6/26/2016

SanskritTutorials

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SanskritTutorials
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AboutSanskrit

VerblessSentencesinSanskrit!

NumbersinSanskrit

Vibhakti

SimilaritiesbetweenSanskritandProgrammingLanguages

FeaturesofSanskritthatmakeitanextraordinarylanguage

TheefficiencyofSanskrit:Lesswordsmoremeaning!

NopunctuationinSanskrit?

NounFormClassification(/shabdaruup)

SanskritWordlist

2012
,19

VerblessSentencesinSanskrit!

which means.. A stupid person must be avoided. He is like a two

leggedanimalinfrontoftheeyes.

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HowisSanskritLanguage?
Comparing the Sanskrit and the English versions,
[Link]
also explained in the last article that this enormous shortening has been possible due to the notion of
vibhakti. (Have a look at the last article to understand the mechanism of this shortening.) But we didnt
explain in full, the power that this innovative concept of vibhakti wields. In this article, we will look at the
[Link]

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[Link],nottomention,
[Link]
onetocomposeverblesssentencesinSanskrit,whichisnotpossibleinEnglish!Letsgetintotranslating
somehardcoreSanskrit.
Letstakeupatypicalword,say
,[Link]
but
withsomemodifications.Herewehave24differentformsoftheword
|Eachoftheseformsiscalleda
vibhaktiof
|

It'sthebestlanguage

0(0%)

It'sOK

0(0%)

It'snotgood

0(0%)

It'sdifficult

0(0%)

Votessofar:0
Pollclosed

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Emailaddress...

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RealtimeviewGetFeedjit
RememberthistablefromschoolSanskrit?Itisafterallnotasannoyingasmanyfeelinthe
[Link],itisverypowerful!Letsdiscoveritspower.
NowletsgetbacktoourQ&Aformat.
Q) Yes! I do remember these horrible tables from school. They used to forcefeed these into our
[Link],wewereexpectedtomemorizearound30suchtablesandhadtovomitoutone
[Link]

Friends

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oftheminthefinalexams.
A)[Link]
tables without comprehending their power is like memorizing Thermodynamic tables of Specific Heats
[Link],weshallfocusontheconceptsbehind
[Link]!
Q)Hmmm
concepts?Sowhatarethey?
A)Asmentionedinthelastarticle,ingeneral,awordinSanskritrepresentsproperty(s).

SanskritForums
[Link]
month1/

2012(22)
October(22)
VerblessSentencesin
Sanskrit!
SimpledaytodayWords
VocativeCase/
(sambodhana
vibhak...

Agni,oneofthe33devasmentionedinVedas.
Devasrefertoterrestrialthingsofhigh
[Link].8
Vasus(Earth,Water,Fire,Air,Sky,Moon,Sun,
Stars/Planets)thatformcomponentsofuniverse
wherewelive,10LifeForcesinourbody
(Prana,Apana,Vyana,Udana,Samaana,Naga,
Kurma,Kukala,Devadatta)and1Soulcalled
Rudra,12Adityaormonthsofyear,1Vidyutor
Electromagneticforcethatisoftremendoususe
tous.1Yajnaorconstantnobleselflessdeeds
donebyhumans.
Here,
represents(thepropertyof)[Link],inspokenlanguage,
wealwaysrefertoobjectsandnotproperties.(Theobjectbeingreferredtoneednotexistintherealworld.
Itissufficientifitexistsinthespeakersimagination.)Soweneedawaytoforcetheword
,torepresent
[Link]

LocativeCase/
(saptamii
vibhakti)...
GenitiveCase/
(ShaShThii
vibhakti)...
AblativeCase/
(paJNchamii
vibhakt...
DativeCase/

(chaturthii
vibhakti...
InstrumentalCase/

(tRRitiiyavibh...
AccusativeCase/
(dvitiiyaavibh...
NominativeCase/
(prathamaa

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[Link] way of forcing a word(which represents a property) to represent an

[Link],(6|3)=
and(1|1)=
|

Hereareourrules.
Rule1 | A vibhaktiform of a word always denotes an object having the property that the respective word
[Link],wheneverinasentenceyoucomeacross,say,
or

or

,
itmeansthatanobject
havingthepropertyofbeingofgreatexcellenceexists.
Rule2|Eachvibhaktiforminthetablecarries3piecesofinfowithitselfviz.
[Link](whethersingular,dualorplural?)
[Link](whetheritisthefirstvibhaktiorthirdoreighth?)
[Link](whetheritisamaleobjectorfemaleorneutral?)

So,(6|3)=
carriestheinfothattherearemorethan2masculineobjectsofsixthvibhakti,havingthe

propertyofbeingofgreatexcellence.
Rule3|Everysentencehasanactioninvolvedinit.(Thisisageneralruleapplicabletoanylanguage.)
Rule4 | Objects having the same vibhakti point to the same object. (We have already seen an awesome
applicationofthisruleinthelastarticle.)
Havingnoticedthese4rules,nowletsunderstandthemeaningofeachvibhaktiintheformoftheextended
tablebelow.

(prathamaa
vibhak...
NounFormsOrCases
(/shabdarupa)
VerbFormsPractice
Sentences

/
vidhailiN^lakaara
(OptativeMood...

/
[Link]
(Imperative...
/laN^lakaara(Past
Tense)

/lRRiTlakaara
(FutureTense)
/laTlakaara
(PresentTense)
VerbForms(/
tiN^antapada):
ActiveVoice(
/

kartRRIvaachya)
SanskritGrammarTutorial
DevnagariSCRIPT
SanskritTexts&
Scriptures

6 6 6 3 1

[Link]

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[Link]
vibhaktinumberofthatrow.

[Link]

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Explainingvibhaktisagain,butthistimewithadifferentexample!
Now,[Link].
1.

2.

3.

LetmealsogiveyoutheclosestEnglishwordscorrespondingtoeachofthewordsinvolved.

