INTERNATIONAL

RECOMMENDATION

OIML R 16-2
Edition 2002 (E)

Non-invasive automated sphygmomanometers

OIML R 16-2 Edition 2002 (E)

Sphygmomanomtres non invasifs automatiques

ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE
DE MTROLOGIE LGALE
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
OF LEGAL METROLOGY

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Contents

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Terminology ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
3 Description of the category of instrument ................................................................................................................ 5
4 Units of measurement ................................................................................................................................................ 5
5 Metrological requirements ......................................................................................................................................... 5
6 Technical requirements .............................................................................................................................................. 6
7 Metrological controls ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Annex A: Test procedures (Mandatory) ....................................................................................................................... 10
Annex B: Test report format (Mandatory for application within the
OIML Certificate System for Measuring Instruments) ................................................................................. 19
Annex C: Rationale for the maximum permissible errors of the overall system (Informative) .............................. 36

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Foreword

he International Organization of Legal Metrology

(OIML) is a worldwide, intergovernmental organization
whose primary aim is to harmonize the regulations and
metrological controls applied by the national metrological
services, or related organizations, of its Member States.

atories, etc. may apply simultaneously OIML publications

and those of other institutions.

The two main categories of OIML publications are:

This publication - reference OIML R 16-2 Edition 2002 (E) was developed by the OIML Technical Subcommittee
TC 18/SC 1 Blood pressure instruments. This publication was
approved for final publication by the International
Committee of Legal Metrology in 2001 and will be submitted
to the International Conference of Legal Metrology in 2004
for formal sanction.

International Recommendations (OIML R), which are

model regulations that establish the metrological characteristics required of certain measuring instruments and
which specify methods and equipment for checking their
conformity; the OIML Member States shall implement
these Recommendations to the greatest possible extent;
International Documents (OIML D), which are informative in nature and intended to improve the work of the
metrological services.
OIML Draft Recommendations and Documents are developed by technical committees or subcommittees which are
formed by the Member States. Certain international and
regional institutions also participate on a consultation basis.
Cooperative agreements are established between OIML and
certain institutions, such as ISO and IEC, with the objective
of avoiding contradictory requirements; consequently, manufacturers and users of measuring instruments, test labor-

International Recommendations and International Documents are published in French (F) and English (E) and are
subject to periodic revision.

OIML Recommendation R 16 includes two parts: Part 1

(Non-invasive mechanical sphygmomanometers) and Part 2
(Non-invasive automated sphygmomanometers) which have
been issued in 2002 as separate publications. It supersedes
the former editions dated 1973 (English version) and 1970
(French version).
OIML publications may be obtained from the Organizations
headquarters:
Bureau International de Mtrologie Lgale
11, rue Turgot - 75009 Paris - France
Telephone: 33 (0)1 48 78 12 82 and 42 85 27 11
Fax:
33 (0)1 42 82 17 27
E-mail:
[email protected]
Internet:
www.oiml.org

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Non-invasive automated sphygmomanometers

Scope

This Recommendation specifies general, performance,

efficiency and mechanical and electrical safety requirements, including test methods for type approval, for
non-invasive electronic or automated sphygmomanometers and their accessories which, by means of an
inflatable cuff, are used for the non-invasive
measurement of arterial blood pressure.
This Recommendation only applies to devices
measuring at the upper arm, the wrist or the thigh.
Note: Luer locks shall not be used with these devices
(see 6.11.3 and 7.5).

2
2.1

Terminology
Bladder

2.5

Mean arterial blood pressure (value)

Value of the integral of one cycle of the blood pressure

curve divided by the time of one heart beat period.
Note: Because of hydrostatic effects, this value should
be measured with the cuff at the heart level.

2.6

Non-invasive blood pressure measurement

Indirect measurement of the arterial blood pressure

without arterial puncture.

2.7

Pneumatic system

System that includes all pressurized and pressurecontrolling parts such as cuff, tubing, connectors,
valves, transducer and pump.

Inflatable component of the cuff.

2.8
2.2

Sleeve

Pressure in a blood vessel

Pressure in the arterial system of the body.

Essentially inelastic part of the cuff that encloses the

bladder.

2.3

2.9

Cuff

Sphygmomanometer

Component of the sphygmomanometer, comprising a

bladder and a sleeve, which is wrapped around the
limb of the patient.

Instrument used for the non-invasive measurement of

the arterial blood pressure.

2.4

2.10 Systolic blood pressure (value)

Diastolic blood pressure (value)

Minimum value of the arterial blood pressure as a

result of relaxation of the systemic ventricle.

Maximum value of the arterial blood pressure as a

result of the contraction of the systemic ventricle.

Note: Because of hydrostatic effects, this value should

be measured with the cuff at the heart level.

Note: Because of hydrostatic effects, this value should

be measured with the cuff at the heart level.

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

2.11 Electro-mechanical blood pressure

measuring system
System that consists of:
at least one cuff, which is connected to the
pneumatic system;
at least one electro-mechanical transducer to
measure cuff pressure;
at least one measured value display; and
if needed, signal inputs and outputs.

2.16 Auscultatory method

Technique whereby sounds (known as Korotkoff
sounds) are heard over an occluded artery as the
occluding pressure is slowly released, the appearance
of sounds coinciding with the systolic blood pressure
and the disappearance of sounds with the diastolic
blood pressure. In children under the age of 13, k4
(i.e. 4th phase Korotkoff sound) may be appropriate.

2.17 Self-linearizing deflation valve

2.12 Electro-mechanical pressure transducer
Component that transforms pressure signals into
electrical signals.

2.13 Oscillometric method

Method, wherein a cuff is placed on the limb and the
pressure in the cuff is increased until the blood flow in
the artery is interrupted and then the pressure in the
cuff is slowly reduced.
Note: During the inflation and deflation of the cuff
small pressure changes (oscillations) occur in
the cuff as a result of the arterial blood pressure
pulses. These oscillations, which first increase
and then decrease, are detected and stored
together with the corresponding cuff pressure
values in the measurement system. With these
stored values the systolic, diastolic and mean
arterial blood pressure values can be
mathematically derived using an appropriate
algorithm. It is possible to carry out the
measurement during the inflation phase.

2.14 Zero setting

Procedure that corrects a deviation of the pressure
reading to 0 kPa (0 mmHg) at atmospheric pressure
(gauge pressure: 0 kPa (0 mmHg)).

2.15 Patient simulator

Device for simulating the oscillometric cuff pulses
and/or auscultatory sounds during inflation and
deflation.
Note: This device is not used for testing accuracy but is
required in assessing stability of performance.

Valve for controlled linearizing exhaust of the

pneumatic system during measurement.

Description of the category

of instrument

The basic components of a sphygmomanometer are a

cuff and bladder that can be wrapped around a
patients limb, a system for applying and releasing
pressure to the bladder, and a means of measuring and
displaying the instantaneous pressure in the bladder.

Units of measurement

The blood pressure shall be indicated either in kilopascals (kPa) or in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

Metrological requirements

5.1

Maximum permissible errors of the cuff

pressure indication

For any set of conditions within the ambient

temperature range of 15 C to 25 C and the relative
humidity range of 20 % to 85 %, both for increasing
and for decreasing pressure, the maximum permissible
error for the measurement of the cuff pressure at any
point of the scale range shall be 0.4 kPa ( 3 mmHg)
in case of verifying the first time and 0.5 kPa
( 4 mmHg) for sphygmomanometers in use.
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.2.

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

5.2

Maximum permissible errors of the overall

system as measured by clinical tests*

The following maximum permissible errors shall apply

for the overall system:
maximum mean error of measurement: 0.7 kPa
( 5 mmHg);
maximum experimental standard deviation: 1.1 kPa
(8 mmHg).
For further recommended test methods see Annex C.

Technical requirements

6.1

General

Equipment, or parts thereof, using materials or having

forms of construction different from those detailed in
this Recommendation shall be accepted if it can be
demonstrated that an equivalent degree of safety and
performance is obtained.

