ResearchandAnalysisWing

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TheResearchandAnalysisWing(R&AWorRAW)isthe
primaryforeignintelligenceagencyofIndia.Itwas
establishedin1968followingtheintelligencefailuresofthe
SinoIndianandIndoPakistaniwars,whichpersuadedthe
GovernmentofIndiatocreateaspecialised,independent
agencydedicatedtoforeignintelligencegathering[1]
previously,bothdomesticandforeignintelligencehadbeen
thepurviewoftheIntelligenceBureau.[2]
DuringthenineyeartenureofitsfirstDirector,Rameshwar
NathKao,R&AWquicklycametoprominenceintheglobal
intelligencecommunity,playingaroleinmajoreventssuch
astheindependenceofBangladeshandtheaccessionofthe
stateofSikkimtoIndia.[3]Theagency'sprimaryfunctionis
gatheringforeignintelligence,engagingincounterterrorism,
promotingcounterproliferation,advisingIndian
policymakers,andadvancingIndia'sforeignstrategic
interests.[4][5][6]ItisalsoinvolvedinthesecurityofIndia's
nuclearprogramme.[7][8]Manyforeignanalystsconsiderthe
R&AWtobeaneffectiveorganisationandidentifyitasone
oftheprimaryinstrumentsofIndia'snationalpower.[9][10]
HeadquarteredinNewDelhi,R&AW'scurrentchiefis
RajinderKhanna,a1978batchofficeroftheResearchand
AnalysisService.[11]TheheadofRAWisdesignated
"Secretary(Research)"intheCabinetSecretariat,andis
underthedirectcommandofthePrimeMinisterandreports
onanadministrativebasistotheCabinetSecretaryofIndia,
whoreportstothePrimeMinister.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Background:193368
1.2 RAW:1968present
2 Objectives
3 Organisationalstructure
4 Recruitment
4.1 Training
5 Functionsandmethods
6 Operations
7 Controversies
7.1 Defections&spyscandals
8 Notableofficers
9 Inpopularculture
10 Seealso
11 References
12 Furtherreading
13 Externallinks

ResearchAndAnalysisWing

Agencyoverview
Formed

September21,1968

Headquarters NewDelhi
Motto

:(Thelawprotects
whenitisprotected.)

Annual
budget

Classified

Agency
executive
Parent
agency
Child
agencies

RajinderKhanna,Secretary
(Research)
PrimeMinister'sOffice
TheAviationResearch
Centre
RadioResearchCenter
ElectronicsandTechnical
Services
NationalTechnicalResearch
Organisation
SpecialFrontierForce

13 Externallinks

History
Background:193368
PriortotheinceptionoftheResearchandAnalysisWing,overseasintelligencecollectionwasprimarilythe
responsibilityoftheIntelligenceBureau(IB),whichwascreatedbytheBritish.In1933,sensingthepolitical
turmoilintheworldwhicheventuallyledtotheSecondWorldWar,theIntelligenceBureau'sresponsibilities
wereincreasedtoincludethecollectionofintelligencealongIndia'sborders.
In1947,afterindependence,SanjeeviPillaitookoverasthefirstIndianDirectoroftheIB.Havingbeen
depletedoftrainedmanpowerbytheexitoftheBritish,PillaitriedtorunthebureauonMI5lines.In1949,
Pillaiorganisedasmallforeignintelligenceoperation,buttheIndiandebacleintheSinoIndianwarof1962
showedittobeineffective.Foreignintelligencefailureduringthe1962SinoIndianWarledthenPrime
MinisterJawaharlalNehrutoorderadedicatedforeignintelligenceagencytobeestablished.[4][6]Afterthe
IndoPakistaniwarof1965,IndianChiefofArmyStaffGeneralJoyantoNathChaudhurialsocalledformore
intelligencegathering.[4][5]Aroundtheendof1966theconceptofaseparateforeignintelligenceagencybegan
totakeconcreteshape.

RAW:1968present
TheIndiraGandhiadministrationdecidedthatafullfledgedsecondsecurityservicewasneeded.R.N.Kao,
thenadeputydirectoroftheIntelligenceBureau,submittedablueprintforthenewagency.[12]Kaowas
appointedasthechiefofIndia'sfirstforeignintelligenceagency,theResearchandAnalysisWing.[13]:259The
R&AWwasgiventheresponsibilityforstrategicexternalintelligence,humanaswellastechnical,plus
concurrentresponsibilitywiththeDirectorateGeneralofMilitaryIntelligencefortacticaltransbordermilitary
intelligenceuptoacertaindepthacrosstheLineofcontrol(LOC)andtheinternationalborder.[4][6]
R&AWstartedasawingofthemainIntelligenceBureau
with250employeesandanannualbudgetof20million
(US$297,200.00).Intheearlyseventies,itsannualbudget
hadrisento300million(US$4.5million)whileits
personnelnumberedseveralthousand.In1971,Kaohad
persuadedtheGovernmenttosetuptheAviationResearch
Centre(ARC).TheARC'sjobwasaerial
reconnaissance.[14][15]ItreplacedtheIndianAirForce'sold
reconnaissanceaircraftandbythemid1970s,R&AW,
TheframeworkofIndianintelligence
throughtheARC,hadhighqualityaerialpicturesofthe
installationsalongtheChineseandPakistaniborders.
Presently,thebudgetofR&AWisspeculatedtobeashighasUS$450million[16][17]toaslowasUS$100
million.[18]
SlowlyotherchildagenciessuchasTheRadioResearchCenterandElectronics&Tech.Serviceswereadded
toR&AWinthe1970sand1990s.Inthe1970stheSpecialFrontierForcemovedtoR&AW'scontrol,working
totrainBengalirebels.[13]:262In2004GovernmentofIndiaaddedyetanothersignalintelligenceagencycalled
theNationalTechnicalFacilitiesOrganisation(NTFO),whichwaslaterrenamedasNationalTechnical
ResearchOrganisation(NTRO).ItisbelievedtobefunctioningundertitularcontrolofR&AW,althoughit
remainsautonomoustosomedegree.WhiletheexactnatureoftheoperationsconductedbyNTROisclassified,
itisbelievedthatitdealswithresearchonimageryandcommunicationsusingvariousplatforms.[4][5][5]

TheJointIntelligenceCommittee(JIC),undertheCabinetSecretariat,isresponsibleforcoordinatingand
analysingintelligenceactivitiesbetweenR&AW,theIntelligenceBureauandtheDefenceIntelligenceAgency
(DIA).Inpractice,however,theeffectivenessoftheJIChasbeenvaried.[19]Withtheestablishmentofthe
NationalSecurityCouncilin1999,theroleoftheJIChasbeenmergedwiththeNSC.R&AW'slegalstatusis
unusual,inthatitisnotan"Agency",buta"Wing"oftheCabinetSecretariat.Hence,R&AWisnotanswerable
totheParliamentofIndiaonanyissue,whichkeepsitoutofreachoftheRighttoInformationAct.[20][21]This
exemptionwasgrantedthroughSection24readwithScheduleIIoftheact.[22]However,informationregarding
theallegationsofcorruptionandhumanrightsviolationshastobedisclosed.[22][23]

Objectives
ThepresentR&AW[24]objectivesinclude,andarenotlimitedto:
Monitoringthepolitical,military,economicandscientificdevelopmentsincountrieswhichhavedirect
bearingonIndia'snationalsecurityandtheformulationofitsforeignpolicy.
Mouldinginternationalpublicopinionandinfluenceforeigngovernmentswiththehelpofthestrongand
vibrantIndiandiaspora.
CovertOperationstosafeguardIndia'sNationalinterests.
AntiTerrorOperationsandneutralisingterrorelementsposingathreattoIndia.
Inthepast,followingtheSinoIndianwarof1962andduetoIndia'svolatilerelationswithPakistan,R&AW's
objectiveshadalsoconsistedthefollowing:
Towatchthedevelopmentofinternationalcommunismandtheschismbetweenthetwobigcommunist
nations,theSovietUnionandChina.Aswithothercountries,boththesepowershaddirectaccesstothe
communistpartiesinIndia.
TocontrolandlimitthesupplyofmilitaryhardwaretoPakistan,frommostlyEuropeancountries,
AmericaandmoreimportantlyfromChina.[4][5]

Organisationalstructure
R&AWhasbeenorganisedonthelinesoftheCIA.[25]The
headofR&AWisdesignated"Secretary(Research)"inthe
CabinetSecretariat.Mostofthepreviouschiefshavebeen
expertsoneitherPakistanorChina.[26]Theyalsohavethe
benefitoftrainingineithertheUSAortheUK,andmore
recentlyinIsrael.[27]The"Secretary(R)",althoughisunder
directcommandofPrimeMinister,reportsonan
administrativebasistotheCabinetSecretary,whoreportsto
thePrimeMinister(PM).However,onadailybasisthe
"Secretary(R)"reportstotheNationalSecurityAdviser.
Reportingtothe"Secretary(R)"are:[28][29]

OrganisationalstructureofR&AW.