=(thepropertyof)havingredeyes

=(thepropertybywhichone)mustbefeared

=(thepropertyof)directinginaparticulardirection/way
[Link]

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=(thepropertyof)beingstupid

=aggression,hoslility
=(thepropertyof)advancingtowardssomething
=(thepropertyof)goinginaregulatedmanner
=not(Note:[Link]
wordsarecalled)
=(thepropertyof)goingtowardssomethingbutonlyinmind
Q)Beforestartingtotranslate,canyougivemegeneralguidelinesfortranslatingthem.
A)Sure!
[Link]

[Link]
objects,byRule1!([Link]
thespeaker!)
[Link],identifythe3piecesofinfomentionedinRule2
3.Rule3assuresusthatthereisboundtobesomeactioninvolvedinthesentence!Identifythataction

and guess the relation of each word with that action using the blue text of the extended vibhakti
[Link],thenitistheactionofexisting of the
objectdenotedbythewordsofthefirstvibhakti.
4.ApplyRule4,ifapplicable.

Andlo,youhavethetranslation.
TranslatingSentence1

(1|1)(1|1)
[Link],
=(thepropertyof)havingredeyes,butsincethesentence

contains
andnot
,byRule1,weconcludethat
=anobject/personhavingred
[Link],
doesnotrepresentapropertyratheritdenotesanobject/personwhomustbe
feared.

[Link]

theform(1|1)ofthe
[Link]
and

denotesinglemasculineobjectsoffirstvibhakti.

[Link]

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[Link]

mentioned,itistheactionofexistingofobjectsdenotedbythewordsofthefirstvibhaktiviz.

and
|.Andfromthevibhaktitableabove,both
and
performthataction.(Seethe
topmostbluelineinthe
table.)Hence,theobjectsdenotedby
and
[Link]
existenceitselfistheaction.

[Link],hencetheydenotethe

[Link],
and
arethesameobjectsandnotdifferentobjects.

So,thesentencemeansthatthepersonwhohasredeyesandthepersonwhomustbefearedareoneand
[Link]
length.Englishversionhas8wordswhiletheSanskritversionhasonly2!
TranslatingSentence2

(1|1)(6|3)(4|1)
1.Rule1says,sinceallthewordsappearinavibhaktiform,eachworddenotesanobject.

=somethingthatdirects=advice,instructions

=someonewhoisstupid

=hostility(seenasanobject)

2.Rule2instructsustoidentifythe3piecesofinfo,viz.

denotesasinglemasculineobjectinfirstvibhakti(1|1)

denotesmorethan2masculineobjectsofsixthvibhakti(6|3)

denotessinglemasculineobjectoffourthvibhakti(4|1)

3.Rule3asksustoinfertherelationofeachobjectwiththeactionbylookingatthebluetextinthe

[Link],fromRule3.

=(1|1)impliesthatadviceisperformingtheactionofexisting,thatis,adviceexists,which
meanssomeadviceisbeinggivenbysomeone.

=(6|3)impliesthatbelongstothe

personsbeingrefereedto.=(4|1)

impliesthattheaction(ofexisting/givingofadvice)helps/intensifies|
4.Rule4notapplicable.

HencethesentencetranslatestoGivingadviceintensifiesthehostilityofstupidpeople.
TranslatingSentence3

(3|1)(1|1)(nil)(3|1)
1.Rule1says,sinceallthewords,except,appearinavibhaktiform,theydenoteanobject.
[Link]

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=achariot
=journeyortravel
=not

=animaginarychariotinmind
2.Rule2instructsustoidentifythe3piecesofinfo,viz.

denotesasinglemasculineobjectinthirdvibhakti(3|1)
denotesasinglefeminineobjectoffirstvibhakti(1|1)
doesnotdenotesanyobject

denotesasinglemasculineobjectofthirdvibhakti(3|1)

3.Rule3asksustoinfertherelationofeachobjectwiththeactionbylookingatthebluetextinthe

[Link],fromRule3.

=(3|1)impliesthatthechariotisinstrumentalinperformingtheaction
=(1|1)impliesthatjourneyexists,thatis,journeyisbeingdone
=(nil)negatesthemeaningofthewordthatcomesafterit

=(3|1)impliesthatthechariotofmindisinstrumentalinperformingtheaction
4.Rule4doesnotgiveanynewinfo.

Hence,thesentencetranslatestoJourneyisdonebya(real)chariot,notbyachariotofmind.
Q) I really enjoyed! But there is some feeling of uncertainty lingering in my mind. In
the sentence,

why did you say that Rule4 does not give any new info ? I
mean,
and
,[Link],hencetheyshouldrepresent
thesameobject,sois,thatmeanstherealchariotandthechariotofmindareoneand
thesame!Isntit?OramIwrong?
A) Here, you are applying the Rule4 to inappropriate words. The word is an . That means, its
vibhaktiforms do not exist. Hence, instead of considering
alone as a single word, one
must consider
as a single word (because itself has no vibhakti!) for applying Rule4. So by
applyingRule4again,weseethat
and
denotethesameobject,whichistruebecauseis
indeednot!
Q)[Link],
therehavebeennoverbs!So,aretherereallynoverbsinSanskrit?Ifeellikescreaming,ifthisis
true.
A)[Link],though
[Link],nosentenceispossiblewithoutan
[Link],butactionscanalsobedescribedby
verbsandSanskrithasverbalsystemandinfact,itishighlyelaborated.
Thats it for this article. In the next one, we shall explain the general structure of a Sanskrit sentence,
[Link]

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revealing how the tremendous amount of Sanskrit literature ranging from Philosophy to Physics, can be
grammaticallybrokendownintomere2012dhAtusandafewlonewords.
PS: The definitions of vibhakti given in the article are very superficial and there are a lot many
[Link],completearticlescanbewrittenoneachofthe8vibhaktisandstillmay
not be [Link] aim here is to get a new learner started with vibaktis. For detailed learning, I would
recommendcheckingoutotherresources.

