Complex Number
Theory
General Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Fig.
We know that a point (x, y) in rectangular co-ordinates can be
expressed in terms of polar co-ordinates (r, ) by the relation
x = r cos
and y = r sin
z = x + iy
z = r cos + i r sin
z = r (cos + i sin )
This is called as the polar form of complex number z.
In above representation r can be interpreted as the distance
from the origin to the point (x, y) so r= + (by
Pythagoras theorem). It is also denoted by | z | and it is called
as absolute value or modulus of z.
1
Complex Number
Theory
General Introduction
r=||= +
and is called the argument or amplitude of z and is denoted
by arg z.1
i.e. = arg z
As in calculus, is also measured in radians and it is positive
in the counter-clockwise sense. From the above figure we
can see that an argument must satisfy the equation tan= ,
i.e. = tan-1 () but the solutions of this equation are not
unique (because if 00 is an argument of z then 2, 4
are also argument the explain argument of a complex
number in the interval -/2 < 0 < /2 is called the principal
argument)
Properties of modules of complex numbers :
(1) z1 . z2 = z1 z2 .
| |
(2) | |= | | , z2 0.
(3) z1 = z 1.
(4)
zn = z n.
Complex Number
Theory
General Introduction
ARGUMENT OF COMPLEX NUMBER
Now let us understand Argument of Amplitude of a
Complex Number in detail
Let z = a + bi and arg z =
= tan1 () is called Argument of Amplitude of z and is
usual chosen the smallest positive angle.
arg z = arg (a + bi) = tan 1()
To find argument , we have the following four cases
depending upon the position of the point of z in xy plane.
Complex Number
Theory
Case I :
General Introduction
Case II :
P (a, b) such that a > 0, b > 0.P (a , b) such that a < 0, b < 0.
P (a, b) lies in the first quadrant. P (a, b) lies in the
second quadrant.
lm
lm
P(a, b )
P(a , b )
a=
0
Re
Re
Let a be the angle made by Let a be the angle made by
OP
OP with X axis in first quadrant.with horizontal in second
quadrant.
tan a = | |
tan a = | |
a = tan1
a = tan1 ( )
In this case,
In this case,
arg z = = a = tan1( )
arg z = = ( a)
Complex Number
Theory
Case III :
General Introduction
Case IV :
P (a, b) such that a < 0, b < 0.P (a, b) such that a > 0, b < 0.
P (a, b) lies in the third quadrant. P (a, b) lies in the
fourth quadrant.
lm
lm
Re
Re
P(a , b )
P(a, b)
Let a be the angle made by OP Let a be the angle made
by OP
with horizontal in third quadrant.with horizontal I fourth
quadrant.
tan a =||
a = tan-1||
tan a =| |
a = tan1 | |
In this case,
arg z = = + a.
In this case,
arg z = = 2 a or a.
Note : It is clear that has infinite number of values.
The value of 0 which lies between and is called the
principal value of the amplitude.
5
Complex Number
Theory
General Introduction
The following properties of arguments are useful.
(1) Arg (z1 . z2 zn) = arg z1 + arg z2 + + arg zn.
(2) In particular, arg (z . z n times) = n
(3) Arg = arg z1 arg z2.
= +
= +
Let =
=
= ( ) ( / )
| | = ( ) = | | | |
arg ( ) = + = arg + arg
= () ( )
|| =
| |
| |
( ) = = arg - arg
z.
Complex Number
Theory
General Introduction
GENERAL FORMULAE : z = x + iy (x,y)
x = Re (z)
y = Img (z)
i =
= conjugate of z
= x iy
=
=
=
x =
y =
= ( )
= Argument of z or amplitude
r = + = |z| = (Modulus of z) > 0
z - = + = = ||
z = x + iy (Cartesian form)
= +
= r( + ) .. (polar form)
7
Complex Number
Theory
General Introduction
