THE NETWORK LAYER
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OSI LAYERS
Agenda Unit - III
Network Layer Design Issues
Routing Algorithms
Congestion Control Algorithms
Quality of Service
Internet working
The Network Layer in the Internet
Agenda
Network Layer Design Issues
Routing Algorithms
Congestion Control Algorithms
Quality of Service
Internet working
The Network Layer in the Internet
Network Layer Design Issues
Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
Services Provided to the Transport Layer
Implementation of Connectionless Service
Implementation of Connection-oriented Service
Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Networks
Network Layer
Network Layer Design Issues
Routing Algorithms
Congestion Control Algorithms
Quality of Service
Internet working
The Network Layer in the Internet
Routing Algorithms
The Optimality Principle
Shortest Path Algorithm
Flooding
Distance Vector Routing
Link State Routing
Network Layer
Network Layer Design Issues
Routing Algorithms
Congestion Control Algorithms
Quality of Service
Internet working
The Network Layer in the Internet
Congestion Control
Too many packets present in (a part of) the
network causes packet delay and loss that
degrades performance. This situation is called
congestion.
Network Layer
Network Layer Design Issues
Routing Algorithms
Congestion Control Algorithms
Quality of Service
Internet working
The Network Layer in the Internet
Quality of Service
To reduce congestion and improve network
performance.
However, there are applications (and customers)
that demand stronger performance guarantees
from the network than the best that could be
done under the circumstances.
Multimedia applications in particular, often need a
minimum throughput and maximum latency to
work.
To ensure QoS
Four issues must be addressed to ensure quality of
service:
1. What applications need from the network.
2. How to regulate the traffic that enters the network.
3. How to reserve resources at routers to guarantee
performance.
4. Whether the network can safely accept more traffic.
Addressed by QoS
Application Requirements
Traffic Shaping
Packet Scheduling
Admission Control
Integrated Services
Differentiated Services
Network Layer
Network Layer Design Issues
Routing Algorithms
Congestion Control Algorithms
Quality of Service
Internet working
The Network Layer in the Internet
Internetworking
When two or more networks are connected to form
an internetwork, or more simply an internet.
How Networks Differ
How Networks Can Be Connected
Tunneling
Internetwork Routing
Packet Fragmentation
Network Layer
Network Layer Design Issues
Routing Algorithms
Congestion Control Algorithms
Quality of Service
Internet working
The Network Layer in the Internet
The Network Layer in the Internet
IP Addresses
IPV4 & IPV6
Classes of IP Addresses
The Network Layer in the Internet
Internet Control Protocols
IMCP & ARP
Label Switching & MPLS
OSPF
BGP
Summary- UNIT-III
The network layer provides services to the transport
layer.
It can be based on either datagrams or virtual circuits.
In both cases, its main job is routing packets from the
source to the destination.
In datagram networks, a routing decision is made on
every packet.
In virtual-circuit networks, it is made when the virtual
circuit is set up.
Summary- UNIT-III
Many routing algorithms are used in computer networks.
Flooding is a simple algorithm to send a packet along all
paths.
Most algorithms find the shortest path and adapt to
changes in the network topology.
The main algorithms are distance vector routing and link
state routing. Most actual networks use one of these.
Other important routing topics are the use of hierarchy
in large networks, routing for mobile hosts, and
broadcast, multicast, and anycast routing.
Summary- UNIT-III
Networks can easily become congested, leading to
increased delay and lost packets.
Network designers attempt to avoid congestion
by designing the network to have enough capacity,
choosing uncongested routes, refusing to accept
more traffic, signaling sources to slow down, and
shedding load.
Summary- UNIT-III
The next step beyond just dealing with congestion is to actually
try to achieve a promised quality of service.
Some applications care more about throughput whereas others
care more about delay and jitter.
The methods that can be used to provide different qualities of
service include a combination of traffic shaping, reserving
resources at routers, and admission control.
Approaches that have been designed for good quality of service
include IETF integrated services and differentiated services.
Summary- UNIT-III
Networks differ in various ways, so when multiple
networks are interconnected, problems can occur.
When different networks have different maximum packet
sizes, fragmentation may be needed.
Different networks may run different routing protocols
internally but need to run a common protocol externally.
Sometimes the problems can be finessed by tunneling a
packet through a hostile network, but if the source and
destination networks are different, this approach fails.
Summary- UNIT-III
The Internet has a rich variety of protocols related to the
network layer.
These include the datagram protocol, IP, and associated
control protocols such as ICMP, ARP, and DHCP.
A connection-oriented protocol called MPLS carries IP
packets across some networks.
One of the main routing protocols used within networks is
OSPF, and the routing protocol used across networks is
BGP.
The Internet is rapidly running out of IP addresses, so a new
version of IP, IPv6, has been developed and is ever-so-slowly
being deployed.
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