20 September 2016
WTW 158 Exams
Table of Contents
Unit 1.2 Absolute Values A7..............................................................................5
Unit 1.3 What is a function?................................................................................5
Four ways to represent a function......................................................................5
Domain and Range............................................................................................. 5
Domain............................................................................................................ 5
Range.............................................................................................................. 5
Vertical Line Test................................................................................................. 5
Even and Odd Functions..................................................................................... 5
Even Functions................................................................................................ 5
Odd Function................................................................................................... 6
Increasing and decreasing functions..................................................................6
Rational Function................................................................................................ 6
Unit 1.4 Radian Measure and trigonometric functions........................................7
Identities............................................................................................................. 7
Double angles..................................................................................................... 7
Addition and Subtraction.................................................................................... 7
Unit 1.5 A catalog of essential functions.............................................................7
Unit 1.6 New Functions From Old Functions Pg. 36...........................................7
Vertical and Horizontal Shifts.............................................................................. 7
Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting...............................................8
Unit 1.7 Exponential Functions Pg. 51..............................................................8
Form................................................................................................................... 8
Laws................................................................................................................... 8
Graphs................................................................................................................ 8
Unit 1.8 - Inverse Functions Pg. 58....................................................................10
Horizontal Line test........................................................................................... 10
Unit 1.9 Logarithmic Functions Pg. 62............................................................10
Definition.......................................................................................................... 10
Laws................................................................................................................. 10
Natural Logarithms........................................................................................... 11
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Graphs.............................................................................................................. 11
Unit 1.10 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Pg. 67...........................................11
Cancellation Property....................................................................................... 12
Graphs.............................................................................................................. 12
Unit 2.2 The limit of a Function Pg. 87............................................................13
Definition of a limit........................................................................................... 13
One sided limits................................................................................................ 13
Infinite Limits.................................................................................................... 13
Unit 2.3 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws Pg. 99.................................13
Laws................................................................................................................. 13
Squeeze Theorem............................................................................................. 14
Infinite Limits Pg. 115.................................................................................... 14
Special Limits................................................................................................... 14
Unit 2.4 Continuity Pg. 118............................................................................. 15
Three requirements.......................................................................................... 15
Side continuity.................................................................................................. 15
Definition....................................................................................................... 15
Theorem........................................................................................................ 15
Intermediate Value Theorem.........................................................................15
Unit 2.5 Limits at Infinity: Horizontal Asymptotes Pg. 130..............................16
Tangent Limits.................................................................................................. 16
Unit 2.6 Derivatives and rates of change Pg. 143..........................................16
Unit 2.7 The Derivative as a function Pg. 157................................................16
Unit 3.2 Product and Quotient Rule Pg. 184....................................................16
Product Rule..................................................................................................... 16
Quotient Rule.................................................................................................... 17
Unit 3.3 Derivatives of trigonometric functions Pg. 191.................................17
Unit 3.4 Chain Rule Pg. 199............................................................................ 17
Unit 3.5 Implicit Differentiation Pg. 213..........................................................17
Derivatives of Inverse Trig Functions................................................................17
Unit 3.6 Derivatives of logarithmic functions Pg. 218.....................................18
Unit 3.7 Hyperbolic Functions........................................................................... 18
Identities........................................................................................................... 19
Derivatives....................................................................................................... 19
Unit 4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values...........................................................19
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Min or Max values............................................................................................. 19
Extreme Value Theorem................................................................................... 19
Fermats Theorem............................................................................................. 19