AnAdditionalSecretaryresponsiblefortheOfficeofSpecialOperationsandintelligencecollectedfrom
differentcountriesprocessedbylargenumberofJointSecretaries,whoarethefunctionalheadsof
variousspecifieddeskswithdifferentregionaldivisions/areas/countries:AreaonePakistanAreatwo
ChinaandSoutheastAsiaAreathreetheMiddleEastandAfricaandAreafourothercountries.Two
SpecialJointSecretaries,reportingtotheAdditionalSecretary,headtheElectronicsandTechnical
DepartmentwhichisthenodalagencyforETS,NTROandtheRRC.
TheDirectorGeneralofSecurityhastwoimportantsectionstheAviationResearchCentreisheadedby
oneSpecialSecretaryandtheSpecialServicesBureaucontrolledbytwoSpecialSecretaries.[30]

TheinternalstructureoftheR&AWisamatterofspeculation,butbriefoverviewsofthesamearepresentin
thepublicdomain.AttachedtotheHeadquartersofR&AWatLodhiRoad,NewDelhiaredifferentregional
headquarters,whichhavedirectlinkstooverseasstationsandareheadedbyacontrollingofficerwhokeeps
recordsofdifferentprojectsassignedtofieldofficerswhoarepostedabroad.Intelligenceisusuallycollected
fromavarietyofsourcesbyfieldofficersanddeputyfieldofficersitiseitherpreprocessedbyaseniorfield
officerorbyadeskofficer.ThedeskofficerthenpassestheinformationtotheJointSecretaryandthenonto
theAdditionalSecretaryandfromthereitisdisseminatedtotheconcernedenduser.R&AWpersonnelare
called"ResearchOfficers"insteadofthetraditional"agents".Thereisasizeablenumberoffemaleofficersin
R&AWevenattheoperationallevel.Inrecentyears,R&AWhasshifteditsprimaryfocusfromPakistanto
Chinaandhavestartedoperatingaseparatedeskforthispurpose.[28]

No.

Name

ListofSecretariesoftheResearchandAnalysisWing
Took
Left
Notes
office
office

R.N.Kao 1968

1977

FounderofR&AW,ARCBangladeshLiberationWarOperation
SmilingBuddhaAmalgamationofSikkimELINToperationwith
theCIAagainstChina

K.
Sankaran
Nair

1977

Resignedfromserviceinprotestofdowngradingthedesignationof
HeadofR&AWasDirector,R&AWinsteadofSecretary(R).

N.F.
Suntook

1977

1983

FounderDirectorofRRC,ETSExecutedoperationLalDoraHe
hadtheuniquedistinctionofworkingunderIndiraGandhi,Morarji
DesaiandCharanSingh.

Girish
Chandra
Saxena

1983

1986

CollaboratedwiththeIntelligenceAgenciesofUnitedStates,the
erstwhileUSSR,China,Iran,Afghanistan,SaudiArabia,etc.
KanishkaBombingOperationBlueStar

1977

S.E.Joshi 1986

1987

ContinuedcollaborationwithIntelligenceAgenciesDuringhis
tenure,thepostofDirectorofRA&WwasredesignatedasSecretary
(R)andthisdesignationhascontinuedsincethen.

A.K.
Verma

1987

1990

OperationCactusIndianPeaceKeepingForce

G.S.
Bajpai

1990

1991

CounterInsurgencyoperations

N.
1991
NarasihaM

1993

J.S.Bedi

1993

1993

Chiefduring1993MumbaibombingsSpecialistinChina,Pakistan
andcounterterrorism.

10 A.S.Syali 1993

1996

IncreasedeconomicsurveillanceEmphasisonadvancedtrainingand
morerecruitment

11

Ranjan
Roy

1996

1997

NegotiationonFarkhorAirBase

12

Arvind
Dave

1997

1999

KargilWarOperationShakti

13 A.S.Dulat 1999

2000

NegotiatedwithIC814hijackers[31][32]

14

Vikram
Sood

13
31March
December
FounderofNationalTechnicalFacilitiesOrganisation
2003
2000

15

C.D.
Sahay

1April
2003

P.K.H.
16
Tharakan

31
January
2005

1
31
February January
2005
2007

1
31
Ashok
17
February January
Chaturvedi
2007
2009
18

RevampedARCInaugurationofR&AWheadquartersatLodhi
Road,NewDelhi
WasinstrumentalinsettingupofNuclearCommandAuthority(India)
negotiatedtheendofNepaleseCivilWarbypersuadingwarring
partiestosigntheComprehensivePeaceAccord.[33]
InvestigationofSamjhautabombingsTenuremarredbymany
allegationsofnepotismandcorruption.

K.C.
Verma

1
30
February December Investigationof2008Mumbaiattacks
2009
2010

Sanjeev

30
29
December December

19 Tripathi

2010

2012

30
30
20 AlokJoshi December December
2012
2014
21

Rajinder
Khanna

31
December Present
2014

MostoftheDirectors/SecretariesofResearchandAnalysisWinghavebeenIndianPoliceService(IPS)
officers.RNKaoandSankaranNairbelongedtotheImperialPolice(IP),oftheBritishcolonialdayswhich
wasrenamedastheIndianPoliceServiceafterIndianIndependencein1947.N.F.Suntookhadservedinthe
IndianNavy,thenintheIndianPoliceServiceandintheIndianFrontierAdministrationService.VikramSood
wasfromtheIndianPostalServiceandwaslaterpermanentlyabsorbedintheRAScadre.[34]Nowheactsas
AdvisortoFairObserver.[35]A.S.DulatwasanIndianPoliceServiceofficerdeputedfromtheIntelligence
Bureau,whileK.C.VermaisanexIntelligenceBureauofficer.AllthechiefshavebeenexpertsonChinaor
PakistanexceptforAshokChaturvedi,whoisanexpertonNepal.[26]
DesignationsatR&AW
ClassI/GroupAOfficers

GroupB/COfficers

Secretary(R)

SeniorFieldOfficer

AdditionalSecretary

FieldOfficer

SpecialSecretary/JointSecretary

DeputyFieldOfficer

Director/DeputySecretary/Attache AssistantFieldOfficer

Recruitment
Initially,R&AWreliedprimarilyontrainedintelligenceofficerswhowererecruiteddirectly.Thesebelongedto
theexternalwingoftheIntelligenceBureau.Intimesofgreatexpansion,manycandidatesweretakenfromthe
military,policeandtheIndianRevenueService.[36][37]Later,R&AWbegandirectlyrecruitinggraduatesfrom
universities.Howeverowingtoallegationsofnepotisminappointments,[38]in1983R&AWcreateditsown
servicecadre,theResearchandAnalysisService(RAS)toabsorbtalentfromotherGroupACivilServices,
undertheCentralStaffingScheme.[39]DirectrecruitmentatClassIexecutivelevelisfromCivilservices
officersundergoingFoundationcourseatLalBahadurShastriNationalAcademyofAdministration.Attheend
ofthecourse,R&AWconductsacampusinterview.Basedonaselectionofpsychologicaltestsandthe
interview,candidatesareinductedintoR&AWforalienperiodofoneyear.Duringthisperiod,theyhavean
optionofrejoiningtheirparentservice(iftheywishto)afterwhichtheycanbepermanentlyabsorbedintothe
ResearchandAnalysisService.DelhibasedsecuritythinktankInstituteforDefenceStudiesandAnalyses
notedinoneofitsreportsthatR&AWsufferedfromthe'tailendsyndrome'wherethe'bottomoftheentrance
lists'ofthosequalifyingtheUPSCexaminationswereofferedjobs.[40]Additionally,recruitmentisalsoby
lateraldeputationfromtheOfficercorpsofArmedForcesorGroupACivilServiceOfficers.[41]TheCiviland
DefenceServiceOfficerspermanentlyresigntheircadreandjointheRAS.[42]However,accordingtorecent
reports,officerscanreturntotheirparentcadreafterservingaspecificperiodintheagencyiftheywishto.[43]
MostofthesecretarieshavebeenofficersfromtheIPSandotherpostsareheldbyIRSandIFSofficers.
R&AWalsoemploysanumberoflinguistsandotherexpertsinvariousfields.[44]Theserviceconditionsof
R&AWofficersaregovernedbytheResearchandAnalysisWing(Recruitment,CadreandService)Rules,
1975.[45]

