FibreReinforcedConcrete
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[Link]
[Link],[Link]
[Link]
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cementmatrixleadstoanincreaseinthetoughnessandtensilestrength,andanimprovementinthe
crackinganddeformationcharacteristicsoftheresultantconcrete.
Asignificantamountofresearchhasbeenconductedonfibrereinforcedconcreteoverthepastthirty
[Link],thenumberofstructuralapplicationsworldwide,andmoresoinIndia,have
[Link](FRC)tobeaviablematerial,itmustbeableto
[Link]
necessaryinordertoincreasetheusageofFRC.
PropertiesofconcreteaffectedbyfibrereinforcementHardenedconcreteFibresaregenerally
distributedthroughoutagivencrosssectionoftheconcrete,unlikereinforcingbars,whichare
[Link]
[Link](0.10.5%byvolume)comparedto
[Link],substantialenhancementofconcretepropertiescanbeachievedbythe
useoffibres,providedthesearerandomlyanduniformlydistributedovertheentirevolumeof
[Link]:
Typeoffibre,i.e.,thematerial,andthetexture
Volumeconcentrationofthefibre
Aspectratioofthefibre
Orientationofthefibreinthematrix.
Thetypeoffibreinfluencesthestrengthofthebondbetweenthefibreandthecementpastematrix.
Theaspectratioofthefibreistheratioofthelengthofthefibretoitsdiameter.
Fibresinconcreteprimarilyacttobridgethegrowingcracks,thusrestrictingtheirfurthergrowthand
[Link],thepulloutstrengthofthefibreintheconcretematrix
[Link],thefibreshouldbreak
[Link],formaximumeffectiveness,theoptimum
[Link],itispossibleto
[Link]
[Link],fibrereinforcedconcrete
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(definedasthetotalareaunderthestressstraindiagram)ofconcreteisenhancedbytheuseoffibres.
Figure1depictstheactionoffibresinconcrete.
Conventionalfibres,thataretypicallyaslongasthesizeofcoarseaggregateparticlesinconcrete,do
[Link],ultimatetensile
[Link]
compressivestrengthandmodulusofruptureofconcretecanalsobeenhancedbytheuseofahigh
[Link]
[Link]
microfibresaremorecommonlyavailableinmaterialssuchaspolymersandcarbon.
[Link],thetoughnessforFRCis
muchgreaterFreshconcreteTheinclusionoffibresinconcretegenerallycausesadecreaseinthe
[Link],thelossofworkabilityisproportionaltothe
[Link]
concretemass,[Link]
[Link]
alsodevelopedaspecializedtestmethodASTMC995usinganinvertedslumpconethatgivesa
[Link]
embeddedinthematrixforaminimumlengthforeffectivestrengtheningandstiffeningofthe
compositematerial.
[Link],thecriticalfibrelengthcanbe
calculatedas:lc= fd/(4c),where f=ultimatetensilestrengthofthefibre,
d=diameteroffibre,
andc=shearyieldstrengthofmatrix(orthefibrematrixbondstrength).
Thefibresforwhichlengthisgreaterthanlcarecalledcontinuous(l>15lc).Discontinuousfibres
[Link],thematrixdeformsaroundthe
[Link]
effectiveness,thefibreshouldhavesufficientlengthtoensurethatfailureoccursbycompletepullout
[Link]
oftypesoffibreshavebeenusedtoreinforcecementconcrete.Table1showsthepropertiesofsome
[Link]
[Link],the
[Link],[Link]
theotherhand,polymericfibres(especiallypolyesterandpolyethylene),whichpossesslowstiffness
andmoderatestrength,candeformasmuchas5080%atfailure,andexhibitaductilebehaviour.
Theotherimportantfactorrelatedtothetypeoffibreisthestrengthofthebondbetweenthefibreand
[Link],theembedmentlengthofthefibresrequired
woulddependonthefibrepropertiesaswellasthebondstrength.Figure3showsasnapshotofthe
differentfibrematerials.
[Link]
invariousforms,[Link](deforming)causesabetter
interlocktodevelopbetweenthefibreandthematrix,andimprovestheperformanceofthecomposite.
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Fibretype
Steel
Hightensile
Stainless
Diameter
Specific
Youngs
Tensilestrength
Strainat
(mm)
gravity
modulus(GPa)
(MPa)
failure(%)
7.80
200
3451700
3.5
7.80
160
2070
3.0
0.101.0
0.01
0.30
Glass
E
0.01
2.50
72
3450
4.8
Alkaliresistant
0.01
2.70
80
2480
3.6
0.10
0.90
450
18
Polymeric
Monofilament
0.20
0.96
5170
2003000
380
polypropylene
0.031.0
0.96
1017
5501170
1050
Polyethylene
0.01
1.44
60
3600
3.6
Polyester
0.10
Kevlar29
0.01
0.03
2.60
165
3450
23
IHighmodulus
0.008
1.90
380
1790
0.50.7
IIHighstrength
0.009
1.90
230
2620
1.01.5
1.50
1040
300900
1.121.15
1926
117200
1025
1.021.04
2632
250350
1.51.9
Asbestos
Chrysotile
Carbon
Natural
Woodcellulose
Coir
Jute
0.02
0.11
0.10
0.40
0.10
0.20
[Link],addedindosagesof0.10.5%byvolumeofconcrete,
enhanceprimarilytheductilityofconcrete,[Link]
compressivestrengthandfirstcrackingtensilestrengthofconcretearenotaffectedbythepresence
[Link],theloadcarryingcapacityinflexureisincreased.
Theperformanceoffibrereinforcedconcretedependsonthepropertiesofthefibre,whichincludethe
dimensionofthefibre,[Link],despitetheirlowstrengthsand
moduli,areusefulowingtotheirhighductility.
ListofReferences
1.ACICommittee544,FiberReinforcedConcrete,PublicationSP44,AmericanConcreteInstitute,
Detroit,1974.
[Link],[Link],[Link],Chapter6:FiberReinforcedCement
Systems,ConcreteScience,HeydenandSonsLtd.,London,1981,pp.169223.
[Link],P.K.,andMonteiro,P.J.M.,Concrete:Structure,Properties,andMaterials,SecondEdition,
PrenticeHall,Inc.,NJ,1993.
[Link],FractureToughnessofMicroFiberReinforcedCementComposites,
CementandConcreteCompositesVol.18,1996,pp.251269.
5.ASTMC99594,StandardTestMethodforTimeofFlowofFiberReinforcedConcreteThrough
InvertedSlumpCone,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,2002.
[Link],FibreReinforcedConcrete,USA,1991.
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