Microwave Engineering
Lecture 0: Introduction
ELC 305a Fall 2015
Department of Electronics and Communications
Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Cairo University
Fundamental Question
ZS
Is there a difference between Circuit #1
and Circuit #2?!!
ZL
VS
What is the main objective in both
circuits?
ZS
VS
ZL
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
What Do We Need to Know?
Source
Transmission Line
Load
ZS
ZL
VS
Power
Supply?
Signal
Generator?
Voltage Current
Signal? Signal?
Signal Flow: Delay
and Decay?
Power
Signal?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Power Delivered?
What We Will Learn in this Course?
How to analyze a long wiring (aka: transmission line).
How to analyze a transmission line circuit, i.e. source, line and load.
How to match the line to the source and load, i.e. have power flow without
reflections from source side to load side.
How to analyze simple microwave devices, such as t-junctions, dividers and
couplers, using power-related coefficients rather than voltages and currents.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Outline
1
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Recent Advances
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
This Course
Revision
Maxwells Equations
Uniform Plane Waves
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium
Guiding Structures?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Outline
1
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Recent Advances
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
This Course
Revision
Maxwells Equations
Uniform Plane Waves
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium
Guiding Structures?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Applications (I)
Band name
Abbr.
ITU
Band
Frequency
Wavelength
Example Uses
< 3 Hz
> 100,000 km
Extremely Low
Frequency
ELF
330 Hz
100,00010,000 km
Communication with submarines.
Super Low
Frequency
SLF
30300 Hz
10,0001000 km
Communication with submarines.
Ultra Low
Frequency
ULF
3003000 Hz
1000100 km
Communication within mines.
Very Low
Frequency
VLF
330 kHz
10010 km
Submarine communication, wireless heart
rate monitors, geophysics.
Low Frequency
LF
30300 kHz
101 km
AM long-wave broadcasting, navigation.
Medium
Frequency
MF
3003000 kHz
1 km 100 m
AM (medium-wave) broadcasts.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Microwaves
Applications (II)
Band name
Abbr.
ITU
Band
Frequency
Wavelength
Example Uses
High Frequency
HF
330 MHz
100 m 10 m
Shortwave broadcasts, amateur radio,
aviation communications.
Very High
Frequency
VHF
30300 MHz
101 m
FM, television, ground-to-aircraft
aircraft-to-aircraft communications.
Ultra High
Frequency
UHF
3003000 MHz
1 m 100 mm
Television, microwave ovens, mobile
phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth.
Super High
Frequency
SHF
10
330 GHz
10010 mm
Microwave devices, wireless LAN, most
modern radars, satellite.
Extremely High
Frequency
EHF
11
30300 GHz
101 mm
Radio astronomy, high-speed microwave
radio relay
Above 300 GHz
< 1 mm
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
and
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Microwave Frequency Bands
Designation
Frequency range
L band
1 to 2 GHz
S band
2 to 4 GHz
C band
4 to 8 GHz
X band
8 to 12 GHz
Ku band
12 to 18 GHz
K band
18 to 26.5 GHz
Ka band
26.5 to 40 GHz
Q band
30 to 50 GHz
U band
40 to 60 GHz
V band
50 to 75 GHz
E band
60 to 90 GHz
W band
75 to 110 GHz
F band
90 to 140 GHz
D band
110 to 170 GHz
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Millimeter Waves
IR
Visible Frequencies
UV
X-Rays
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T-Rays, FIR
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
10
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radio Bands
Band
Center
Frequency
Band
Center
Frequency
6.7656.795 MHz
6.780 MHz
2.4002.500 GHz
2.450 GHz
13.55313.567 MHz
13.560 MHz
5.7255.875 GHz
5.800 GHz
26.95727.283 MHz
27.120 MHz
2424.25 GHz
24.125 GHz
40.6640.70 MHz
40.68 MHz
6161.5 GHz
61.25 GHz
433.05434.79 MHz
433.92 MHz
122123 GHz
122.5 GHz
902928 MHz
915 MHz
244246 GHz
245 GHz
Microwave Ovens,
Wireless LANs,
Cordless Phones
Microwave Ovens,
Wireless LANs,
Cordless Phones
Wireless LANs,
Cordless Phones
RFID
The ISM bands are those bands originally reserved internationally for RF usage
in industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Recent Advances
IEEE Spectrum, July 2007 Sept 2014
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Guiding Structures?
11
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Recent Advances
IEEE Spectrum, July 2009 June 2014
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Guiding Structures?
12
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Typical System
Source/
Transmitter
Medium
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Load/
Receiver
13
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Guided vs. Unguided Propagation
Guided Propagation
Unguided Propagation
Wave Propagation in
Unbounded media.
Propagation in the
Atmosphere.
Transmission Lines,
Waveguides,
Optical Fibers, etc.
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14
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
This Course
Topics in This Course
Introduction to Guided-Wave Structures
Parallel Plate Transmission Line
Transmission Line Theory
Transmission Line Circuits
Matching Techniques
Analysis of Microwave Circuits
Microwave Passive Components
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Guiding Structures?
15
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
This Course
Course Objectives
Lecture 1
Solution of Maxwells equations in TLs: dispersion relation and field distribution.
Lecture 1
Differentiation between TL theory and circuit theory.
Lecture 2
Characterization of TLs by their parameters, dispersion properties, and losses.
Lecture 2
and 3
Analysis of TL circuits and design of TL links with the help of manufacturers'
datasheets.