Training
Basictraining
Basictrainingcommenceswith'peptalks'toboostthemoraleofthenewrecruit.Thisisatendayphasein
whichtheinducteeisfamiliarisedwiththerealworldofintelligenceandespionage,asopposedtothespiesof
fiction.Commonusages,tradecrafttechniquesandclassificationofinformationaretaught.Financialand
economicanalysis,SpaceTechnology,InformationSecurity,EnergySecurityandScientificknowledgeis
imbibedtothetrainees.TherecruitismadetospecialiseinaforeignlanguageandintroducedtoGeostrategic
analysis.CasestudiesofotheragencieslikeCIA,KGB,ISI,MossadandMI6arepresentedforstudy.The
inducteeisalsotaughtthatintelligenceorganisationsdonotidentifywhoisfriendandwhoisfoe,thecountry's
foreignpolicydoes.BasicclassroomtrainingintacticsandlanguageareimpartedtoR&AWofficersatthe
residentialTrainingandLanguageInstituteinGurgaon.[46][47][48]Amultidisciplinaryschoolofeconomic
intelligenceisalsobeingsetupinMumbaitotrainintelligenceofficersininvestigatingeconomiccrimeslike
moneylaunderingforterrorpurposesetc.[49]
Advancedtraining
Aftercompleting'BasicTraining'therecruitisnowattachedtoaFieldIntelligenceBureau(FIB).His/her
trainingherelastsfor12years.He/sheisgivenfirsthandexperienceofwhatitwastobeoutinthefigurative
cold,conductingclandestineoperations.Duringnightexercisesunderrealisticconditions,he/sheistaught
infiltrationandexfiltration.He/sheisinstructedtoavoidcaptureandifcaught,howtofaceinterrogation.
He/shelearnstheartofreconnoitre,makingcontacts,and,thenumerousskillsofoperatinganintelligence
mission.Attheendofthefieldtraining,thenewrecruitisbroughtbacktotheschoolforfinalpolishing.Before
hisdeploymentinthefield,he/sheisgivenexhaustivetrainingintheartofselfdefencemainlyKravMaga,and
theuseoftechnicalespionagedevices.He/sheisalsodrilledinvariousadministrativedisciplinessothathe
couldtakehisplaceintheforeignmissionswithoutarousingsuspicion.He/sheisnowreadytooperateunder
thecoverofanEmbassytogatherinformation,setuphisownnetworkofinformers,molesoroperativesasthe
taskmayrequire.FieldtrainingisprovidedintheIndianMilitaryAcademyHeadquartersatDehradun.[6][50]
Thetrainingmodelhasbeencriticisedasbeing'archaicandtoopolicecentric'andnotincorporating'modern
technologicaladvancesinmethodsofcommunication'etc.[40]

Functionsandmethods
ActivitiesandfunctionsofR&AWarehighlyconfidentialanddeclassificationofpastoperationsare
uncommonunlikeagencieslikeCIA,MI6andMossadwhohavemanyoftheiractivitiesdeclassified.The
Secretary(R)reportedtotheVohraCommitteethatR&AWofficesabroadhavelimitedstrengthandarelargely
gearedtothecollectionofmilitary,economic,scientificandpoliticalintelligence.R&AWmonitorsthe
activitiesofcertainorganisationsabroadonlyinsofarastheyrelatetotheirinvolvementwithnarcoterrorist
elementsandsmugglingarms,ammunition,explosives,etc.intoIndia.[51]Itdoesnotmonitortheactivitiesof
criminalelementsabroad,whicharemainlyconfinedtonormalsmugglingwithoutanylinkstoterrorist
elements.However,ifthereisevidencetosuggestthatcertainorganisationshavelinkswithIntelligence
agenciesofothercountries,andthattheyarebeingusedorarelikelytobeusedbysuchcountriesfor
destabilisingIndia'seconomy,itwouldbecomeR&AWsresponsibilitytomonitortheiractivities.[4][5]
TheprimarymissionofR&AWincludesaggressiveintelligencecollectionviaespionage,psychological
warfare,subversion,sabotageandassassinations.[52]R&AWmaintainsactivecollaborationwithothersecret
servicesinvariouscountries.ItscontactswithFSBofRussia,NDS,theAfghanagency,Israel'sMossad,the
CIAandMI6havebeenwellknown,acommoninterestbeingPakistan'snuclearprogramme.[53]R&AWhas
beenactiveinobtaininginformationandoperatingthroughthirdcountrieslikeAfghanistan,theUnited
Kingdom,HongKong,MyanmarandSingapore.[4]

R&AWobtainsinformationcriticaltoIndianstrategicinterestsbothbyovertandcovertmeans.Thedatais
thenclassifiedandfiledwiththeassistanceofthecomputernetworks.Internationalbusinesshouses,
informationtechnologysectorandmediacentrescaneasilyabsorbR&AWoperativesandprovidefreedomof
movement.[4][5]AtaskforcereportpreparedbyaNewDelhibasedsecuritythinktankhighlightedthatR&AW
operativeshaveinadequatenonofficialcoverforoverseasoperationswhich'limitsaccesstospotrealtargets'
andcausesissuesonhandling'highvalueassets'.[40]

Operations
ELINToperationsaimedatChina:[54]AfterChinatesteditsfirstnuclearweaponson16October1964,
atLopNur,Xinjiang,IndiaandtheUSAsharedacommonfearaboutthenuclearcapabilitiesof
China.[55]OwingtotheextremeremotenessofChinesetestinggrounds,strictsecrecysurroundingthe
Chinesenuclearprogramme,andtheextremedifficultythatanIndianorAmericanwouldhavepassing
themselvesoffasChinese,itwasalmostimpossibletocarryoutanyHUMINToperation.So,theCIAin
thelate1960sdecidedtolaunchanELINToperationalongwithRAWandARCtotrackChina'snuclear
testsandmonitoritsmissilelaunches.Theoperation,inthegarbofamountaineeringexpeditionto
NandaDeviinvolvedcelebratedIndianclimberMSKohliwhoalongwithoperativesofSpecialFrontier
ForceandtheCIAmostnotablyJimRhyne,aveteranSTOLpilotwastoplaceapermanentELINT
device,atransceiverpoweredbyaplutoniumbattery,thatcoulddetectandreportdataonfuturenuclear
testscarriedoutbyChina.[56]ThemonitoringdevicewasnearsuccessfullyimplantedonNandaDevi,
whenanavalancheforcedahastywithdrawal.[57]Later,asubsequentmountainoperationtoretrieveor
replantthedevicewasabortedwhenitwasfoundthatthedevicewaslost.Recentreportsindicatethat
radiationtracesfromthisdevicehavebeendiscoveredinsedimentbelowthemountain.[58]However,the
actualdataisnotconclusive.
Inmorerecenttime,underasecurityagreementwithMongolia,R&AWalongwithNTROhavesetup
cybertappinginfrastructureonthemaininternetcommunicationcableinMongoliawhichlinksrestofthe
worldtoChina.GivingIndiaunparalleledaccesstomonitorandinterceptoutgoingandincominginternet
trafficfromChina.[59]
CreationofBangladeshandaftermath:[60][61]Intheearly1970sthearmyofPakistanlaunched
militarycrackdowninresponsetotheBangladeshindependencemovement.[62][63]Nearly10million
refugeesfledtoIndia.R&AWwasinstrumentalintheformationoftheBangladeshiguerillaorganisation
MuktiBahiniandresponsibleforsupplyinginformation,providingtrainingandheavyammunitiontothis
organisation.ItisalsoallegedthatR&AWplannedandexecutedthe1971IndianAirlineshijackingasa
falseflagoperationtobanoverflightbyPakistaniaircraftanddisruptPakistanitroopmovementinEast
Pakistan.[6]SpecialFrontierForce,theparamilitarywingofR&AWactivelyparticipatedinmilitary
operationsespeciallyintheChittagongHillTracts.[64]Thewarendedinthesuccessfulcreationof
Bangladesh.However,fouryearslaterSheikhMujiburRahmanwasassassinatedonAugust15,1975at
hisresidence.[65]RAWoperativesclaimedthattheyhadadvanceinformationaboutMujiburRahman's
assassinationbutSheikhMujibtragicallyignoredinputs.[12]Hewaskilledalongwith40membersofhis
family.R&AWthusfailedtopreventtheassassinationwhichledtothelossofacharismaticleaderwho
wasappreciativeofIndiaforitshelp.Later,R&AWsuccessfullythwartedplansofassassinatingSheikh
HasinaWazed,daughterofMujiburRahman,byIslamistextremists.[66]
OperationSmilingBuddha:OperationSmilingBuddhawasthenamegiventoIndia'snuclear
programme.ThetasktokeepitundertightwrapsforsecuritywasgiventoRAW.[67]Thiswasthefirst
timethatR&AWwasinvolvedinaprojectinsideIndia.On18May1974,Indiadetonateda15kiloton
plutoniumdeviceatPokhranandbecameamemberofthenuclearclub.[5]
AmalgamationofSikkim:In1947SikkimbecameaprotectorateunderIndia,whichcontrolledits
externalaffairs,defence,diplomacyandcommunications.Itisallegedthatin1972R&AWwas
authorisedtoinstallaproIndiandemocraticgovernmentthere.[5][68]Afterwidespreadriotingand
demonstrationagainsttheKingofSikkimin1975areferendumwasheldinwhich97.5%ofthe
electorate(inanationwhere59%ofthepopulationcouldvote)votedtojointheIndianUnion.On16

