SAT Math Must-Know Facts &
Numbers, Sequences, Factors
Integers:
Rationals:
of integers
Reals:
as 2, 3 and
. . . , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
fractions, that is, anything expressable as a ratio
integers plus rationals plus special numbers such
Order Of Operations: PEMDAS
(Parentheses / Exponents / Multiply / Divide / Add /
Subtract)
Arithmetic Sequences:
each term is equal to the previous term plus d
Sequence: t1, t1 + d, t1 + 2d, . . .
Example: d = 4 and t1 = 3 gives the sequence 3,
7, 11, 15, . . .
Geometric Sequences:
each term is equal to the previous term times r
Sequence: t1, t1 r, t1 r2, . . .
Example: r = 2 and t1 = 3 gives the sequence 3,
6, 12, 24, . . .
Factors:
the factors of a number divide into
that number without a remainder
Example: the factors of 52 are 1, 2, 4, 13, 26,
and 52
Multiples:
the multiples of a number are divisible
by that number without a remainder
Example: the positive multiples of 20 are 20,
40, 60, 80, . . .
Percents:
percent
use the following formula to fnd part, whole, or
part =
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perce whole
nt
100
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SAT Math Must-Know Facts &
Example: 75% of 300
is what?
Solve x = (75/100) 300 to get 225
Example: 45 is what percent of 60?
Solve 45 = (x/100) 60 to get 75%
Example: 30 is 20% of
what?
Solve 30 = (20/100) x to get 150
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Averages, Counting, Statistics, Probability
average =
average
speed =
sum of
terms
number of
terms
total
distance
total
time
sum = average (number of terms)
mode = value in the list that appears
most often median = middle value in the
list (which must be sorted)
Example: median of {3, 10, 9, 27, 50} = 10
Example: median of {3, 9, 10, 27} = (9 +
10)/2 = 9.5
Fundamental Counting Principle:
If an event can happen in N ways, and another,
independent event can happen in M ways, then
both events together can happen in N M ways.
Probabil
ity:
probabilit
y=
number of desired
outcomes number of
total outcomes
Example: each SAT math multiple choice
question has fve possible answers, one of
which is the correct answer. If you guess
the answer to a question completely at
ran- dom, your probability of getting it
right is 1/5 = 20%.
The probability of two different events A and B
both happening is P (A and B) = P (A) P (B), as
long as the events are independent (not mutually
exclusive).
Powers, Exponents, Roots
xa xb =
xa+b
(xa)b = xab
x0 = 1
xa/xb = xab
(xy)a = xa
ya
xy = x y
1/xb =(xb
+1, if n is even;
n
(1)
=
1, if n is odd.
Factoring, Solving
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (b + a)x + ab FOIL
a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)
Difference Of Squares
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)(a +
2
b) a 2ab + b = (a b)
(a b)
To solve a quadratic such as x2 +bx+c = 0, frst factor the left side to
get (x+a 1)(x+a 2) = 0, then set each part in parentheses equal to
zero. E.g., x2 + 4x + 3 = (x + 3)(x + 1) = 0 so that x = 3 or x = 1.
To solve two linear equations in x and y: use the frst equation to
substitute for a variable in the second. E.g., suppose x + y = 3 and
4x y = 2. The frst equation gives y = 3 x, so the second equation
becomes 4x (3 x) = 2 5x 3 = 2 x = 1, y = 2.
Functions
A function is a rule to go from one number (x) to another number
(y), usually written
y=f
(x).
For any given value of x, there can only be one corresponding value
y. If y = kx for some number k (example: f (x) = 0.5 x), then y is
said to be directly proportional to x. If y = k/x (example: f (x) =
5/x), then y is said to be inversely proportional to x.
Absolute
value:
|x|
=
+x, if x 0;
x, if x < 0.
Lines (Linear Functions)
Consider the line that goes through points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2).
/
Distance from A to B: (x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2
Mid-point of the
segment AB:
x1 + x2
,y +y
1
2
2
2
Slope of the
line:
rise
y2
=
y1 x2
run
x1
Slope-intercept form: given the slope m and the y-intercept b, then
the equation of the line is y = mx + b. Parallel lines have equal
slopes: m1 = m2. Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes:
m1 m2 = 1.
b a b
a
b
Intersecting Lines
Parallel Lines (l 1 m)
Intersecting lines: opposite angles are equal. Also, each pair of
angles along the same line add to 180. In the fgure above, a + b =
180.
Parallel lines: eight angles are formed when a line crosses two
parallel lines. The four big angles (a) are equal, and the four small
angles (b) are equal.
Triangles
Right triangles:
c
a
a2 + b2 = c2
2x
30
x 3
60
x 2
45
45
x
Special Right Triangles
Note that the above special triangle fgures are given in the test
booklet, so you dont have to memorize them, but you should be
familiar with what they mean, especially the frst one, which is
called the Pythagorean Theorem (a2 + b2 = c2).
A good example of a right triangle is one with a = 3, b = 4, and c = 5,
also called a 345 right triangle. Note that multiples of these
numbers are also right triangles. For example, if you multiply these
numbers by 2, you get a = 6, b = 8, and c = 10 (6810), which is
also a right triangle.
The Special Right Triangles are needed
Pythagorean Theorem. Here,
less often than the
x
is
used
to mean
any
positive
number,
as 1,with
1/2,sides
etc. 2,
A
typical
example
on the
test:
you are
given asuch
triangle
the
3. The
fgure
showsfor
that
this
angle
is 60.
1, and
3 and
are asked
the
angle
opposite
Arc
nrh
(h, k)
AllSector
triangles:
b
Area =
1
2
bh
The area formula above works for all triangles, not just
right triangles. Angles on the inside of any triangle add
up to 180.
The length of one side of any triangle is always less than the sum
of the lengths of the other two sides.
Other important triangles:
Equilateral:These triangles have three equal sides, and all three
angles are 60.
Isosceles:
angles
An isosceles triangle has two equal sides. The base
(the ones opposite the two sides) are equal. A good
example of an isosceles triangle is the one on page 4
with base angles of 45.
Similar:
Two or more triangles are similar if they have the
same shape. The corresponding angles are equal,
and the corresponding sides
are in proportion. For example, the 345 triangle and
the 6810 triangle from before are similar since their
sides are in a ratio of 2 to 1.
Circles
Area = r2
Circumference
= 2r
Full circle =
360
(Optional)
Length Of Arc
= (n
/
) 2r
36
0
Area Of Sector = (n/360) r
Rectangles And Friends
l
w
Rectangle
Parallelogram
(Optional) (Square if l = w)
(Rhombus if l = w)
Area = lw
Area = lh
The formula for the area of a rectangle is given in the test booklet,
but it is very important to know, so you should memorize it
anyway.
Solids
r
h
Rectangular Solid
Volume = lwh
Right Cylinder
Volume = r2h
Note that the above solids fgures are given in the test booklet, so
you dont have to memorize them, but you should be familiar with
what they mean.
