1.
Problem: Suppose that for each
basis
the topology on
is given by a
. The collection of all sets of the form
Such that
is a basis for
this collection by
. Also, the collection
Where
with the box topology, denote
for finitely many
the product topology on
of all sets of the form
and
otherwise is a basis for
Proof: To prove the first part we let
be open. Then, by construction
of the box topology for each
we may find some
such that
. So, then for each
is open in
and
may find some
such that
Noticing that
and thus
and every element of
is open finishes the
argument.
Next, we let
again for each
in
for each
them
some
Where
be open with respect to the product topology. Once
we may find some
and
for all but finitely many
. So, for each
such that
such that
is open
, call
we may find
and so
we
Noting that
and
is a collection of open subsets of
finishes the argument.
2.
Problem: Let
be a collection of topological spaces such that
a subspace of
of
for each
. Then,
is
is a subspace
if both are given the product or box topology.
Proof: Let
denote the topologies
inherits as a subspace of
as a product space respectively. Note that
bases
(where
and
are generated by the
is the basis on
with the product
topology), and
So, let
where
Where
is open in
then
, and thus
for all but finitely many
many
. And so
Where
set
it follows that
. Similarly, if
is open in
in
is open in
. Also, since
for all but finitely
then
, but this means that
for some open
and so
From where it follows that
and thus
are equal.
The case for the box topology is completely analgous.
3.
Problem: Let
then
be a collection of Hausdorff spaces,
is Hausdorff with either the box or product topologies
Proof: It suffices to prove this for the product topology since the box
topology is finer.
So, let
since
be distinct. Then,
for some
. Now,
is Hausdorff there exists disjoint open neighborhoods
respectively. So,
of
of
are disjoint open neighborhoods
respectively. The conclusion follows.
4.
Problem: Prove that .
Proof: Define
Clearly this is continuous since
5.
Problem: One of the implications holds for theorem 19.6 even in the box
topology, which is it?
Proof: If
where the latter is given the box topology then
we have that each
is continuous and thus so is each
#
6.
Problem: Let
space
be a sequence of points in the product
. Prove that
sequences
converges to
coverge to
for each
if and only if the
. Is this fact true if
one uses the box topology?
Proof: Suppose that
is a neighborhood of
is infinite. Notice then that if
follows that
that
is a neighborhood of
finitely many values of
such that
from where it
which does not contain all but
contradicting the fact that
in
Conversely, suppose that
be a basic open neighborhood of
many indices such that
for each
. Then, letting
. Since each
and let
be the finitely
there exists
some
such that
let
. So,
. Now, note that if
for some
. But, since clearly
that
we must have
and thus
every
of
then
we have that
. It follows that for
. Then, since every neighborhood
contains a basic open neighborhood and the above basic open
neighborhood was arbitrary the conclusion follows.
Clearly the first part holds in the box topology since there was no explicit
mention of the product topology or its defining characteristics. That said,
the second does not hold. Consider
converges to zero, but
. Clearly each coordinate
is a neighborhood of
product topology. But, if one claimed that for every
that
in the
(for some
theyd be wrong. To see this merely
note
and so
and thus
7.
Problem: Let
be the subset of
sequences. What is
consisting of all eventually zero
in the box and product topology?
Proof: We claim that in the product topology
let
be a basic non-empty open set in
. To see this
with the product topology.
Since we are working with the product topology we know there are finitely
many indices
some
and consider
Clearly then
in
such that
intersects
. So, for each
where
and thus every non-empty open set
and the conclusion follows.
Now, we claim that with the box topology that
let
select
. Then, there exists some subsequence
. To see this
of the
sequence
which is non-zero. For each
that
form an interval
. Then, consider
Clearly then
is a neighborhood of
and since each clearly has
an infinite subsequence of non-zero values it is disjoint from
that in
such
with the box topology that
. It follows
is closed and thus
as
desired.
8.
Problem: Given sequences
with
define
Show that if
and
of real numbers
by the equation
is given the product topology that
What happens if
is a homeomorphism.
is given the box topology?
Proof: Let us first prove that
is a bijection. To do this we prove
something more general
Lemma: Let
and
we have that
and
be two classes of untopologized sets
a collection of bijections
. Then, if
is a bijection.
Proof: To prove injectivity we note that if
Then,
And by definition of an
-tuple this implies that
for each
. But, since each
For each
. Thus,
is injective it follows that
as desired.
To prove surjectivity we let
for each fixed
be arbitrary. We then note that
we have there is some
. So, if
is the corresponding
such that
-tuple of these values we
have that
from where surjectivity follows. Combining these two shows that
is
indeed a bijection.
Lemma: Let
and
be two classes of non-empty
topological spaces and
a corresponding class of continuous
functions such that
. Then, if
and
are given the
product topologies the mapping
is continuous.
Proof: Since the codomain is a product space it suffices to show that
is continuous for each
. We claim though that the diagram
commutes where
denote the canonical projections from
and
and
to
and
and
respectively. To see this we merely note that
which confirms the commutativity of the diagram. But, the conclusion
follows since
is the composition of two continuous maps (the
projection being continuous since
is a product space).