May1975,Sikkimofficiallybecamethe22ndstateoftheIndianUnion,andthemonarchywas
abolished.[69]
Kahuta'sBlueprint:[70][71]KahutaisthesiteoftheKhanResearchLaboratories(KRL),Pakistan'smain
nuclearweaponslaboratoryaswellasanemergingcenterforlongrangemissiledevelopment.The
primaryPakistanimissilematerialproductionfacilityislocatedatKahuta,employinggascentrifuge
enrichmenttechnologytoproduceHighlyEnrichedUranium(HEU).R&AWfirstconfirmedPakistan's
nuclearprogramsbyanalyzingthehairsamplessnatchedfromthefloorofbarbershopsnearKRLwhich
showedthatPakistanhaddevelopedtheabilitytoenrichuraniumtoweaponsgradequality.RAWagents
knewofKahutaResearchLaboratoriesfromatleastearly1978,[72]whenthethenIndianPrimeMinister,
MorarjiDesai,accidentallythwartedR&AW'soperationsonPakistan'scovertnuclearweaponsprogram.
Inanindiscreetmomentinatelephoneconversationoneday,MorarjiDesaiinformedthethenPakistan
President,ZiaulHaq,thatIndiawasawareofPakistan'snuclearweaponsprogram.Accordingtolater
reports,actingonthis"tipoff",PakistaniIntelligenceeliminatedRAW'ssourcesonKahuta,leavingIndia
inthedarkaboutPakistan'snuclearweaponsprogramfromthenon.[5][6][73]
OperationLalDora:InFebruary1983,MauritianPrimeMinisterAneroodJugnauthrequested
assistancefromMrsIndiraGandhiintheeventofacoupbyBerenger.InMarch1983,Gandhiordered
theIndianArmyandNavytoprepareforamilitaryinterventionagainstapossiblecoupagainstthe
Jugnauthgovernment.ButthemilitaryinterventionwasputoffbyMrs.Gandhi,afterasquabblebetween
theIndianNavyandArmy,onwhowouldleadtheoperation.Instead,shechosetotasktheResearchand
AnalysisWingsthenchief,NowsherF.Suntook,withsupervisingalargelyintelligenceledoperationto
reunitetheIndiancommunitywhosefracturingalongideologicalandcommunallineshadallowedMr.
Berengertomountapoliticalchallenge.[74]
OperationMeghdoot:R&AWreceivedinformationfromtheLondoncompanywhichhadsupplied
ArcticweathergearforIndiantroopsfromNorthernLadakhregionsomeparamilitaryforcesthat
PakistantoohadboughtsimilarArcticweathergear.[75]ThisinformationwassharedwithIndianArmy
whichsoonlaunchedOperationMeghdoottotakecontrolofSiachenGlacierwitharound300[75]
acclimatisedtroopswereairliftedtoSiachenbeforePakistancouldlaunchanyoperationresultingin
IndianheadstartandeventualIndiandominationofallmajorpeaksinSiachen.[75]
KanishkaBombingcase:[76][77][78]On23June1985AirIndia'sFlight182wasblownupnearIreland
and329peopledied.Onthesameday,anotherexplosiontookplaceatTokyo'sNaritaairport'stransit
baggagebuildingwherebaggagewasbeingtransferredfromCathayPacificFlightNoCP003toAir
IndiaFlight301whichwasscheduledforBangkok.Bothaircraftwereloadedwithexplosivesfrom
Canadianairports.Flight301gotsavedbecauseofadelayinitsdeparture.Thiswasconsideredasa
majorsetbacktoR&AWforfailingtogatherenoughintelligenceabouttheKhalistaniterrorists.[79][80]
SpecialOperations:Inthemid1980s,R&AWsetuptwocovertgroups,CounterintelligenceTeam
X(CITX)andCounterintelligenceTeamJ(CITJ),thefirstdirectedatPakistan[81]andthesecondat
Khalistanigroups.[82]RabinderSingh,theRAWdoubleagentwhodefectedtotheUnitedStatesin2004,
helpedrunCITJinitsearlyyears.Boththesecovertgroupsusedtheservicesofcrossbordertraffickers
toferryweaponsandfundsacrosstheborder,muchastheirISIcounterpartsweredoing.Accordingto
formerRAWofficialandnotedsecurityanalystB.Raman,theIndiancountercampaignyieldedresults.
"TheroleofourcoveractioncapabilityinputtinganendtotheISI'sinterferenceinPunjab",hewrotein
2002,"bymakingsuchinterferenceprohibitivelycostlyislittleknownandunderstood."Thesecovert
operationswerediscontinuedduringthetenureofIKGujralandwereneverrestarted.[83]AsperB
RamantheformerRAWcabinetsecretary,suchcovertoperationsweresuccessfulinkeepingacheckon
ISIandwere"responsibleforendingtheKhalistaniinsurgency".[84]Healsonotesthatalackofsuch
covertcapabilities,sincetheywerecloseddownin1997,hasleftthecountryevenmorevulnerablethan
beforeandsaysthatdevelopingcovertcapabilitiesistheneedofthehour.[85]
OperationCactus:[86]InNovember1988,thePeople'sLiberationOrganisationofTamilEelam
(PLOTE),composedofabout200Tamilsecessionistrebels,invadedMaldives.Attherequestofthe
presidentofMaldives,MaumoonAbdulGayoom,theIndianArmedForces,withassistancefromRAW,
launchedamilitarycampaigntothrowthemercenariesoutofMaldives.Onthenightof3November
1988,theIndianAirForceairliftedthe6thparachutebattalionoftheParachuteRegimentfromAgraand
flewthemover2,000kmtoMaldives.TheIndianparatrooperslandedatHululeandrestoredthe
GovernmentruleatMalwithinhours.Theoperation,labelledOperationCactus,alsoinvolvedthe