6.2
5.3

Environmental performance

5.3.1 Storage
Blood pressure measuring systems shall maintain the
requirements specified in this Recommendation after
storage for 24 h at a temperature of 5 C and for 24 h
at a temperature of 50 C and a relative humidity of
85 % (non-condensing).
Testing shall be carried out at environmental
conditions (see 5.1) in accordance with A.2 after the
test sample has been placed for 24 h at a temperature
of 5 C and immediately afterwards for 24 h at a
temperature of 50 C in a climatic chamber.
Note: Integrated multiparameter monitors may
contain components which may be damaged
during storage. The general temperature range
as stated in A.3 has therefore been reduced
compared to the requirements in R 16-1.

Technical requirements for the cuff and

bladder

The cuff shall contain a bladder. For reusable cuffs the

manufacturer shall indicate the method for cleaning in
the accompanying documents (see 7.5).
Note: The optimum bladder size is one with
dimensions such that its width is 40 % of the
limb circumference at the midpoint of the cuff
application and its length is at least 80 %,
preferably 100 % of the limb circumference at
the midpoint of cuff application. Use of the
wrong size can affect the accuracy of the
measurement.

6.3

Technical requirements for the display

The display shall be designed and arranged so that the

information including measuring values can be read
and easily recognized.
Testing shall be carried out by visual inspection.

5.3.2 Temperature, relative humidity

For the ambient temperature range of 10 C to 40 C
and a relative humidity of 85 % (non-condensing), the
difference of the cuff pressure indication of the
sphygmomanometer shall not exceed 0.4 kPa
( 3 mmHg).
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.2 and
A.11.
The signal processing for the determination of the
blood pressure values shall not be influenced within
the range of temperature and relative humidity. For any
set of conditions all the deviations between the
reference pressure and the indicating cuff pressure of
the instrument must be less than or equal to the
maximum permissible error.
*

carried out by the manufacturer

If abbreviations are used on the display they shall be as

follows:
S or SYS: systolic blood pressure (value);
D or DIA: diastolic blood pressure (value);
M or MAP: mean arterial blood pressure (value).
Single letter abbreviations shall be positioned in such a
way to avoid confusion with SI units.

6.4

Effect of voltage variations of the power

source

6.4.1 Internal electrical power source

6.4.1.1 Changes of the voltage within the working
range determined according to A.4.1 shall not influence
the cuff pressure reading and the result of the blood
pressure measurement.

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

6.4.1.2 Outside this working range no cuff pressure

reading and no result of the blood pressure
measurement shall be displayed.
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.4.1
and A.5.1.
6.4.2 External electrical power source
6.4.2.1 Changes of the voltage within the working
range specified by the manufacturer (see 7.5) shall not
influence the cuff pressure reading and the result of the
blood pressure measurement.
Testing shall be carried out according to A.4.2 and A.5.2
(alternating current) or A.4.3 and A.5.3 (direct current).
6.4.2.2 Incorrect values resulting from voltage
variations outside the limits given in 6.4.2.1 shall not be
displayed.
Testing shall be carried out according to A.4.4
(alternating current) and A.4.5 (direct current).
Note: In the case of any malfunction of the equipment,
deflation to below 2 kPa (15 mmHg) must be
guaranteed within 180 s in the case of adult
patients and to below 0.7 kPa (5 mmHg) within
90 s in the case of neonatal/infant patients.

6.5

Pneumatic system

6.5.3 Rapid exhaust

During the rapid exhaust of the pneumatic system,
with the valve fully opened, the time for the pressure
reduction from 35 kPa to 2 kPa (260 mmHg to
15 mmHg) shall not exceed 10 s.
For blood pressure measuring systems having the
capability to measure in a neonatal/infant mode, the
time for the pressure reduction from 20 kPa to 0.7 kPa
(150 mmHg to 5 mmHg) during the rapid exhaust of
the pneumatic system with the valve fully opened shall
not exceed 5 s.
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.8.
6.5.4 Zero setting
Blood pressure measuring systems shall be capable of
automatic zero setting. The zero setting shall be carried
out at appropriate intervals, at least starting after
switching on the device. At the moment of the zero
setting a gauge pressure of 0 kPa (0 mmHg) shall exist
and be displayed thereafter.
Devices performing zero setting only immediately after
switching on, shall switch off automatically when the
drift of the pressure transducer and the analog signal
processing exceeds 0.1 kPa (1 mmHg).
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.9 and
A.10.

6.5.1 Air leakage

6.6

Air leakage shall not exceed a pressure drop of

0.8 kPa/min (6 mmHg/min).

Either:
electrical and/or electromagnetic interferences shall
not lead to degradations in the cuff pressure
indication or in the result of the blood pressure
measurement; or
if electrical and/or electromagnetic interferences
lead to an abnormality, the abnormality shall be
clearly indicated and it shall be possible to restore
normal operation within 30 s after cessation of the
electromagnetic disturbance.

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.6.

6.5.2 Pressure reducing system for devices using
the auscultatory method
The pressure reducing system for manually operated
and automated deflation valves shall be capable of
maintaining a deflation rate of 0.3 kPa/s to 0.4 kPa/s
(2 mmHg/s to 3 mmHg/s) within the target range of
systolic and diastolic blood pressure. For devices which
control the pressure reduction as a function of the
pulse rate, a deflation rate of 0.3 kPa/pulse to
0.4 kPa/pulse (2 mmHg/pulse to 3 mmHg/pulse) shall
be maintained.

Electromagnetic compatibility

Testing should be carried out in accordance with the

relevant OIML provisions (notably those of OIML D 11).

6.7

Stability of the cuff pressure indication

Note: Manually operated deflation valves should be

easily adjustable to these values.

The change in the cuff pressure indication shall not be

more than 0.4 kPa (3 mmHg) throughout the pressure
range after 10 000 simulated measurement cycles.

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.7.

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.12.

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

6.8

Pressure indicating device

6.8.1 Nominal range and measuring range

The nominal range for the cuff pressure measurement
shall be specified by the manufacturer. The measuring
and indication ranges of the cuff pressure shall be
equal to the nominal range. Values of blood pressure
measurement results outside the nominal range of cuff
pressure shall be clearly indicated as out of range.
Testing shall be carried out by visual inspection.
6.8.2 Digital indication
The digital scale interval shall be 0.1 kPa (1 mmHg).
If the measured value of a parameter is to be indicated
on more than one display, all the displays shall indicate
the same numerical value.
Measured numerical values on the display(s), and the
symbols defining the units of measurement shall be
arranged in such a way so as to avoid misinterpretation.

6.11.2 Unauthorized access

All controls which affect accuracy shall be sealed
against unauthorized access.
Testing shall be carried out by visual inspection.

6.11.3 Tubing connectors

Users of equipment intended for use in environments
employing intervascular fluid systems shall take all
necessary precautions to avoid connecting the output
of the blood pressure measuring device to such systems
as air might inadvertently be pumped into a blood
vessel if, for example, Luer locks were used.

6.11.4 Electrical safety

Electronic or automated sphygmomanometers shall
comply with the relevant national safety regulations.

Numbers and characters should be clearly legible.

Testing shall be carried out by visual inspection.
6.9

Signal input and output ports

The construction of the signal input and output ports

(excluding internal interfaces, e.g. microphone signal
input) relevant to the non-invasive blood pressure
measurement shall ensure that incorrectly fitted or
defective accessories shall not result in erroneous
indication of cuff pressure or erroneous indication of
blood pressure.

6.11.5 Resistance to vibration and shock

The sphygmomanometer shall comply with the
relevant provisions of OIML D 11 (e.g. subclause A.2.2
of the 1994 edition, Mechanical conditions).
After testing, the device shall comply with the requirements of 5.1 (of this Recommendation).

Metrological controls

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.13.

6.10 Alarms
If alarms are used they shall be of at least medium
priority.

Regional or national regulations may prescribe type

approval, initial and/or periodic verification for noninvasive sphygmomanometers. These controls shall
meet the following conditions.

6.11 Safety

7.1

6.11.1 Cuff pressure

At least three samples of a new type of sphygmomanometer shall be tested.

