Paper
On
PresentedBy:
[Link] [Link]
rd
3
yearE.E.E.
GMRIT
rd
3
yearE.E.E.
GMRIT
Abstract:
Ourvaryingindustrialneedsdemandmoreprecisecontroloftheoutputsofourbasicelectricalprime
moversi.e,[Link],butthey
[Link]
motorsareveryeconomicalbuttheirspeedcontroliscomparativelydifficultbecauseitrequiresalterationofsupply
frequencies.
Duetotechnologicaladvancementssomedriveswhichcancontrolacmotorsareavailablewhichare
economical,easytouseandwhichcanprovidewiderangeofspeedcontrolbothbelowandabovebasespeeds.
Thesedrivesfundamentallyalterthevoltageandfrequencybeingfedtomotoraccordingtotherequirementsusing
atechniquecalledpulsewidthmodulation(PWM).
[Link]
theyuseembeddedsystemstheycanbeinterfacedtothecomputersandcanbeprogrammedforautomaticcontrol
reducingmanualintervention.
VariableVoltageVariablefrequencydrive
A
variablefrequencydrive(VVVFD)
isasystemforcontrollingtherotationalspeedofan
alternating
current
(AC)
electricmotor
[Link]
frequencydriveisaspecifictypeof
adjustablespeeddrive
.Variablefrequencydrivesarealsoknownas
adjustablefrequencydrives(AFD),variablespeeddrives(VSD),ACdrivesorinverterdrives.
CONTENTS
Introduction
Operatingprinciple
Example
VVVFDsystemdescription
VVVFDcontroller
VVVFDoperatorinterface
VVVFDOperation
A
vailableVVVFDpowerratings
Shrinkingcostandsize
INTRODUCTION
Inductionmotorshavebeenusedinthepastmainlyinapplicationsrequiringaconstantspeed
Becauseconventionalmethodsofspeedcontrolhavebeeneitherexpensiveorinefficient.
[Link],PowerTransistors,IGBT
haveallowedthatdevelopmentofvariablespeedinductionmotordrives
Themaindrawbackofdcmotorsisapresenceofcommutatorandbrushes,whichrequirefrequent
maintenanceandmakethemunsuitableforexplosiveanddirtyenvironment.
Ontheotherhand,[Link],particularlysquirrelcagearerugged,cheaper,lighter,smaller,moreeffcient,require
lowermaintenanceandcanoperateindirtyandexplosiveenvironments.
Althoughvariablespeedinductionmotordrivesaregenerallyexpensivethandcdrives,
Theyareusedinnumberofapplicationslikecranes,[Link].
SPEEDCONTROL
Following
methodsareemployedforspeedcontrolofInductionmotors:
1.
Polechanging
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link],but
thisphysicalchangetothemotor,wouldrequirerewinding,[Link]
convenience,costefficiencyandprecision,wechangethefrequency.
OPERATINGPRINCIPLE
VariablefrequencydrivesoperateundertheprinciplethatthesynchronousspeedofanACmotoris
determinedbythefrequencyoftheACsupplyandthenumberofpolesinthestatorwinding,accordingtothe
relation:
Where,
RPM=Revolutionsperminute
f=ACpowerfrequency(Hertz)
p=Numberofpoles(anevennumber)
[Link]
motorisslightlylessthanthesynchronousspeed.
Example
A4polemotorthatisconnecteddirectlyto60Hzutility(mains)powerwouldhaveasynchronousspeedof1800
RPM:
120x60=1800rpm
4
Ifthemotorisaninductionmotor,theoperatingspeedatfullloadwillbeabout1750RPM.
Ifthemotorisconnectedtoaspeedcontrollerthatprovidespowerat40Hz,thesynchronousspeedwouldbe1200
RPM:
120x40=1200rpm
4
Voltageinducedinstatorisproportionaltotheproductofsupplyfrequenciesandareaflux,ifstatordropis
neglected,terminalvoltagecanbeconsideredproportionaltoproductoffrequencyandflux.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Thereforethevariablefrequencycontrolbelowtheratedfrequencyisgenerallycarriedoutatratedairgap
fluxbyvaryingtheterminalvoltagewithfrequencysoastomaintain(V/F)ratioconstantatratedvalue.