Critical Numbers............................................................................................... 20
Closed interval Method..................................................................................... 20
Unit 4.3 How derivatives affect the shape of a graph Pg. 291........................20
Increasing/Decreasing test............................................................................... 20
First Derivative Test.......................................................................................... 20
Concavity Test.................................................................................................. 20
Point of Inflection.............................................................................................. 20
Second Derivative Test..................................................................................... 21
Unit 4.4 Indeterminate form sand LHospitals Rule Pg. 301............................21
LHospitals Rule................................................................................................ 21
Forms............................................................................................................ 21
Indeterminate Forms........................................................................................ 21
Unit 4.5 Curve Sketching Pg. 310...................................................................21
Steps................................................................................................................ 21
Unit 5.2 The Area Problem Pg. 3360...............................................................22
Riemanns Sum................................................................................................. 22
Right End Points............................................................................................ 22
Left End Points............................................................................................... 22
Definition.......................................................................................................... 23
Unit 5.4 The Fundamental theorem of Calculus................................................23
Unit 5.5 Indefinite Integrals Pg. 397...............................................................23
List of Integrals............................................................................................. 23
Unit 6.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems Pg. 786...............................23
Definitions........................................................................................................ 23
Coordinate Planes............................................................................................. 24
Distance........................................................................................................... 24
Equation of a Sphere........................................................................................ 24
Unit 6.2 Vectors Pg. 791................................................................................. 24
Definition.......................................................................................................... 24
Vector Addition................................................................................................. 24
Scalar Multiplication......................................................................................... 24
Parallel Vectors................................................................................................. 24
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Unit Vector........................................................................................................ 25
Finding Angles.................................................................................................. 25
Perpendicular Vectors....................................................................................... 25
Orthogonal........................................................................................................ 25
Unit 6.3 The Dot Product Pg. 800....................................................................25
Definition.......................................................................................................... 25
Unit 6.4 The Cross Product Pg.808.................................................................25
Definition.......................................................................................................... 25
Theorems.......................................................................................................... 26
Parallel Cross Products...................................................................................... 26
Standard Derivatives........................................................................................... 26
Standard Integrals............................................................................................... 27
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Unit 1.2 Absolute Values A7
| x | a x a
| x | a x a or x a
| x | a a x a
Unit 1.3 What is a function?
Four ways to represent a function
1.
2.
3.
4.
Verbally [By descriptive words]
Numerically [By a table of values]
Visually [Using a graph]
Algebraically [By an explicit equation]
Domain and Range
Domain
x values
Range
y values
Vertical Line Test
A curve in the xy -plane is the graph of a function of x
if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once
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Even and Odd Functions
Even Functions
Reflection about the Y-axis
f (a ) f (-a)
Odd Function
Reflection about the origin
f (a ) f (-a )
Increasing and decreasing functions
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) whenever x1 x2 in I
It is called decreasing on I if
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) whenever x1 x2 in I
Rational Function
P ( x)
f ( x)
g ( x)
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Unit 1.4 Radian Measure and trigonometric functions
Identities
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
1 tan 2 x sec 2 x
1 cot 2 x csc 2 x
sin x
tan x
cos x
cos x
cot x
sin x
1
csc x
sin x
1
sec x
cos x
Double angles
sin(2 x) 2sin x cos x
cos(2 x) cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x 1 1 2sin 2 x
2 tan x
tan(2 x)
1 tan 2 x
Addition and Subtraction
sin( A B) sin A cos B sin B cos A
cos( A B ) cos A cos B msin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan( A B)
1 mtan A tan B
Unit 1.6 New Functions From Old Functions Pg. 36
Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
y f ( x ) c,Shifts the graph upwards
y f ( x ) c,Shifts the graph downwards
y f ( x c ),Shifts the graph to the left
y f ( x c ),Shifts the graph to the right
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Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting
y cf ( x),Stretch the graph vertically
f ( x)
,Shrink the graph vertically
c
y f (cx),Shrink the graph horizontally
x
y f ( ),Stretch the graph horizontally
c
y f ( x), Reflect the graph about the x - axis
y
y f ( x), Reflect the graph about the y - axis
Unit 1.7 Exponential Functions Pg. 51
Form
y ax
Laws
a x y a xa y
ax
ay
( a x ) y a xy
a x y
( ab) x a x b x
Graphs
y ax
for
y ax
for
x 1
0 x 1
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y a x
for
y a x
for
x 1
0 x 1
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y e x and y e x and y e x and y e x
Unit 1.8 - Inverse Functions Pg. 58
Definition
A function f is called a one - to - one function if it never takes on the same value twice; that is
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) whenever x1 x2
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B.