It shall be possible to abort any blood pressure

measurement at any time by single key operation and
this shall lead to a rapid exhaust (see 6.5.3).

The tests to verify conformity to metrological and

technical requirements shall be carried out according
to Annex A. A test report shall be prepared according to
Annex B.

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.14.

Type approval

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

7.2

Verification

marking on the cuff indicating the limb circumference for which it is appropriate (see 6.2).

7.2.1 Initial verification

At initial verification the requirements of 5.1 and 6.5.1
shall be fulfilled.

7.5

Testing shall be carried out according to A.2 and A.6.

Information supplied by the manufacturer shall

comply with the specifications and requirements given
in this Recommendation.

7.2.2 Subsequent verification

The manufacturers instruction manual shall contain

the following information:
reference to OIML R 16-2 including the complete
title;
explanation of the operating procedures which are
important for correct application (such as the
selection of the appropriate cuff size, positioning of
the cuff and adjustment of the pressure reduction
rate);
a warning to users of equipment intended for use in
environments employing intervascular fluid systems
not to connect the output of the blood pressure
measuring device to such systems as air might
inadvertently be pumped into a blood vessel if, for
example, Luer locks were used;
methods for cleaning reusable cuffs;
nature and frequency of the maintenance to ensure
that the device operates properly and safely at all
times; it is recommended that the performance
should be checked at least every 2 years and after
maintenance and repair, by re-verifying at least the
requirements in 5.1 and 6.5.1 (testing at least at
7 kPa (50 mmHg) and 27 kPa (200 mmHg));
a reference method for clinical tests carried out
according to Annex C or an equivalent method;
a list of all components belonging to the pressure
measuring system, including accessories;
a description of the operating principles of the blood
pressure measuring device;
remarks on the environmental or operational factors
which may affect the performance (e.g. electromagnetic fields, arrythmia);
specification of the signal input/output port(s);
specification of the rated voltage, if applicable;
specification of the intended power source, if
applicable;
nominal range for the result of the blood pressure
measurement;
warm up time, if applicable;
description of the meaning of the out of range
signal (see 6.4.1.2 and 6.4.2.2, if applicable); and
description of the alarms, if applicable.

Each instrument of an approved type of sphygmomanometer shall be verified every 2 years or after
repair. At least 5.1 and 6.5.1 shall be fulfilled and tests
must be carried out according to A.2 and A.6.

7.3

Sealing

7.3.1 Control marks will be put on lead seals for which

corresponding punched screws shall be attached
whenever necessary. These seals shall prevent, without
destruction of the control marks:
in the case of patient-monitors in which the
sphygmomanometer is one part of a system: the
manipulation of the metrologically relevant parts for
measuring blood pressure;
in the case of all other manometers: the opening of
the casing.
7.3.2 If the construction of the instrument guarantees
security against any interference, the metrological
control marks or the security marks may be attached in
the form of labels.
7.3.3 All seals shall be accessible without using a tool.

7.4

Marking of the device

The device shall be marked with the following

information:

name and/or trademark of manufacturer;

serial number and year of fabrication;
measuring range and measuring unit;
type approval number (if applicable);
center of the bladder, indicating the correct position
for the cuff over the artery; and

Manufacturers information

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Annex A
Test procedures
(Mandatory)

A.1 General
1234

For digital indications an uncertainty of 0.1 kPa

(1 mmHg) shall be allowed in any displayed value,
because the display system cannot indicate a change of
less than one unit.

A.2 Method of test for the maximum

permissible errors of the cuff
pressure indication
Requirements in 5.1 shall apply.

1234

500 ml

rigid metal vessel with a capacity of 500 ml 5 %;

1 - Reference manometer
2 - Device to be tested
3 - Metal vessel
4 - Pressure generator

calibrated reference manometer with an uncertainty

less than 0.1 kPa (0.8 mmHg);

Figure 1 Measurement system for determining the limits of error

of the cuff pressure indication

A.2.1 Apparatus

pressure generator, e.g. ball pump (hand pump) with

a deflation valve;
T-piece connectors and hoses.
A.2.3 Expression of results
A.2.2 Procedure
Replace the cuff with the vessel. Connect the calibrated
reference manometer by means of a T-piece connector
and hoses to the pneumatic circuit (see Figure 1). After
disabling the electro-mechanical pump (if fitted),
connect the additional pressure generator into the
pressure system by means of another T-piece
connector. Carry out the test in pressure steps of not
more than 7 kPa (50 mmHg) between 0 kPa (0 mmHg)
and the maximum pressure of the scale range.*

Express the results as the differences between the

indicated pressure of the manometer of the device to be
tested and the corresponding readings of the reference
manometer (see B.2).

A.3 Method of test for the influence

of temperature on cuff
pressure indication
A.3.1 Apparatus

In case of doubt about the linearity, spot checks should be

carried out or the width of the pressure steps should be reduced,
i.e., from the normally recommended 7 kPa (50 mmHg) to 3 kPa
(20 mmHg). This also applies to Table 1 in Annex B.

10

apparatus as specified in A.2.1; plus

climatic chamber.

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

1234

1234

500 ml

4
5

1 - Reference manometer
3 - Device to be tested
5 - Pressure generator

2 - Climatic chamber
4 - Metal vessel

Figure 2 Measurement system for determining the influence of temperature

A.3.2 Procedure
Replace the cuff with the vessel. Connect the calibrated
reference manometer by means of a T-piece connector
to the pneumatic system (see Figure 2). After disabling
the electro-mechanical pump (if fitted), connect the
additional pressure generator into the pneumatic
system by means of another T-piece connector.
For each of the following combinations of temperature
and humidity, condition the device for at least 3 h in the
climatic chamber to allow the device to reach steady
conditions:
10 C ambient temperature, 85 % relative humidity
(non-condensing);
20 C ambient temperature, 85 % relative humidity
(non-condensing);
40 C ambient temperature, 85 % relative humidity
(non-condensing).
Carry out the test of the cuff pressure indication as
described in A.2.2 for each of the combinations of
temperature and humidity mentioned above.

A.3.3 Expression of results

Express the results as the differences between the
indicated pressure of the manometer of the device to be
tested and the corresponding indications of the
reference manometer (see B.3) at the relevant
temperature value.

A.4 Test methods for the effect of voltage

variations of the power source on the
cuff pressure indication
A.4.1 Internal electrical power source
A.4.1.1 Apparatus
adjustable direct current voltage supply;
voltmeter with an uncertainty of less than 0.5 % of
the measured value;
calibrated reference manometer with an uncertainty
of less than 0.1 kPa (0.8 mmHg).

11

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

A.4.1.2 Procedure

A.4.2.3 Expression of results

Replace the internal electrical power source of the

blood pressure measuring system with a DC voltage
supply having an impedance which is equivalent to the
impedance of the internal electrical power source
specified by the manufacturer. Measure the variation in
applied DC voltage supply with a voltmeter. Test the
blood pressure measuring system by altering the DC
voltage supply in steps of 0.1 V and determine the
lowest voltage limit at which the cuff pressure reading
is still displayed.

Express the results as the difference between the cuff

pressure indication of the blood pressure measuring
system to be tested and that of the reference manometer.

Carry out the test with the maximum permissible

impedance of the internal electrical power source.
Carry out the test according to the procedure specified
in A.2 at the lowest voltage limit increased by 0.1 V and
also at the nominal voltage.
A.4.1.3 Expression of results
Express the results as the difference between the cuff
pressure indication of the blood pressure measuring
system to be tested and that of the reference manometer at the lowest voltage limit increased by 0.1 V and
at nominal voltage.

A.4.2 External electrical power source alternating current

A.4.2.1 Apparatus
adjustable alternating current voltage supply;
voltmeter with an uncertainty of less than 0.5 % of
the measured value;
calibrated reference manometer with an uncertainty
of less than 0.1 kPa (0.8 mmHg).

