Introduction to Transport Phenomena
Mass Transport
CE 389/ENVE 310 Environmental Transport Phenomena
Spring 2005
Course objectives
CE
389/ENVE 310 provides theoretical and practical basis for
understanding and quantifying mass, momentum and energy
transport motivated by examples and applications relevant to
environmental engineering problems.
We
will explore both molecular and macroscopic principles
highlighting unifying principles underlying transport processes
and properties.
Students
are expected to develop proficiency in formulation of
transport problems, making simplifying assumptions, and using an
array of analytical and numerical solution methods.
Synthesis
and addressing coupled transport processes will be
explored primarily through student self-study via class project.
General Information and Grading
Instructor: Dr. Dani Or (CAST 313, 6-2768) [email protected]
TA:
Alt. Inst.:
Dr. Ross Bagtzoglou (CAST 327, 6-4017)
[email protected]Time:
T;Th 3:00-4:30 pm
Location:
CAST 206
Office Hrs: T+Th 2:00-3:00 pm
Text:
Transport Phenomena (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot)
2nd ed.; Additional materials posted on course webpage;
Supplemental textbook: Welty et al 2001 4th ed.
Webpage:www.engr.uconn.edu/environ/envphys/courses/transport/
Grades:
30% homework assignments (1 week after assignment)
20% each two exams
30% class project (10% presentation; 20% report)
A>90%; B=80-89%; C=70-79%; D=60-69%; F<60%
Expectations and observations
Use office hours as needed (PRIOR to last week of semester).
Pay attention to rules of thumb to develop a sense for order
of magnitude estimation
Check if results make sense no negative volumes, please!
No late HW returns
Exams are open book
You are expected to use ALL available information and make
assumptions regarding missing parts dont get stuck due to
lack of information check, estimate, approximate, & assume
Use SI units to report results & HW (scientific currency)
Dimensional inspection key to success...
Class project an opportunity for guided self exploration.
Class Project Steps & Milestones
Identify a topic of interest discuss with instructor
Be definitive, original synthesis (no google-projects!)
Develop 1-2 page proposal by week 3
Read, study, explore 1st draft report by week 6
Project report and presentation ready by week 10
Format:
Title
Introduction: a brief discussion of the topic, problem formulation
and objectives.
Theoretical basis: governing equations, definitions, parameters.
Solution or Proposed design: key results and figures.
Discussion: discuss assumptions, limitations, significance, broader
applications; integrate transport & engineering challenges.
Literature Cited
Class Project Topics
Coupled transport processes in PEM (Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane/Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells
Kinetic aspects of microbial colony growth
Why are microorganisms small?
Analysis of microprocessor heat control
Modeling tumor growth (analytical or numerical)
Design of slow-release fertilizer capsules
Lattice Boltzmann method - diffusion or flow modeling
Energy balance on a single plant leaf
Gas separation techniques
Analysis and design of evaporative coolers
Drug delivery patches
Week 1-3: Introduction & Mass Transport
Basic Mass, Momentum and Energy transport processes; micro and
macroscopic views; phenomenological laws; driving forces
(gradient); transport coefficients.
Definition of fluxes; conservation principles (divergence);
differential elementary volumes and coordinate systems; boundary
conditions; dimensionless numbers.
Molecular mass transport Ficks law of binary diffusion (BSL Ch.
16); binary gaseous diffusion coefficient kinetic theory
(molecular dynamics); diffusion in liquids and solids.
Effective transport properties (diffusion in suspensions and
through pack of spheres).
Steady and transient diffusion processes in 1-D and higher
dimensions examples and application to transport problems.
(diffusion through stagnant film; diffusion from a point source;
spherical dissolution; diffusion with 1st order reaction; transient
diffusion into infinite medium; and more)
Environmental Transport Phenomena - Scope
Three closely related topics:
Mass transport of chemical species - diffusion
Energy transport - heat transfer and radiation
Momentum transport fluid dynamics
They frequently occur simultaneously
They obey similar basic laws/equations
The mathematical tools for describing these
phenomena are similar and enable analogy
The molecular mechanisms underlying these
three phenomena are closely related
Transport Phenomena - Scales
Three scales of system description:
Macroscopic scale system representation
using measurable changes in inputs and
outputs no attempt to resolve details.
Microscopic scale examine in detail what
happens at a small region within the
system (DEV, a pore or a grain, etc.)