Then its inverse function f 1 a domain B and a range A and is defined by
f 1 ( y ) x f ( x ) y
for any y in B
The graph of f 1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f about the line y x
Horizontal Line test
A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more
than once.
Unit 1.9 Logarithmic Functions Pg. 62
Definition
log a x y a y x
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Laws
log a ( xy ) log a ( x) log a ( y)
x
log a ( ) log a ( x) log a ( y )
y
log a ( x r ) r log a ( x)
Natural Logarithms
log a ( x) ln x
ln x y e y x
ln(e x ) x for x
eln x x for x 0
ln e 1
ln x
log a ( x)
ln a
Graphs
Unit 1.10 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Pg. 67
Can only be done in an interval
sin 1 ( x) = y sin y x and
y and 1 x 1
2
2
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cos 1 ( x) = y cos y x and 0 y , and 1 x 1
tan 1 ( x) = y tan y x and
y , and x
2
2
3
csc 1 ( x) = y csc y x and y (0, ] ( , ]
2
2
3
sec1 ( x) = y sec y x and y [0, ) [ , )
2
2
cot 1 ( x) = y cot y x and y (0, )
Cancellation Property
sin(sin 1 x) x for 1 x 1
sin 1 (sin x) x for y
2
2
o
cos(cos 1 x) x for 1 x 1
cos 1 (cos x) x for 0 y
o
Graphs
f ( x ) sin 1 ( x)
f ( x ) cos 1 ( x)
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f ( x) tan 1 ( x)
Unit 2.2 The limit of a Function Pg. 87
Definition of a limit
Suppose f(x) is defined when x is near the number a. Then
lim L
xa
One sided limits
lim f ( x ) L and
x a
lim f ( x) L
x a
lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L and lim f ( x) L
x a
xa
x a
Infinite Limits
Let f be a function defined on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself.
Then
lim f ( x)
lim f ( x)
xa
xa
And
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Unit 2.3 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws Pg.
99
Laws
The line x=a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y=f(x) if at least
one of the following statements are true:
lim f ( x)
xa
lim f ( x)
x a
lim f ( x)
x a
lim f ( x)
xa
lim f ( x)
x a
lim f ( x)
x a
lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) exist, then
xa
xa
1. lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x a
xa
xa
x a
x a
x a
2. lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
3. lim cf ( x) c lim f ( x)
xa
xa
4. lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x).lim g ( x)
x a
x a
x a
lim f ( x)
f ( x)
if lim g ( x) 0
5. lim
xa
x a g ( x )
x a
lim
g
(
x
)
xa
6. lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
n
x a
7. lim x n a n
x a
xa
if n is a positive integer
if n is a positive integer and
8. lim n x n a where n is a positive integer. (if n is even, we assume that a 0)
xa
9. lim n f ( x) n lim f ( x) where n is a positive integer. (if n is even, we assume that lim f ( x ) 0.)
x a
x a
xa
Squeeze Theorem
f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x )
If
x
when
a
is near
a
(except possibly at
) and
lim f ( x ) lim h ( x ) L
xa
x a
Then
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lim g ( x) L
xa
Infinite Limits Pg. 115
Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains the number a itself except possibly at a itself
Then
lim f ( x) or lim f ( x)
xa
x a
Special Limits
lim
x 0
sin x
1
x
cos x 1
0
x 0
x
lim
tan x
1
x 0
x
lim
ex 1
1
x 0
x
lim
Unit 2.4 Continuity Pg. 118
A function f is continuous at a number a if
lim f ( x) f (a)
x a
Three requirements
1) f (a ) is defined (that is, a is in the domian of f )
2) lim f ( x) exists
x a
3) lim f ( x) f ( a)
x a
Side continuity
Definition
A function f is continuous from the right at a number a if
lim f ( x) f (a )
xa
A function f is continuous from the left at a number a if
lim f ( x) f (a)
xa
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A function f is continuous on an interval if it is continuous at every number in the
interval
Theorem
1.