A.4.3 External electrical power source direct current

A.4.3.1 Apparatus
Use the apparatus listed in A.4.1.1.
A.4.3.2 Procedure
Connect the blood pressure measuring system to the
DC voltage supply. Control the DC voltage supply by
reference to a voltmeter.
Carry out the test according to the procedure specified
in A.2 at:
the maximum rated voltage, declared by the manufacturer, increased by 10 %;
the mean value of the maximum and minimum rated
voltage, declared by the manufacturer;
the minimum rated voltage, declared by the manufacturer, decreased by 10 %.
A.4.3.3 Expression of results
Express the results as the difference between the cuff
pressure indication of the blood pressure measuring
system to be tested and that of the reference manometer.

A.4.4 Voltage variations of the external electrical

power source - alternating current

A.4.2.2 Procedure

A.4.4.1 Apparatus

Connect the blood pressure measuring system to the

adjustable alternating current voltage supply. Measure
the variation in AC voltage supply with the voltmeter.

Use the apparatus listed in A.4.2.1.

Carry out the test according to the procedure specified

in A.2 at:
the maximum rated voltage, declared by the
manufacturer, increased by 10 %;
the mean value of the maximum and minimum rated
voltage, declared by the manufacturer;
the minimum rated voltage, declared by the
manufacturer, decreased by 10 %.

12

A.4.4.2 Procedure
Connect the blood pressure measuring system to the
AC voltage supply. Measure the variation in the AC
voltage supply with the voltmeter.
Test the blood pressure measuring system by altering
the AC voltage supply in steps of 5 V and determine the
lowest voltage limit at which the cuff pressure reading
is displayed.

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Carry out the test according to the procedure specified

in A.2 at the lowest voltage limit increased by 5 V and
also at the rated voltage.
A.4.4.3 Expression of results
Express the results as the difference between the cuff
pressure indication of the blood pressure measuring
system to be tested and that of the reference manometer at rated voltage and the lowest voltage limit
increased by 5 V.

A.4.5 Voltage variations of the external electrical

power source - direct current
A.4.5.1 Apparatus
Use the apparatus listed in A.4.1.1.
A.4.5.2 Procedure
Connect the blood pressure measuring system to the
DC voltage supply. Measure the variation in the DC
voltage supply with the voltmeter.
Test the blood pressure measuring system by altering
the DC voltage supply in steps of 0.1 V and determine
the lowest voltage limit at which the cuff pressure
reading is displayed.
Carry out the test according to the procedure specified
in A.2 at the lowest voltage limit increased by 0.1 V and
also at the rated voltage.

voltmeter with an uncertainty less than 0.5 % of the

measured value;
patient simulator (see 2.15) for the auscultatory
and/or oscillometric method, having additional
deviations originating from the simulator of not
more than 0.27 kPa (2 mmHg) for the mean value of
the measurements and generating signals for blood
pressure values of approximately:
- systolic:
16 kPa (120 mmHg);
- diastolic: 11 kPa (80 mmHg);
- pulse rate: 70 min1 80 min1.
A.5.1.2 Procedure
Replace the internal electrical power source of the
blood pressure measuring system by a DC voltage
supply having an impedance which is equivalent to the
impedance of the internal electrical power source
specified by the manufacturer. Devices intended to be
used with consumer batteries shall be tested with an
impedance of less than 1 .
Control the DC voltage supply by reference to the
voltmeter.
Connect the blood pressure measuring system to the
patient simulator. Carry out the test at the maximum
permissible impedance of the internal electrical power
source.
Carry out 20 simulated blood pressure measurements
at the lowest voltage limit as determined in A.4.1.2
increased by 0.1 V and at nominal voltage.
A.5.1.3 Expression of results

A.4.5.3 Expression of results

Express the results as the difference between the cuff
pressure indication of the blood pressure measuring
system to be tested and that of the reference manometer at rated voltage and at the lowest voltage limit
increased by 0.1 V.

A.5 Test methods for the effect of voltage

variations of the power source on the
result of the blood pressure
measurement

Determine the mean value (systolic and diastolic values

separately) of the 20 consecutive readings taken at each
voltage level.
A.5.2 External electrical power source alternating current
A.5.2.1 Apparatus
adjustable alternating current voltage supply;
voltmeter with an uncertainty less than 0.5 % of the
measured value;
patient simulator as described in A.5.1.1.

A.5.1 Internal electrical power source

A.5.2.2 Procedure
A.5.1.1 Apparatus
adjustable direct current voltage supply;

Connect the blood pressure measuring system to the

AC voltage supply. Control the AC voltage supply by

13

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

reference to the voltmeter. Connect the blood pressure

measuring system to the simulator.
Carry out 20 simulated blood pressure measurements
each at:
the maximum rated voltage, declared by the manufacturer, increased by 10 %;
the mean value of the maximum and minimum rated
voltage, declared by the manufacturer;
the minimum rated voltage, declared by the
manufacturer, decreased by 10 %.

A.6 Method of test for air leakage of the

pneumatic system
A.6.1 Apparatus
rigid metal cylinder of an appropriate size;
pressure generator, e.g. ball pump (hand pump) with
deflation valve;
stopwatch.

A.5.2.3 Expression of results

A.6.2 Procedure

Determine the mean value (systolic and diastolic values

separately) of the 20 consecutive readings taken at each
voltage level.

If because of technical reasons, the test as described in

this subclause cannot be performed, use an alternative
test procedure specified by the manufacturer.
Carry out the test at constant temperature in the range
15 C to 25 C.

A.5.3 External electrical power source direct current

A.5.3.1 Apparatus
adjustable direct current voltage supply;
voltmeter with an uncertainty less than 0.5 % of the
measured value;
patient simulator as described in A.5.1.1.

A.5.3.2 Procedure
Connect the blood pressure measuring system to the
DC voltage supply. Control the DC voltage supply by
reference to the voltmeter. Connect the blood pressure
measuring system to the simulator.
Carry out 20 simulated blood pressure measurements
each at:
the maximum rated voltage, declared by the
manufacturer, increased by 10 %;
the mean value of the maximum and minimum rated
voltage, declared by the manufacturer;
the minimum rated voltage declared by the
manufacturer, decreased by 10 %.

Before beginning the test, allow the blood pressure

measuring system to reach working temperature.
Wrap the cuff around the cylinder (see 6.2) such that,
for devices measuring at the upper arm and the thigh,
the circumference of the applied cuff does not exceed
that of the cylinder by more than 7 %.
Note 1: Electro-mechanical pumps which are a part of
the system may be used for the test. Valves
which are permanently opened may be
disconnected for the test.
Note 2: For this test no calibrated reference manometer is required because the cuff pressure
display of the unit under test can be used when
the error of the cuff pressure indication is
taken into account. The advantage of this test
is that the unit under test is in its original
configuration. Additional connections can
increase the leakage.
Carry out the test over the whole measuring range at at
least five equally spaced pressure steps (e.g. 7 kPa
(50 mmHg), 13 kPa (100 mmHg), 20 kPa (150 mmHg),
27 kPa (200 mmHg) and 34 kPa (250 mmHg)). Because
the thermodynamic equilibrium is influenced by
decreasing or increasing the pressure when changing
to the next pressure step, wait at least 60 s before
reading the values. Test the air leakage over a period of
5 minutes and determine the measured value from this.

A.5.3.3 Expression of results

A.6.3 Expression of results
Determine the mean value (systolic and diastolic values
separately) of the 20 consecutive readings taken at each
voltage level.

14

Express the air leakage as the rate of pressure loss per

minute.

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

A.7 Method of test for the pressure

reduction rate

A.8 Method of test for the rapid exhaust

valve

A.7.1 Apparatus

A.8.1 Apparatus

T-piece connectors;
calibrated reference manometer with signal output
port and an uncertainty less than 0.1 kPa
(0.8 mmHg);
artificial or human limbs (see Notes under A.7.2);
recording unit.

two rigid vessels with capacities of 100 ml 5 % and

500 ml 5 %, respectively;
calibrated reference manometer with an uncertainty
less than 0.1 kPa (0.8 mmHg);
T-piece connector;
stopwatch.

