Phylum

Phylum

General Characteristics
1. lack true tissues
2. Sponges
3. Some looks like a sac perforated with pores

Cnidaria

1. hydras, corals, and jellies

1. Cnidaians are aquatic animals
2. Relatively simple, radia, diploblastic body
3. Stinging structures, nematocysts, or cnidocytes
4. Gastrovascular cavity is a digestive
compartment

Platyhelminthes

1. Front-back plattened
2. Flatworms
3. Acoelomate (no body cavity)

1. Flatworms live in the presence of water;

habitats include marine, fresh water, hosts, and
damp terrestrial habitats

Nematoda

1.
2.
3.
4.

1. Nematodes are found in most quatic habitiats,

the soil, moist tissues of plants, and the body
fluids and tissues of animals

Unsegmented worms
Pseudocoelomates with tapered ends
No circulatory system
Cuticles

Environment
1. Poriferans are aquatic animals

Annelida

1. Segmented worms with segmented organs

2. Digestive tract

2. Annelids can be found in the sea, fresh water,

and damp soil

Mollusca

1. Three parts: nuscular foot, visceral mass, and

mantle
2. Most have hard shells made of calcium
carbonate
3. Clams, snails, and squids

1. Most molluscs are marine, but some are found

in fresh water, and some are found on land.

Class Gastropoda

1. Snail and slugs

2. Special developmental process of torsion

1. Mostly marine, except that snails and slugs are

terrestrial

Class Bivalvia

1. Clams, oysters, mussels

2. Shells are divided into two halves and are
hinged

1. All bivalves are aquatic

Class Cephalopoda

1. Octopuses and squids

2. Bilateral symmetry, predominant head, and
tentacles

1. Cephalopods are found only in the oceans

Echinodermata

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Coelmates with bilaterally symmetrical larvae

Adults with five-part body organization
Unique vascular system
Endoskeleton
Sea stars and sea urchins

1. Echinoderms are mostly found in marine.

Class Asteroidea

1. Star-shaped; all starfish

1. These are all marine animals

Arthropoda

1. Coelmates with segmented body and joints

2. Exoskeleton made of protein and chitin
3. Crustatians, insects, and spiders

1. Arthropods inhabites almost every habitats on

earth

Class Crustacea

1. Lobsters, shrimps, crayfish, and crabs

2. All have an exoskeleton

1. Most are aquatic aniamls, although some are

parasites and some are terrestrial

Subphylum Uniramia 1. The most successful animal phylum

2. Insects and millipedes
3. Uniramous legs and tracheal system

1. Most are terrestrial, although some uniramians

are aquatic

Subphylum
Chelicerata

1. Chelicerates originate as marine animals

2. Nowadays, most chelicerates are terrestrial

1. Horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, spiders, and

scorpions
2. The most ancient of arthropods

Feeding
1. Suspension feeders
2. Trap particles that pass through their internal
channels
3. Falgellated choanocytes draws water into the
spongocoel
4. Food particles are trapped by mucus and
engulfed by phagocytosis

Respiration
1. Based on diffusion
2. Exchange occurs in ostia, which are pores that
cover sponges

1. Carnivores
2. Use tentacles around their mouth the capture
prey and push them into their gastrovascular
cavity.
3. Cnidocytes or nematocysts stings the prey
3. Enzymes in the cavity break down the food

1. Based on diffusion
2. Gas exchange can occur in all cells of the body,
as long as water is present

1. Consist of a mouth, a pharynx, and a

gastrovascular cavity
2. The mouth ingest food, and digested enzymes
are discreted in the pharynx and the
gastrovascular cavity

1. Gas exchange occurs in all parts of the surface

of the body, since flatworms are flat
2. No specialized organs

1. Food is ingested through the mouth, which can

include teeth or stylets
2. The food then move down to the pharynx, then
the intestine, and is pushed through with body
movement

1. Oxygen diffuses into the body from their skin,

then oxygen goes deeper into inner cells
2. Carbod dioxide diffuses in a similar manner but
the the opposite direction

1. The mouth ingest food, which passes through

the alimentary canal
2. Digesting enzymes are excreted in the crop,
gizzard, and the intestine

1. The skin, with blood vessels and moisture,

functions as a respiratory organ
2. Gas exchange occurs at the skin

1. Most molluscs use randula, a straplike organ, to 1. Gas exchange occurs mostly in the gill (except
scrape up food
for terrestrial snails)
2. Food then enters through the mouth, are is
2. Oxygen is then being carried by the
digested in the stomach and the intestine
hemopymph fluids

1. They feed with their radula

1. Terrestrial snails do not have gills, so gas

exchange occurs in the inner lining of the mantle

1. Suspension feeding using mucus on their gills;

no randula

1. Gas exchange occurs at the gill

1. Cephalopods are predators and use their

tentacles and jet propulsion to hunt their prey

1. Gas exchange occurs mostly in the gill

2. Oxygen is then being carried by the
hemopymph fluids

1. The prey is grabbed by the tube feet, then it is 1. Gas exchange occurs at the small gills located
brought to the mouth, which is part of the stomach on the surface of the echinoderms
that is turned inside-out
2. The stomach begins the digestive process while
the prey is still outside of the body
3. there are digestive glands in the tube feet

