An overview of standard cell
based digital VLSI design
Implementation of the first generation AsAP
processor
Zhiyi Yu and Tinoosh Mohsenin
VCL Laboratory
UC Davis
Outline
Overview of standard cellbased design
Overview of AsAP
Implementation of the first generation
AsAP
Standard cell based IC
vs. Custom design IC
Standard cell based IC:
Design using standard cells
Standard cells come from library provider
Many different choices for cell size, delay, leakage
power
Many EDA tools to automate this flow
Shorter design time
Custom design IC:
Design all by yourself
Higher performance
Standard cell based VLSI
design flow
Front end
System specification and architecture
HDL coding & behavioral simulation
Synthesis & gate level simulation
Back end
Placement and routing
DRC (Design Rule Check), LVS (Layout vs
Schematic)
dynamic simulation and static analysis
Outline
Overview of standard cell-based design
Overview of AsAP
Implementation of the first generation
AsAP
AsAP
(Asynchronous Array of Simple Processors)
A processing chip containing multiple
uniform simple processor elements
Each processor has its local clock
generator
Each processor can communicate with
its neighbor processors using dual-clock
FIFOs
Diagram of a 3x3 AsAP
Inst
Mem
Clock
InFIFO0
InFIFO1
ALU
MAC
Control
Output
Data
Mem
More information: http://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/vcl/asap/
Outline
Overview of standard cell-based design
Overview of AsAP
Implementation of the first
generation AsAP
Simple diagram of the frontend design flow
System
Specification
RTL
Coding
Ex: c = !a & b
Synthesis
Gate level code
INV (.in (a), .out (a_inv));
AND (.in1 (a_inv), .in2 (b), .out (c));
Simple diagram of the backend design flow
Final layout
gate level Verilog
from synthesis
Place
&
Route
DRC
Design rule
check
LVS
Layout vs.
schematic
(go for fabrication)
Gate level Verilog
Timing information
Gate level dynamic and/or static analysis
Back-end design of AsAP
Technology: TSMC 0.18 m CMOS
Standard cell library: Artisan
Tools
Synthesis: Synopsis Design compiler
Placement & Route: Cadence Encounter
DRC & LVS: Calibre
Static timing analysis: Primetime
Flow of placement and routing
Import needed files
Floorplan
Placement & in-place optimization
Clock tree generation
Routing
Import needed files
Gate level verilog (.v)
Geometry information (.lef)
Timing information (.lib)
INV (.in (a), .out (a_inv));
AND (.in1 (a_inv), .in2 (b), .out (c));
INV: 1um width AND: 2 um width
INV: 1ns delay; AND: 2 ns delay
b
a
INV
AND
Delay (a->c): 1ns + 2ns = 3ns
Floorplan
Size of chip
Location of Pins
Location of main blocks
Power supply: give enough power for each gate
Power supply (1.8V)
1.75v
current
Gate 1
1.7v
(need another power)
1.65v
VDD (Metal)
Gate 2
Gate 3
Gate 4
VSS
Voltage drop equation: V2 = V1 I * R
Floorplan of a single processor
Inst
Mem
Data Mem
ALU
MAC
Control
Clock
InFIFO
0
InFIFO
0
Placement &
in-placement optimization
Placement: place the gates
In-placement optimization
Why: timing information difference
between synthesis and layout (wire delay)
How: change gate size, insert buffers
Should not change the circuit function!!
Placement of a single processor
Clock tree
Main parameters: skew, delay, transition time
Clock tree of single processor
Routing
Connect the gates using wires
Two steps
Connect the global signals (power)
Connect other signals
Routing
Metal Layer Topology
Layout of a single processor
Area:
0.8mm x 0.8mm
Estimated speed:
450 MHz
Layout of the first generation 6x6 AsAP
Area: 30 mm^2
in 180 nm CMOS
36 processors
114 PADs
One processor
Verification after layout
DRC (design rule check)
LVS (layout vs. schematic)
.GDS vs. (verilog + spice module)
Gate level verilog dynamic simulation
Mainly check the function
Different with synthesis result
Useful tools
Dynamic Simulation:
Synthesis:
Encounter & icfb (Cadence)
Astro (Synopsys)
DRC & LVS
Design-compiler, design-analyzer (Synopsys)
Placement & Routing
Modelsim (Mentor), NC-verilog (Cadence), Active-HDL
Calibre (Mentor)
Dracula (Cadence)
Static Analysis
Primetime (Synsopsys)
