!
Department of Chemical Engineering!
University of the Philippines Diliman
Material Balances 1!
Outline!
The Balance Equation
Mass Balance Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Mass Balance Calculations Single Unit
Multiple Unit Balances
The Balance Equation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
The Balance Equation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Conservation Laws
Mass (except in nuclear reactions)
Moles are NOT conserved when there are reactions!
Volume is generally NOT conserved
Energy (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
For any conserved property,
In Out + Generation = Accumulation
IN: sum of all flow rates into the system
OUT: sum of all flow rates going out of the system
GEN: formation or consumption within the system
ACC: net rate of change of the property in the system
(zero at steady-state)
4
The Balance Equation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Dierential Balance
Terms are in rate form
Usually for continuous processes
Integral Balance
Describes two points in time
Terms are in amounts
Usually for batch processes
Basic Rules
For total mass, GEN = 0
For non-reacting species, GEN = 0
For steady-state, ACC = 0
5
The Balance Equation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
If there is no chemical reaction and the system
is in steady-state:
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Mass Balance Analysis!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
1. Draw the flowchart of the problem.
2. Write the values and units of all known
variables, preferably at the location of the
stream.
3. Assign algebraic symbols to unknown stream
variables.
4. Select a convenient basis if needed.
5. Determine the appropriate set of equations.
6. Solve algebraically then numerically.
7
Mass Balance Analysis!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
General Material Balance Equation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Ex. Three students rent a room the night before
an exam and pay the desk clerk P6000. A new
clerk comes on duty and finds that the
discount rate for students should have been
P5500. The new clerk gives the bellhop P500
to return to the students, but the bellhop, not
having change and being slightly dishonest,
returns only P100 to each student and keeps
the remaining P200. Now each student paid
P2000 P100 = P1900, and 3 P1900 =
P5700 paid in total. The bellhop kept P200 for
a total of P5900. What happened to the other
P100?
Material Balance Calculations - Mixing!
The Balance
Equation
Recall: Algebra Problems
A manufacturer of soft drinks advertises its
orange soda as naturally flavored, although it
contains only 5% orange juice. A new federal
regulation stipulates that to be called natural, a
drink must contain at least 10% fruit juice. How
much pure orange juice must this manufacturer
add to 900 gal of orange soda to conform to the
new regulation?
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Material Balance Calculations - Mixing!
The Balance
Equation
Recall: Algebra Problems
A pharmacist, needs 100 L of a 50% alcohol
solution. He has on hand a 30% alcohol solution
and an 80% alcohol solution, which he can mix.
How many liters of each will be required to make
the 100 L of a 50% alcohol solution?
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Material Balance Calculations - Mixing!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Tie Component!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Enters in one input stream only
Exits in one output stream only
Is easily traced, and can be used in relating
other components
Ex. Find the mass M4
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
13
Tie Component!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Ex. You buy 100 kg of cucumbers that contain 99%
water. A few days later they are found to be 98%
water. What is the remaining weight of the
cucumbers?
Ex. Drying: A batch dryer can handle 5000 kg feed
per hour. 5000 kg of a material containing 30%
moisture is to be dried. How much moisture
evaporates per hour if the dried material contains
5% moisture?
Ex. Evaporation: An evaporator has a capacity to
evaporate 30,000 kg of water per hour. We want to
concentrate a NaCl-water solution from 10% to
40%. If the evaporator is to operate at its rated
capacity, what must the feed rate be? How much
product is obtained per hour?
14
Degree of Freedom Analysis!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Concept: DF = #Unknowns - #Indep.Eqn
DF = 0 solvable
DF > 0 underspecified, need more
equations
DF < 0 overspecified, possible redundant or
inconsistent equations
Independent equation: Cannot be derived
algebraically from other equations
Use to check if enough given information is
available to solve the problem
Requires a complete flowchart
15
Degree of Freedom Analysis!