A.7.2 Procedure
Measure the pressure reduction rate either on human
subjects or artificial limbs.
Note 1: The intention is to use artificial limbs, but as
these are still under consideration, measurements performed with human volunteers are
acceptable.
Note 2: Two limb sizes should be used, being equal to
the upper and lower limits of limb circumferences with which a particular size of cuff is
recommended for use.
Note 3: It is intended that the characteristics of the
artificial limbs reflect some elastic characteristics of human limbs.
Because the cuff deflation rate may be influenced by
the way that a cuff is applied, apply and remove the
cuff for each of at least ten repeated measurements on
at least two different limb sizes. The deflation may be
reset.

A.8.2 Procedure
Carry out the test with the 500 ml vessel in place of the
cuff. For blood pressure measuring systems having the
capability of measuring in a neonatal/infant mode and
for devices measuring at the wrist, carry out the test
with the 100 ml vessel in place of the cuff.
Connect the calibrated reference manometer by means
of a T-piece to the pneumatic system.
Inflate at least to the maximum pressure given in 6.5.3,
wait 60 s and activate the rapid exhaust valve.
Measure the time between the pressure values specified
in 6.5.3 using the stopwatch.

A.8.3 Expression of results

Express the results as the measured exhaust times.

Connect the calibrated reference manometer to the cuff

by means of a T-piece. Connect the output part of the
calibrated reference manometer to the recording unit.

A.9 Test method for the zero setting

A.7.3 Expression of results
Determine the rate of pressure reduction (e.g. by
graphical evaluation and drawing tangents) at the
pressure values 8 kPa (60 mmHg), 16 kPa (120 mmHg)
and 24 kPa (180 mmHg). Calculate the pressure
reduction rate as the mean value calculated separately
for the pressure values 8 kPa (60 mmHg), 16 kPa
(120 mmHg) and 24 kPa (180 mmHg) and for the
various limb circumferences.
If the pressure reduction rates are dependent on the
pulse, record the pulse rate. In this case, express the
result as pressure reduction rate per pulse.

A.9.1 Apparatus
rigid vessel with a capacity of 500 ml 5 %;
calibrated reference manometer with an uncertainty
less than 0.1 kPa (0.8 mmHg);
electro-mechanical pressure/suction pump;
pressure generator, e.g. ball pump (hand pump) with
deflation valve;
T-piece connectors;
hoses.

15

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

A.9.2 Procedure and evaluation

If, because of technical reasons, the test as described in
this subclause cannot be performed, use an alternative
test procedure specified by the manufacturer.

A.10 Test method for the drift of the cuff

pressure indication
A.10.1 General

To test the function of the zero setting, apply a pressure

of + 0.8 kPa (+ 6 mmHg) and subsequently 0.8 kPa
( 6 mmHg) to the pneumatic system and initiate a zero
setting of the device. Ensure that all displayed pressure
values have a systematic error of 0.8 kPa ( 6 mmHg)
and + 0.8 kPa (+ 6 mmHg), respectively.

This test applies for devices performing zero setting

only immediately after switching on.

Before beginning the test, allow the blood pressure

measuring system to reach working temperature.

rigid vessel with a capacity of 500 ml 5 %;

calibrated reference manometer with an uncertainty
less than 0.1 kPa (0.8 mmHg);
stopwatch;
T-piece connectors;
patient simulator as described in A.5.1.1.

Set up the blood pressure measuring system to be

tested as follows:
replace the cuff with the 500 ml vessel;
insert the calibrated reference manometer into the
pneumatic system by means of a T-piece connector;
insert the pressure/suction pump into the pneumatic
system by means of a T-piece connector;
insert the pressure generator into the pneumatic
system by means of a T-piece connector.
Note: If convenient, one adjustable pump may be used
in place of the pressure/suction pump and
pressure generator to generate the pressures.
Proceed in the following way:
a) Initiate a zero setting as described by the
manufacturer. Set the blood pressure measuring
system to the service mode, if available. Raise the
pressure to 13 kPa (100 mmHg) immediately
afterwards and record the displayed value.
b) Generate a constant gauge pressure of + 0.8 kPa
(+ 6 mmHg) in the pneumatic system by using the
pressure/suction pump at the moment of zero
setting. During this period close the deflation valve
of the device under test or close the hose to it, e.g.
by pinching the hose tightly. Set the blood pressure
measuring system to the service mode, if available.
Raise the pressure to 13 kPa (100 mmHg)
immediately afterwards. The zero setting is
operating correctly if the displayed value decreases
by 0.8 kPa (6 mmHg) compared to the value taken
in a).
c) Repeat b) with a constant gauge pressure of
0.8 kPa ( 6 mmHg) in the pneumatic system. Set
the blood pressure measuring system to the service
mode, if available. Raise the pressure to 13 kPa
(100 mmHg) immediately afterwards. The zero
setting is operating correctly if the displayed value
increases by 0.8 kPa (6 mmHg) compared to the
value taken in a).

16

A.10.2 Apparatus

A.10.3 Procedure and evaluation

Replace the cuff with the 500 ml vessel. Insert the
calibrated reference manometer and the patient
simulator into the pneumatic circuit by means of
T-piece connectors.
Before beginning the test, allow the blood pressure
measuring system to reach operating temperature as
described in the instructions for use.
Test the stability of the cuff pressure indication after
the zero setting at a pressure value of 7 kPa (50 mmHg)
according to the procedure specified in A.2.
Under the same environmental conditions determine
the time (t1) until the change of the cuff pressure
indication exceeds 0.1 kPa (1 mmHg). Switch off the
device and switch on afterwards. Perform one blood
pressure measurement and wait until the device has
switched off automatically. Determine the time (t2)
between switching on and automatically switching off.
The time (t2) shall be less than or equal to the time (t1).

A.11 Test method for the stability of the

blood pressure determination
(influence of temperature and
humidity)
A.11.1 Apparatus
patient simulator as described in A.5.1.1;

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

climatic chamber, capable of adjustment to an

accuracy of 1 C for the temperature and 5 % for the
relative humidity.
A.11.2 Procedure
Carry out the testing of the signal processing by means
of the patient simulator. For each of the following
combinations of temperature and humidity, place the
blood pressure measuring system for at least 3 h in the
climatic chamber to allow the system to reach steady
conditions:
10 C ambient temperature, 85 % relative humidity
(non-condensing);
20 C ambient temperature, 85 % relative humidity
(non-condensing);
40 C ambient temperature, 85 % relative humidity
(non-condensing).
For each combination of temperature and humidity,
take 20 consecutive readings of the blood pressure
measuring system under test.
Place the blood pressure measuring system in the
climatic chamber for at least 3 h. At each combination
of temperature and humidity switch on the blood
pressure measuring system before starting the test.
Wait until the warm up time (described in the
instructions for use) has elapsed, carry out the
measurement (20 consecutive readings) and switch off
the blood pressure measuring system afterwards.
A.11.3 Expression of results
Determine the mean value (systolic and diastolic values
separately) of the 20 consecutive readings taken at each
combination of temperature and humidity.
Note: Because the testing of the influence of
temperature and humidity for the signal
processing cannot be separated from the
temperature/humidity effect on the pressure
transducer and the deviations originating from
the simulator, both contributions should be
taken into account for the evaluation of the test.

A.12 Test method for the stability of cuff

pressure indication following
prolonged usage
A.12.1 Procedure
Carry out the test according to the procedure specified
in A.2 prior to prolonged usage.

Perform 10 000 simulated measurement cycles with the

complete blood pressure measurement system at which
at least the following cuff pressure values shall be
reached:
adult mode: 20 kPa (150 mmHg);
neonatal/infant mode: 10 kPa (75 mmHg).
Note 1: For devices which measure with the auscultatory and oscillometric method this test should
be carried out for both modes.
Note 2: For devices which measure in both modes
(adult and neonatal/infant) the test should be
carried out in both modes.

A.12.2 Expression of results

Express the result as the difference between the cuff
pressure indication before and after 10 000 simulated
blood pressure measurement cycles at the same test
pressure and under the same environmental conditions.

