International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
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Design of Alpha Stirling Engine in Conjunction with Solar Concentrator
Asawari Bhagat1, Akshay Modi2, Prathamesh Hinganikar3, Prasad Tambekar4, N.U.Kakade5,
B.N.Kale6
1234U.G
Scholar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engg. & Research, Nagpur
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar College Of Engineering & Research ,Nagpur
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
56Professor,
Abstract This paper provides an design approach and
thermodynamic analysis of an solar stirling model. Out of the
three Configurations viz. Alpha,Beta and Gamma an Alpha
configuration was Chosen because of its ease of fabrication.
Parabolic solar concentrator is used to provide Heat to the
Engine. The main objective was to determine how much work
can be extracted from a 49cc Stirling Engine. Further the
Effect of regenerator effectiveness on Stirling cycle efficiency,
Variation of expansion volume, Compression volume and total
volume is also calculated with respect to crank angle
variation.
1.1 Configuration of Stirling Engine
There are mainly three configurations of stirling engine
namely, Alpha, Beta and Gamma.
In the alpha-configuration a displacer is not
used. Two pistons, called the hot and cold
pistons, are used on either side of the heater,
regenerator, and cooler. These pistons move
uniformly in the same direction to provide
constant-volume heating or cooling processes of
the working fluid. When all the working fluid has
been transferred into one cylinder, one piston
will be fixed and the other piston moves to
expand or compress the working fluid. The
expansion work is done by the hot piston while
the compression work is done by the cold
piston.
In the beta-configuration, a displacer and a
power piston are incorporated in the same
cylinder. The displacer moves working fluid
between the hot space and the cold space of the
cylinder through the heater, regenerator, and
cooler. The power piston, located at the cold
space of the cylinder, compresses the working
fluid when the working fluid is in the cold space
and expands the working fluid when the working
fluid is moved into the hot space.
The gamma-configuration uses separated
cylinders for the displacer and the power
pistons, with the power cylinder connected to
the displacer cylinder. The displacer moves
working fluid between the hot space and the
cold space of the displacer cylinder through the
heater, regenerator, and cooler. In this
configuration, the power piston both
compresses and expands the working fluid. The
gamma-configuration with double-acting piston
arrangement has theoretically the highest
possible
mechanical
efficiency.
This
configuration also shows good selfpressurization.
Key Words: Solar Stirling model, Alpha Configuration,
Stirling Engine, Parabolic Solar Concentrator, regenerator
effectiveness, crank angle, expansion volume, compression
volume.
1.INTRODUCTION
Stirling engine is a mechanical device working theoretically
on the Stirling cycle, in which compressible fluids, such as
air, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen or even vapors, are used as
working fluids. The Stirling engine offers possibility for
having high efficiency engine with less exhaust emissions in
comparison with the internal combustion engine. The earlier
Stirling engines were huge and inefficient. However, over a
period of time, a number of new Stirling engine models have
been developed to improve the deficiencies.
The modern Stirling engine is more efficient than the early
engines and can use any high temperature heat source. The
Stirling engine is an external combustion engine. Therefore,
most sources of heat can power it, including combustion of
any combustible material, field waste, rice husk or the like,
biomass methane and solar energy. In principle, the Stirling
engine is simple in design and construction, and can be
operated easily.
Direct solar-powered Stirling engines may be of great
interest to countries where solar energy is available in
unlimited quantity. To use direct solar energy, a solar
concentrator and absorber must be integrated with the
engine system.
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e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2016
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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iv.
2-3: Constant volume heat addition: the gas passes
back through the regenerator where it recovers
much of the heat transferred in (2) above, heating
up on its way to the expansion space.
Fig.2 p-v Diagram of stirling Engine
Fig.1 Configuration of Sirling Engine
1.2 Principle of Operation
2. Design Methodology.
We decided to manufacture a Stirling engine having
49cc displacement capacity and accordingly the L/D
ratio was calculated for the cylinders and the piston.