K(v/f)
2
(L
+L
)
s
r
+
T
max
=
WhereKisconstant,
Thisequationsuggeststhatwithaconstant(v/f)ratio,motordevelopsamaximumtorque,exceptatlow
[Link]
atlowspeedsalsoinmonitoringoperation,(v/f)ratioisincreasedatlowfrequencies.
Thevariablefrequencycontrolprovidesagoodrunningandtransientperformancebecauseoffollowing
features:
[Link].
[Link](starting,brakingandspeedreversal)[Link]
reducedcurrentgivinggooddynamicresponse.
[Link],theefficiencyandpowerfactorarehighastheoperationisrestrictedb/[Link]
[Link].
[Link].
[Link]:theVoltsperHertzratio(V/F).Wechange
thisratiotochangemotortorque.Aninductionmotorconnectedtoa460V,60Hzsourcehasaratioof7.67.
As
longasthisratiostaysinproportion,themotorwilldevelopratedtorque
.Adriveprovidesmanydifferent
[Link],yougetanewtorquecurve.
Volts
460/60=7.67(v/hz)
Ifsupplyis230volts
230/60=3.83(v/hz)
Hertz
V/FRatio
VVVFDsystemdescription
VVVFDsystem
AvariablefrequencydrivesystemgenerallyconsistsofanACmotor,acontrollerandanoperatorinterface.
VVVFDcontroller
Just how does a drive provide the frequency and
voltage output necessary to change the speed of a motor?
That's what we'll look at next. Fig. shows a basic PWM
drive. All PWM drives contain these main parts, with
subtledifferencesinhardwareandsoftwarecomponents.
The input section of the drive is the converter. It contains
six diodes, arranged in an electrical bridge. These diodes
convert AC power to DC power. The next sectiontheDC
bussectionseesafixedDCvoltage.
[Link]
thewaveformontothepositivehalf.Ina460Vunit,you'dmeasureanaverageDCbusvoltageofabout650Vto
[Link](L)andthecapacitor(C)worktogetherto
[Link],thecleanertheoutput
waveformfromthedrive.
TheDCbusfeedsthefinalsectionofthedrive:[Link],thissectioninvertstheDC
[Link],[Link]?Thatdepends
[Link](SiliconControlledRectifier)baseddrives
inyourfacility,seetheSidebar.BipolarTransistortechnologybegansupercedingSCRsindrivesinthemid1970s.
Intheearly1990s,thosegavewaytousingInsulatedGateBipolarTransistor(IGBT)technology,whichwillform
thebasisforourdiscussion.
DriveOutputWaveform
SwitchingBuswithIGBTS
Today's inverters use
Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistors (IGBTs) to switch the DC bus on and off at
specific intervals. In doing so,
the inverter actually creates a
variable AC voltage and frequency [Link].,
the output of the drive doesn't provide anexactreplicaofthe
AC input sine waveform. Instead, it provides voltage pulses
thatareataconstantmagnitude.
Thedrive'scontrolboardsignalsthepowerdevice'scontrolcircuitstoturn"on"thewaveformpositivehalf
ornegativehalfofthepowerdevice.Thisalternatingofpositiveandnegativeswitchesrecreatesthe3phaseoutput.
Thelongerthepowerdeviceremainson,[Link],
[Link],thelongerthepowerdeviceisoff,thelowerthe
outputfrequency.
The speed at which power devices switch on and off is the
carrier frequency, also known as the switchfrequency. The
higher the switch frequency,themoreresolutioneachPWM
pulse contains. Typical switch frequencies are 3,000 to
4,000 times per second (3 KHz to 4 KHz). (With an older,
SCRbased drive, switch frequencies are 250 to 500 times
per second). As you can imagine, the higher the switch
frequency, the smoothertheoutput waveformandthehigher
the resolution. However, higher switchfrequenciesdecrease
the efficiency of the drive because of increased heat in the
powerdevices.