RohanShane
19,2012
,

Google

2012
,18

SimpledaytodayWords
Sanskritwords

Transliteration

Meaning

dinadarshikaa

Calendar

dooradarshanam

Television

darpanaha

Mirror

dooravaanee

Telephone

dvaaram

Door

paadaraxaa

footwear

aakaashavaanee

Radio

dhvanimudrikaa

Taperecord

sikthavartikaa

Candle

soochanaaghantaa

Callingbell

kankanam

Bangle

kartaree

Scissors

avakarikaa

Dustbin

agnipetikaa

Matchbox

[Link]

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chatram

Umbrella

karandaha

Smallbox

shayyaa

Bed

bhaavachitram

Photo

karadeepaha

Torch

jalashodhakam

Waterfilter

dhanalekaha,deyakam

Bill,Receipt

taalaha

Lock

aatapaha

Sunlight

chaayaa

Shade

soochikaa

Safetypin

sameekaraha

Iron

paadatraanam

Shoe

goladeepaha

Bulb

dandadeepaha

Tubelight

vyajanam

Fan

yutakam

Shirt

sopanam

Step

pinjaha

Switch

bhittihi

Wall

ganakayantram

Computer

dinapatrikaa

Dailypaper

vaarapatrikaa

Weeklypaper

maasapatrikaa

Monthlypaper

aasandaha

Chair

bhittighatihi

Wallclock

sammaarjanee

Broom

oorukam

Pants

kunchikaa

Key

shirastram

Cap

[Link]

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lekhanee

Pen

ankanee

Pencil

koshaha

Pocket

svedakaha

Sweater

dhanam

Money

viraamaha

Holiday

yojinee

Stapler

nakhakartaree

Nailcutter

snaanagraham

Bathroom

pronchaha

Towel

dantaphenaha

Toothpaste

phenakam

Soap

koorchaha

Brush

ksurapatram

Blade

pitharaha

Boiler

ushnajalam

Hotwater

sheetajalam

Coldwater

naalaha

Tap

phenakapetikaa

Soapbox

dantakoorchaha

Toothbrush

dantachoornaha

Teethpowder

dronee

Bucket

paakashaalaa

Kitchen

tailam

Oil

navaneetam

Butter

ghratam

Ghee

bhojanapeetham

Diningtable

patraalayaha

Postoffice

masheepaha

Inkpad

moolyaankaha

Stamp

[Link]

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patrapetekaa

Postbox

antardesheeyapatram

Inlandletter

samapatram

Postcard

patravitaarakaha

Postman

mradumudraa

Seal

RohanShane
18,2012
,

Google

,13
2012

VocativeCase/(sambodhanavibhakti)
VocativeCaseor(sambodhanavibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthewordusedtoaddressorcall
someoneorsomething.
[Link].
O!Boy

hebaala

O!Creeper

helate

O!God

hedeva

Hereboy(/baala),creeper(/lataa)
andGod(
/deva)areinvocativecaseor
(sambodhanavibhakti)

[Link],thepersonorthingbeingaddressedisinvocativecase.
Note:I(/asmad)andYou(
/yusmad)wordsdonothaveanyvocativecase.

VocativeCase(/sambodhanavibhakti)
[Link]

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Word

Gender Singular Dual Plural SimilarWords

baala

Boy
/baala

Creeper
/lataa

late

River
/nadii

Fruit
/phalam

baalau baalaaH

late

lataaH

nadii

nadyau nadyaH

phalam

phale phalaani

RohanShane,
13,2012

Google

LocativeCase/(saptamiivibhakti)
LocativeCaseor(saptamiivibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthe"where"[Link]
wordslocativecaserepresentsthelocativeinthesentense.
[Link].
/English

/Sanskrit

[Link].

kamalaanikaasaresanti

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

gajaaHaraNyesaJNcharanti

[Link].

kaaryaalayaaHnagariishubhavanti

[Link].

[Link]

[Link]

Notes

Thewordslake(/
kaasara),creeper(/
lataa),forest(/
araNya),city(/
nagarii),bed(/
shajyaa),land(
/
bhuumi),Mahabharata
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[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

mahaabhaarateanekakathaaHvidyante

[Link].

sarvasminaatmaavidyate

(/mahaabhaarata)
andall(
/sarva)are
expressinglocationof
somethingorsomeone.

Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"wherearethelotuses?",theanswerthatcomesis"lake".So,"lake"is
thelocativeinthesentenceandthenounformisinlocativecaseorsaptamiivibhakti.Similarlyinsentence3,ifwe
askthequestion"elephantsroamwhere?",theanswerthatcomesis"forest".
So,answerthatcomesfromthequestion"where"isthelocativeinthesentenseandisalwaysinlocativecase.
Followingsaretheruleswherelocativecaseisused.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthelocationofsomethingorsomeonewillbeinlocativecase.
Sentence1to8followthisrule.

[Link]
these.
/English

/Sanskrit

[Link].

saHaasandeupavishati

[Link].

chchhaatraaHmaargeshudhaavanti

[Link]
mountain.

mayuuraaHgirishunRRityanti

[Link]
river.

[Link]

[Link].

vaalikaaHkriiDaaN^gaNekriDanti

Notes

Expressingthethingon
whichonesitsorstands
etc.

[Link]

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[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

viraamaHbhaanuvaasarebhavati

[Link],lotusblooms.

[Link]

[Link],lilliesbloom.

chandreuditekumudaanivikasanti

[Link]
thebest.

praaNinaa.n/praaNiShunaraaH
shreShThaaH

[Link]
hair.

gRRihitaevakesheShumRRityunaa
dharmamaacharet

[Link]
hands.

[Link]

[Link].

pitaaputresnihyati

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

[Link]

Expressingthetimeof
action.

Expressingtheactionof
oneresultingintheaction
ofanother.

Comparisioningroup.

Expressingpartofbody
heldseparately.