If f and g are continuous at a. And c is a constant. Then the following functions are also continuous:
f g
f g
cf
fg
f
if g (a) 0
g
a ) Any polynomial is continuous everywhere. x (, )
2.
b) Any rational function is continuous on its domain
If f is continuous at b and lim g ( x) b, then lim f ( g ( x )) f (b)
xa
xa
In other words : lim f ( g ( x)) f (lim g ( x))
xa
x a
3.
Intermediate Value Theorem
Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [ a, b] and
let N be any number between f ( a) and f (b), where f (a ) f (b).
Then there exists a number c in ( a, b) such that f (c ) N
Unit 2.5 Limits at Infinity: Horizontal Asymptotes Pg.
130
The line y L is called a horizontal asyptote of the curve f f ( x) if:
lim f ( x) L or lim f ( x) L
x
Tangent Limits
lim tan 1 x
lim tan 1 x
x
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Unit 2.6 Derivatives and rates of change Pg. 143
The tangent line to the curve y f ( x ) at the point P (a, f (a )) is the line through P with slope
f ( x) f (a)
m lim
xa
xa
provided that the limit exists
m lim
h 0
f ( a h) f ( a )
Derivative of a function
Unit 2.7 The Derivative as a function Pg. 157
A function f is differentiable at a if f '( a) exists.
It is differentiable on an open interval ( a, b) if it is differentiable at every number in the interval
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a
f '( x) lim
h 0
f ( x h) f ( x)
h
Not differentiable at a:
o Corner
o Discontinuity
o Vertical Tangent
Unit 3.2 Product and Quotient Rule Pg. 184
Product Rule
If f ( x) f ( x).g ( x)
df ( x)
Then,
f '( x).g ( x) f ( x).g '( x)
dx
Quotient Rule
f ( x)
g ( x)
df ( x ) f '( x).g ( x) f ( x).g '( x)
Then,
dx
[ g ( x )]2
If f ( x )
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Unit 3.3 Derivatives of trigonometric functions Pg.
191
Functi
on
sin x
Derivative
cos x
cos x
-sin x
tan x
sec2 x
secx
sec x tan x
csc x
-csc x cot x
cot x
-csc 2 x
Unit 3.4 Chain Rule Pg. 199
If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g ( x ), then
the composite function F f og defined as F ( x) f ( g ( x)) is defined at x
and F ' is given by the product
F '( x) f '( g ( x)).g '( x )
Unit 3.5 Implicit Differentiation Pg. 213
Derivatives of Inverse Trig Functions
y sin 1 ( x)
y tan 1 ( x)
1
1 x2
1
1 x2
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Unit 3.6 Derivatives of logarithmic functions Pg. 218
d
1
(log a x)
dx
x ln a
d
1
(ln x )
dx
x
d
g ' ( x)
(ln[ g ( x)])
dx
g ( x)
d
1
(ln | x |)
dx
x
Unit 3.7 Hyperbolic Functions
e x e x
2
x
e e x
cosh x
2
x
e ex
tanh x x x
e e
1
csc hx
sinh x
1
sec hx
cosh x
cosh x
cot hx
sinh x
sinh x
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Identities
sinh( x ) sinh x
cosh( x) cosh( x)
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1
1 tanh 2 x sec h 2 x
sinh( x y ) sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
cosh( x y) cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
Derivatives
d
(sinh x) cosh x
dx
d
(cosh x) sinh x
dx
d
(tanh x) sec h 2 x
dx
d
(csc hx) csc hx coth x
dx
d
(sec hx) sec hx tanh x
dx
d
(coth x) csc 2 hx
dx
Unit 4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values
Min or Max values
Let c be a number in the domain D of a function f . Then f (c) is the
1) Absolute maximum value of f on D if f (c) f ( x ) for all x in D
2) Absolute minimum value of f on D if f ( c) f ( x ) for all x in D
The number f (c ) is a
1) Local maximum value of f if f (c) f ( x ) when x is near c
2) Local minimum value of f if f (c) f ( x) when x is near c
Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on a closed interval [ a, b], then f attains an absolute maximum value f (c )
and an absolute minimum f ( d ) at some numbers c and d in [a, b]
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Fermats Theorem
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ' (c ) exists, then f ' (c) 0
Critical Numbers
A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that
either f '(c) 0 or f '(c) does not exist
Closed interval Method
To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a
continuous function f on a closed interval [a, b]
1) Find the values of f at the ciritcal numbers of f in (a, b)
2) Find the critical values of f at the endpoints of the interval. I.E. f at a and f at b
Find the x values and for each x value find the corresponding f ( x) value
3) Largest value will be absolute maximum and smallest will be absoulte minimum
Evaluate the f ( x) values of each of the critical numbers and decide which is smallest and largest
Unit 4.3 How derivatives affect the shape of a graph
Pg. 291
Increasing/Decreasing test
1)If f '( x) 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval
2)If f '( x) 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval
Find first derivative
Factorise and find critical points
Use table to indicate signs at intervals
Write down decreasing and increasing intervals
First Derivative Test
Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function f .