A.13 Test method for the effect of external

voltages and abnormal connections to
the signal input/output ports
A.13.1 Apparatus
rigid vessel with a capacity of 500 ml 5 %;
calibrated reference manometer with an uncertainty
less than 0.1 kPa (0.8 mmHg);
T-piece connectors;
pressure generator, e.g. ball pump (hand pump) with
deflation valve.

A.13.2 Procedure
Replace the cuff with the 500 ml vessel, insert the
calibrated reference manometer into the pneumatic
system by means of a T-piece and proceed as follows.
a) Raise the pressure to 13 kPa (100 mmHg) and
record the displayed value.
b) Repeat a) whilst short circuiting all contacts of the
signal input/output ports belonging to the noninvasive blood pressure measuring system.
c) Repeat a) whilst applying the maximum voltage
specified by the manufacturer (see 7.5) to each
contact belonging to the non-invasive blood
pressure measuring system.

17

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

A.13.3 Evaluation
Compare the indicated value under a) with the
indicated values under b) and c).

A.14

Test method for the cuff pressure

deflation following an aborted
measurement

A.14.1 Apparatus
calibrated reference manometer with an uncertainty
less than 0.1 kPa (0.8 mmHg);
T-piece connectors.

18

A.14.2 Procedure and evaluation

Insert the calibrated reference manometer into the
pneumatic system by means of a T-piece.
Start a blood pressure measurement. Abort the measurement during inflation. Start another measurement
and abort it during the pressure reduction. If interval
measurements are possible repeat the test in this mode.
Check by visual inspection whether the rapid exhaust
(6.5.3) is activated.

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Annex B
Test Report Format
(Mandatory for application within the
OIML Certificate System for Measuring Instruments)

Explanatory notes on the test report format

i) General
This Test report format, which is informative with regard to the implementation of OIML Recommendation R 16-2
in national regulations, presents a standardized format for the results of the various tests and examinations to which
a type of sphygmomanometer shall be submitted with a view to its approval as well as for the results of verification
tests. The tests are listed in Annex A of this International Recommendation.
It is recommended that all metrology services or laboratories evaluating types of sphygmomanometers according to
OIML R 16-2 or to national or regional regulations based on OIML R 16-2 use this Test report format, directly or after
translation into a language other than English or French.
It is also recommended that this Test report format in English or in French (or in both languages) be transmitted by
the country performing these tests to the relevant authorities of another country, under bi- or multi-lateral
cooperation agreements.
In the framework of the OIML Certificate System for Measuring Instruments, use of the Test report format is
mandatory.

ii) Page numbering and the use of report page formats

In addition to the sequential numbering at the bottom of each page, a space has been left at the top of each page
(starting on page 22) for numbering the pages of reports established following this model. In particular, each test is
reported individually on a separate page following the relevant format.
For a given report, it is advisable to complete the sequential numbering of each page by indicating the total number
of pages in the report.
Where required, pressure values in the Tables can be replaced by values expressed in kPa.
Where required, these forms can be copied and used several times in cases where the test in question has to be
repeated under varying conditions.

iii) Definitions and formula

For the purposes of this test report format, the following definitions and formula, taken from the International
Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM, 1993 edition) are used.

Conventional true value (of a quantity) [VIM 1.20]

value attributed to a particular quantity and accepted, sometimes by convention, as having an uncertainty appropriate for given
purpose.

19

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

EXAMPLES
a) at a given location, the value assigned to the quantity realized by a reference standard may be taken as a conventional true value;
b) the CODATA (1986) recommended value for the Avogadro constant NA: 6,022 136 7 1023 mol1.
NOTES
1 Conventional true value is sometimes called assigned value, best estimate of the value, conventional value or reference value.
Reference value, in this sense, should not be confused with reference value in the sense used in the note to VIM 5.7.
2 Frequently, a number of results of measurements of a quantity is used to establish a conventional true value.

Experimental standard deviation [VIM 3.8]

for a series of n measurements of the same measurand, the quantity s characterizing the dispersion of the results and given by the
formula:

ABBB
n

s=

(xi x)2

i=1

n1

xi being the result of the ith measurement and x being the arithmetic mean of the n results considered.
NOTES
1 Considering the series of n values as a sample of a distribution, x is an unbiased estimate of the mean , and s2 is an unbiased
estimate of the variance 2, of that distribution.
2 The expression s / ABn is an estimate of the standard deviation of the distribution of x and is called the experimental standard
deviation of the mean.
3 Experimental standard deviation of the mean is sometimes incorrectly called standard error of the mean.

Uncertainty of measurement [VIM 3.9]

parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be
attributed to the measurand.
NOTES
1 The parameter may be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated
level of confidence.
2 Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components may be evaluated from the
statistical distribution of the results of series of measurements and can be characterized by experimental standard deviations. The
other components, which can also be characterized by standard deviations, are evaluated from assumed probability distributions
based on experience or other information.
3 It is understood that the result of the measurement is the best estimate of the value of the measurand, and that all components of
uncertainty, including those arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and reference
standards, contribute to the dispersion.
This definition is that of the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement in which its rationale is detailed (see, in
particular, 2.2.4 and annex D [10]).

20

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Error (of measurement) [VIM 3.10)]

result of a measurement minus a true value of the measurand.
NOTES
1 Since a true value cannot be determined, in practice a conventional true value is used (see VIM 1.19 and VIM 1.20).
2 When it is necessary to distinguish error from relative error, the former is sometimes called absolute error of measurement.
This should not be confused with absolute value of error, which is the modulus of the error.

Deviation [VIM 3.11]

value minus its reference value.

Systematic error [VIM 3.14]

mean that would result from an infinite number of measurements of the same measurand carried out under repeatability conditions
minus a true value of the measurand.
NOTES
1 Systematic error is equal to error minus random error
2 Like true value, systematic error and its causes cannot be completely known.
3 For a measuring instrument, see bias (VIM 5.25).

Maximum permissible errors (of a measuring instrument) [VIM 5.21]

extreme values of an error permitted by specifications, regulations, etc. for a given measuring instrument.

21

Report page ..../....

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Non-invasive automated sphygmomanometers

OIML R 16-2 Edition 2002 (E)

TEST REPORT
TYPE APPROVAL TEST REPORT
VERIFICATION TEST REPORT

n
n

(For verification purposes tick those fields which are appropriate for verification
according to your national regulations or which are listed in B.1.2
under the heading: Summary of test results for verification.)
Number of report: ....................................................
Object: ...................................................................................................................................................................................
Type: ......................................................................................................................................................................................
Serial number: ......................................................................................................................................................................
Manufacturers name and address: .....................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
Customers name and address: ............................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
Date of receipt: .....................................................................................................................................................................
Date/period of measurement: ..............................................................................................................................................
Date of report: .................................................................. Number of pages: ...................................................................
Issuing Institutes name and address: .................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
Characteristic values (principle of measurement, measuring unit,
measuring range, range of display): ...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
Additional devices (printer, interface etc.): ........................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
Reference manometer (serial number, uncertainty, calibration certificate): ...................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
Stamp/signature:

22

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Report page ..../....

B.1 Test review

B.1.1 Summary of test results for type approval

Clause

Subject

B.2

Cuff pressure indication

B.3

Effect of temperature on cuff pressure

indication

B.4

Effect of voltage variations of the power

source

B.4.1

Internal electrical power source

B.4.2

External electrical power source

B.5

Environmental performance

B.5.1

Effect of storage on cuff pressure

indication

B.5.2

Electromagnetic interferences

Maximum
deviation

Maximum
permissible error

Passed

Failed

Normal operation again, when?

B.6

Air leakage rate

B.7

Pressure reducing system

B.8

Rapid exhaust

B.9

Zero setting

B.10

Stability of the cuff pressure indication

B.11

Pressure indicating device

B.11.1

Nominal range and measuring range

B.11.2

Digital indication

B.12

Signal input and output ports

B.13

Maximum permissible error of

the overall system

B.13.1

Maximum mean error

B.13.2

Maximum experimental standard

deviation

B.14

Alarms

B.15

Safety

B.15.1

Electrical safety

B.15.2

Resistance to vibration and shock

B.15.3

Cuff pressure

B.15.4

Unauthorized access

B.15.5

Tubing connectors

B.16

Tamper proofing

23

Report page ..../....

