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DCModelsandAnalysis
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DCModelsandAnalysis
ThissectiondescribesDCmodelsyoucanuseinEasyPoweranddescribestheanalysisresults.
DCAnalysisConcepts
Pleasenotethefollowingaboutshortcircuitresults:
Shortcircuitcurrentsaresteadystateapproximations.Circuitinductanceandcapacitancearenotconsideredandthe
buildupofcurrentsisnotmodeled.
Motorscontributetobusfaults,butloadsdonot.
Faultcurrentfromtherectiierattherectiierterminalisspeciiedintherectiierdialogbox.
DCMotor
Figure1:DCMotor
ThesimpliiedelectricalcharacteristicoftheDCmotorcanbedescribedbythefollowingequation:
Vt=Ea+Ia*Ra
Where,
Vt=Terminalvoltage
Ea=Inducedarmaturevoltage(backe.m.f.)
Ia=Armaturecurrent
Ra=Armatureresistance
Thefactorsaffectingtheinducedarmaturevoltageare:
Magneticlux
Numberofarmatureconductors
Speed
DCmotorstarting:WhilestartingDCmotors,speedisinitiallyzeroandsoEaiszero.Asaresult,thestartingcurrentishigh.
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DCmotorstarting:WhilestartingDCmotors,speedisinitiallyzeroandsoEaiszero.Asaresult,thestartingcurrentishigh.
Thestartingcurrentcanbecalculatedfromtheequation:
DCmotorshortcircuitcontribution:Thespeedisassumedatratedspeed,soEaisclosetothesystemvoltage.Theterminal
voltageVtcollapsestonearzeroforfaultneartheterminal.Thenegativesignrepresentscurrentlowoutofthemotor.
TheimpedanceRaisusedastheshortcircuitmodelinthecalculations.
ShuntMotorStartingExample
MotorData:HP=100;V=250;Eficiency=95%;Ra=0.05ohms
FLA=InputkW/V=HP*0.746/(Eficiency*kV)
=310Amps
StartingCurrent=V/Ra
=250/0.05=5000Amps
StartingResistortolimitcurrentto4xFLA:
Rtotal=Ra+Rstart
Rtotal=V/(4xFLA)=250/(4x310)=0.20ohms
Rstart=0.200.05=0.15ohms
ShortCircuitContributiontoterminalfault:
~250/0.05~5000Amps
EstimateofArmatureResistance
Itisbesttousethearmatureresistancefromthemanufacturerifitisavailable.Thearmatureresistanceneedstoincludethe
commutatorresistance.Intheabsenceofexactinformation,wecanmakesomeassumptions.Thegraphbelowshowsthe
calculatedpercentimpedanceofafewDCmotorsobtainedfromafacility.
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Figure2:CalculatedPercentImpedancesforSample230VDCMotors
Foramotorratedat50HP,230V,0.9eficiency,wewillestimatethearmatureresistance.Forthisexample,assume8%
impedance.Thisishowmuchvoltagedropthereisacrossthearmatureandcommutatoratfullload.
Vdrop=8%of230V=18.4VatFLA.
FLA=0.746*HP/(Eficiency*V)=180A
Ra=Vdrop/FLA=18.4/180=0.1Ohms
Battery
Abatteryismodeledasavoltagesourceandaseriesresistance(internalresistance).Thisistrueforbothshortcircuitand
powerlowanalysis.
Figure3:BatteryElectricalModel
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Figure4:BatteryDialogBox
Option
Description
Total
RatedkV
Thisisthetotalvoltageratingofthebatterystring.Ifyouhavemultiplebatteriesconnectedinseries,addupthe
voltageofindividualbatteries.Forparallelconnectionforsimilarbatteries,leavethevoltageasis.
Charging Thisismultiplierforthebatteryvoltagerelectingthechargecondition.Forexample,afullychargedbattery
Multiplier couldhave1.05andaslightlydrainedbatterycouldhave0.95asthechargingmultiplier.
TotalR
Thisistheinternalresistanceofthebatterystringinohms.Youcangettheinternalresistancefromthe
manufacturer.Hereissometypicaldataforbatteries:
BatteryType
PercentImpedance
Flooded
1015%
Gel
1216%
AGM
2%
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Rated
Amps
Therated(nominal)amperesofthebatteryorbatterystring.Thenominalampratingistheamperehour
dividedbythedischargetimeforsuchbatteries.Forexample,ifyouhavea200Amphourbatteryratedata
dischargetimeof8hours,theratedampsis200/8=25A.
ExampleBatteryResistanceCalculation
Aloodedleadacidbatteryhasaratingof250Vand200Amphourwithadischargetimeof8hours.Estimatetheresistanceof
thebattery.
RatedAmps=200/8=25A.
Wewillassume10%impedanceforthiscase.
TotalR=V*(%Impedance)/(RatedAmps)=250*0.1/25=1Ohm.
BatteryBank
Multipleidenticalcellsorbatteriescanbeconnectedinseries,inparallel,orinacombinationofboth.
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Multipleidenticalcellsorbatteriescanbeconnectedinseries,inparallel,orinacombinationofboth.
ParallelConnection:Currentcapacityismultipliedbythenumberofbatterystringsinparallel.Batteryresistanceis
dividedbythenumberofparallelconnections.Thevoltageremainsthesame.
SeriesConnection:Forastringofbatteriesinseries,thecurrentcapacityremainsthesame.Totalvoltageisthe
individualvoltagetimesthenumberofbatteriesinseries.Thebatteryresistanceisthesumoftheindividualresistances.
Ifyouhavetheimpedanceinpercent,thereisnoneedtoaddordividethepercentvalue.Youcancalculatetheresistancebased
ontheinalvoltageandcurrentcapacity.
Photovoltaics
ThegraphbelowshowsanapproximationoftheVIcharacteristicsofphotovoltaics.Thisisnonlinearandisusedwhensolving
powerlow.Astheloaddemandincreasesbeyondthecapacityofthephotovoltaic,thevoltagedropsrapidly.
Figure5:VICharacteristicsofPhotovoltaics
Thecharacteristicsarederivedfromtheuserdeinedinputsinthedialogbox.Theimportantdatainclude:
Opencircuitvoltage:Thisdeineswherethecurvemeetsthevoltageaxistotheright.
ShortCircuitCurrent:Thisdeineswherethecurvemeetsthecurrentaxisontheleft.
Voltageatwhichpeakpowerisdelivered:Thisdeinesthe"knee"ofthecurve.
Formoreinformationaboutphotovoltaics,seeExample3:PhotovoltaicSystem.
DCArcFlashHazardAnalysis
NFPA70E,Edition2015,AnnexD.5describesthemethodforcalculatingarclashhazardenergyforlowvoltageDCequipment.
ThismethodisbasedonthemaximumpowertransfertheoremsimilartoRalphLee'smethodforAC.
Iarc=0.5*Ibf
Ei=0.01*Iarc*V*t*Factor/D2
Where,
Iarc=estimatedDCarccurrentinamps
Ei=estimatedincidentenergyincal/cm2attheworkingdistanceD
V=DCvoltageinvolts
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V=DCvoltageinvolts
t=arcdurationinseconds
D=workingdistanceincm
Factor=1.0foropenairand3.0forenclosures(box)
Next:DCinEasyPower
MoreInformation
DCinEasyPower
Example2:DCLinkInverterwithaBatteryBank(UPS)
TipsonCreatingDCSystems
Example3:PhotovoltaicSystem
Example1:SampleDCSystem
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