International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013
Multipoint Fuel Injection System
Ishant Gupta, Shweta Kandari, Arvind Rajput, Mohd Asif, Anand Singh
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEEERING
DRONACHARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MAHAMAYA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, Noida
ABSTRACT
MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders, based
on commands from the on board engine management
system computer popularly known as the Engine Control
Unit/ECU. These techniques result not only in better power
balance amongst the cylinders but also in higher output
from each one of them, along with faster throttle response.
Optimized ratio of air-fuel mixture is supplied to the
combustion chamber in varying driving conditions with the
help of electronic fuel injection system. The Multipoint Fuel
Injection System consists of sensors which detect the engine
conditions, the ENGINE- ECU which controls the system
based on signals from these sensors, and actuators which
operate under the control of the ENGINE-ECU. The
ENGINE-ECU carries out activities such as fuel injection
control, idle air control, and ignition timing control. In
addition, the ENGINE-ECU is equipped with a number of
diagnostic test modes which simplify troubleshooting when
a problem develops.
IJE
RT
In the Multipoint Injection System, we have
one injector per cylinder; the injector injects the fuel into the
admission valve which admits the fuel and air into the
cylinder. This gives an individual control on this cylinder,
improving the fuel consumption in relation of the Single
point injection. In The first Multipoint injection system, the
injection was done at the same time in all injectors. The
improvement in relation of the single point is the same
amount of Fuel is delivering to all cylinders. This system
only solved one problem, because the problem of lag was
still existent, like in the single point injection. So if the
injection occur, the fuel and air are in the admission valve,
and if driver make a sudden change it only change the fuel
in the next admission, so it would be a waste of fuel or
insufficient fuel. To solve this problem it was develop one
new system of Multipoint Injection. This system is
sequential Multipoint injection system; the layout is the
same that the original Multipoint injection system, the
difference is that the injection is done individually, in each
cylinder. In this system because we have injection
individually and sequential, we dont have the lag problem.
Lets suppose that the injection occurs in cylinder 1, then
cylinder 3, and suddenly the driver makes a change, in the
injection in the cylinder 4 will be done whit the new value.
This was the improvement in relation of the first Multipoint
injection system.
atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small
nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor relies on
suction created by intake air accelerated through a Venturi
tube to draw the fuel into the airstream.
The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can
vary. All share the central task of supplying fuel to the
combustion process, but it is a design decision how a
particular system is optimized. There are several competing
objectives such as:
1. INTRODUCTION
Petrol vehicles uses device called carburetor
for supplying the air fuel mixture in correct ratio to
cylinders in all rpm ranges. However in response to recent
demands for cleaner exhaust emission, more economical
fuel consumption, improved drivability, etc., carburettor
should now be equipped with various devices that make it
more complex system. Therefore, the MPFI (multi point
fuel injection) system is used, assuring proper air fuel ratio
to the engine by electrically injecting fuel in accordance
with various driving conditions. The primary difference
between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel injection
IJERTV2IS110123
www.ijert.org
Power output
Fuel efficiency
Emissions performance
Ability to accommodate alternative fuels
Reliability
Drivability and smooth operation
Initial cost
Maintenance cost
642
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013
Diagnostic capability
Range of environmental operation
Engine tuning
The throttle body is the part of the air intake
system that controls the amount of air flowing into an
engine's combustion chamber. It consists of a bored housing
that contains a throttle plate that rotates on a shaft. When the
accelerator is depressed, the throttle plate opens and allows
air into the engine. Throttle plate gets closed when the
accelerator paddle is released and thus effectively chokesoff air flow in the combustion chamber. This process
effectively controls the rate of combustion and ultimately
the speed of the vehicle.