Expressingtrust,fondness,
love,anger,worshipetc.,in
someone.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomethingonwhichsomeoneorsomethingsitsorstandswillbeinlocative
case.
Insentence9ifweaskthequestion"whereisheseating?"or"onwhatisheseating?",theanswerthatcomesison
[Link],theword"seat"or(aasand)isinlocativecaseasitisexpressingthethingonwhichsomeoneis
seating.Sentence10to13alsofollowthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthetimeofactioninresponsetothequestiononverbas"when"willbein
locativecase.

[Link]

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Insentence14answertothequestion"whenshallIgo?"is"intheevening"or"evening".So,theword"evening"or

([Link])isinlocativecase.Sentence15alsofollowsthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Whentheactionofoneresultsinactionofanother,thethingwhoseactionoccursfirstwillbein
locativecase.
[Link]'srisingresultsintheactionofthelotus
[Link],theword"sun"or

(suurya)isinlocativecase.Sentence17alsofollowthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Ifacomparisioninagroupisbeingmadethenthewordexpressingthegroupwillbeinlocative
caseoringenitivecase.
Insentence18theword"animal"or(praaNi)isinlocativecase(oralternativelygenitivecase),asitrepresents
thegroupinwhichhumanbeingsarethebest.

GrammaticalRule:Ifapartofbodyisheldseparatelythenthewordexpressingthepartwillbeinlocativecase.
Insentence20myfriendisholdingmyhand(separately)[Link],theword"hand"or(kara)isin
locativecaseasthisisthepartofbodywhichisbeingheldseparately.Sentence19alsofollowsthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Ifverbsmeaningtrust,fondness,love,anger,worshipetc.,areused,thepersoninwhomsuch
trustorfondnessisshownwillbeinlocativecase.
Insentence21theverb(snihyati)isusedtoexpressfather'[Link],theword"son"or
(putra)
isinlocativecase.Sentence22and23alsofollowthisrule.

LocativeCase(/saptamiivibhakti)
Word
[Link]

Gender

Singular

Dual

Plural
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SimilarWords

baale

baalayoH

baaleShu

latayoH

Boy
/baala

Creeper
/lataa

lataayaam

lataasu

River
/nadii

nadyoH
nadyaam
nadiiShu

Fruit
/phalam

phale

phalayoH

RohanShane,
13,2012

phaleShu

Google

GenitiveCase/(ShaShThiivibhakti)
GenitiveCaseor(ShaShThiivibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthe"whose"[Link]
wordsgenitivecaserepresentsthegenitiveinthesentense.
[Link].
/English

/Sanskrit

[Link].

dasharathasyaputraH

[Link]'sfriend.

kRRiShNasyasakhaa

[Link].

suuryasyaudayaH

[Link].

nadyaaHjalam

[Link].

chandrikaayaadhavalataa

[Link]

Notes

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[Link].

agneHjvaalaa

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

shukraachaaryasyashiShyaaHasuraaH

[Link]'sjewellary.

naariiNaamaabharaNam

[Link].

etatmamamatam

[Link].

gaNapateHchatvaaraHhastaaH

Peronorthingwhose
relationshipwithanotheris
beingexpressed.

Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"whoseson?",theanswerthatcomesis"Dasaratha".So,"Dasaratha"is
thegenitiveinthesentenceandthenounformisingenitivecaseorShaShThivibhakti.Similarlyinsentence4,ifwe
askthequestion"whosewater?",theanswerthatcomesis"river".
So,answerthatcomesfromthequestion"whose"isthegenitiveinthesentenseandisalwaysingenitive
[Link].
GrammaticalRule:Theworddenotingaperonorthingwhoserelationshipwithanotherisbeingexpressedwillbein
genitivecase.
Insentence1to11thewordsexpressingrelationshiptosomeoneorsomethingareingenitivecase.

[Link]
these.
/English
[Link]
(Yudhisthira)isbest.

/Sanskrit

[Link]
jyeShThaH

Notes

Comparisioningroup.

[Link]

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[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

arjunasyatulaanaasti

[Link].

raamasyaupamaa

[Link]
banayantreeisthere.

vidyaalayasyadakshiNaatekaHmahaan
vaTavRRikshaH

[Link]
standing.

shikshakasyapuraHchchhaatraaH
tiShThanti

[Link].

maatuHpurastaatshishuHkriiiDati

[Link].

bhuumeHadhastaat/[Link]

[Link]
there.

graamasyauttaraatchikitsaalayaHasti

Useofwords
(tulaa),
(upamaa)etc.,for
comparision.

Expressinsdirectionor
locationinrelationto
anotherusingwords

(puraH),
(purastaat),

(purataH),
(agrataH),

(pRRiShThataH),
(adhaH),
(adhastaat)etc.

GrammaticalRule:Ifacomparisioninagroupisbeingmadethenthewordexpressingthegroupwillbeingenitive
case(oralternativelyinlocativecase).
Insentence13abovethesentencemeanscoconuttreeisbest"amongthetrees".So,thewordtreesisingenetive
case(oralternativelylocativecase)asitrepresentsthegroupinwhichcoconuttreeisbest.Similarlyinsentence12
theword"pandavas"isingenetivecase.

GrammaticalRule:Ifwords
(tulaa),(upamaa)etc.,expressingcomparisionareusedthenwordexpressing
thepersonorthingbeingcomparedwillbeingenitivecase.
Insentence14theword"Arjuna"isingenitivecaseasthisisbeingcomparedwiththeuseofword
ortulaa.
Sentence15alsofollowsthesamerule.

[Link]

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GrammaticalRule:Ifthewords
(puraH),
(purastaat),
(purataH),(agrataH),

(pRRiShThataH),(adhaH),(adhastaat)etc.,areusedtoexpressdirectionorlocationofanobjectin

relationtoanother,thewordexpressingtheobjectwillbeingenitivecase.
Insentence16thewordsouthor(dakshiNaat)isusedtoexpresslocationofthebanayantreeinrelationto

[Link],thewordschoolisingenitivecase.Similarlyinsentence18thewordbehindor
(purastaat)

[Link],thewordmotherisingenitivecase.Sentences16,17,
18,19and20followthisrule.