1. Starfish are predators and they use their tube

feet to capture prey

1. Gas exchange occurs at the gills

1. For most arthropods, food comes in through the 1. In most arthropods, there are specialized organs
mouth; some use poison as an aid
for gas exchange; some aquatic anthropods have
2. Food is sucked into the stomach and the
gills, and some insects have trachael branches
intestine to be digested
2. These organs exchange gas with diffusion

1. Some are suspension feeders, like shrimps, and 1. Crustaceans use gills for gas exchange
some are predators that use their claws
1. Feed on other animals or invertebraes
2. Some use their claws, teeth-like structure,
and/or poison to capture their prey
3. Food goes in through the mouth

1. Uniramians use their tracheal system for gas

exchange
2. This tracheal system consist of tubes and
spiracles, which is where the tubes come in
contact with the air

1. Most chelicerates start digesting in their preoral

cavities
2. Horseshoe crabs feed by grinding their food
with their legs and then sending the food into the
extensive oral groove

1. Terrestrial chelicerates breathe in through their

book lungs, and aquatic chelicerates breathe in
through their book gills
2. Chelicerates have a tracheal system

Internal Transport
Excretion
1. Amoebocytes transfer nutrients to other parts of 1. Wastes flows out throught the osculum
the body
2. Water comes in through pores and goes out
through the osculum

1. No respiratory system nor pores that absorb

water
2. Digestive tracks deliver nutrients to the cells

1. Undigested food is ejected back out of the

mouth
2. The skin also releases unwanted particles

1. Lacks circulatory system

2. The gastrovascular cavity contains a system
that transport nutrients right to the cells

1. Protonephidia make up the excretory network of

tubules with flame bulbs
2. Flame bulbs pumps fluids out though openings
on the surface
3. Undigested food is egested out through the
mouth

1. Lacks circulatory system

1. Undigested material is excreted through the
2. Have an alimentary canal
anus
3. Fluids in the pseudocoelon transports nutrients

1. Alimentary canal
2. Closed circulatory system
3. The dorsal and ventral blood vessels are linked
by segmental pairs of vessells
4. The blood vessels are muscular themselves and
pump blood

1.Undigested material is excreted through the

anus
2. The metanephridium filters waste from the
blood and eliminate them through external pores

1. An open circulatory system based on fluid called

hemolymph
2. The organs are soaked in hemolymph and the
heart pumps blood through arteries into the body
spaces

1. Undigested material is excreted through the

anus
2. The nephridium eliminates wastes that are in
the hemolymph

1. An open circulatory system based on fluid called 1. The anus is located above the mouth
hemolymph
2. The organs are soaked in hemolymph and the
heart pumps blood through arteries into the body
spaces
1. An open circulatory system based on fluid called
hemolymph
2. The organs are soaked in hemolymph and the
heart pumps blood through arteries into the body
spaces

1. Undigested material is excreted through the

anus
2. The nephridium eliminates wastes that are in
the hemolymph

1. Closed circulatory system involved gill hearts

and hemolymph

1. Undigested material is excreted through the

anus
2. The nephridium eliminates wastes that are in
the hemolymph

1. Unique water vascular system with water

canals, tube feet, and madreporites (openings)
2. There is one ring canal in the centre and five
radial canals
3. The water vascular system contains blood and
acts like a circulatory system

1. Undigested food is ejected out from the anus

2. Ammonia and such is excreted from the tube
feet and the skin gills

1. Starfish have the water vascular system that

transport oxygen and nutrients

1. Starfish excrete through the anus and gills

1. There is an open circulatory system that

includes a heart, several arteries, and the fluid
hemolymph, similar to that of the molluscs, bu
they have eveolved seperately

1. Undigested food is released from the anus in

solid form
2. Malpighian tubes filters nitrogen waste from the
sinuses and add then to their feces
3. Aquatic arthropods excrete nitrogen waste from
opening in their head

1. There is an open circulatory system and the

hemolymph flows into the haemocoel

1. The anus is located at the posterior end, and

the kidney-like structure is located near the
antennae

1. The open circular system consists of hearts,

with openings called otis, and haemocoel, and
hemolymph

1. Waste from food is excreted through the anus,

and nitrogen waste is added to the feces

1. Like most arthropods, their circulatory system is 1. Like most arthropods, the chelicerates use their
open, with hemolymph filling up the hemocoel
malpighian tubules and their nephridia to filter
nitrogen waste and add them to their feces, which
is then excreted through the anus

Response
Movement
1. Sponges respond to water currents by adjusting 1. Amoebocytes are capable of becoming any
its shape
sponge cells,
2. They produce antibiotics
which allows them to adjust its shape
2. Sponges do not travel

1. Responds to stimuli from every direction since 1. Simple contractile tissues, or contractile fbres
censory structures are distributed around the body 2. Gastruvascular cavity, with the mouth closed,
acts like a hydrostatic skeleton
3. Nerve net coordinated movement, without a
central nerve center