2. COMPONENTS OF MPFI SYSTEM
The system has four major components. These four
components are
2. Fuel delivery system
3. Electronic control system
4. Emission control system
Air intake system
Air Filter
An air filter is an important part of a car's
intake system, because it is through the air filter that the
engine "breathes". It is usually a plastic or metal box in
which the air filter sits. The air filter's job is to filter out dirt
and other foreign particles in the air, preventing them from
entering the system and possibly damaging the engine.
b.
Mass flow sensor
A mass air flow sensor is used to find out the
mass of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion
engine. From mass flow sensor, then, does it goes to the
throttle body. There are two common types of mass airflow
sensors in use on automotive engines. They are the vane
meter and the hot wire. The vane type has a flap that is
pushed by the incoming air. The more air coming in, the
more the flap is pushed backed. The hot wire uses a series
of wires strung in the air stream. The electrical resistance of
the wire increases as the wire's temperature increases, which
limits electrical current flowing through the circuit.
c.
IJERTV2IS110123
Throttle Body
a.
Fuel pump
The electrical fuel pump located on the fuel
tank consists of armature, magnet, impeller, brush, check
valve etc...The ECM controls its operation. When the power
is supplied to the fuel pump, the motor in the pump runs and
so does the impeller. This causes a pressure difference to
occur between both sides of the impeller, as there are many
grooves around it. Then the fuel is drawn through the inlet
port, and with its pressure increases, It is discharged through
the outlet port, the fuel pump also has a check valve to keep
some pressure in the fuel feed line even when the fuel pump
is stopped.
IJE
RT
The function of the air intake system is to allow air
to reach your car engine. Oxygen in the air is one of the
necessary ingredients for the engine combustion process. A
good air intake system allows for clean and continuous air
into the engine, thereby achieving more power and better
mileage for your car. A modern automobile air intake
system has three main parts: air filter, mass flow sensor and
throttle body.
a.
Fuel delivery system
The fuel in the fuel tank is pumped up by the fuel
pump, filtered by fuel filter and fed under pressure to each
injector through the delivery pipe. As the fuel pressure
applied to the injector is always kept a certain amount
higher than the pressure in the intake manifold by the fuel
pressure regulator, the fuel is injected into the intake port of
the cylinder head when the injector opens according to the
injection signal form ECM. The fuel relieved by the fuel
pressure regulator return through the fuel return to the fuel
tank.
1. Air intake system
1.
2.
b.
Pressure regulator system
The fuel pressure regulator is a pressure relief
valve that consist of a spring, diaphragm and a valve . It
keeps the fuel pressure applied to the injector 2.9Kglcm^2
higher than intake manifold at all times, The pressure
applied to the upper chamber of the fuel pressure regulator
intake manifold pressure and that to the lower chamber is
fuel pressure. When the fuel pressure rises more than
2,9Kg/cm2 higher than the intake manifold pressure, the fuel
pushes the valve in the regulator open and excess fuel return
to the fuel tank through return line.
c.
Injector
Each cylinder has one injector for its work,
which is installed between the intake manifold delivery
pipes. Injector is a electromagnetic type injection nozzle
that perform its works according to the signal from ECM
www.ijert.org
643
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013
and injects fuel in the intake port of cylinder. When the
solenoid coil of the injector is energized by ECM, it
becomes an Electro magnet and attracts the plunger. At the
same time, the ball valve which is incorporated with the
plunger opens and the injector which is under the fuel
pressure injects fuel. As the lift stroke of the ball valve of
the injector is set constant, the amount of fuel injected at
one time is determined by the length of the time during
which the solenoid is being energized.
3.
Electronic
control
system
The electronic control system consist of various
sensors which detect the state of engine and driving
conditions, ECM is a device which controls various devices
according to the signals from the sensors and Various
controlled devices.
The systems are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Fuel injection control system
Idle speed control system
Fuel pump control system
Ignition control system
Radiator fan control system
conditions. While crankshaft position sensor or camshaft position sensor signal is inputted to ECM.
d.