GenitiveCase(/ShaShThiivibhakti)
Word

Gender Singular

Dual

Plural

SimilarWords

Boy
/baala

baalasya

baalayoH

baalaanaam

Creeper
/lataa

lataayaaH

latayoH

lataanaam

River
/nadii

nadyaaH nadiibhyaam

nadiinaam

phalasya

phalaanaam

Fruit
/phalam

phalayoH

RohanShane,
13,2012

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AblativeCase/(paJNchamiivibhakti)
AblativeCaseor(paJNchamiivibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthe"fromwhom/what"ofthesentence.
Inotherwordsablativecaserepresentstheablativeinthesentense.
[Link]

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[Link].
/English

/Sanskrit

[Link].

vRRikshaatparNa.n/[Link]

[Link].

phalaanitarubhyaHpatanti

[Link].

saHdhaavataHashvaatpatitaH

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

devataaHsvargaataagachchhanti

Notes
Thewordstree(
/
vRRiksha),tree(/taru)
andhorse(/ashva)
representthesourceof
separation.
Thewordsschool(
/vidyaalaya)andheaven
(
/svarga)represent
thesourceofcomingor
going.

Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"leaffellfromwhat?",theanswerthatcomesis"thetree".So,"tree"is
theablativeinthesentenceandthenounformisinablativecaseorpaJNchamiivibhakti.Similarlyinsentence4,if
weaskthequestion"whereamIcomingfrom?",theanswerthatcomesis"school".
So,answertothequestion"fromwhom/what/where"istheablativeinthesentenceandisalwaysinablativecase.
Theverbformisindependentofthenumberor(vachana)[Link]
ablativecaseisused.
GrammaticalRule:Whenanobjectisseparatedfromanotherthewordexpressingtheobjectfromwhichthe
separationhappenedwillbeinablativecase.
Sentence1,2and3followthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Whensomeoneorsomethingiscomingfromaplacethewordexpressingthesourcewillbein
ablativecase.
Sentence4and5followthisrule.
[Link]
these.
[Link]

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/English

/Sanskrit

[Link]
mountain.

nirjharaHgireHsravati

7.(River)Gangesflowsfrom
Himalayas.

himavataHgaN^gaatprabhahati

[Link].

mRRigaHbyaaghraatvibheti

[Link].

hariNaHvyaaghraattrasyati

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

chauraHaarakshakaatvibheti

[Link].

/
aarakshakaHchauraattraayate/rakshate

[Link]
hell.

[Link]
narakabhayaat.

[Link]
enemies.

sainikaaHshatrubhyaHnaagarikaanrakshante

[Link].

saHadhyanaaatparaajayate.

[Link]
sin.

dhaarmikaHpaapaatparaajayate

[Link]
paddy.

[Link]

[Link]
merit.

paapannivaarayaati

[Link].

kRRiShNaHmaatuHniliiyate

[Link]

Notes
Thewordsmountain(/
giri)andHimalayas(
/himavata)representthe
originorsource.

Thewordstiger(/
byaaghraat),lion(
/
[Link])andpolice(/
aarakshaka)arethe
sourcesoffear.

Thewordsthief(/
chaura),hell(/
narakabhaya)andenemy
(
/shatruu)represent
thingsfromwhich
protected.

Useofword+
(paraa+jayate)toexpress
defeat.
Thewordspaddy(/
dhaana)andsin(/
paapa)arethingsfrom
whichrestrained.
Thewordsmother(
/
maatRRi)andteacher(
/
guru)representsomeone
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[Link].

chchhaatraHguruHniliiyate

fromwhomhiding.

[Link]
lazyness.

gauriiaalasyaatnapaThati

Thewordlazynessor
(aalasya)represents
thecauseofsomething.

[Link].

pueHpaatphalamparajaayate

[Link].

padmaatmadhuprajaayate

Thewordsflower(
/
pueHpa)andlotus(/
padma)aresourcesof
creation.

[Link].

dhaarmikaHpapaatjugupsate

[Link].

saHpaThanaatviramati.

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

kaalidaasaHbhavabhuuteHshreShThaH

[Link]
Satrughna.

lakshamaNaHshatrughnaatpuurvaH

[Link].

bhiimaHyudhiShThiiraatparaH

Useofverbslikehate
(

/jugupsate),

escapes(/viramati)
etc.,expressinghateor
dislike.

Useofsuperlativeor
comparativeadjectiveslike
better(
/shreShTha)
earlier(

/purvaH),later
(/paraH)etc.,to
compare.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingtheoriginorsourceofsomethingwillbeinablativecase.
[Link],
theword"mountain"isinablativecase.Sentence7alsofollowsthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthesourceoffearwillbeinablativecase.
[Link],theword"tiger"isinablativecase.
Sentence10and11alsofollowthisrule.
[Link]

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GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomethingorsomeonefromwhichsomethingorsomeoneisprotectedwillbe
inablativecase.
[Link],theword
"thief"isinablativecase.Sentence13and14alsofollowthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthethingfromwhichdefeatisaccepted,unabletotolerateorfaceit,withthe
useofprepositionor
(upasarga)beforetheverb
(paraajayate)[Link]:Ifdefeatis
acceptedafterfacingitbravely,thenthewordwillbeinaccusativecase.
Insentence15word
(paraajayate)isusedtoexpress"hisdefeatfromstudy".Inotherwordsitalsomeans
"heisnotabletostudy"or"heisafraidofstudies".So,theword"study"isinablativecase.Sentence16alsofollows
thisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomethingfromwhichsomeoneorsomethingisopposedorrestrainedwillbe
inablativecase.
[Link],theword"paddy"isinablativecase.Sentence18also
followsthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomeoneorsomethingfromwhichoneishidingfromwillbeinablativecase.
[Link],theword"mother"isinablativecase.Sentence20alsofollows
thisrule.

