Tutorial - 1
Q1. (i) What type of filter is it? Calculate the
cutoff frequency of the filter.
(ii) The switch is closed at t = 0, calculate the
output voltage at t = 0 and at t = 10 mS.
10 k
+
12 V
(i) Lowpass filter.
Cutoff frequency = 175.1 Hz.
1 k
vo
1 F
909
(ii) At t = 0, the capacitor is shorted.
Vo = 0 V.
vo
1 F
Now, time constant = ReqC = 0.909 mS.
t 5
Vo = 1.09 V.
Calculate the time constant of the following
12 V
circuit.
The output is open-circuited.
time constant = RC = 10 mS.
10 k
10 k
+
1 F
vo
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Questions
Q2. A Series RC circuit is excited by a voltage source of variable frequency. The
output is taken across the R. Sketch the variation of the steady state transfer
function with angular frequency .
Hints: Obtain H(j) and represent in magnitude and phase form.
1.0
0.707
900
450
()
M()
1/RC
Phase response
Magnitude response
Q3. Initially the switch is connected to a and the circuit is
in steady state. The switch is moved from a to b at t = 0.
Find the current in the inductor. What is the power
dissipated in R at t = 0 and t = ?
Answer: i =
6 R e Rt L A, t 0
6 R A,
t<0
1/RC
a
6V
b
iL
PR = 36 R W,
= 0 W.
2
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Tutorial - 1
Q4. In the circuit, the capacitors are fully charged at t =
0- so that vi = 12 V (C = 47 F, and R = 1 k).
+
(i) The switch is closed at t = 0, calculate the time v
i
when vc = 6 V.
(ii) Calculate the minimum power rating of the resistor. -
+
C
vc
(i) Ceq = 94 F.
vC = Vo e
ln
t RC eq
vC
=
t RC eq
Vo
65.2 mS .
t =
(ii). Power rating = i peak
12
= 1k
1k
= 144 mW .
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Tutorial - 1
Q5. In the following circuit, a current source ii =
sin(2ft) mA with internal resistance Ri = 10 k is
connected to a RC circuit. Calculate the output
voltages (magnitudes) at f = 10 kHz and 100 kHz.
Given that C = 2.2 nF, and RL = 10 k.
ii
+
Ri
RL
v0
Transform the current source into a voltage source vi.
vi = ii Ri = 10sin ( 2 ft ) V.
Now,
vRL
vi
CRL
1 + 2 C 2 ( Ri + RL )
1.382,
at 10 kHz , CR
=
L
vRL
10 kHz
7.643
C ( Ri + R=
L)
2
vRL
= 0.47
vi
= 4.7 sin ( 20 103 t ) V.
at 100 kHz ,
vRL
vi
13.82
1 + 764.3
=0.4996 vRL
100 kHz
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=5sin ( 20 104 t ) V.
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Tutorial - 1
Q6. In the following circuit, a pulse of height V and
width a is applied at t = 0. Find an expression for the
current.
+
V
vc
t ) V U ( t ) U ( t a ) .
vin (=
t
Now, applying KVL,
1
vc ( 0 ) + i dt +=
Ri V U ( t ) U ( t a )
C 0
Taking Laplace transform,
vc ( 0 )
I (s)
V
1 e as
s
Cs
s
1 e as V
1
e as
Assuming =
vc ( 0 ) 0,
I ( s ) VC =
=
1 + CRs R s + 1 CR s + 1 CR
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
V t CR
( t a ) CR
i (t ) =
e
U
t
e
U ( t a ) .
(
)
R
+
+ R I (s) =
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Tutorial - 1
Q7. In the following circuit, charge on the capacitor is zero for t <0. R1 = 10 k, R2 =
10 k R3 = 1 k C = 10 F.
(i) At t = 0 Sec, the switch is closed. Find I1 and I2 at t = 0 and at t = 1 Sec.
(ii) The switch is reopened at t = 2 Sec. Find I1 and I2 at t = 2 Sec.
R1
Answer:
(i) At t = 0, the capacitor is shorted.
I1 ( 0 ) = 9 ( R1 + R 2 || R 3 ) = 0.825 mA. and
+
I1
9V
I 2 ( 0 ) =R 3 0.825 ( R 2 + R 3 ) =0.075 mA.
vc
R2
I2
R3
==
Req C 60 mS << 1 Sec the capacitor is fully charged.
I1 (1Sec )= I 2 (1Sec )= 9 ( R1 + R 2 )= 0.45 mA.
(ii) At t = 2 Sec, left-hand part is open.
I1 ( 2 Sec
=
0.409 mA.
) 0 and I 2 ( 2 Sec=) 4.5 ( R 2 + R=
3)
6
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Tutorial - 1
R
Q8. The circuit is in steady state. The switch is
closed at t = 0. Find an expression for the vc.
2
V.
vc ( 0 ) =
3
But, for t >0, looking from the capacitor terminal,
the Thevenin's voltage =
Now, applying KVL,
+
R
vc
V
R
V
.
2
t
1
R
V
i + vc ( 0 ) + i dt =
2
2
C 0
R/2
Taking Laplace transform,
vc ( 0 ) I ( s ) V
R
,
I (s) +
+
=
2
2s
s
Cs
2V I ( s ) V
R
I (s) +
+
=,
2
3s
2s
Cs
V ( 3R )
I (s) =
.
s + 2 ( CR )
V/
2
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vc
C
Equivalent circuit for t >0.
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Capacitor voltage for t >0,
v ( 0 ) I ( s ) 2V
V ( 3RC )
Vc ( s ) =c +
,
=
s
Cs
3s s s + 2 ( CR )
( 2 3)Vs + V ( RC ) A
B
.
=
=
+
s s + 2 ( CR )
s s + 2 ( CR )
Now, expanding into partial fractions,
A
( 2 3)Vs + V ( RC )
=
s + 2 ( CR )
s =0
+
R
vc
V
R
V
2
( 2 3)Vs + V ( RC )
V
.
=
6
s
s = 2 CR
V
V
.
Vc ( s ) = +
2 s 6 s + 2 ( CR )
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
V V 2t CR
vc ( t ) =
+ e
, (for t > 0).
2 6
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Tutorial - 1
Capacitor voltage for t >0,
v ( 0 ) I ( s ) 2V
V ( 3RC )
Vc ( s ) =c +
,
=
s
Cs
3s s s + 2 ( CR )
( 2 3)Vs + V ( RC ) A
B
.
=
=
+
s s + 2 ( CR )
s s + 2 ( CR )
Now, expanding into partial fractions,
A
( 2 3)Vs + V ( RC )
=
s + 2 ( CR )
s =0
+
R
vc
V
R
V
2
( 2 3)Vs + V ( RC )
V
.
=
6
s
s = 2 CR
V
V
.
Vc ( s ) = +
2 s 6 s + 2 ( CR )
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
V V 2t CR
vc ( t ) =
+ e
, (for t > 0).
2 6
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