1) If f ' changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local maximum at c
2) If f ' changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local minimum at c
3) If f ' does not change at c, then f has a neither a local maximum or local minimum at c
Concavity Test
1) If f ''( x) 0 for all x in I , then the graph of f is concave upward on I .
2) If f ''( x) 0 for all x in I , then the graph of f is concave downward on I .
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Point of Inflection
A point P on a curve y f ( x) is called an inflection point if f is continuous there and the curve
changes from concave up to concave down vice versa at P
Second Derivative Test
Suppose f '' is continuous near c.
1) If f '(c) 0 and f ''( x) 0 f has a local minimum at c.
2) If f '(c) 0 and f ''( x) 0 f has a local maximum at c.
Unit 4.4 Indeterminate form sand LHospitals Rule Pg.
301
LHospitals Rule
Suppose f and g are differentiable and g '( x ) 0 on an open interval I that contains a (except possibly at a).
Suppose that
lim f ( x) 0 and lim g ( x) 0
xa
x a
or that
lim f ( x) and lim g ( x)
xa
x a
Then
f ( x)
f '( x )
lim
lim
x a g ( x)
x a g '( x )
if the limit on the right side exists or is
Write down form and LHos next to step
Forms
0
, , 00 , 0 ,1 , , 0
Indeterminate Forms
fg
f
g
or fg
1
1
g
f
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Unit 4.5 Curve Sketching Pg. 310
Steps
Use table with intervals for tests
1. Get the domain of the function
x values
o
2. Get critical values and intercepts
f '( x) 0 or where the function is not defined
o
3. Is the function even, odd or periodic
4. Get horizontal asymptotes
o Limit at infinity of the function
5. Get vertical asymptotes
o Denominator equals zero
6. Intervals on which function is increasing or decreasing
f '( x) 0, increasing on interval
f '( x) 0, decreasing on interval
o
7. Local Extremes
o First Derivative Test. Page 21
8. Intervals on which the function is concave up and concave down
o Concavity Test. Page 21
9. Get inflection points
o Concavity changes between intervals
Unit 5.2 The Area Problem Pg. 360
Riemanns Sum
Right End Points
Upper Sum
Left End Points
Lower Sum
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Definition
A lim Rn lim
n
x
Where
f ( x).x
ba
n
Unit 5.4 The Fundamental theorem of Calculus
If f is continuous on [ a, b], then
b
f ( x)dx F (b) F (a)
a
Where F is any antiderivative of f , that is, a function such that F ' f
Unit 5.5 Indefinite Integrals Pg. 397
List of Integrals
cf ( x)dx c f ( x)dx
e dx e
x
n
x dx
x n 1
C (n 1)
n 1
sin xdx cos x C
cos xdx sin x C
csc
sec
sec x tan xdx sec x C
xdx tan x C
xdx cot x C
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x dx ln | x | C
csc x cot xdx csc x C
1
1 x
dx sin 1 x C
x
a dx
ax
C
ln a
1
dx tan 1 x C
1
sinh xdx cosh x C
cosh xdx sinh x C
Unit 6.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems Pg.