The lemma follows by previous comment.
We come to our last lemma before the actual conclusion of the problem.
Lemma: Let
and
be two classes of non-empty
topological spaces and
with
a set of homeomorphisms
. Then,
is a homeomorphism if
and
are given the product topology.
Proof: Our last two lemmas show that
is bijective and continuous. To
prove that its inverse is continuous we note that
And similarly for the other side. Thus,
Which is continuous since each
to our last lemma again. Thus,
is continuous and appealing
is a bi-continuous bijection, or in other
words a homeomorphism. The conclusion follows.
Thus, getting back to the actual problem we note that if we
denote
that each
is a homeomorphism. Thus,
since it is easy to see that
we may conclude by our last lemma (since we are assuming that we are
giving
in both the domain and codomain the product topology) that
a homeomorphism.
This is also continuous if we give
the box topology. To see this we
merely need to note that and thus if all of the
are open then so are
is
(since each
is continuous) is each
and thus the inverse image of
a basic open set is the unrestricted product of open sets and thus basic
open. A similar argument works for the inverse function.
9.
Problem: Show that the axiom of choice (AOC) is equivalent to the
statement that for any indexed family
with
of non-empty sets,
, the product
Proof: This is pretty immediate when one writes down the actual definition
of the product, namely:
So, if one assumes the AOC then one must assume the existence of a
choice function
So, then if we consider
as just a class of sets, the fact that
we have indexed them implies there exists a surjective indexing function$
where clearly since we have already indexed out set we have
that
. So, consider
This is clearly a well-defined mapping and
and thus
from where it follows that
Conversely, let
be a class of sets and let
function. We may then index
by
be an indexing
. Then, by assumption
Thus there exists some
Such that
Thus, we have that
is a well-defined mapping with
For each
. It follows that we have produced a choice function for
and the conclusion follows.
Remark: We have assumed the existence of a bijective indexing
function
, but this is either A) a matter for descriptive set theory
or B) obvious since
satisfies the conditions. This depends on
your level of rigor.
10.
Problem: Let
let
be a set; let
be an indexed family of spaces; and
be an indexed family of functions
a) Prove there is a unique coarsest topology
of the functions
on
is continuous.
b) Let
and let
. Prove that
is a subbasis for
relative to whish each
c) Show that the map
is continuous relative to
each map
is continuous.
d) Let
Let
if and only if
be defined by the equation
denote the subspace of
the image under
of the product space
of each element of
is an open set in
. Prove taht
.
Proof:
a) We first prove a lemma
Lemma: Let
be a topology on
continuous if and only if
, then all the mappings
where
is defined in part b).
Proof:Suppose that all the mappings
given any open set
we have that
is open and thus
are continuous. Then,
is continuous and so
from where it follows that
Conversely, suppose that
fixed but arbitrary
are
. It suffices to prove that
. So, to do this let
then
and thus by assumption
says that
is open in
for a
be open in
; but this precisely
. By prior comment the conclusion follows.
So, let
and let
By previous problem
is in fact a topology on
also know that all the mappings
are continuous since
To see that its the coarsest such topology let
of the
we know that
, and by our lemma we
be a topology for which all
are continuous. Then, by the other part of our lemma
and thus
. So,
And thus
is coarser than
The uniqueness is immediate.
b) It follows from the previous problem that we must merely show that
a subbasis for the topology
is
. The conclusion will follow from the following
lemma (which was actually an earlier problem, but we reprove here for
referential reasons):
Lemma: Let
be a set and
topology generated by
contain
be a subbasis for a topology on
. Then, the
equals the intersection of all topologies which
Proof: Let
and
Also, let
be the topology generated by the subbasis
Clearly since
Conversely, let
show that
we have that
. Then, by definition to show that
for a fixed but arbitrary
it suffices to
. To do this we first note that
by definition that
where each
for some
that
. Now, if
and thus
we know (since
for each
. It follows that
is the union of sets in
follows from previous comment that
and thus
. It
The conclusion follows.
The actual problem follows immediately from this.
c) So, let
be some mapping and suppose that
continuous for each
is
. Then, given a subbasic open set
in
we
have that
for some
and for some open sets
respectively. Thus
may be written as
but since each
open sets in
in
we see that
and thus open in
Conversely, suppose that
is the finite union of
. It follows that
is continuous.
is continuous then
is
continuous since its the composition of continuous maps.
d) First note that
from where it follows that the initial topology under the class of maps
on
is the same as the initial topology given by the single map
general we note that if
by
that
. So, in
is given the initial topology determined
then given an open set
in
we have
which is open in the subspace
This is just a simple fixed point problem I did on mathhelpforum a while
ago. Its not particularly difficult.
Problem: Let
mapping. Then,
a compact metric space and
a contractive
has a unique fixed point.
Proof: Clearly the mapping
since
. Thus, by the compactness of
attains a minimum at some point
then
of
is continuous
we have that
. Now, suppose that
which contradicts the minimality
. It follows that
is in fact a fixed point. Now, clearly it is unique for if
we supposed that
The conclusion follows.
then wed have that