1. At the anterior end is where censory cells are

dense
2. A pair of ganglia are nervous cell clusters that
acts like a brain
3. Censory input inclued two eyespots, that senses
chemicals

1. Some move using cilia on their ventral surface,

which help them glide on musuc they also secrete
2. Others move using muscles through water in an
undulating, or wave-like, motion

1. Four major nerve chords

1. Longitudinal muscles in the body wall contract
2. Nerve rings around the pharynx act like a brain and produce a thrashing motion
3. Censory organs include cilia, bristles, and
papilae, which sense touch

1. Its nervous system includes a pair of cerebral

ganglia in the first segment, ventral nerve cords
that run through the entire body, and segmental
ganglia in each segment.
2. Marine annelids have various censory organs

1. Polychaetes use parapodia (paddle-like

structures) for movement
2. Oligochaetes use segmented muscles
compressing and acting on coelmic fluid to
coordinate and contract
3. Chaetae provide traction for burrowing

1. Some molluscs can sense touch and light

1. Most molluscs have a musclar foot used for
2. Their nervous system includes a nerve ring
movement
around the esophagus, and extended nerves from
the ring

1. Most gastropods have distinct eyes located on

top of their tentacles
2. They retreat into their shells

1. Gastropods have cillia or slime on their

muscular feet

1. Some molluscs have additional eyes or lenses

1. Can move themselves using their muscular feet

1. Complex nervous system; well developped brain 1. Jet propulsion; very fast unlike other molluscs

1. In the central disc is a nerve ring present, and it

extends into the tube feet in the similar manner as
of the canals
2. The tube feet and eyespots located around the
body can sense light, touch, temperature, etc

1. The tube feet can adhere to the surface with

chemicals
2. Muscles and chemicals coordinate the extend,
grip, release motion of the tube feet.
3. The water vascular system is also used for
movement

1. Starfish are sensetive to touch, chemical, water 1. Starfish move with the extend, grip, release
conditions, etc.
motion
1. Sensory organs include eyes, olfactory sensors, 1. Most arthropods have legs and can walk
and antennae; and they mostly locate at the
2. Some insects fly
anterior end
2. Arthropods have a brain

1. Crustacean brains exist in the form of grandula, 1. Crustaceans swim with their swimmerets
and are located near the antennae and the gut
1. The uniramians are, in general, sensitive to
light, touch, and chemicals.
2. Their receptors include the antennae, the hair
formed by the cuticle, and the eyes

1. Uniramians move using the coordination of

muscles and joints, and with their feet

1. Sensory organs include eyes, antennae, and

1. Like most arthropods, chelicerates move with
setae on the cuticle
their appendages.
2. The nervous system resembles that of most
arthropods, however, it is common for the ganglia
of the chelicerates to fuse

Reproduction
Pictures
1. Sequential hermaphrodites
2. Choanocytes and ameobocytes produce
gametes
3. Sperms travel through the current and fertilizes
the eggs in the mesophyl
4. Larvae are flagellated

1. Most cnidarians alternate between polyp and

medusa stages
2. Polyps are asexual and produce medusae using
budding
3. Medusae produce gametes that fertilize
externally, which then grows into a polyp

1. Some are parasidic and some are free living

2. Asexual reproduction involves budding, and
sometimes chain worms can be found during
asexual reproduction
3. Sexuall reproduction occurs as well, and some
parasitic species reproduce sexually in their hosts

1. Nematodes reproduce sexually most of the

time.
2. Sexes are separate
3. Internal fertilization; large egg deposits

1. Earthworms are hermaphrodites

2. They exchange sperm and sperm are stored in
the clitellum
3. The clitellum produces cocoon with mucus,
which then picks up sperm and egg, and it slips off
the head and develop
4. Asexual reproduction with fragmentation
1. Most mulluscs have separate sexes and
reproduce sexually
2. Their gonalds, or sex organs, are located in the
visceral mass
3. Most mulluscs have a ciliated larvae stage, or
the trochophore
1. During the develpopmental stage, torsion turn
the visceral mass, causing the anus and the
mantle cavity to be above their mouth

1. External fertilization, and swimming larvae

1. External fertilization, and mating competition is

present among males

1. Most echinoderms reproduce sexually with

external fertilization of sperm and egg
2. The larva has a bilateral symmetry
3. Some echinoderms can reproduce asexually
through fission, but only bits with some central
disc would grow

1. Each starfish arm contains two gonads

1. Most arthropods reproduce sexually using
internal fertilization
2. Male arthropods may deliver sperm with various
modified appendages, or spermatophores
2. Most arthropods lay eggs

1. Parthenogenesis is common and crustaceans

develop some mechanism that protects the
fertilized eggs
1. Separate sexes and internal fertilization
2. The larvae usually go through long
developmental stages

1. Terrestrial chelicerates use internal fertilization

and some species use the structure of
spermatophores
2. Horseshoe crabs use external fertilization