Probability:
Rule of Addition
atleast one will occur
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A)P( B | A )
1. A student goes to the library. The probability that she checks out (a) a work of fiction
is 0.40, (b) a work of non-fiction is 0.30, and (c) both fiction and non-fiction is 0.20.
What is the probability that the student checks out a work of fiction, non-fiction, or
both?
P(F N) = 0.40 + 0.30 - 0.20 = 0.50
2. The card is a spade or an ace.
P(S A) = 13/52 + 4/52 - 1/52 = 16/52 = 4/13
Rule of Multiplication -
both occur
P(A B) = P(A) P(B|A)
1. W/o Replacement
An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 black marbles. Two marbles are drawn without
replacement from the urn. What is the probability that both of the marbles are black?
P(A B) = (4/10) * (3/9) = 12/90 = 2/15
2. W/ Replacement: (nCr)
An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 black marbles. Two marbles are drawn with
replacement from the urn. What is the probability that both of the marbles are black?
P(A B) = (4/10)*(4/10) = 16/100 = 0.16
Card:
Number 4/52
Suite 13/52
Face card 12/52
Color card 26/52
Given Probability:
W/REPLACEMENT / FIX
PROBABILITY
p = SUCCESS
q = 1-P
n = How many matches/ How many draws/How many samples
r = How many from n
1: Probability that a batsman scores a century in a cricket match is 2/3. What is the
probability that out of 5 matches, he may score century in:
a.) (scoring century in exactly 2 matches)
n=5
r=2
p = 2/3
q = 1/3
b.) None of the matches
r=0
2. A basket contains 70 good apples and 30 are spoiled. Three apples are drawn at
random from basket. What is the probability that of the 3 apples,
n=3
p = 70/(70+30) = 0.7
q= 1- 0.7 = 0.3
a.) Exactly 2 good apples
r=2
b.) Atleast 1 good apple
r = 1, 2, 3
Just add
c.) At most two good apples.
r = 0, 1 or 2
3. Consider families with 4 children.
n=4
p=
q=
a. Exactly 2 boys and 2 girls
r=2
b. No boys
r=0
c. Most of two boys
r = 0, 1, or 2
Problem:
1.
Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is
S = 36
a) equal to 1 : = {(None)}
P = 0/36 = 0
b) equal to 4 = (1,3),(2,2),(3,1)
P = 3/36 = 0
c) less than 13
P = 36/36 = 1
2. A die is rolled and a coin is tossed, odd number and the coin shows a head.
S = { (1,H),(2,H),(3,H),(4,H),(5,H),(6,H)
(1,T),(2,T),(3,T),(4,T),(5,T),(6,T)}
E ={(1,H),(3,H),(5,H)}
P = 3/12 =
3. A jar contains 3 red marbles, 7 green marbles and 10 white marbles. If a
marble is drawn from the jar at random, what is the probability that this
marble is white?
P = 10/20 =
4. Five reviewees Adon, Krisha, Marvin, Jim and Bryan sit around a round table
randomly with 5 seats. What is the probability that Marvin sits next to Krisha
P = (4-1)!(2)! / (5-1)!
5. Find the probability that a person flipping a coin gets
P[x=r] = (n-1)C(r-1) * p^r *(1-p)^(n-r)
a. the 3rd head on the 7th flip
P[x = 3] = 6C2 * 0.5^3 *0.5^4 = 0.1172
b. the 1st head on the 4th flip
P[x = 1] = 3C0 *0.5^1 *0.5^3 = 0.0625
Permutation:
1.)
( abc) by
Arrangement with order
Arrangement of letters
a.)
2 at a time
3P2 = 6
---
b.)
3P3=6
---
2.)
the word came
4x3x2x1 = 24
(ab, ba,ac,ca,bc,cb)
3 at a time
(abc,acb,bac,bca,cab,cba)
In how many several ways
or
4! = 24
3.)
In how many several ways
the word came can be arranged, that the vowels not come
together.
4! (3! X 2!) = 12
unit of vowels)
------ 3! (2 consonant + 1
---- ( 1 as 1
unit)
Come together
(3!x2!) = 12
4.)
How many distinguishable
rearrangements of the letters in the word CONTEST start with the two vowels?
= 60
2! x
= 120
(5 consonants but there are two T)
(2 vowels x consonants)
Or 5! = 120
Combination:
Groupings (No arrangement) (ab=ba)
1.) Selection of girls ABC
a.) Two girls
3C2 = 3
----- (AB, BC, CA)
AB and BA is the
same selection
b.) Three girls
3C3 = 1
----- (ABC)
ABC , CAB and CBA is
the same selection
2.) 11 players is selected out of 16 players
16C11 = 4368
a.) If one is exclude:
15C11 = 1365
b.) If to include a particular man:
1! 15C10 = 3003