IndianNavy.SwiftoperationbythemilitaryandpreciseintelligencebyR&AWquelledthe
insurgency.[5]
SriLanka:[87][88]RAWstartedtrainingtheLTTEtokeepacheckonSriLanka,[89]whichhadhelped
PakistanintheIndoPakWarbyallowingPakistanishipstorefuelatSriLankanports.However,the
LTTEcreatedalotofproblemsandcomplicationsandthethenPrimeMinisterofIndiaRajivGandhiwas
forcedtosendtheIndianPeaceKeepingForce(IPKF)in1987torestorenormalcyintheregion.The
disastrousmissionoftheIPKFwasblamedbymanyonthelackofcoordinationbetweentheIPKFand
RAW.ItsmostdisastrousmanifestationwastheHeliborneassaultonLTTEHQintheJaffnaUniversity
campusintheopeningstagesofOperationPawan.Thesitewaschosenwithoutanyconsultationwiththe
RAW.ThedroppingparatroopersbecameeasytargetsfortheLTTE.Anumberofsoldierswerekilled.
TheassassinationofRajivGandhiisalsoblamedasafalloutofthefailedRAWoperationinSri
Lanka.[90]
AntiApartheidMovement:R&AWtrainedtheintelligenceofficersofmanyindependentAfrican
countriesandassistedtheantiapartheidstrugglesinSouthAfricaandNamibia.RetiredR&AWofficers
weredeputedtoworkintraininginstitutesofintelligenceagenciesofsomeAfricanstates.[91]
OperationChanakya:[92]ThiswastheRAWoperationintheKashmirregiontoinfiltratevariousISI
backedKashmiriseparatistgroupsandrestorepeaceintheKashmirvalley.R&AWoperativesinfiltrated
thearea,collectedmilitaryintelligence,andprovidedevidenceaboutISI'sinvolvementintrainingand
fundingKashmiriseparatistgroups.[93][94]RAWwassuccessfulnotonlyinunearthingthelinksbetween
theISIandtheseparatistgroups,butalsoininfiltratingandneutralisingthemilitancyintheKashmir
valley.[95][96][97]RAWisalsocreditedforcreatingasplitintheHizbulMujahideen.[98]Operation
ChanakyaalsomarkedthecreationofproIndiangroupsinKashmirliketheIkhwanulMuslimeen,
MuslimMujahideenetc.Thesecounterinsurgenciesconsistofexmilitantsandrelativesofthoseslainin
theconflict.IkhwanulMuslimeenleaderKokkaParreywashimselfassassinatedbyseparatists.[4]
HelptotheNorthernAlliance:AftertheriseofPakistanbackedTalibaninAfghanistan,Indiadecided
tosidewiththeNorthernAlliance[99]By1996,R&AWhadbuilta25bedmilitaryhospital[100]atthe
FarkhorAirBase.[101]ThisairportwasusedbytheAviationResearchCentre,thereconnaissancearmof
RAW,torepairandoperatetheNorthernAlliance'saerialsupport.Thisrelationshipwasfurthercemented
inthe2001Afghanwar.IndiasuppliedtheNorthernAlliancehighaltitudewarfareequipmentworth
aroundUS$810million.[102][103]R&AWwasthefirstintelligenceagencytodeterminetheextentofthe
Kunduzairlift.[104]
KargilWar:R&AWwasheavilycriticisedin1999,followingthePakistaniincursionsatKargil.Critics
accusedR&AWoffailingtoprovideintelligencethatcouldhavepreventedtheensuingtenweekconflict
thatbroughtIndiaandPakistantothebrinkofafullscalewar.[105]WhiletheArmyhasbeencriticalof
theinformationtheyreceivedR&AWhaspointedthefingeratthepoliticians,claimingtheyhadprovided
allthenecessaryinformation.However,R&AWwassuccessfulininterceptingatelephonicconversation
betweenPervezMusharraf,thethenPakistanArmyChiefwhowasinBeijingandhischiefofstaffLt.
Gen.MohammedAzizinIslamabad.[106]ThistapewaslaterpublishedbyIndiatoprovePakistani
involvementintheKargilincursion.[106][107]In2011,athinktankreport[108]statedthatRAWhadwarned
initsOctober1998assessmentthatPakistanArmymightlaunchalimitedswiftoffensivewithpossible
supportofalliancepartners,howeverthegovernmentignoredsuchreports.[109][110][111]
OperationLeech:SurroundedbyArakaneseanddenseforest,Myanmarhadalwaysbeenaworrisome
pointforIndianintelligence.Indiahassoughttopromotedemocracyandinstallfriendlygovernmentsin
theregion.Totheseends,RAWcultivatedBurmeserebelgroupsandprodemocracycoalitions,
especiallytheKachinIndependenceArmy(KIA).IndiaallowedtheKIAtocarryalimitedtradeinjade
andpreciousstonesusingIndianterritoryandevensuppliedthemweapons.ItisfurtherallegedthatKIA
chiefMaranBrangSengmettheRAWchiefinDelhitwice.However,whentheKIAbecamethemain
sourceoftrainingandweaponsforallnortheasternrebelgroups,R&AWinitiatedanoperation,code
namedOperationLeech,toassassinatetheleadersoftheBurmeserebelsasanexampletoothergroups.
in1998,sixtoprebelleaders,includingmilitarywingchiefofNationalUnityPartyofArakans(NUPA),
KhaingRaza,wereshotdeadand34Arakaneseguerrillaswerearrestedandchargedwith
gunrunning.[5][112]
WaronTerror:AlthoughR&AW'scontributiontotheWaronTerrorishighlyclassified,the
organisationgainedsomeattentionintheWesternmediaafterclaimsthatitwasassistingtheUnited
StatesbyprovidingintelligenceonOsamaBinLadenandtheTaliban'swhereabouts.Mapsand