The Balance
Equation
Example
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
16
Degree of Freedom Analysis!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Sources of Equations
Mass balance: total and component
Energy balance
Process specifications
Physical properties
Physical constraints
Stoichiometry
Multiple-Unit
Balances
17
General Steps!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Read
Tie Component
Draw
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
DFA
Basis
MB
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Check
Identify the streams and equipment involved
Define the system. Sketch a BFD or PFD with all streams
Identify known and unknown parameters and relations
Choose and clearly state a convenient basis
Write overall and component balances
Consider the given conditions and common sense
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
19
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Since the process is at steady-state condition
and no chemical reaction is involved, the
material balance equation becomes
Input = Output
This balance equation can be applied to:
The total mass entering and leaving the process
Mass of individual component entering and
leaving the process.
Multiple-Unit
Balances
20
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Total Mass (Overall Material Balance)
m1 = m2 + m3
Component A Balance
mA1 = mA2 + mA3
m1xA1 = m2xA2 + m3xA3
Component B Balance
mB1 = mB2 + mB3
m1xB1 = m2xB2 + m3xB3
21
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
For the given process, 3 material balance
equations can be written:
Total Balance:
m1 = m2 + m3
(E1)
A-Balance:
mA1 = mA2 + mA3
(E2)
B-Balance:
mB1 = mB2 + mB3
(E3)
Are these material balances independent
equations?
22
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
For the given process, 3 material balance
equations can be written:
Total Balance:
m1 = m2 + m3
(E1)
A-Balance:
mA1 = mA2 + mA3
(E2)
B-Balance:
mB1 = mB2 + mB3
(E3)
Are these material balances independent
equations?
23
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Example. Mixing of Methanol-Water Mixtures
Mass Balance
Analysis
Two methanol-water mixtures are contained in
separate tanks.
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
The first mixture contains 40.0 wt% methanol and
the second contains 70.0 wt% methanol.
If 200 kg of the first mixture is combined with 150
kg of the second, what are the mass and
composition of the product?
Multiple-Unit
Balances
24
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Step 1. Draw a flowchart to visually organize the
data.
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
0.40
0.60
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
25
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Step 2. Determine the degrees of freedom (DF)
Number of unknowns (U): 3 unknowns
m3, xM3, xW3
Number of independent equations (V):
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
DF = U V = 3 3 = 0, the problem is solvable
26
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Step 3. Write down the equations
Mass Balance
Analysis
Material Balances (Steady-State, Non-Reactive
Process):
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Total Balance:
m1 + m2 = m3
Methanol-Balance:
m1xM1 + m2xM2 = m3xM3
Water-Balance:
m1xW1 + m2xW2 = m3xW3
choose only 2 equations since one of them is no
longer independent
Physical Constraint (applied to mixture 3):
xM3 + xW3 = 1.00
27
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Step 4. Solve the unknowns (m3, xM3, xW3)
Always start with the equation with the least
number of unknowns if possible and minimize
solving equations simultaneously.
Multiple-Unit
Balances
28
Mass Balance Calculations!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Step 4. Solve the unknowns (m3, xM3, xW3)
Total balance:
m3 = (200 kg) + (150 kg) = 350 kg
CH3OH balance:
(200 kg)(0.40) + (150 kg)(0.70) = (350 kg)xM3
xM3 = 0.529
Physical constraint:
xW3 = 1.00 xM3 = 1 0.529
xW3 = 0.471
29
Homework!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Three hundred gallons of a mixture containing
75.0 wt% ethanol and 25% water (mixture
specific gravity = 0.877) and a quantity of a 40.0
wt% ethanol-60% water mixture (SG=0.952) are
blended to produce a mixture containing 60.0 wt
% ethanol.
Determine the required volume of the 40%
mixture.
Ans.: 207 gal
30
Questions?
31
Steady-State Material Balance!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Input = Output
In a mass balance set-up involving N components:
N+1 relationships are available (one overall mass
balance and N component balances)
Maximum number of independent equations is equal
to N
Physical constraints (mass fractions)
Process specifications
32
Steady-State Material Balance!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Total Mass (Overall Material Balance)
M1 + M2 + M3 = M4 + M5
Component A Balance
M1xA1 + M2xA2 = M4xA4 + M5xA5
Component B Balance
M1xB1 + M2xB2 + M3xB3 = M4xB4 + M5xB5
Component C Balance
M2xC2 + M3xC3 = M4xC4 + M5xC5
Component D Balance
M3xD3 = M4xD4
33
Steady-State Material Balance!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Sum of the mass fractions of the components
of each stream is one.
xA1 + xB1 = 1
xA2 + xB2 + xC2 = 1
xB3 + xC3 + xD3 = 1
xA4 + xB4 + xC4 + xD4 = 1
xA5 + xB5 + xC5 = 1
34
Steady-State Material Balance!
