms
uux + vuy = (u2 )x + (uv)y

uvx + vvy = (uv)x + (v 2 )y

(U 2 )
x

(Ui+ 1 ,j )2 (Ui 1 ,j )2
2

Uij

ij

(U V )
y

(use ux + vy = 0)

Ui,j+ 1 Vi,j+ 1 Ui,j 1 Vi,j 1


2

ij

Ui+ 1 ,j Vi+ 1 ,j Ui 1 ,j Vi 1 ,j
(U V )

2
2
2
2
=

x
x
ij

(V 2 )
y

Ui,j+ 1
2

(Vi,j+ 1 )2 (Vi,j 1 )2

ij

(U V )

y
ij
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Ui,j + Ui+1,j
Ui,j + Ui,j+1
,
Ui,j+ 1 =

2
2
2

n
2
Ui,j Ui,j
(U )
(U V )
=

t
x i,j
y
i,j

n
n
Vi,j Vi,j n
(U V )
(V 2 )
=

t
x
y i,j
i,j

where Ui+ 1 ,j =

I. b) Implicit Diusion
U U
1
=
K2D U
t
Re

V V
1
=
K2D
V
t
Re

5 point Laplace stencil with Dirichlet boundary conditions


II. Pressure Correction

1 U V
K2D P =
+
t
x
y
with Neumann boundary conditions

p
= 0

U
x

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.


n+1

U
P
=
t
x
n+1

V
V
P
=
t
y
U

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18.336 Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations


Spring 2009

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