photographsofterroristtrainingcampsinAfghanistanandPakistanalongwithotherevidence
implicatingOsamabinLadeninterroristattacksweregiventoUSintelligenceofficials.RAW'srolein
theWaronTerrormayincreaseasUSintelligencehasindicatedthatitseesRAWasamorereliableally
thanPakistaniintelligence.IthasfurthercometolightthatatimelytipoffbyRAWhelpedfoilathird
assassinationplotagainstPakistan'sformerPresident,GeneralPervezMusharraf.[6][113]
2008Mumbaiattacks:About26monthsbefore26/11MumbaiattacksR&AWhadinterceptedseveral
telephonecallsthroughSIGINT[114]whichpointedatimpendingattacksonMumbaiHotelsbyPakistan
basedterrorists,[115]howevertherewasacoordinationfailureandnofollowupactionwastaken.[116]Few
hoursbeforetheattacks,aRAWtechnicianmonitoringsatellitetransmissionspickedupconversations
betweenattackersandhandlers,astheattackersweresailingtowardMumbai.Thetechnicianflaggedthe
conversationsasbeingsuspiciousandpassedthemontohissuperiors.RAWbelievedthattheywere
worryingandimmediatelyalertedtheofficeoftheNationalSecurityAdvisor.Howevertheintelligence
wasignored.[117]Later,justaftertheterroristshadattackedMumbai,RAWtechniciansstartedmonitoring
thesixphonesusedbytheterroristsandrecordedconversationsbetweentheterroristsandtheir
handlers.[118]On15January2010,inasuccessfulsnatchoperationR&AWagentsnabbedSheikhAbdul
Khwaja,oneofthehandlersofthe26/11attacks,chiefofHuJIIndiaoperationsandamostwantedterror
suspectinIndia,fromColombo,SriLankaandbroughthimovertoHyderabad,Indiaforformal
arrest.[119]
SnatchoperationswithIB:Inlate2009,investigativejournalTheWeekranacoverstoryononeof
India'smajorclandestineoperationsthattheR&AWranwithIntelligenceBureautonabterrorists
infiltratingIndia,viaNepalandotherneighbouringcountries.[120]Tobypassthelengthyextradition
process,R&AWconductssnatchoperationstonabsuspectsfromvariousforeigncountries.Thesuspect
isbroughttoIndia,interrogatedinblacksites,latershownasarrestedatanairportorborderpostandis
usuallyproducedbeforeacourt.WithemergenceofNepalasaterrortransitpointR&AWandtheIB
startedcloselymonitoringthemovementofsuspectedterroristsinNepal.AccordingtoTheWeek,inlast
decadetherehasbeencloseto400successfulsnatchoperationsconductedbyR&AWand/orIBinNepal,
Bangladeshandothercountries.SomefamoussnatchesnettedBhupinderSinghBhudaoftheKhalistan
CommandoForce,LashkarmilitantTariqMehmoodandAbdulKarimTunda,[121][122]SheikhAbdul
Khwaja,oneofthehandlersofthe2008Mumbaiattacks,YasinBhatkalfounderleaderoftheproscribed
terroristorganizationIndianMujahideenetc.mostofthesuspectsarekeptatTiharJail.[123]
SriLankanpresidentialelection,2015ItwasallegedbytheSriLankannewspaperTheSundayTimes,
thatR&AWhadplayedaroleinunitingtheopposition,tobringaboutthedefeatofMahindaRajapaksa.
TherehadbeengrowingconcernintheIndiangovernment,ontheincreasinginfluenceofeconomicand
militaryrivalChinainSriLankanaffairs.Rajapaksafurtheruppedtheantebyallowing2Chinese
submarinestodockin2014,withoutinformingIndia,inspiteofastandstillagreementtothiseffect
betweenIndiaandSriLanka.ThegrowingChinesetiltofRajapaksawasviewedbyIndiawithunease.
Further,itwasalleged,thataRAWagent,helpedcoordinationoftalkswithintheopposition,and
convincingformerPMRanilWickremasinghenottostandagainstRajapaksa,buttochooseacommon
oppositioncandidate,whohadbetterchancesofwinning.Theagentisalsoallegedtohavebeenintouch
withChandrikaKumaratunga,whoplayedakeyroleinconvincingMaithripalaSirisenatobethe
commoncandidate.Further,itwasalleged,thattheRajapaksagovernmenthadexpelledtheinvolved
R&AWagentintherunuptopresidentialelection.[124][125][126][127][128][129]Howevertheseallegations
weredeniedbytheIndianGovernment[130]andtheSriLankanForeignMinisterMangala
Samaraweera.[131]
Otheroperations:On25March2016,PakistanannouncedthattheyarrestedaRAWoperativebythe
nameofKulbhushanYadavwhowasoperatinginBalochistanprovinceunderthecovernameHussain
MubarakPatel.Pakistanclaimedthathewascarryingapassportunderthatfakeidentityandusedto
operateajewelryshopinChahbahar,Iran.Heisbelievedtobearetiredcommanderrankedofficerin
IndianNavy.[132][133][134]AccordingtoasectionofPakistanimedia,Hewasinvolvedinterrorist
incidentsinKarachiandBalochistan,mostnotablytheterroristattackonabusfullofShiapassengersin
SafooraGoth,Karachi.[135]However,IndianMEAsaidthatthoughYadavwasanIndianNavyofficer
whoretiredprematurely,buthehasnolinkwiththegovernment.[136]TheIndianHighCommissionhas
alsosoughtconsularaccesstoYadavbutPakistanhasnotagreedtoit.[137]AccordingtoIndiansources,
Pakistanhasfabricatedthedocumentsontheretirednavalofficer,KulbhushanJadhav,andleakedthem
withoutrealisingglaringloopholesinthesame.TheIranianPresidentHassanRouhanialso,dismissed

Pakistan'sclaimandstatethemasmerearumour.[137]AccordingtoIndianofficial,Yadhavownsacargo
businessinIranandhadbeenworkingoutofBandarAbbasandChabaharports.Itappearsthathe
strayedintoPakistaniwaters.ButthereisalsoapossibilitythathewasluredintoPakistansometimeback
andfakedocumentswerecreatedonhimbytheISI.[137]

Controversies
FromitsinceptionR&AWhasbeencriticisedforbeinganagencynotanswerabletothepeopleofIndia
(R&AWreportstoPrimeMinisteronly).FearsarosethatitcouldturnintotheKGBofIndia.Suchfearswere
keptatbaybytheR&AW'sableleadership(althoughdetractorsofR&AWandespeciallytheJanataPartyhave
accusedtheagencyoflettingitselfbeusedforterrorisingandintimidatingoppositionduringthe19751977
Emergency).ThemaincontroversywhichhasplaguedR&AWinrecentyearsisoverbureaucratisationofthe
systemwithallegationsaboutfavouritisminpromotions,corruption,egoclashes,nofinancial
accountability,[40]interdepartmentalrivalryetc.[138][139][140][141]R&AWalsosuffersfromethnicimbalancesin
theofficerlevel.[142]NotedsecurityanalystandformerAdditionalSecretaryB.Ramanhascriticisedthe
agencyforitsasymmetricgrowth"whilebeingstronginitscapabilityforcovertactionitisweakinits
capabilityforintelligencecollection,analysisandassessment.Stronginlowandmediumgradeintelligence,
weakinhighgradeintelligence.Strongintechnicalintelligence,weakinhumanintelligence.Strongin
collation,weakinanalysis.Strongininvestigation,weakinprevention.Strongincrisismanagement,weakin
crisisprevention."[143][144]
Inthe8February2010editionOutlookMagazinereportedonformerR&AWChief,AshokChaturvedi,
utilisingGovernmentofIndiafundstotakehiswifealongoninternationaltrips.Afterretirement,
Chaturvedihadadiplomaticpassportissuedforhimselfandhiswife.PerOutlookMagazine:"Only
grade'A'ambassadorsusuallyIFSofficerspostedinkeycountriesliketheUKandUSareallowedto
holddiplomaticpassportsafterretirement.Themajority,whodonotfitthatbill,holdpassportsissuedto
ordinarycitizens.Infact,allformerR&AWchiefsOutlookspoketoconfirmedtheyhadsurrendered
theirdiplomaticpassportsthedaytheyretired.Andtheirspouseswerententitledtodiplomaticpassports
evenwhiletheywereinservice."[145]
InSeptember2007,R&AWwasinvolvedinacontroversyduetoahighprofileCBIraidattheresidence
ofMajorGeneral(retired)VKSingh,aretiredJointSecretaryofR&AWwhohasrecentlywrittena
bookonR&AWwhereitwasallegedthatpoliticalinterferenceandcorruptionintheintelligenceagency
hasmadeitvulnerabletodefections.Oneoftheinstancesofcorruptionmentionedinthebookwasthe
preferencegivenbyR&AWdepartmentstowardspurchasingintelligencefromtheRohdeandSchwarz
company.[146]Areasonforsuchcorruptionasexplainedbytheauthoristhat"...R&AWwasnot
answerabletoanyoutsideagencythecontrolofthePrimeMinister'sOfficewasperfunctory,atbest
manyofficersthoughtthattheywerenotonlyabovethelawbutalawuntothemselves."[147]Acaseunder
theOfficialSecretsActhasalsobeenfiledagainstVKSingh.[148]
On19August2008theR&AWDirector(Language)whowasalsoheadoftheR&AWTrainingInstitute
inGurgaonfrom2005[149]triedtocommitsuicideinfrontofPrimeMinister'sOffice,alleginginaction
andwrongfindingstoasexualharassmentcomplaintfiledagainstaJointSecretary,whowason
deputationtoR&AW.[150][151]Shewasdischargedfromdutyonthegroundthatshewasmentally
unfit[152]andthatheridentitywasdisclosed.[153]Shewaslaterseparatelychargedwithcriminal
trespass,[154]humantrafficking[155]andforherrepeatedattemptstocommitsuicide.[153]TheCentral
AdministrativeTribunal(CAT)orderedR&AWtoreinstateher[156]howeverR&AWfiledanappeal
againsttheCATorderwhichispendingbeforeDelhiHighCourt.[157]On20January2011shewassent
forpsychologicalevaluation[158]andmedicaldetentionbyaDelhiHighCourtjudgewhenshetriedto
stripherselfinthecourtprotestingovertheslowpaceofhertrial.[159][160]Thepsychologicalevaluation
reportstatedthat'shemaybesufferingamentalproblemduetolossofjobandhercontinuousruninsat
thecourts,butshewascertainlynotsufferingfromanypermanentorgravementaldisorder.'[153]On15
December2014,theSupremeCourtofIndiaquashedthe2008mediarelease,whichproclaimedMs.
Bhatiaasmentallyunstable,onthegroundthatitaffectedthe"dignity,reputationandprivacyofa
citizen".[161]