The Balance
Equation
Methods of Solution:
Arithmetic method
Mass Balance
Analysis
Stream-to-stream analysis
Tie component
Algebraic solution
Tie Component
Assign symbols to unknowns
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Combination of arithmetic and algebraic
methods
Graphical technique
Computer solutions using programs or
packaged softwares
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
35
Single-Unit Balance: Drying!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
qRemoval of water or another liquid from a solid
by vaporization
Ex. Drying:
A batch dryer can handle 5000 kg feed per hour.
5000 kg of a material containing 30% moisture is
to be dried. How much moisture evaporates per
hour if the dried material contains 5% moisture?
36
Single-Unit Balance: Evaporation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Unit operation where part of the solvent in a
solution is vaporized to concentrate the
solution
Ex. Evaporation:
An evaporator has a capacity to evaporate 30,000
kg of water per hour. We want to concentrate a
NaCl-water solution from 10% to 40%. If the
evaporator is to operate at its rated capacity,
what must the feed rate be? How much product
is obtained per hour?
37
Single-Unit Balance: Distillation!
Mass transfer due to dierence in volatility
The Balance
Equation
Vapor is richer in the more volatile component as it
ascends from plate to plate
Product withdrawn from the top = distillate
Bottom plate = bottoms
Side products can be withdrawn from any other plate
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Ex. Distillation:
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
We desire to produce two ethyl alcohol-water mixtures
each containing 90% and 50% alcohol by mole from a
dilute mixture containing 20% mole alcohol by distillation.
98% of the ethyl alcohol in the feed is to be recovered in
these two products, that is, only 2% of the ethyl alcohol in
the feed may go into the bottoms. If the bottoms contains
0.6% alcohol, calculate the amount of the dierent streams
per 1000 kmol of feed stream.
Multiple-Unit
Balances
38
Single-Unit Balance: Crystallization!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Unit operation in which a solution is brought to a
concentration where it cannot hold all the soluble
component (solute) in solution
Attained by cooling a hot solution and/or by
evaporating some of the solvent
Solute precipitates out as crystals
Ex. Crystallization:
One thousand kilograms of a 64% NaNO3 solution in
water is at a temperature of 100C. This is sent to a
crystallizer where it is cooled to 30C. At this
temperature, the solubility of NaNO3 is 96 parts per
100 parts of water (the solubility of NaNO3 is
maximum amount of NaNO3 that can stay in solution;
the rests crystallizes out). Calculate the amount of
crystals that precipitates out if
a.
b.
No water evaporates during cooling
5% of the original water evaporates during cooling
39
Single-Unit Balance: Solid-Liquid Extraction!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Valuable component (solute) in a solid can be
separated by soaking the solid in a solvent
where the solute is soluble and allowing the
solute to diuse out
Ex. Solid-Liquid Extraction:
A copra batch contains 44% oil and is to be
extracted with n-hexane. The extracted meal
contains 0.07 kg oil/kg oil-free matter, and the
mass fraction of n-hexane is 0.05. The extract
contains 49% n-hexane. If 10,000 kg of copra are
to be processed, how many kilograms of nhexane is required?
40
Single-Unit Balance: Practice!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Ex. An aqueous solution of NaOH contains
20% NaOH by mass. It is desired to produce
and 8% NaOH solution by diluting a stream of
the 20% solution with a stream of pure water.
Calculate the ratios [L H2O/kg feed] and [kg
product/kg feed].
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
42
Single-Unit Balance: Practice!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Ex. A liquid mixture containing 45% benzene
(B) and 55% toluene (T) is fed to a distillation
column. The overhead product contains 95%
B, and the bottom product stream contains
8% of the benzene fed to the column. The
volumetric flow rate of the feed stream is
2000L/h and the specific gravity of the
mixture is 0.872. Determine the mass flow
rate of overhead product and the mass flow
rate and mass fractions of the bottom
product.