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

B.1.2 Summary of test results for verification

Clause

Subject

B.2

Cuff pressure indication

B.6

Air leakage rate

B.15

Safety

B.15.3

Cuff pressure

B.15.4

Unauthorized access

B.15.5

Tubing connectors

B.15.5.1

Regular use

B.15.5.2

Warning in the manual

B.16

Tamper proofing

Maximum
deviation

Maximum
permissible error

Passed

Failed

Note 1: The sequence of the different tests is arbitrary; it follows the sequence of the different clauses in the text.
The sequence of testing is at the discretion of the person conducting the tests.
Note 2: To be considered as approved or verified, an instrument must have successfully passed all the applicable
tests.

B.2 Maximum permissible errors of the cuff pressure indication

For the limits of temperature and humidity see 5.1: the temperature should be between 15 C and 25 C, the relative
humidity should be between 20 % and 85 %.
To find out the error of the cuff pressure indication proceed as follows (up and down runs) at three different
temperatures: e.g. 15 C and 20 % relative humidity, 20 C and 60 % relative humidity and 25 C and 85 % relative
humidity.
Table 1

Example: Temperature 20 C and . % relative humidity

1st reading

pressure
mmHg

up

2nd reading
down

up

mean
down

up

deviation
down

up

down

50

52

54

54

54

53

54

100

106

100

104

104

105

102

column 2

column 3

column 4

column 5

column 6

column 7

column 8

column 9

150
200
250
column 1

Maximum deviation: 5 mmHg

24

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Report page ..../....

Column 1 = values measured by the reference manometer

Column 2, 3, 4 and 5 = results of the measurement of the instrument under test
Column 6 = (column 2 + column 4) / 2
Column 7 = (column 3 + column 5) / 2
Column 8 = column 6 column 1
Column 9 = column 7 column 1

Table 2

Temperature .. C and ..... % relative humidity

1st reading

pressure
mmHg

up

2nd reading
down

up

mean
down

up

deviation
down

up

down

0
50
100
150
200
250
300 or max

Maximum deviation: .............

Note: The time between up and down run should not be less than 5 minutes at the maximum pressure. A time
difference from the first run to the second run of one hour is recommended.
Is the maximum deviation of all of the readings of the instrument under test and of the reference manometer less
than or equal to 0.4 kPa ( 3 mmHg) for type approval test and first verification and less than or equal to 0.5 kPa
( 4 mmHg) for subsequent verification, respectively (see 5.1)?

yes

passed

no

failed

25

Report page ..../....

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

B.3 Effect of temperature on cuff pressure indication

Refer to A.3.
Note 1: For a type approval test report testing has to be carried out also at 10 C and 40 C (see A.3.2.1, A.3.2.2,
A.3.2.3).
Note 2: Take the first mean of the readings of the measuring instrument before storage as reference value (Table 2)
and calculate the deviation of the mean of the values measured after storage (mean values here in Table 3)
from the mean values of Table 2. The result should be within the error limits mentioned below.
For each of the following combinations of temperature and humidity, condition the device for at least 3 h in the
climatic chamber (see A.3.1) to allow the device to reach steady conditions.
Table 3 Temperature 10 C and 85 % relative humidity
1st reading

pressure
mmHg

up

2nd reading
down

up

deviation from
Table 2

mean
down

up

down

up

down

0
50
100
150
200
250
300 or max

Maximum deviation: .............

Table 4 Temperature 40 C and 85 % relative humidity
1st reading

pressure
mmHg

up

2nd reading
down

up

deviation from
Table 2

mean
down

up

down

up

down

0
50
100
150
200
250
300 or max

Maximum deviation: .............

Is the maximum deviation of all of the readings of the instrument under test and the reference manometer less than
or equal to 0.4 kPa ( 3 mmHg) (see 5.3.2)?

26

yes

passed

no

failed

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Report page ..../....

B.4 Effect of voltage variations of the power source

B.4.1 Internal electrical power source
For reference see A.5.1.
Do the changes of voltage within the working range of the internal power source influence the result of the blood
pressure measurement in such a way that the results of the blood pressure measurement deviate more than the
maximum permissible error (MPE, see 5.2) from the values of a measurement by the reference manometer?
yes

failed

no

passed

Note: Outside this working range no cuff pressure reading and no result of the blood pressure measurement shall
be displayed.
Does a change of voltage outside of the working range of the internal power source lead to a result of a blood
pressure measurement?
yes

failed

no

passed

Testing should be carried out in accordance with A.4.1 and A.5.1.

B.4.2 External electrical power source

For reference see A.5.2 and A.5.3.
Do the changes of voltage within the working range of the external power source influence the result of the blood
pressure measurement in such a way that the results of the blood pressure measurement deviate more than the
maximum permissible error (MPE, see 5.2) from the values of a measurement by the reference manometer?
yes

failed

no

passed

Testing should be carried out in accordance with A.4.2 and A.5.2 (alternating current) or A.4.3 and A.5.3 (direct
current).
Note: Incorrect values resulting from voltage variations outside the limits given above shall not be displayed.
Does a change of voltage outside of the working range of the external power source lead to a result of a blood
pressure measurement?
yes

failed

no

passed

Testing shall be carried out according to Annex A.4.4 (alternating current) and A.4.5 (direct current).

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OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

B.5 Environmental performance

B.5.1 Storage
Determine the error after the storage for 24 h at a temperature of 5 C and for 24 h at a temperature of 50 C and
a relative humidity of 85 %.

Table 5 Measurement at 20 C and 60 % relative humidity after storage at 5 C and 50 C

1st reading

pressure
mmHg

up

2nd reading
down

up

deviation from
Table 2

mean
down

up

down

up

down

0
50
100
150
200
250
300 or max

Maximum deviation: .............

Refer to 5.3.1. and A.2.

Is the maximum deviation of the cuff pressure indication (mean value), after storage at 5 C and 50 C, less than
or equal to 0.4 kPa ( 3 mmHg) compared to the mean values at 20 C and 60 % relative humidity before storage?
yes

passed

no

failed

Note: Integrated multiparameter monitors may contain components which may be damaged during storage. The
general temperature range has therefore been reduced.

B.5.2 Electromagnetic compatibility

Do electrical and/or electromagnetic interferences lead to degradations in the cuff pressure indication or in the
result of the blood pressure measurement?

28

yes

failed

no

passed

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Report page ..../....

If electrical and/or electromagnetic interferences lead to an abnormality, is the abnormality clearly indicated and is
it possible to restore normal operation within 30 s after cessation of the electromagnetic disturbance?
yes

passed

no

failed

Testing should be carried out in accordance with OIML D11.

B.6 Air leakage rate of the pneumatic system

Carry out the test over the whole measuring range at five equally spaced pressure steps at least (e.g. 7 kPa
(50 mmHg), 13 kPa (100 mmHg), 20 kPa (150 mmHg), 27 kPa (200 mmHg) and 33 kPa (250 mmHg)). Test the air
leakage rate over a period of 5 min (see A.6.2) and determine the measured value from this. Wait at least 60 s before
reading each value.

Table 6

pressure

first reading

reading after 5 min

difference
between the readings

50 mmHg
100 mmHg
150 mmHg
200 mmHg
250 mmHg

Does the air leakage rate over a period of 5 minutes correspond to a pressure drop less than or equal to 0.8 kPa/min
(6 mmHg/min)?
yes

passed

no

failed

B.7 Pressure reducing system for devices using the auscultatory method
Is the deflation rate of 0.3 kPa/s to 0.4 kPa/s (2 mmHg/s to 3 mmHg/s) within the target range of systolic and
diastolic blood pressure maintained?
yes

passed

no

failed

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OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

For devices which control the pressure reduction as a function of the pulse rate:
Is a deflation rate of 0.3 kPa/pulse and 0.4 kPa/pulse (2 mmHg/pulse and 3 mmHg/pulse) maintained?
yes

passed

no

failed

Note: Manually operated deflation valves should be easily adjustable to these values.
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.7.