After finalizing the dimensions of each and every
component of the engine, A CAD model of a alpha
configuration of Stirling Engine was developed on
CREO Software.
Parabolic Solar Concentrator was manufactured by
utilizing a Old Cable Dish. The dish was further
given a mirror finish by adhering several small
mirrors over its Concave surface.
The Stirling hot air engine is a simple type of engine that
uses a compressible fluid as the working fluid. Because the
working fluid is in a closed system, there are no problems
with contamination and working fluid costs. Heat transfer to
the working fluid is very important. High mass flow is
needed for good heat transfer. The working fluid should be
that of low viscosity to reduce pumping losses. Using higher
pressure or lower viscosity, or combinations thereof, could
reduce the high mass flow required. The Stirling engine
could theoretically be a very efficient engine in upgrading
from heat to mechanical work with the Carnot efficiency. The
thermal limit of the operation of the Stirling engine depends
on the material used for construction. Engine efficiency
ranges from about 30 to 40% resulting from a typical
temperature range of 9231073 K, and a normal operating
speed range from 2000 to 4000 rpm.
1.3. Stirling Cycle
The idealized Stirling cycle consists of four thermodynamic
processes acting on the network of the fluid;
i.
3-4: Isothermal expansion: the expansion space and
associated heat exchanger are maintained at a
constant high temperature and the gas undergoes
isothermal expansion absorbing heat from the heat
source.
ii.
4-1: Constant volume heat removal: the gas is
passed through a regenerator where it cools
transferring heat to the regenerator for use in the
next cycle.
iii.
1-2: Isothermal compression: the compression
2.1 Calculation.
i.
Calculation of solar radiation incident on
Earth.
The Solar Radiation Intercepted by earth
surface was Calculated By Following Equation :
According to Empherical relation derived
zenith angle z is given by
Cos(z)=sin(sincos+coscoscos
sin)+cos(coscoscossincossin)+cossinsinsin ------------------ (1)
Where,
z-zenith angle
-declination angle
-slope (angle made by plane surface
with horizontal)
-surface azimuth angle
-hour angle
-latitude angle
space and associated heat exchanger are
maintained at a constant low temperature so
that the gas undergoes isothermal
compression, rejecting heat to the cold sink.
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Now according to ASHRAE Model
Ib n= Aexp(-B/cosz) --------------- (2)
Id = CIbn ----------------- (3)
Where,
Ibn=Beam radiation in direction of rays
Id=Diffused radiation
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Ig=Hourly global radiation
Ib=Hourly beam radiation
Ib=Ibncosz -------------- (4)
Ig = Ib + Id ----------------- (5)
Using Eqn. (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and taking
suitable value of constatnt A, B and C from
ASHRAE databook, The golobal Radiation
was found to be :
cylibnder, T1 is the temperature of compression
cylinder , e is regenerator effectiveness, k is
ratio of specific heat, K is ratio of Dead volumes
with there respective temperatures and Vswh
and Vswc are Swept colume of expansion and
Compression Cylinder.
Total Heat Rejected Considering
Regeneration is given by the Equation-
Net work Done is Calculated from the
equation
Thermal Efficiency is Given by-
Ig = 1030.79 W/m2
ii.
Calculation of Parabolic Solar Concentrator
The effective surface area of Absorber
is given by
Aabs =
Area of parabolic Dish is given by
Ap =
Concentration Ratio, C
Now, C
Also Focal Length,
= 1/sin2
Rim Angle,
=
Using the Above Four equations the
net work output without regeneration
i.e e=0, was found to be 10.36 J and the
efficiency of the engine was found to
be 12.36%.
Using the above equations the Rim
Angle was found to be 76.26o,
Concentration Ratio was Calculated as
17.32 and Focal Length of the
parabolic dish was found to be 0.37m.
iii.
Calculation of Temperature achieved by the
absorber
The temperature achieved by the absorber was
calculated using following equation.
Since the efficiency of parabolic solar
concentrator is between 0.3 to 0.6, Therefore
taking = 0.3.
Where ma is the mass of air inside engine.