Ignition control system electrically controls the
time of flow of electric current in primary ignition coil and
ignition timing. ECM judges the engine and vehicle
conditions by using signals from various sensors, selects the
most suitable electric current flow time and ignition timing
for that engine and vehicle conditions from among those
Restored in its memory and sends an ignition signal to the
igniter in ignition coil assembly.
e.
b.
b.
Fuel pump control system
ECM controls ON/OFF operation of the fuel
pump by turning it ON, the fuel pump relay under any of the
IJERTV2IS110123
a.
Air injection
Secondary air injection is the first
developed exhaust emission control system. Originally, this
system was used to inject air into the engine's exhaust ports
to provide oxygen so unburned and partially burned
hydrocarbons in the exhaust would finish burning.
Idle speed control system
This system controls the bypass airflow by
means of ECM & lAC valve for the following purposes. To
keep the engine idle speed as specified at all times. The
engine idle speed can vary due to load applied to engine, to
improve starting performance of the engine to compensate
air fuel mixture ratio when -decelerating, to improve
drivability while engine is warmed up. lAC valve operates
according to duty signal sent from ECM. ECM detects the
engine condition by using the signals from various signals
and switches and controls the bypass airflow by changing
lAC valve opening.
c.
EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM
The need for controlling the emissions in
automobiles is the root cause for the development of
computerization of automobile. Hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide and oxides of nitrogen are created during the
combustion process and are emitted into the atmosphere
from the tail pipe.
IJE
RT
The work of electronic fuel injection system is to
supply air-fuel mixture of optimize ratio to the combustion
chambers under different driving conditions. It uses the
sequential multi-port fuel injection system, which injects
fuel into each intake port of the cylinder head. In this system
ECM controls the time and timing of the fuel injection from
the fuel injector into the cylinder head intake port according
to the signals from the various sensors so that suitable
air/fuel mixture is supplied to the engine in each driving
condition.
Radiator fan control system
This system controls operation (ON/OFF) of
the radiator fan motor. Radiator fan motor is turned ON and
OFF by its relay when ECM controls. Radiator fan motor
turned ON at below 98C and OFF at below 93C
4.
a. Fuel injection control system:
Ignition control system
Exhaust gas recirculation
Many engines have a system that
routes a metered amount of exhaust into the intake tract
under particular operating conditions. Exhaust neither burns
nor supports combustion, so it dilutes the air/fuel charge to
reduce peak combustion chamber temperatures. This, in
turn, reduces the formation of NOx
c.
Catalytic converter
The catalytic converter is a device
placed in the exhaust pipe, which converts hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, and NOx into less harmful gases by using
a combination of platinum, palladium and rhodium as
catalysts. There are two types of catalytic converter, a twoway and a three-way converter.
www.ijert.org
644
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013
3. Working of mpfi system
The working of MPFI engine is somewhat similar to
the carburetor engine, each cylinder is treated individually.
An input is fed to the computerized system in order to
calculate the amount of air and fuel is to be mixed and send
to the combustion chamber. A several stages of calculations
are to be made in order to judge the right amount of fuel to
be mixed. After this calculation, the proper fuel is delivered
at the proper instance. There are a number of sensors used in
the MPFI engine. At the time when the inputs are given to
the car's computer, it begins to read the given sensors. The
things which can be known from the sensors are listed
below:
The engine temperature of the vehicle.
The speed at which the engine is running.
The engine load.
4. SENSORS USED IN MULTIPOINT FUEL
SYSTEM
Typical sensors for multi-point FUEL system
The position of the accelerator.
The cylinder's air-fuel pressure.
The rate of exhaust.
IJE
RT
include:
The amount of fuel to be injected into the combustion
chamber is decided by analyzing the inputs given to the
computerized system of the MPFI engine.
a.
An exhaust gas or oxygen sensor (Lambda
sensor).
Oxygen sensor measure the oxygen level in
engine as a means of checking combustion efficiency.