Molecular scale fundamental description
of intermolecular motions and forces giving
rise to micro- & macroscale behavior.
ui
ni
Convective transport is due to bulk fluid motion;
Molecular transport is due to molecular or aggregate
of molecules independent of bulk motion.
dV
dA
Definition of fluxes (macro)
A flux JM of property M is the quantity of extensive property,
M, which crosses a unit area per unit time (Thomson, 2000)
Extensive properties are dependent on system size or total quantities
involved [Mass, Energy, Momentum]; The flux of intensive properties
such as temperature and pressure is meaningless.
A flux may expressed as volumetric concentration of M multiplied by the
velocity of transport perpendicular to area A:
)
2
2
m
H
mv
v
v = c p (T Tref ) v x
Energy flux (KE, heat) 2 Volume v x = 2 v x ; Volume x
Mass flux of A (or molar)
A vx
Momentum flux (in x direction) -
or
C Avx
mv x
v x = ( v x )v x
Volume
Phenomenological laws of transport
Transport processes:
Excited by molecular level (random) motions
Respond to spatial inhomogeneities (gradients)
Obey linear relationships: Flux = coefficient x gradient
Ficks law:
Fouriers law:
Newtons law:
J Ax = DAB A
x
T
qx = k
vy x
zy =
z
Scalars, vectors, and tensors
Scalar is a quantity invariant under rotation of the coordinate
system (does not operate in any particular direction)
temperature, density.
Vector is a directionalrquantity
represented
as 1st order tensor
r
r
r
with 31 components: u = uxi + u y j + uz k velocity, force.
Stress or momentum transport is represented by 2nd order Tensor
with 32 components:
11
12
13
r
= 21 22 23
31 32 33
Because momentum is a vector quantity it is difficult to envision its
transport to other directions. The ij double index for ij indicates
j-momentum is being transported in the i direction.
Gradient and divergence
The spatial derivative of a scalar, is the gradient, a vector
T r T r T r
defined is Cartesian coordinates as:
T =
i+
j+
and in cylindrical coordinate system:
r = ( x2 + y 2 )
= tan1 y
x
z=z
T 1 T T
T = +
+
r r z
The spatial derivative of a vector (e.g., velocity) is known as the
r ux uy uz
divergence:
it is a scalar.
u =
The International System of Units SI
All physical quantities are measured and expressed in units.
We will attempt to use the international system of units (SI system).
The SI system contains 7 basic units for length, mass, time, electric
current, temperature, amount of substance, & luminous intensity.
Other physical quantities are expressed in derived units. Force, for
example, is expressed by a derived unit Newton (kgm x m/s2).
Table 1-1: Base Units in the Systeme International (SI) and their Prefixes
Dimension/Property
SI Unit
Symbol
Length
Meter
Mass
Kilogram
kg
Time
Second
Electric current
Ampere
Temperature
Kelvin
Amount of substance
Mole
mol
Luminous intensity
candela
cd
Derived SI-Units
VELOCITY: Rate at which position changes with time
SI Unit = [m/s]
Distance per Time
v=
s
t
[ L]
= [ L T 1 ]
[T ]
ACCELERATION: Rate of change of velocity with time
SI Unit = [m/s2]
Velocity per Time
v
a' =
t
[ L T 1 ]
= [L T 2 ]
[T ]
FORCE: (Newtons second law of motion)
SI Unit = Newton [nt] or [N]
Mass times Acceleration
F = m a ' [ M ] [ L T 2 ]
Derived SI-Units
PRESSURE:
SI Unit = Newton/m2 [nt/m2] = Pascal [Pa]
Force per Unit Area
F
P=
A
[ M LT 2 ]
2 1
=
[
M
T
L ]
2
[L ]
WORK:
SI Unit = Newton m [nt m] = Joule
Force times Distance
W = Fs
M L
= 2 [ L] = M L2 T 2
T
The International System of Units SI
Table 1-1 continued: Base Units in the Systeme International and their Prefixes
Fraction
Prefix
Symbol
Multiple
Prefix
Symbol
-1
deci
10
deca
da
-2
centi
102
hecto
-3
milli
103
kilo
-6
micro
106
mega
-9
nano
109
giga
-12
pico
1012
tera
10
10
10
10
10
10
A dimension is a qualitative expression of a physical quantity or an
attribute. It may be a basic dimension such as length [L], time [t], or mass
[M], or a derived dimension such as volume [L3], or density [ML-3].