GrammaticalRule:[Link]:Ifthesubjectisin
femininegender,thenitcanalsobeininstrumentalcase.
[Link]

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Insentence21lazynessor(aalasya)[Link]
reasonof"notreading".So,itisinablativecase.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthesourceofcreationwillbeinablativecase.
Insentence22fruitiscreatedfromflowerorinotherwords"floweristhesourceofcreation"[Link],theword
"flower"isinablativecase.Sentence23alsofollowsthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomethingtowhichhateordislikeisexpressedwillbeinablativecase.
Sentence24and25followthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Whensuperlativeorcomparativeadjectivessuchlike
(shreShThaH),

(purvaH),
(paraH)etc.,areusedthewordexpressingthethingtowhichthecomparisionisbeingmadewillbeinablativecase.
[Link],[Link]
"guava"isinablativecase.Similarlyinsentence28word"earlier"or

(purvaH)isusedtomeanthatLakshamana
[Link],theword"Satrughna"isinablativecase.Sentence27and29alsofollowthisrule.

AblativeCase(/paJNchamiivibhakti)
Word

Gender Singular

Boy
/baala

Creeper
/lataa

River
[Link]

Dual

Plural

baalaat baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH

lataayaaH

lataabhyaam

lataabhyaH

SimilarWords

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/nadii

Fruit
/phalam

nadyaaH

nadiinaam

nadiibhyaH

phalaat phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH

RohanShane,
13,2012

Google

DativeCase/
(chaturthiivibhakti)
DativeCaseor
(chaturthiivibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthe"towhom"or"forwhom"ofthe
[Link].
[Link].
/English

/Sanskrit

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

vaidyaHrugNaayaauShadha.n
yachchhati

[Link].

dhanikaHnirdhanaayadhana.n
yachhatu

[Link]
maid.

[Link]

Notes

Thewords

(bhikshuka),

(yusmad),(rugNa)and

(nirdhana)represent
thepersontowhom
somethingisgiven.

Givingsomethingto
performsomeimoralor
[Link]
instrumentalcasewillbe
usedandnotdativecase.

Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"givericetowhom?",theanswerthatcomesis"thebeggar".So,"beggar"
isthedativeinthesentenceandthenounformisindativecaseorchaturthiivibhakti.Similarlyinsentence3,ifwe
[Link]

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askthequestion"doctorgavemedicinetowhom?",theanswerthatcomesis"patient".
So,answerstothequestion"towhom"or"forwhom"etc.,isthedativeinthesentenceandisalwaysindativecase.
Theverbformisindependentofthenumberor(vachana)ofthesubjectorobject.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthepersontowhomsomethingisgivenwillbeindativecase.
Sentence1,2,3and4followthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthepersontowhomsomethingisgiventoperformsomeimoralorindecent
actwillbeininstrumentalcaseandnotindativecase.
[Link],theword"maid"isin
instrumentalcaseinsteadofdativecase.

[Link].
/English

/Sanskrit

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

suvarNahaaraayahaaTakam

[Link]/dharma.

dharmaayapatniigrahaNiiyaa

[Link].

eishcharyamahaN^kaaraayabhavati

[Link].

shaktiHparapiDanaayabhavati

[Link]'good.

shaktiHparopakaaraayabhavatu

[Link].

lakshmiiHpaNDitaayaasuuyati

[Link]

Notes
Thewords(patrikaa),

(suvarNahaara)

and
(dharma)represent
thethingsforwhich
somethingisneeded.

Thewords
(ahaN^kaara),
(parapiDana)and
(paropakaara)representthe
thingintowhichsomething
elsetransforms.

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[Link].

saHchaturaayaasuuyati

[Link].

raajaashatruvekRRidhayati

[Link].

gopaalaHraamaayadRRihyati

[Link]?

?
[Link]?

[Link].

vaalikaaHpuShpebhyaHspRRihayanti

[Link].

sarvednyaayaspRRihayantu

[Link].

puShpaaNitaruNibhyaHrochante

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

shishavekriDaarochate

[Link].

?
[Link]?

[Link].

guravenamaH

[Link].

naaraayaNaayanamaH

[Link].

indraayasvaaha

[Link].

agneyabaShaT

[Link].

sarvebhyaHsvasti

[Link]

Useofwords

(kRRidhyati),
(dRRihyati),

(iirShyati),

(asuuyati)etc.,expressing
hateordislike.

Useofwordslike
(rochate)etc.,expressing
fondnessorlikingfor
something.

Useofwordslike
(namaH),(svasti),
(svaaha),
(ala.n),
(baShaT)etc.
WordMeanings:
namaHsalute,svaaha
offered,baShaToffered,
svastiletgoodhappen.

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[Link].

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atithayaHgRRihaaya/gRRiham
aagachchhantu

[Link].

[Link]/graamam
gachhaami

[Link]
Rama.

shyaamaHraamaayashata.n
dhaarayati

[Link].

[Link]

32.(LordVishnu)Hariowesliberationto
worshippers.

[Link]

[Link].

[Link].

Wordexpressingthetarget
destinationforactionslike
goingorcomingcanbein
accusativecaseordative
case.

Wordexpressingtheperson
fromwhomsomethingis
borrowed.

[Link] Thepersonwithwhomthe
subjectrelatessomething

throughhis/heraction.
gaN^gadattaayamatsandesha.n
kathaya

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressiongthepurposeforwhichcertainactionistakenorsomethingisneededwillbe
indativecase.
[Link]"paper".So,
[Link],necklessisinthedativecase.
Sentence8alsofollowsthesamerule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingtheobjectintowhichanotherobjecttransformswillbeindativecase.
[Link],"egoism"isindativecasetheobjectintowhich
wealthtransforms.Sentence10and11alsofollowthesamerule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingtheperson(orthing)againstwhom(orwhich)angerorhateredisshownwill
[Link]

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beindativecase.
Insentence12aboveLaxmishowshateredtowardsthe"knowledgable".So,thewordknowledgableisindative
[Link],thewordenemyisindativecase.
Sentence13and15alsofollowthesamerule.