Oxygen sensor voltage output vary with change in the
content of the exhaust. Increase in oxygen makes the sensor
output voltage to decrease and a decrease oxygen content
causes increased sensor output. Sensor then sends data to
the computer. The computer then alters the opening and
closing of injector to maintain a correct air-fuel ratio for
maximum efficiency.
b.
Intake manifold pressure sensor.
This sensor measures the pressure inside the
engine intake manifold. High pressure indicates a high load
that requires a rich mixture and low manifold pressure
indicates small load requiring a leaner mixture. The
manifold pressure sensor changes resistance with change in
engine load and thus computer alter the fuel mixture.
c.
A throttle position sensor.
In throttle position sensor a variable resistor is
connected to the throttle plate shaft. When the throttle wings
is opened for more power or closes for less power, the
sensor changes the resistance and sends the signals the
IJERTV2IS110123
www.ijert.org
645
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013
computer. Computer then makes the mixture richer or leaner
as required.
d.
An engine coolant temperature sensor.
Engine coolant temperature sensor monitors
the operating temperature of the engine. This sensor is kept
so that it is exposed to the engine coolant. When the engine
is cold, the sensor might provide a high current flow. The
computer would enrich the air-fuel mixture for cold
operation. When the engine warms, the sensor would supply
information so that the computer could make the leaner
mixture.
e.
An airflow sensor.
Airflow sensor is used to measure the amount
of air entering the engine. This helps the computer to
determine the amount of fuel required in combustion. Air
flow through the sensor causes an air flap to swing to one
side. The air flap is connected to a variable resistor, the
amount of air flow into the engine is converted into an
electrical signal for the computer. Computer then make the
mixture richer or leaner as required.
f.
An inlet air temperature sensor.
g.
A crankshaft position sensor and distributor
rpm sensor.
Crankshaft position sensor or distribution rpm
sensor is used to detect the engine speed and cylinder
identification. The sensor consists of magnet and coil. It is
mounted on oil pan with specified air gap between the
sensor core end and crankshaft timing belt pulley tooth. This
sensor allows the computer to change injector opening with
changes in engine rpm. Higher engine speeds generally
require more fuel. Lower engine speeds require less fuel.
This data is used by the computer to alter the fuel mixture.
h.
1. Improved Fuel Consumption
Vehicles with dual point fuel injection or carburetors
do not get nearly the fuel economy of those with multi-point
fuel injection. The underlying reason is that fuel delivery
systems of these older vehicles are less precise. A multipoint fuel injection system, which uses one fuel injector for
each cylinder of the engine, delivers just the right amount of
gas to each cylinder. Thus, gas is not wasted in the process.
Over time, the gas saved with a multi-point fuel injection
system saves the vehicle owner loads of money.
2. Emissions
Emissions test results are an important factor today.
A car from this century emits a small fraction of what a
vehicle emitted even a few decades ago. Multi-point fuel
injection system proves to be better for the environment as
the emission of hazardous chemicals; made when fuel is
being burned, are minimized. As mentioned above, the more
precise delivery of fuel to the engine means that fewer
noxious byproducts are released when the fuel combusts
within the engine. The implements within the engine meant
to clean the exhaust have been fine-tuned in a multi-point
system to work more efficiently. Therefore, the engine--and
the air--is cleaner as a result of multi-point systems.
IJE
RT
Inlet air temperature sensor measure the
temperature of the air that enters the engine. Cold air being
denser than warm air requires a little more fuel as compared
to warm air. Air temperature sensor helps the computer
compensate for the changes in outside air temperature and
maintain an almost perfect air-fuel ratio.
5. ADVANTAGES OF MULTIPOINT FUEL
INJECTION SYSTEM
3. Better Performance
The performance of an engine suffers with the use
of a carburetor, but multi-point fuel injection allows for far
better engine performance. This is due to a few factors.