Dimensional inspection is an important step in verifying the validity of an
equation; the dimensions of all terms must be consistent.
Writing the equation in dimensional form only, leaving out real values
(numbers), enables algebraic manipulation of dimensions, i.e., dimensions
may be divided, multiplied, and cancelled to simplify the dimensional
equation in terms of basic dimensions.
Dimensions and Unit Conversion
Example 1-1: Dimensions and Unit Conversion
Dimensions: Find the dimensions of pressure in basic units
Solution: Pressure is force divided by the area of its action. The dimensions of force are
-2
2
[MLt ] and those of area are [L ]. Thus, the dimensions of pressure are
F [MLt 2 ]
1 2
P= =
=
[
ML
t ]
2
A
[L ]
Units: Convert a pressure of 2.7 kg/cm2 into SI units (Pa = N/m2)
kg 100 2 cm2 9.806 N
= 264762 Pa = 264.7 kPa
= 2.7
2.7
2
2
2
kg
cm
cm m
kg
http://www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter/
Differential and integral equations
Homework problems to refresh basic ordinary
differential equations
Integral equations definite and indefinite
Use of boundary conditions
Units and dimensions
For definitions and hints please consult:
MathWorld - A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartialDifferentialEquation.html
Partial Differential Equations
A partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation involving
functions and their partial derivatives; for example, the wave
equation
(1)
1 2
2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 = 2 2
2
v t
z
y
x
in general, partial differential equations are much more difficult
to solve analytically than are ordinary differential equations.
They may sometimes be solved using a Bcklund transformation,
characteristics, Green's function, integral transform, separation
of variables, or--when all else fails (which it frequently does)-numerical methods such as finite differences.
Fortunately, partial differential equations of second-order are
often amenable to analytical solution. Such PDEs are of the form
(2)
Au zz + 2 Bu xy + Cu yy + Du x + Eu y + F = 0
Eric W. Weisstein. "Partial Differential Equation." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartialDifferentialEquation.html
Partial Differential Equations (2)
Fortunately, partial differential equations of second-order are
often amenable to analytical solution. Such PDEs are of the form
Au zz + 2 Bu xy + Cu yy + Du x + Eu y + F = 0
(2)
Linear second-order PDEs are then classified according to the
properties of the matrix
as elliptic, hyperbolic, or parabolic.
If Z is a positive definite matrix, i.e. det(Z)=AC-B2>0; the PDE is
said to be elliptic. Example: Laplace's equation:
(also classified as a Boundary Value Problem)
If det (Z) < 0 , the PDE is said to be hyperbolic. The wave equation
or
is an example.
If det (Z)=0, the PDE is said to be parabolic. The heat conduction
equation
and other diffusion equations are examples.
(also classified as an Initial Value Problem yt))
Diffusion molecular to macroscopic transport
Ficks (1855) first law of diffusion:
A
X A
; J Ax = CD AB
J Ax = D AB
x
Random molecular motions
(thermal agitation/
Brownian motion) result in
net flow (diffusion) in the
direction of negative local
concentration gradient.
Examples: (1) LBM
simulations 2-D diffusion;
(2) particle simulation of
multi-component mixture;
(3) Brownian motion of 1m
particles in water & viscous
solution.
Drug capsules and patches - diffusion
Modern methods of drug
delivery ensure a constant
concentration of desired
compound in patients blood
stream or in treated tissue.
Knowledge of diffusion
coefficients & rates through
capsule and tissues.
Prescribed amounts and
concentrations for effective
and sustainable treatment.
Similar applications for
fertilizer slow release capsules
used to supply nutrients for
plant growth.
Micro and macroscopic scales
Contaminant transport Hanford Site
The Hanford site near the Columbia
River in southeastern Washington is the
worlds largest cleanup operation.
Nuclear waste from the Manhattan
project leaks from corroded tanks and
migrates towards the Columbia river.
Environmental transport issues
diffusion, convection, flow pathways,
interactions with rock, transformations,
kinetics, buoyancy.
Macroscopic nutrient mass balance - Eutrophication
The transport of excess nutrients into water bodies can cause
algae bloom resulting in the death of aquatic organisms.
Solution Reduce nutrient load (input) using macroscopic
balance principles.