AseniortechnicalofficerwasarrestedbyCBIongraftcharges,on4February2009.Thescientist,a
Directorlevelemployee,workedinthedivisionthatgrantedexportlicensestocompaniesdealingin
"sensitive"items,includingdefencerelatedequipment.Hewasaccusedofdemandingandacceptinga
bribeofRs.100,000fromaChennaibasedmanufacturerforobtaininganexportlicense.[162][163]
InSeptember2009,sevenAdditionalSecretariesfromtheRAScadrehadgoneonprotestleaveafterA.
B.Mathur,anIPSofficer,supersededthemtothepostofSpecialSecretary.[164][165]Overtheyearsthe
tusslebetweentheRAScadreandofficersondeputationfromIPScadrehascausedfrictioninthe
workingoftheagency.[166]

Defections&spyscandals
Intheearly1980s,K.V.Unnikrishnan,a1962batchIPSofficer,whowaspostedatR&AWstationin
ColombowashoneytrappedbyCIA.Between198587whenhewasdeputedasthestationchiefat
Chennai,coordinatingSriLankaoperations,hegaveawayinformationtohishandlerontrainingand
armingTamilgroupsincludingLTTE,theIndiangovernment'snegotiatingpositionsonthepeaceaccord
withSriLankaandtheencryptioncodeusedbytheagency.HewascaughtbyIBcounterintelligencein
1987,spentayearinTiharjailandwasdismissedfromIPScadre.[167][168][169]
In2004,therewasaspyscandalinvolvingtheCIA.[170]RabinderSingh,JointSecretaryandtheheadof
R&AW'sSouthEastAsiadepartment,defectedtoAmericaon5June2004.R&AWhadalreadybecome
suspiciousabouthismovementsandhewasundersurveillanceforaverylongtime.Soonhewas
confrontedbyCounterIntelligenceofficialson19April2004.Despiteallprecautions,RabinderSingh
managedtodefectwith'sensitivefiles'hehadallegedlyremovedfromR&AW'sheadquartersinsouth
NewDelhi.Thisembarrassingfiascoandnationalsecurityfailurewereattributedtoweaksurveillance,
shoddyinvestigationandlackofcoordinationbetweentheCounterIntelligenceandSecurity(CIS),
IntelligenceBureau(IB)andR&AW.[171]Accordingtounconfirmedreports,Singhhassurfacedin
Virginia,USA.[172]Recentlyinanaffidavitsubmittedtothecourt,R&AWdeposedthatSinghhasbeen
tracedinNewJersey.[6][173]IthasbeenspeculatedinthebookMissionR&AWthatalthoughtheCIAwas
founddirectlyinvolvedincompromisingSinghandUnnikrishnan,atleasteightotherR&AWofficers
managedtoclandestinelymigrateandsettleinforeigncountriesliketheUSandCanadawiththehelpof
theirspyagencies.[174]
In2007,therewasaspyscandalinvolvingBangladesh.[175]ABangladeshiDGFIagentconcealedhis
nationalitybeforejoiningR&AW,andwasknownbythenameofDiwanChandMalikintheagency.He
wasknowntohavesomeimportantintelwhichwasdamagingforthenationalsecurity.Hejoinedthe
agencyin1999andusedtoliveinEastDelhi.Acaseofcheatingandforgerywasfiledagainsthimatthe
LodhiColonypolicestationonthebasisofacomplaintbyaseniorR&AWofficial.[176]

Notableofficers
RameshwarNathKao,founderdirector
K.SankaranNair,formerdirector
B.Raman
RavindraKaushik

Inpopularculture
UnlikeintheWesternculturalsphere,whichhasportrayeditsforeignintelligenceagencies(suchastheCIA
andMI6)indifferentmediaforms,Indianauthorsandactorshavebeenshytoexploretheareaofespionage,
especiallyR&AW,untilthe1990s.UnlikeCBI,thefederalinvestigativeagencyofIndia,whoseexistenceis
knowntothemajorityofpeople,R&AWreceiveslittletonoattentionfromthepopulace,whichseemstobe
unawareoftheexistenceofsuchanorganisationorevenIndia'sinternalintelligenceagency,theIntelligence
Bureau(IB).Excessivesecrecysurroundingactivitiesandraredeclassificationoftheinformationare
consideredtobethemajorreasonsbehindthis.

Nevertheless,therewerefilmswhichreferto'agents','espionage'etc.likeAankhen(1968,RamanandSagar
Production,starringDharmendra,MalaSinha),[177]PremPujaristarringDevAnandin1970,andHindustanKi
Kasam(starringRaajKumar,PriyaRajvanshin1973).However,sincethelate1990sandearly2000the
followingBollywoodandotherregionalfilmshaveopenlymentioningR&AWanditsalliedunits,withthe
intelligenceagenciesatthecentreoftheplot.

Year

Nameofthe
film

Director

Plotsynopsisandhighlights
InthisMalayalamfilmSureshGopiplaystheroleofanundercover
R&AWofficerinvestigatingabombblast.

1998 Highway

Jayaraaj

SuchaLong
1998
Journey

FocusesoncovertoperationsbyR&AWoperativeplayedbyNaseeruddin
Sturla
ShahtofinancetheBangladeshirebels.Basedonthenovelofthesame
Gunnarsson
namewrittenbyRohintonMistry.[178]

2003

TheHero:Love Anil
StoryofaSpy Sharma

2003 Ottran

SunnyDeolplaystheroleofaR&AWofficerwhoalmostsingle
handedlyderailsplansbyPakistanbasedjihaditerroriststogetholdofa
nuclearweaponinCanada.[179]Thefilmwasthirdhighestgrosserofthe
year.

IntheoriginalTamilfilmArjunSarjaplaystheroleofanundercover
Ilankannan officerworkingtothwartISIactivitiesinIndia.Thefilmwaslaterdubbed
inTeleguandtitledasGoodachariNo.1.

2004 Asambhav

RajivRai

JammelKhanessayingtheroleofafictionalR&AWagentAtul
BhatnagarhelpsarmyspecialofficerplayedbyArjunRampalinrescuing
IndianPresidenttakenhostageinSwitzerlandbyIslamicmillitants.[180]

Mission
2008
Istaanbul

Apoorva
Lakhia

ShwetaBhardwajplayedtheroleofLisaLobo,aR&AWagentin
Istanbul,whohelpsjournalistVikasSagar,playedbyZayedKhan,in
foilingtheantiIndiaterroristattemptsbyaterrorgroup.

2008

MaanGaye
Sanjay
MughaleAzam Chhel

2008 Chamku

Kabeer
Kaushik

RahulBoseplaysaR&AWofficer(ArjunRastogi)whoattemptsto
thwartexplosivesdeliveryinthecity.
R&AWledbyIrrfanKhanisshownasundertakingacovertprogram
muchinthelinesoftheBourneseriestobuildupablackteamcomposed
ofBobbyDeolasJaivedPratapSinghakaChamku,RiteishDeshmukhas
ArjunTiwariandothersforpoliticalassassinations.

KamalHasanessayedtheroleofaTeluguR&AWoperativeinthe
K.S.
originalTamilfilm.[181]ThefilmwaslaterdubbedintoaHindiversion
2008 Dasavathaaram
Ravikumar titledDashavatarwheretheethnicityoftheR&AWoperativewas
changedtoBengali.[182][183]
2011 Aazaan

Prashant
Chadha

ThefilmportraysSachiinJJoshiasaR&AWofficerwhohastogo
undercoverbeyondenemylinestosavethecountryfromthethreatof
biologicalwarfare.ItisoneofthemostexpensiveBgradefilmsin
Bollywood.[184]

2012 AgentVinod

Sriram
Raghavan

SaifAliKhanplaysthetitularcharacterofaJamesBondesqueR&AW
officerwhofoilsafalseflagoperationtostartanuclearwarbetween
IndiaandPakistan.

2012 EkThaTiger

SalmanKhanplaysthetitularroleofanaccomplishedR&AWfield
officerwhofallsinlovewithanISIagentplayedbyKatrinaKaifand
KabirKhan bothdeserttheiragencies.Itwasallegedthatthefilmisinspiredbythe
lifeofRavinderKaushik,[185]adeeppenetrationagentofR&AW.[186]The
filmistheoneofthehighestgrossingBollywoodfilmsofalltime.