An
embedded
microprocessor
[Link]
microprocessorprogrammingisin
firmware
[Link],somedegreeof
configurationprogrammingandparameteradjustmentisusuallyprovidedsothattheusercancustomizethe
VVVFDcontrollertosuitspecificmotoranddrivenequipmentrequirements.
VVVFDoperatorinterface
Theoperatorinterfaceprovidesameansforanoperatortostartandstopthemotorandadjusttheoperating
[Link]
adjustmentandautomaticcontrolfromanexternal
processcontrol
[Link]
alphanumeric
displayand/orindicationlightsandmeterstoprovideinformationabouttheoperationofthedrive.
AnoperatorinterfacekeypadanddisplayunitisoftenprovidedonthefrontoftheVVVFDcontrollerasshownin
[Link]
[Link]
inputandoutput
(I/O)terminalsforconnectingpushbuttons,
switchesandotheroperatorinterfacedevicesorcontrolsignals.A
serialcommunications
port
isalsooften
availabletoallowtheVVVFDtobeconfigured,adjusted,monitoredandcontrolledusingacomputer.
VVVFDOperation
WhenaVVVFDstartsamotor,[Link]
[Link]
thatoccurswhenamotorisstartedbysimplyapplyingtheutility(mains)voltagebyturningonaswitch
.
WhenaVVVFDstarts,theappliedfrequencyandvoltageareincreasedatacontrolledrateorrampedupto
accelerate
theloadwithoutdrawingexcessivecurrent
.Thisstartingmethodtypicallyallowsamotortodevelop
150%ofitsrated
torque
whiledrawingonly150%[Link]
atfullvoltage,itinitiallydrawsatleast300%ofitsratedcurrentwhileproducinglessthan150%ofitsrated
torque
.Astheloadaccelerates,theavailabletorqueusuallydropsalittleandthenrisestoapeakwhilethecurrent
remainsveryhighuntilthemotorapproachesfullspeed.AVVVFDcanbeadjustedtoproduceasteady150%
startingtorquefromstandstillrightuptofullspeedwhiledrawingonly150%current.
WithaVVVFD,[Link]
[Link],themotorisshut
[Link]
decelerate
theloadalittlefasterthanitwouldstopifthe
[Link]
brakingcircuittodissipatethebrakingenergyorreturnittothepowersource.
AvailableVVVFDpowerratings
Variablefrequencydrivesareavailablewithvoltageandcurrentratingstomatchthemajorityof3phase
motorsthataremanufacturedforoperationfromutility(mains)[Link]
[Link]
motorsratedtodeliver0.2kWor1/4
horsepower
(Hp)[Link]
controllersaredesignedtooperateat2400/4160volts(60Hz),3300volts(50Hz)[Link]
applicationsastepup
Transformer
[Link]
[Link]
voltagedrivesratedabove7kVand5000or10,000Hpshouldprobablybeconsideredtobeoneofakind(oneoff)
designs.
Shrinkingcostandsize
Drivesvaryinthecomplexityoftheirdesigns,[Link]
[Link],better
performance,[Link],however,driveshavedramatically
[Link],thetypicaldriveoftodaydoesn'tspew
[Link]
becoming"plugandplay."Aselectronicpowercomponentsimproveinreliabilityanddecreaseinsize,thecostand
[Link],theirperformanceandeaseofusewillonly
getbetter.
Conclusion
Duetomanyadvantagesofferedbyacdriveslikeautomaticcontrol,closedloopcontrol,economicalcost
[Link],some
industrialapplicationsetc.
Keywords
Adjustablespeeddrives,synchronousspeed,constanttorque,v/fratio,pulsewidth
modulation(PWM).