GrammaticalRule:Whenverbsmeaning"liking"areused,thewordexpressingthepersontowhomitisamatterof
likingwillbeindativecase.
[Link],"girl"isin
dativecase.Similarlyinsentence21playisamatteroflikingto"child".So,thechildisindativecase.Sentence16,
18,19,20,and22alsofollowthesamerule.

GrammaticalRule:Whenthewords(namaH),(svasti),(svaahaa),
(ala.n)and(baShaT)are
usedthewordsexpressingtheobjectoftheirreferencewillbeindativecase.
Insentence23above"teacher"istheobjectofreferenceoftheword(namaH)[Link],thewordteacheror

(guru)isindativecase.Sentence24,25,26and27alsofollowthesamerule.

GrammaticalRule:Whenverbsmeaninggoingorcomingareusedthewordsexpressingthedestinationwillbeeither
inaccusativecaseordativecase.
Insentence28above"home"isindativecase(oraccusativecase)ashomeisthedestination.Sentence29also
followsthesamerule.

GrammaticalRule:Whensomethingisborrowedfromothersthepersonfromwhomthethingisborrowedwillbein
dativecase.
[Link],"Rama"isindativecase.Similarlyinsentence32
Hari(LordVishnu)borrowsliberationor(moksha)[Link],theword(bhakta)orworshipperis
[Link]

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indativecase.Sentence31alsofollowsthesamerule.

GrammaticalRule:Thepersonwithwhomthesubjectrelatessomethingthroughhisorheractionwillbeindative
case.
[Link]
[Link],thewordsonor
(putra)isindativecase.

DativeCase(
/chaturthiivibhakti)
Word

Gender Singular

Dual

Plural

SimilarWords

Boy
/baala

baalaaya baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH

Creeper
/lataa

lataayai

lataabhyaam

lataabhyaH

River
/nadii

nadyai

nadiibhyaam

nadiibhyaH

phalaaya phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH

Fruit
/phalam

RohanShane,
13,2012

Google

InstrumentalCase/
(tRRitiiyavibhakti)
InstrumentalCaseor
(tRRitiiyavibhakti)ofnounformrepresentstheinstrumentalforminasentence.
Theanswerthatcomesfromthequestion"bywhat"or"withwhat"[Link]
withwhatthesubjector
(kartaa)[Link]
thesubjectorobject.
[Link]

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[Link].
/English

/Sanskrit

[Link].

kRRiShivalaHhalenakarShati

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

guravaHlekhanyaaalikhan

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

sarpaHdantaiHdashati

[Link].

atithayaHbhojanenamodanti

[Link].

maalaapuShpaiHbhavati

[Link].

[Link]

9.(I)willdecorateGodwithgarland.

maalaabhiHdevamalaN^karomi

Notes

Hereplough(/hala),axe
(
/parashu),pen(

/lekhanii),hand(/kara),
teeth(/danta)andfood
(/bhojana),flower
(
/puShpa),knowledge
(/vidyaa),garland
(/maalaa)arethe
instrumentsforthe
respectiveverbsandarein
instrumentalcase.

Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"whatisthefarmerisploughingwith?",theanswerthatcomesis"withthe
plough".So,"plough"istheinstrumentinthesentenceandthenounformisininstrumentslcaseortRRitiiyavibhakti.
Similarlyinsentence4,ifweaskthequestion"whatareyoutouchingwith?",theanswerthatcomesis"withhand".In
caseofsentence6,ifweaskthequestion"whatistheguesthappywith?",theanswerthatcomesis"withfood".So,
handandfoodareininstrunmentalcase.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressing"bywhat"or"withwhat"pertainingtotheverbwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Sentences1and9alsofollowthisrule.

[Link]

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[Link]
ofthese.
/English

/Sanskrit

[Link].

striyaHshishubhiHsahaakriDan

[Link].

guruHchchhaatraiHsaakamagachchhat

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

kRRiShNaHmayaasaakamaagatavaan

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

durjanenasamaitriinakarttavyaa

[Link].

/
/
/

[Link]
saha/saaka.n/samsa.n/saardsha.n
gamiShyasi

[Link]
achievable.

shrameNavinaavidyaanalabhyate

[Link].

jalenaantareNajiivanamasambhavam

[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

saHakshNaakaaNaH

[Link]
lochanabhyaavihinasyadarpaNaHki.n
eyes.
kariShyati
[Link].
[Link]

[Link]

Notes

Useofwords(saha),
(saakam),

(saarddha.n)and
(sama.n)

Useofwords

(antareNa)and(vinaa).

Thewordseyes(/
lochana),ears(
/karNa)
andfoot(/paada)are
expressinglamenessof
organorbodypart.
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[Link].

saHpaadenakhaJNjaH

[Link].

raamaHprakRRityaa/svaabhavenachapalaH

[Link].

saHvegenadhaavati

[Link].

raamaHsukhenatiShThati

[Link]

naamnaaraamaH

[Link].

vaalikaaakRRityaachaaruH

[Link].

svaabhaavenasaralaH

[Link].

shavaraaHpraayeNadaridraaH

[Link].

baalaHliilayaa/vegena/tvarayaa
gachchhatu

[Link].

ekenakrameNaaagachchhata

[Link](warrior)bycaste.

[Link]

[Link].

baalakaaHsvechchhayaabhramanti

[Link]
year.

raamaHtvatvarSheNaabaraH

[Link]

month.
gopaalaHshyaamaatmaasenaparaH
[Link].
[Link]

saHmatmaasenapuurvaH

Thewordsnature(
/
prakRRiti),nature(/
svaabhava),speedily(
/
vega),happily(
/
sukha),face(
/
aakRRiti),normally(/
praaya),quickly(/
liilayaa),quickly(/
tvarayaa),queue(/
krama),caste(/jaati)
andwish(
/
svechchhaa)are
expressingnatureor
characteristics.