2012 Thandavam

A.L.Vijay VikramplaysthecentralroleofaR&AWagentretrievingaWMD.

2013 DDay

Nikhil
Advani

2013 MadrasCafe

Shoojit
Sircar

ArjunRampal,IrrfanKhanandHumaQureshiplayaR&AWsnatchteam
inafictitiousoperationtocaptureDawoodIbrahimaliveandbringback
toIndia.
JohnAbrahamplaysanArmyofficerabsorbedintoR&AWtohead
covertoperationsinJaffnashortlyafterIndianpeacekeepingforcewas
forcedtowithdraw.[187][188]AshejourneystoSriLanka,withthe
intentionofdisruptingtheLTFrebels,hebecomesentangledinrebeland

militarypoliticsand[189]uncoversaconspiracytoassassinate"aformer
Indianprimeminister"whichhefailstoprevent.[190]
Kamal
Hasan

KamalHaasanagainplayedthecharacterofaR&AWagentinthis
multilingualfilm,whichexplorestheR&AWoperationinAfghanistan
andUStobringdownterroristsaffiliatedtoAlQueda.

Siddharth
Anand

AnauthorisedremakeofKnightandDay,thefilmportrayedHrithik
RoshanasintelligenceagentRajveerNandaassignedtoleadajoint
operationof'IndianSecretService'(afictionalorganisationlooselybased
onR&AW)andMI6tostopawantedterroristOmarZafar(playedby
DannyDenzongpa)fromstealingKohiNoorDiamondfromTowerof
London.

2015 Baby

Neeraj
Pandey

AkshayKumarplaysanactionherocharacterpartlyinspiredfromJack
BauerandtheMissionimpossiblefilmseries.Heleadsacovertoperation
teamofanIndianintelligenceagencyandhelpsinabductingand
exfiltrationofaHafizMuhammadSaeedesquetargetfromSaudi
Arabia.[191]

2015 Phantom

SaifAliKhanplaysroleofdisgracedarmyofficertryingtoregainhis
honourandKatrinaKaifplaysroleofdeepcoverR&AWofficer.Inthe
filmtheyaretaskedbyR&AWwith'outofthebook'assassinationof
KabirKhan
mastermindsof26/11attacksnamelyHafizMuhammadSaeedandZaki
urRehmanLakhviinPakistanandDavidColemanHeadleyinanUS
prison.AspiritualsequeltoAgentVinod.

2013 Vishwaroopam

2014 BangBang!

ThethrivingentertainmentchannelsinIndiahavestartedtotapintothethemeofIntelligenceagencies.2612
whichusedtoaironLifeOK,featuredCabirMairaasaR&AWagentAnandSwamiwhohelpsaSTFofficer
RandeepRathoretosavethecountryfromaterroristattack.TimeBomb9/11,aseriesairedonZeeTV,featured
RajeevKhandelwalintheroleofaR&AWfieldofficerwhoattemptstodefuseanuclearbombsetinIndia,as
wellassavingthelifeoftheIndianprimeminister.ZeeBanglafeaturedaserialnamedMohonawherethechief
protagonistisaR&AWofficer.SajdaTerePyarMeinaseriesonStarPlus,featuresShaleenBhanotintherole
ofaR&AWofficerwhoasksayoungwomannamedAliyaforhelpincatchingaspynamedMahendraPratap.
TheIndianversionof24hasahostofcharactersaffiliatedtoR&AW.
SomeacademiccommentatorshavelinkedtheincreasingsurfeitofIndianfilmsandTVseriesonespionage
thrillergenre,whereanIndianherostavesoffimpendingglobalcatastrophe,asamarkerofanaspirationalPax
Indicanotbasedon'olderparadigmsofinternationalismbasedonuniversalbrotherhoodandnonviolent
pacifismassociatedwithGandhiandNehru'butonthemotifofanincreasinglyassertivepotential
superpower.[192][193]

Seealso
IntelligenceBureau(India)
MasssurveillanceinIndia
ListofIndianintelligenceagencies

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Furtherreading
InsideRAW,AshokRaina,VikasPublishingHouse,
NewDelhi,1981
Smashandgrab:AnnexationofSikkim(http://www.b
usinessstandard.com/article/beyondbusiness/liftingt
hesacredveilonsikkim114022501239_1.html),
SunandaKDattaRay,Tranquebar,1984
OpenSecrets:India'sIntelligenceUnveiledMaloy
KrishnaDhar,NewDelhi,ManasPublication,2005
ISBN8170492408
MissiontoPakistan:AnIntelligenceAgentin
Pakistan(http://www.amazon.com/dp/8170491487)
MaloyKri.Dhar,ManasPublication,1January2002,
ISBN9788170491484
Mission:Pakistan,MaloyKrishnaDhar,iUniverse
(January2004),ISBN9780595304820
FulcrumofEvil:ISI,CIAandAlqaedaNexus
MaloyKDhar,NewDelhi,ManasPublication,2006,
ISBN8170492785.
SinofNationalconscienceR.N.Kulkarni,Mysore:
KritagnyaPublication,2004.
Intelligence:Past,Present,FutureB.R.Raman
IndiansHandEvidenceonbinLadentoUS,Herald
Sun,17September2001.
TheKaoBoysofRAW:DownMemoryLane,B.
Raman,LancerPublishers(2007),ISBN09796174
3X
InsideIBandRAW:TheRollingstonethatgathered
moss(https://web.archive.org/20081202111827/http://
www.hinduonnet.com:80/thehindu/fline/fl2425/stories/
20080104242507800.htm),K.SankaranNayar,Manas
Publication
RAW:GlobalandRegionalAmbitionseditedby
RashidAhmadKhanandMuhammadSaleem,
IslamabadPolicyResearchInstitute,AsiaPrinters,
Islamabad,2005
TheGameOfFoxes:JKIntelligenceWar,Manoj
Joshi,TimesOfIndia,16July1994
IndianSpyAgency'sMachinations,Islamabad,The

IndianSpyAgency'sMachinations,Islamabad,The
Muslim,18December1996p6
RAW:ResearchandAnalysisWing(http://www.duka
ndar.com/raw.html)TariqIsmailSagar,Sagar
Publication.Seealso:EbuyerinsoupforPakwriter's
bookonRAW(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/E
buyer_in_soup_for_Pak_writers_book/articleshow/184
7954.cms).Retrieved27July2007.
SoftTarget:HowtheIndianIntelligenceService
PenetratedCanadaZuhairKashmeriandBrian
McAndrew,Toronto:JamesLorimer,1989.
SpiesintheHimalayas:SecretMissionsandPerilous
Climbs.(http://vayusena.tripod.com/otherspiesinth
ehimalayas.html)MSKohliandKennethConboy,
Ed.KSLawrence,UniversityofKansasPress,2003.
Intelligence:ASecurityWeapon(https://web.archive.
org/20070305191908/http://intellit.muskingum.edu:8
0/othercountries_folder/india.html),DCPathak,New
Delhi:ManasPublication,2003.
IndianinterventioninSriLanka:TheroleofIndia's
intelligenceagencies(http://www.amazon.com/dp/955
9519905),RohanGunaratna,SouthAsianNetworkon
ConflictResearch,1993,ISBN9559519905
India'sExternalIntelligence:SecretsofResearchand
AnalysisWing(RAW),Maj.Gen.V.KSingh,Manas
Publications,ISBN8170493323
Lerner,BrendaWilmoth(2004).Encyclopediaof
espionage,intelligence,andsecurity.Detroit:
Thomson/Gale.ISBN078767687X.
AssignmentColombo(https://secure.flickr.com/photo
s/21709881@N02/2211134333),J.N.Dixit,Konark
PublishersPvt.Ltd,Delhi,1998.
EscapeToNowhereAmarBhushan,Konark
publishers,2012,ISBN9789322008109
MissionR&AW(http://manaspublications.in/product/
missionraw/),RKYadav,ManasPublications,2014,
ISBN9788170494744

Externallinks
TheIPKFinSriLanka,10yearson(http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/24lanka.htm)Rediff.com
AirIndiaFlight182(https://web.archive.org/20060810064513/http://www.cbc.ca:80/news/background/ai
rindia/)CBCNewscollectionofstoriesonthebombingofFlight182
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