786
Definitions
1 or One dimensional Space Line
2 Two Dimensional Space Plane ( x, y) coordinates
3 Three Dimensional Space Space ( x, y, z ) coordinates
Coordinate Planes
yz plane x 0
xz plane y 0
xy plane z 0
Distance
| PP
( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 )2 ( z2 z1 )2
1 2 |
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Equation of a Sphere
Equation of sphere with center C ( h, k , l ) are radius r:
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 ( z l ) 2 r 2
If center is origin equation is:
x2 y 2 z2 r 2
Unit 6.2 Vectors Pg. 791
Definition
A vector is an object that has direction and magnitude but not a fixed position
Vector Addition
If u and v are vectors positioned so that the initial point of v is at the terminal
point of u, the sum u+v is the vector from the initial point of u to the terminal
point v.
Scalar Multiplication
If c is a scalar and v is a vector, then the scalar multiple cv is the vector
whose length |c| times the length of v and whose direction is the same as v if
c>0 and is opposite to v if c<0. If c=0 or v=0, then cv=0.
Parallel Vectors
a cb, c
A vector is parallel if
rr
a.b a . b
Unit Vector
A vector with length 1
1
a
x, y , z
or
b
a
a
Finding Angles
rr
a.b a . b .cos
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Perpendicular Vectors
Dot Product 0
Orthogonal
Two vectors a and b are orthagonal a b 0
Unit 6.3 The Dot Product Pg. 800
Definition
If a a1 , a2 , a3 and b b1 , b2 , b3 , then the dot product of a and b is the number a b given by:
a b a1b1 a2b2 a3b3
Unit 6.4 The Cross Product Pg.808
Definition
r
r
If a a1 , a2 , a3 and b b1 , b2 , b3 , then the cross product of a and b is the vector
r r
a b a2b3 a3b2 , a3b1 a1b3 , a1b3 a2b1
r
r
If a a1 , a2 , a3 and a b1 , b2 , b3 , Then
r r r
i
j k
r r ur uu
r uu
r r a a3 r a1 a3 r a1 a2
a b a1 a2 a3 i 2
j
k
b2 b3
b1 b3
b1 b2
ur uu
r ur
b1 b2 b3
r
r
r
i
(
a
.
b
a
.
b
)
j
(
a
.
b
a
.
b
)
k
(uauu
.bu2uu
uu
au2u.u
bu
)
2uu
3uuuuu
3uuu
2uuuuuuuu
1uu
3uuuuu
3uuu
1uuuuu
1u
1r
uuuuuu
Determinant
Theorems
The vector ab is orthogonal to both a and b
r
r
If is the angle between a and b (so 0 ), then
r r r r
a b a . b sin
Parallel Cross Products
r
r
r r
Two non zero vectors a and b are parallel a b 0
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Standard Derivatives
y f ( x)
dy
dx
xn
nx n 1
ex
ex
e kx
kekx
ax
a x ln a
ln x
1
x
log a x
1
x ln a
cos x
-sin x
sin x
cos x
csc x
-csc x cot x
secx
sec x tan x
cot x
-csc 2 x
tan x
sec2 x
sinh x
cosh x
cosh x
sinh x
Standard Integrals
Function
Integral
cdx
cx C , c
x dx
[ f ( x)]
f '( x)dx
1 n 1
x C
n 1
1
[ f ( x)]n 1 C
n 1
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e dx
e f '( x)dx
x
ex C
f ( x)
e f (x) C
a dx
x
f (x)
1 x
a C
ln a
1 f ( x)
a
C
ln a
where a 0
f '( x)dx
1
x dx
f '( x)
f ( x) dx
ln | x | C
cos x dx
sin x C
sin xdx
cos x +C
sec
tan x C
xdx
ln | f ( x ) | C
csc x cot xdx
=- csc x C
sec x tan xdx
=secx C
csc xdx
cot x C
cosh xdx
sinh x C
sinh xdx
cosh x C
sec h xdx
tanh x C
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