PART-A
1.
2.
Assumptions in working stress method
1. Plane section before bending will remain plane after bending.
2. Stress-strain relations obey Hooks law (linear)
3. Tensile stresses are taken by steel only.
4. Modular ratio is m=280/3cbc.
3.
Long-term deflection occurs over a long period of time largely due to shrinkage
and creep of the materials.
The following are the major factors influencing the long-term deflection of the
structures.
(a) Humidity and temperature ranges during curing,
(b) Age of concrete at the time of loading, and
(c) Type and size of aggregates, water-cement ratio, amount of compression
reinforcement, size of members etc., which influence the creep and shrinkage of
concrete.
4.
Cracking occurs in RCC due to the following reasons:
1. Structural cracking due to bending action under applied loads.
2. Cracking due to volumetric changes initiated by shrinkage, creep, thermal and
chemical effects.
3. Cracking due to additional curvature.
4. Cracking due to stress concentration.
5. Cracking due to corrosion of reinforcement.
5.
BALANCED SECTION:
In balanced section, the strain in steel and strain in concrete reach their
maximum values simultaneously. The percentage of steel in this section is known
as critical or limiting steel percentage. The depth of neutral axis (NA) is Xu= Xu
max.
UNDER-REINFORCED SECTION:
An under-reinforced section is the one in which steel percentage (pt) is less than
critical or limiting percentage (pt, lim). Due to this the actual NA is above the
balanced NA and
Xu < Xu max.
OVER-REINFORCED SECTION:
In the over reinforced section the steel percentage is more than limiting
percentage due to which NA falls below the balanced NA and Xu >Xu max.
Because of higher percentage of steel, yield does not take place in steel and
failure occurs when the strain in extreme fibres in concrete reaches its ultimate
value.
6.
Doubly reinforced section of a beam is provided in following circumstances:
1. Architectural restrictions.
2. Restriction in depth.
3. Where it is required to increase the stiffness of beam.
7.
If the point falls within the design interaction curve, the column is safe, otherwise
it is not safe.
8.
Eccentrically loaded columns:
When the line of action of resultant compressive force doesnt coincide with the
center of gravity of column c/s, then eccentric loading comes.
According to IS 456:Emin=(L/500)+(lateral dimension/30)
or subjected to a minimum of 20mm.
if Emin > 20mm then column should be designed as eccentrically loaded column.
9.
Following are the types of shallow foundation:
1. Strip footing
2. Isolated footing
3. Combined footing
4. Strap footing
5. Mat/Raft foundation
A combined footing supports two columns. It is used when the two columns are
so close to each other that their individual footings would overlap. A combined
footing is also provided when the property line is so close to one column that a
spread footing would be eccentrically loaded when kept entirely within the
property line. By combining it with that of an interior column, the load is evenly
distributed. A combined footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan.
Combined footing
10. One way & two-way shear of a footing:
PART- B
1. LIMIT STATE METHOD (LSM):The philosophy of the limit state method of design represents a definite
advancement over the traditional design philosophies. Unlike WSM which based
calculations on service load conditions alone, and unlike ULM, which based
calculations on ultimate load conditions alone, LSM aims for a comprehensive
and rational solution to the design problem, by considering safety at ultimate
loads and serviceability at working loads.
The LSM philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format which attempts to
provide adequate safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate serviceability at
service loads, by considering all possible Limit State
.
LIMITS STATES:A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases to
perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety of
serviceability i.e. it either collapses or becomes unserviceable.
There are two types of limit states:
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (LIMIT STATES OF COLLAPSE):- which deal with
strength, overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture etc.
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES: which deals with discomfort to occupancy
and/ or malfunction, caused by excessive deflection, crack width, vibration
leakage etc., and also loss of durability etc.
Characteristic strength: Characteristic strength of concrete is the strength of
concrete specimens casted and tested as per given code of practice and cured
for a period of 28 days; 95% of tested cubes should not have a value less than
this value.
Characteristic load:
The maximum load that the structure has to withstand and for which it has to be
designed is called characteristic load.
Design strength (fd) and partial safety factor for material strength:
The strength to be taken for the purpose of design is known is known as design
strength and is given by
Design strength (fd)
= characteristic strength/ partial safety factor for material strength
The value of partial safety factor depends upon the type of material and upon the
type of limit state. According to IS code, partial safety factor is taken as 1.5 for
concrete and 1.15 for steel. Design strength of concrete in member = 0.45fck