B.8 Rapid exhaust

Does the time for the pressure reduction from 35 kPa to 2 kPa (260 mmHg to 15 mmHg) during the rapid exhaust
of the pneumatic system with the valve fully opened exceed 10 s?
yes

failed

no

passed

For blood pressure measuring systems, having the capability to measure in a neonatal/infant mode:
Does the time for the pressure reduction from 20 kPa to 0.7 kPa (150 mmHg to 5 mmHg) during the rapid exhaust
of the pneumatic system with the valve fully opened exceed 5 s?
yes

failed

no

passed

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.8.

B.9 Zero setting

Blood pressure measuring systems shall be capable of automatic zero setting. The zero setting shall be carried out
at appropriate intervals, at least starting after switching on the device. At the moment of the zero setting a gauge
pressure of 0 kPa (0 mmHg) shall exist and be displayed thereafter.
Do devices performing zero setting only immediately after switching on, switch off automatically when the drift of
the pressure transducer and the analog signal processing exceeds 0.1 kPa (1 mmHg)?

30

yes

passed

no

failed

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Report page ..../....

At the moment of the zero setting does a gauge pressure of 0 kPa (0 mmHg) exist and is it displayed?
yes

passed

no

failed

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.9 and A.10.

B.10 Stability of the cuff pressure indication

Is the change of the cuff pressure indication less than 0.4 kPa (3 mmHg) throughout the pressure range after 10 000
simulated measurement cycles?
yes

passed

no

failed

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with 6.7 and A.12.

B.11 Pressure indicating device

B.11.1 Nominal range and measuring range
The nominal range for the cuff pressure measurement shall be specified by the manufacturer. The measuring and
indication ranges of the cuff pressure shall be equal to the nominal range.
Are values of blood pressure measurement results outside the nominal range of cuff pressure clearly indicated as
out of range?
yes

passed

no

failed

Testing shall be carried out by visual inspection.

B.11.2 Digital indication

Is the digital scale interval 0.1 kPa (1 mmHg)?
yes

passed

no

failed

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Note 1: If the measured value of a parameter is to be indicated on more than one display, all the displays shall
indicate the same numerical value.
Note 2: Measured numerical values on the display(s), and the symbols defining the units of measurement shall be
arranged in such a way so as to avoid misinterpretation.
Note 3: Numbers and characters should be clearly legible.
Testing shall be carried out by visual inspection. For reference see 6.8.

B.12 Signal input and output ports

Note: The construction of the signal input and output ports (excluding internal interfaces, e.g. microphone signal
input) relevant to the non-invasive blood pressure measurement shall ensure that incorrectly fitted or
defective accessories shall not result in erroneous indication of cuff pressure or erroneous indication of blood
pressure.
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.13.
For reference see 6.9.
Does the construction of the signal input and output ports (excluding internal interfaces, e.g. microphone signal
input) ensure that incorrectly fitted or defective accessories relevant to the non-invasive blood pressure measurement do not result in erroneous indication of cuff pressure or erroneous indication of blood pressure?
yes

passed

no

failed

An erroneous indication is an indication with an error bigger than the MPE.

B.13 Maximum permissible error of the overall system as measured by clinical tests
The error of each measurement is to be calculated according to definition 3.10 of the VIM (see paragraph iii of the
explanatory notes at the beginning of Annex B). The reference values are derived from the conventional measurement carried out by a medical doctor using a mechanical sphygmomanometer and the Korotkoff method. Usually
a set of at least 3 measurements per patient has to be carried out. Having one instrument under test, a sample of at
least 85 persons and at least 2 medical doctors should be involved in the tests.
The mean of the errors measured within each set of measurements has to be calculated and the maximum of these
mean errors relating to the sets of measurement of the different patients has to be determined. Refer also to C.3
(AAMI/ANSI SP10, 1992 and Amendment 1996).

B.13.1 Maximum mean error

Is the maximum mean error obtained by the clinical tests less than or equal to 0.7 kPa ( 5 mmHg)?

For reference see 5.2.1.

32

yes

passed

no

failed

OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Report page ..../....

B.13.2 Maximum experimental standard deviation

Is the maximum experimental standard deviation less than or equal to 1.1 kPa (8 mmHg)?
yes

passed

no

failed

For reference see 5.2.2. For definitions see paragraph iii of the explanatory notes at the beginning of Annex B.

B.14 Alarms
Note: If alarms are used they shall be of at least medium priority.
The alarms are of acoustic nature and can be delivered with different volume, frequencies and even different
melodical patterns. Different alarms are correlated to different events. These alarms/events have different priorities.
A low level priority could indicate e.g. beginning of problems with the battery, highest priority would be reserved
for an alarm indicating a situation which is dangerous for the life of the patient.
For reference see 6.10.

B.15 Safety
B.15.1 Electrical safety (This test is optional within the OIML Certificate System)
Refer to 6.11.4.
Are the requirements of the regional and national regulations fulfilled?
yes

passed

no

failed

B.15.2 Resistance to vibration and shock

Refer to 6.11.5.
The mechanical conditions can be found in OIML D 11 (e.g. subclause A.2.2 of the 1994 edition).
Are the requirements according to OIML D 11 fulfilled?
yes

passed

no

failed

n
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OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

B.15.3 Cuff pressure

Note: It shall be possible to abort any blood pressure measurement at any time by single key operation and this
shall lead to a rapid exhaust (see B.8).
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with A.14.
Is it possible to abort any blood pressure measurement at any time by single key operation and does this lead to a
rapid exhaust (see B.8)?
yes

passed

no

failed

B.15.4 Unauthorized access

Are all controls which affect accuracy sealed against unauthorized access?
yes

passed

no

failed

Note: Controls are any part of the instrument which can be used for adjusting the measurement values, the
subsequent computation and the display, including adjusting screws, potentiometers, adjusting modules,
pressure sensing devices, etc.
Testing shall be carried out by visual inspection.
For reference see 6.11.2.

B.15.5 Tubing connectors

Note: Users of equipment intended for use in environments employing intervascular fluid systems shall take all
necessary precautions to avoid connecting the output of the blood pressure measuring device to such systems
as air might inadvertently be pumped into a blood vessel if, for example, Luer locks were used1.
For reference see 6.11.3 and 7.5.

B.15.5.1
Are Luer locks used?

yes

failed

no

passed

Luer lock connectors shall not be used with the tubing which connects the cuff to the manometer or measuring equipment, in order to
avoid the possibility of inadvertent misconnection with other clinical systems.

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Report page ..../....

B.15.5.2
Is the warning (see Note above and 7.5) mentioned in the instruction manual?
yes

passed

no

failed

yes

passed

no

failed

B.16 Tamper proofing

Is the manometer tamper proof?

Tamper proofing of the instrument shall be achieved by requiring the use of a tool or breaking a seal.
Testing shall be carried out by visual inspection.

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OIML R 16-2: 2002 (E)

Annex C
Rationale for the maximum permissible errors of the overall system
(Informative)
Note: This Annex provides a rationale for the values of maximum permissible errors presented in 5.2.
Overall system accuracy
A clinical investigation is strongly recommended to demonstrate compliance with the requirements specified in 5.2.
A new clinical investigation would be necessary only for changes affecting the overall system accuracy.
Recommended protocols for the clinical investigations are given in:
C.1

OBrien E., Petrie J., Littler W., de Swiet M., Padfield P.L., Altman D.G., Bland M., Coats A. and Atkins N. The
British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood measuring devices. Journal of Hypertension
1993, 11 (Suppl 2): S 43 - 62

C.2

E DIN 58130: 1995, Non-invasive sphygmomanometers - Clinical investigation

C.3

AAMI/ANSI SP10, American National Standard for electronic or automated sphygmomanometers, 1992, and
Amendment, 1996

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