43
Multiple-Unit Balances!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Overall
balance
Mixing
point
Unit
balance
Splitting
point
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
44
Multiple-Unit Balances!
The Balance
Equation
Ex. How will we solve for the flow rates and
compositions of (1), (2) and (3)?
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
45
Multiple-Unit Balances: Multiple-effect
Evaporation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Evaporator unit eect
electricity or steam
Steam side:
Heat exchangers: steam enters tubes/coils,
transfers heat to the solution, condenses, and
exits as liquid water
Mass of steam in = mass of condensed water out
Solution side:
Liquid solution boils
Water converted to vapor can be used as source
of heat for another evaporator (multiple-eect)
Mass feed = mass product + mass water
evaporated
46
Multiple-Unit Balances: Multiple-effect
Evaporation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Ex. A triple-eect evaporator concentrates a
10% caustic soda to 50% NaOH. Assuming
equal amounts of evaporation in each eect,
calculate the concentration of the solution
leaving each eect.
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
47
Multiple-Unit Balances!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Ex. NaCl crystals are to be produced from 1,000 kg of a
solution containing 10% NaCl, 1% KOH, and 89% H2O.
The solution is first sent to an evaporator where 790 kg of
the water from the solution is removed. The hot
concentrated solution is then sent to a crystallizer where
the solution is cooled to 20C and NaCl crystals precipitate.
Each kg of crystals carries with it 0.1 kg of adhering mother
liquor. The wet crystals are then treated in a drier where
95% of the water is removed. Calculate:
a.
the composition of the concentrated solution from the
evaporator.
the composition of the final crystal product.
the percentage recovery of NaCl from the original solution.
b.
c.
Data: At 20C, the solubility of NaCl in H2O is 36 g/100g H2O.
KOH is non-volatile and very soluble in H2O. Assume that no
water evaporates in cooling the solution. Assume that the
presence of KOH does not aect the solubility of NaCl in H2O.
48
Multiple-Unit Balances!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Ex. Acetone is used in the manufacture of many
chemicals and also as a solvent. In its latter role, many
restrictions are placed on the release of acetone vapor
to the environment. An acetone recovery system is
illustrated below. All of the concentrations shown of both
the gases and liquids are specified in weight percent in
this special case to make the calculations simpler.
Calculate A, F, W, B, and D in kilograms per hour.
Assume that G = 1400 kg/hr.
Answers:
A = 1336.7
F = 221.05
W = 157.7
D = 34.91
B = 186.1
49
Summary!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
By now you should have learned
The Balance Concept
How to analyze and solve material balance
equations
How to analyze solutions using Degree of
Freedom Analysis
How to solve Single Unit Material Balances
How to solve Multiple-Unit Balances
Groups - WFW!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Cosmetics
Paints and
Dyes
Glass
Drugs and
Pharma
Food and
Beverage
Beer
Lumactod
Almeda
Banag
Betancor
Ng
Abis
Castro
Dizon
Gutierrez
Caramat
Yu
Cua
Reyes
Moya
Ureta
Hadi
Sy, JL
Dy
Rubber
Pulp and
Paper
Soaps
Cement
Plastics
Baladiang
Mirasol
Pabua
Co
Alunan
Petallo
Sy, S
Roco
Dizon
Tan
Victor
Joves
Suarez
Lim
Garcia
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Groups - WFX!
The Balance
Equation
Cosmetics
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Paints and
Dyes
Glass
Drugs and
Pharma
Food and
Beverage
Beer
Jeresano
Trinidad
Maranon
Santiago
Castillo
Crisostomo
Conol
Piedad
Canicosa
Carrido
Perez, G
Barcelona
Vergara
Paet
Catulong
Sobremonte
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances
Rubber
Pulp and
Paper
Soaps
Cement
Plastics
Go
Dignos
Perez, E
Cudiamat
Baliton
Reyes
Saban
Quilantang
Dallarte
Caballero
Ng
Tan
Solis
Li
Rivera
Questions?
55