Using the Above equation the temperature
achieved by the absorber was found to be
Tabs = 540.20oC
iv.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Stirling Cycle
With Regeneration.
Total Heat added considering
regeneration is given by the equation
In Above Equation m is mass of air inside the
cylinder, Cv is specific heat of air at constant
volume, T3 is the temperature of expansion
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Table-1: Cycle Efficiency For Different
Regenerator Effectiveness.
Regenerator
Qin
Qout
Effectiveness
Stirling
Efficiency
(e)
0.1
60.21
48.76
0.19
0.2
55.32
44.14
0.202
0.3
50.72
39.52
0.220
0.4
46.13
34.89
0.2436
0.5
41.53
30.27
0.2711
0.6
36.93
25.65
0.3054
0.7
32.33
21.03
0.3495
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0.8
27.73
16.41
0.4082
210
3.28
12.25
15.53
8.01
0.9
23.14
11.78
0.49
240
12.25
3.28
15.53
13.83
18.54
7.166
0.6134
270
24.5
24.5
11.94
300
36.75
3.28
40.03
6.41
330
45.71
12.25
57.96
3.70
360
49
24.5
73.5
2.53
Stirling Cycle Simulation Using Schmidt
Analysis
The equations used for cycle Simulation are:I.
Expansion Space Volume Variation, VE
II.
III.
Compression Space Volume Variation, Vc
Engine Cycle Pressure, p
3. CONCLUSIONS
IV.
Variation Of Volume and pressure with
Crank angle
Using equation (I.), (II.) and (III.) the
variation of various volumes and engine
cycle pressure p is calculated and the
results are tabulated below.
In Above Equations
Angle,
I.
represents Crank
represents phase angle viz. 90o in
case alpha Stirling engine.
Table-2: Variation of pressure and volume
w.r.t Crank angle.
VE
VC
VT
Effect of regenerator effectiveness on
thermal efficiency.
In regenerative cycle, the heat transferred
to regenerator matrix by working fluid and
the same heat is recovered back and hence
the heat transfer process at regenerator
governs the regeneration effectiveness.
The engine cycle simulation has shown that
the engine attains maximum thermal
efficiency of 61% with regeneration
effectiveness unity. The regeneration
effectiveness does not affect maximum
cycle pressure, net cycle work, and power
output.
p
(bar)
49
24.5
73.5
2.53
30
45.71
36.75
82.46
2.01
60
36.75
45.71
82.46
1.82
90
24.5
49
73.5
1.74
120
12.25
45.71
57.96
2.14
Chart -1: Regenerator Effectiveness Vs. Stirling Cycle
Efficiency.
II.
150
3.28
36.75
40.03
2.24
180
24.5
24.5
4.40
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Regenerator Effectiveness Vs. Heat
Rejected
It is clear from the calculation that as the
regenerator effectiveness increases the
heat rejected decreases. The graph of
Regenerator Effectiveness vs Heat rejected
is shown below.
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Chart -2: Regenerator Effectiveness Vs. Heat Rejected
III.
Regenerator Effectiveness Vs. Heat
Supplied
As the regenerator absorbs heat when the
fluid passes from hot cylinder to cold
cylinder and supply some amount of heat
on the return process, the heat required to
be supplied decreases. The graph of
Regenerator Effectiveness Vs. Heat
supplied is shown below.
Chart -3: Regenerator Effectiveness Vs. Heat Supplied.
IV.
Crank Angle Vs. Volume Variation
Volume variation of expansion Cylinder, compression
cylinder and the total volume has been plotted with respect
to Crank Angle. It has been found that the volume shows
sinusoidal variation with respect to crank angle. The graph
of Crank angle Vs. Volume variation is shown below.
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Chart -4: Crank Angle Vs. Volume Variation.
V.
Actual Pressure Volume Diagram
There is always some variation in the ideal
pressure-volume diagram Vs. actual
pressure volume diagram. The actual
pressure volume diagram is shown below :-
Chart -5: Actual p-V Diagram
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2016
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