Lecture 4,
5 and 6
Design of matching networks.
Lecture 7
Characterization of microwave circuits using the scattering (S) parameters.
Lecture 8
and 9
Analysis of microwave passive components (power dividers/couplers, junctions
etc).
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Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
This Course
Course Webpage: Moodle on Department Portal
Log in to course page using Guest key.
Check the course page for the lectures, exercises, animations,
announcements etc.
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Outline
1
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Recent Advances
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
This Course
Revision
Maxwells Equations
Uniform Plane Waves
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium
Guiding Structures?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Circuit Theory
Source Impedance and Maximum Power Transfer Condition
ZS
ZL
VS
Max. Values
(omitted if
RMS)
2
Pavailable
V
1 VS
RL S
2 2RL
8RL
Pmatched
ZL ZS*
VS
Pavailable
1
R
2
2 4 RL2 X L2 L
XL
1
R
L
ZL ZS
Same conditions if ZL=ZS=RL
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
19
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
20
Circuit Theory
Matched Load
RS
RS
RL
VS
RL RS
Pavailable
VS
Matching
Circuit
VS
RL
??
Zin ?
8RL
RL RS
Pload ?
VS 8PavailableRL
What are the conditions on the matching network? How to characterize it?
How to analyze the circuit with the matching circuit? How to design it?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
21
Circuit Theory
Matching Circuit: Examples
50
VS
50
50
100
jX
100
VS
jX
50
jB
VS
100
100
jB
VS
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100
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Circuit Theory
Review Points
Phasor notation.
Superposition.
Source modeling and transformation.
Maximum power transfer condition.
Thevenin and Norton equivalence.
Two-port network parameters.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Guiding Structures?
22
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Maxwells Equations
Integral and Differential Forms in Time Domain
dl
dl
ds
ds 0
ds
t
S t ds
ds
Linear, Isotropic Medium
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Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Maxwells Equations
Phasor Analysis
Phasor
r, t Re F r e jt
H J jD
D
B 0
D E
E jB
Linear, Isotropic, and
Time-Invariant Medium
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
B H
J j
24
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Maxwells Equations
Phasor Analysis - Example
At a specific point in space, two time-varying electric fields have the following
values:
1
1.
2.
3.
,
10cos t 30 x
5sin t 60 x
Find the cosine-based phasor expression for both fields.
Find the sum of these two phasors.
Obtain an expression for the instantaneous total field.
Solution:
1.
2.
3.
10 30,
E1 x
5 150
E2 x
8.66 60
ET E1 E2 x
T
8.66 cos t 60
x
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
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Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Maxwells Equations
Solution of Electromagnetic Problems
S
E jH
, ,
H J jE
D
B 0
E, H ?
D E
Ji
Boundary Conditions?
The current density J in Maxwells equations is the total current.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
B H
26
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
27
Maxwells Equations
Homogeneous Helmholtz Equation
E jH
H jE
Source Free Equations
in Lossless Region
J0
E j H
E 2E j jE
E 0
Laplacian Operator
2E k 2E 0
Homogeneous Helmholtz
Equation
In unbounded media, wave propagation is in the directions with
non-vanishing derivatives.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Uniform Plane Waves
Dispersion Relation
0
x y
Ey E z 0
k2 E 0
2
2
2
2
k
2
E 0
2
2
k
2
Ex 0
E x Ae jz Be jz
Laplacian Operator in
Cartesian Coordinates
k 2 Ae jz 0
Dispersion Relation
f or f k
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Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
29
Uniform Plane Waves
Wave Parameters
Equiphase Surface
E x x
Ae jz
Ex
E jH
Hy y
Hy
A jz
e
Phase Velocity
k
Phase Constant
Intrinsic Impedance
up
ug
Group Velocity
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Uniform Plane Waves
Reflection and Transmission under Normal Incidence
Incident Wave
Reflected Wave
Ae jk1z
Ei x
Ae jk1z
Er x
A
e jk1z
Hi y
1
A
e jk1z
Hr y
1
Er
Transmitted Wave
T
Ht y
Reflection
Coefficient
Transmission
Coefficient
Ei
TAe jk2z
Et x
A jk2z
e
2
Et
Ht
Hi
1, 1
2 , 2
2 1
2 1
T 1
22
2 1
k ,
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
, 1,2
30
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium
What is a TEM Wave?
Plane TEM Wave
Spherical TEM Wave
Cylindrical TEM Wave
A TEM wave is one having no field components along the direction of
propagation; the electric and magnetic field vectors are in the transverse plane.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
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Outline
1
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Recent Advances
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
This Course
Revision
Maxwells Equations
Uniform Plane Waves
TEM Waves in Unbounded Medium
Guiding Structures?
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Transmission Lines
Cable Transmission Lines
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair
Two-Wire (Twin-Lead) Ribbon Cable
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
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Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Transmission Lines
Printed Transmission Lines
Microstrip Lines
Coplanar Waveguide
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
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Why Study Microwave Engineering?
Revision
Guiding Structures?
Other Guided-Wave Structures
Waveguides and Other Structures
Waveguide
Optical Fiber
Carbon Nanotube
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Conclusion
Applications operating in different RF bands.
Guided and unguided propagation.
Maxwells equations and boundary conditions: the dispersion
relation.
Helmholtz equation and a possible solution in an unbounded
medium uniform plane waves.
TEM waves in unbounded media and in guiding structures.
Islam A. Eshrah, 2008