Multi-point injectors atomize the air taken through a small
tube in place of allowing additional air intake. Multi-point
injectors are controlled by computers, therefore different
system component perform each function of a carburetor.
These systems provide improved distribution of fuel in
cylinder-to-cylinder of an engine due to which energy is
conserved.
Vehicle speed sensor
The vehicle speed sensor, located on the
transmission gearbox or speedometer, Generates a signal in
proportion to the vehicle speed. Receiving this signal, the
speedometer uses it for operation of its indicator and also
converts it into to the ON/OFF signal by doubling the cycle.
This signal is sent to ECM where it is used as one of the
signals to control various devices.
IJERTV2IS110123
www.ijert.org
6. PROBLEMS IN MULTIPOINT
IGNITION SYSTEM
1.
FUEL
The problem with this system is that because the
injection is done into the admission valve, and
when the admission valve open some fuel will
not enter the combusting chamber, so there will
be some fuel waste, and the timing is still done
646
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013
mechanically by the camshaft. This problem not
only exists in this system but also in every single
one system that was analyzed before. This is
because all of them are systems with indirect
injection.
2.
Indirect injection has also other problems, like
spontaneous ignition that is a very common
problem in Electronic injection systems with
indirect injection. So to overcame this problems,
it was develop the Multipoint injection system
with direct injection.
3. Complexity and cost are the main disadvantages
of direct injection engine. Direct injection
systems are more expensive to build because
their components must be more rugged -- they
handle fuel at significantly higher pressures than
indirect injection systems and the injectors
themselves must be able to withstand the heat
and pressure of combustion inside the cylinder.
which became especially important as the government
began cracking down.
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I express my sincere thanks to prof. D.V Bhise (head of the
department mechanical engineering) for their kind cooperation for presenting this paper.
I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the
faculty of mechanical engineering department and my
friends for their co-operation and encouragement.
9. REFERENCE
7. CONCLUSION
IJE
RT
The carburetor and fuel injection performance is
mainly due to the amount of air and gasoline that can enter
into the engine cylinders. The cylinders contain the pistons
and combustion chambers where energy is released from the
combustion of gasoline. The carburetor and fuel injection
system will both feed fuel and air into the engine. It is fairly
obvious that most automobiles will be changing to fuel
injection systems due to the lower emissions. Almost all
vehicles in India are changing to the mpfi because of law
emissions, improved mileage and drivability since the
engine is controlled by micro computer more accurate
amount of a/f mixture will be supplied and as a result
complete combustion will take place. This leads to effective
utilization of fuel supplied and hence low emission level. It
reduces wastage of fuel by the use of sensors and other
control systems. The fuel injection systems are the best as
they will decrease vibration and help to overcome steep
grades that are traditional terrain for off-roading. One of the
main issues is that these systems are sophisticated and will
cost much more than a carburetor. The use of electrical
component and custom cylinder head configuration makes
the installation of multi-point injection system very
complicated. Modern fuel injectors can instantly detect
things like temperature changes and how the car is traveling
in order to get the correct mixture of oxygen and fuel. These
systems can also deliver the fuel directly to each cylinder,
increasing power and performance. Overall, this system
ensures that fuel is not wasted, which helped automakers
increase the fuel economy of their vehicles. It also cuts
down on the amount of emissions that a car generates,
IJERTV2IS110123
www.ijert.org
1.
SR King, MW Walser, CM Cole - US
Patent 5,713,336, 1998 - Google Patents
2.
G Mesenich, H Bart, DE Alsbrook - US Patent
4,708,117, 1987 - Google Patents
3.
AR Melotti - US Patent 4,235,375, 1980 Google Patents
4.
T Takayama, T Yamauchi - US Patent
4,716,879, 1988 - Google Patents
5.
WM Warner, BJ Vivio, BJ Bachand - US
Patent 6,959,695, 2005 - Google Patents
6.
C Casacci - US Patent 4,922,862, 1990 Google Patents
647