Useofwordselder(

/
puurvaH),younger(/
avaraH)andyounger(/
paraH)tocompareage.
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[Link].

jaTaabhiHtaapasaH

[Link]?

upavitenavraahmaNa.n

[Link].

shiitenashariiramkampate

[Link].

duHkhenasaHbhagnahRRidiyaH

[Link].

puNyenadRRiShTaHhariH

[Link].

saHjvareNapiiDitaH

[Link].

saHkshudhayaakrandati

[Link].

mamapaaThenaprayojanam

[Link]?

kalahenakim?

[Link].

vivaadenaalam

[Link]?

?
[Link]?

[Link].

dnyaanenahiinaH

[Link].

dhanenashuunyaH

[Link].

//
saHdhanenauunaH/shuunyaH/hiinaH

[Link].

[Link]

[Link]

Useofwordsmattedlock
(/jaTaa),sacredthread
(/upavita)asmark
ofidentification.

Thewordscold(/
shiita),sadness(
/
duHkha),merit(
/
puNya),fever(/jvara)
andhunger(
/
kshudhaa)areexpressing
thecauseorreasonof
something.

Useofwords
(prayojanam),(kim)

and(alam)toexpress

theneedornecessityof
something.

Useofwords
(hiinaH),(shuunyaH)
and(uunaH)toexpress
lackofsomething.

Thewordsyear(
/
varSha)andmonth(/
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[Link].

[Link]

[Link].

[Link]
kriitavaan

[Link].

maasa)representthetime
takentoachievesome
result.

Thewordsfivecoins
(
/

paJNchamudraa)andten
coins(
/

dashamudraa)are

representingthevalueor
[Link] costofsomething.

[Link]
tothemaid.

[Link]

Givingsomethingto
performsomeimoralor
[Link]
instrumentalcasewillbe
usedandnotdativecase.

[Link].

raamaHanennamaargeNagachchhati

Thewordpath(
/
maarga)isrepresentingthe
pathfollowed.

GrammaticalRule:Iftheindeclinables(saha),(saakam),
(saarddha.n),
(sama.n)etc.,meaningwith

oralongwith,areusedthenthewordsgovernedbythesewillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence7theword(saha)[Link],theword"children"
isininstrumentalcase.Sentences10and16alsofollowthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Ifthewords
(antareNa)or(vinaa)meaningwithoutareusedthewordsgovernedbyit
willbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence17theword"effort"or(shrama)isininstrumentalcaseastheword
(antareNa)isusedto
expressthatwithouteffortknowledgecannotbeachieved.Sentences18and19alsofollowthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Ifanywordexpressinglamenessinanyorganorbodypartisusedthenthewordrepresentingthe
organorbodypartwillbeininstrumentalcase.
[Link]

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Insentence20theword"eyes"or(akshNaa)isininstrumentalcaseasthisistheorganthathasthe
lameness.Sentences21,22and23alsofollowthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthenatureorcharacteristicsofsomeoneorsomethingwillbeininstrumental
case.
Insentence24theword"nature"[Link],theword"nature"or(svaabhava)is
ininstrumentalcase.Similarlyinsentence25theword"speedily"isanattributeorcharacteristicsofhimrunning.
Hencethewordspeedilyor
(vega)isininstrumentalcase.Insentence33alsothewordcasteor(jaati)
[Link].Sentences24to34followthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Ifwordslike

(puurvaH),(paraH),(avaraH)etc.,areusedtoexpressacomparisionin
timethenthewordexpressingthesenseoftimewillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence35theword"younger"or(paraH)isusedtocomparetimeorage,and"year"or
(varsHa)isthe
[Link],theword"year"isininstrumentalcase.Sentences36and37alsofollowthis
rule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressinganymarkofidentificationofapersonwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence38sageisidentifiedby"mattedlock"or(jaTaa).Inotherwords"mattedlock"istheidentification
[Link],theword"mattedlock"isininstrumentalcase.Sentences39alsofollowsthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthecauseofsomethingwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence40"cold"[Link],theword"cold"or(shiita)isininstrumentalcase.
Similarly,insentence41"sadness"[Link]
(duHkha)isininstrumental
case.Sentences42,43and44alsofollowthisrule.

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GrammaticalRule:Ifwordslike(alam),
(ki.n),(prayojanam)etc.,areusedtoexpressa"senseof

needornecessity"thenthewordrepresentingthethingwhichisneededwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence45"studyiswhatIhaveneedfor".So,thewordstudyor(paaTha)[Link]
sentence47"quarrellingiswaste"[Link]
or(vivaada)isininstrumentalcase.Sentences46and48alsofollowthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Ifwordslike(hiina),(shuunya),etc.,areusedtomeanlackofsomethingof
something,thenthewordsgovernedbythesewillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence49thereisalackof"knowledge"or(dnyaana).Similarlyinsentence50thereisalackof"wealth"or
(dhana).So,theswordsareininstrumentalcase.Sentence51alsofollowsthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Ifthesentencecmeansachievementofsomeresultaftersometimethenthewordexpressingthe
timewillbeininstrumentalcase.
[Link]"year"is
[Link],theword"year"or
(varSha)isininstrumentalcase.
Sentence53alsofollowsthisrule.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthevalueorcostofsomethingwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence54"fivecoins"[Link],[Link]
55"tencoins"[Link],"tencoins"isininstrumentalcase.

GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthepersontowhomsomethingisgiventoperformsomeimoralorindecent
actwillbeininstrumentalcaseandnotindativecase.
[Link],theword"maid"isin
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instrumentalcaseinsteadofdativecase.

GrammaticalRule:Wordexpressingthepaththatisfollowedwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence57theword"rout"or
(maarga)isininstrumentalcaseasitrepresentsthepaththatisbeingfollowed
ortaken.

InstrumentalCase(
/tRRitiiyaavibhakti)
Word

Gender Singular

Dual

Plural

SimilarWords

baalaiH

Boy
/baala

baalena baalaabhyaam

Creeper
/lataa

latayaa

lataabhyaam

lataabhiH

River
/nadii

nadyaa

nadiibhyaam

nadiibhiH

phalena phalaabhyaam

phalaiH

Fruit
/phalam

RohanShane,
13,2012

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Blogger.

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