06/03/16
Special Topics in Network
Security
Dr. Hassan Chizari
Wireless Revolution
Boston central telephone station at 40 Pearl Street after the blizzard of 1881
06/03/16
How Did We Get Here?
Advances wireless technology
Micro-electrical-mechanical (MEMS), Very-LargeScale-Integration (VLSI)
Bandwidth explosion
Changes in regulation
Cultural changes
Wireless devices are everywhere and people are
receptive to new applications
The concept of networks are ingrained in culture
Open source
Computer Science
Operating system theory, network theory
Inexpensive compilers
Wireless Revolution
1st Transistor, 1947
1st Integrated Circuit, ~1958
TI REGENCY TR-1,
1955, $450 (today)
Sony TR-610, 1958
Integrated Circuit, 1963
Today ~$5
06/03/16
Wireless Revolution
Size reduction of cellular telephones
Confusion of Terms On Sensors
Berkeley Mote
?
RFID
MAC Protocols
Tiny-OS
RSSI
Crossbow
Localization
ZigBee
Smart Dust
Self-Organizing Networks
Tiny-DB
ISM Band
Rumor Routing
Directed Diffusion
Power Management
06/03/16
A Sensor Node
Tiny piece of anything
Low-power RF transceiver
Microcontroller
Crossbow mote
with battery
Operating system
A Sensor : Mote
Transceiver 400 MHz and up
Line-of-sight
Short range
Unlicensed operation
Microcontroller
ATmega 128 - 16 MHz, 128KB Flash, 4 KB
RAM
Low power, sleep modes
TinyOS
Makes programming much, much easier
06/03/16
Operating Systems
MSDOS, Windows, Linux, TinyOS
NOT the interface, but
The program that manages all other
software and the hardware resources
Provide services to other programs
applications (encapsulate common
tasks)
For example, a simple task such as writing
a few bytes to a disk without an OS is a
significant task
Isolate programmer from hardware
Sensor Network
Antenna
Server
Interface
electronics, radio
and microcontroller
Soil moisture
probe
Communications
barrier
Mote
Sensor field
Gateway
Internet
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Sensor Network
Server
Watershed
Sensor
field
Gateway
Internet
Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems
(MEMS)
~ 1mm
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Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems
(MEMS)
~ 1mm
Small Sensors
Sensor uses electrochemical and photonic
properties to perform bioanalysis
~ 5 mm
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RF MEMS
Conventional LC Filters - Qs of
100-200, significant board space
MEMS Filters: Qs of 98,000 in vacuum, very small
Computer Revolution
Original IBM PC (1981)
Raspberry Pi 2 (2015)
4.77 MHz
900 MHz Quad Core
16-256 KB RAM
1 GB RAM
160 KB Floppies
8GB Flash
~ $6K (today)
~ $35
~ 64 W
~14 mW
25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch
0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch
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Sensor Network
Server
Gateway
Internet
Telemetry
Distance measurement
Most often radio link
Military
Environmental
Industrial (SCADA)
Biological
Medical
Non-military ISM bands
06/03/16
ISM Bands
The industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)
radio bands
Originally internationally for non-commercial
use of RF. Limitations on data.
Today, commercial, Wireless LAN, Bluetooth,
IEEE 802.xx networks. No limitations on
data.
Bands
900 MHz band (33.3 cm wavelength)
2.4 GHz band (12.2 cm wavelength)
5.8 GHz band (5.2 cm wavelength)
License Free, but NOT unregulated
Often Spread Spectrum, but need not be
UAVs
Weather
Wallops Island
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06/03/16
CSBUOY-NS Buoy System
Datalogger
900 MHz wireless transceiver
1/4 wave whip antenna
Rechargeable battery
Solar panel
~ 1.5 km LOS
900 MHz
Water quality, temperature
Biotelemetry
Albatross tracking
Predatory bird
tracking
Whale tracking
Caribou tracking
Body composition of
sea lions
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06/03/16
Argos Satellite System
Worldwide tracking and environmental
monitoring by satellite
International: CNES, NASA, NOAA
Polar orbiting satellite
Ground stations
Fairbanks (AK), Wallops Island (VA) &
Lannion, France
Pre-processed by the National
Environmental Satellite, Data, and
Information Service (NESDIS) in Suitland
Maryland
Argos
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06/03/16
Argos Applications
Fishing Management
Protecting Wildlife
Ocean and Climate
Monitoring Volcanoes
Tracking Sailboats
Tracking Expeditions
Tracking Hazardous Materials
Biotelemetry: Northern Pintail
USGS Western
Ecological Research
Center Pinsat
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06/03/16
Biotelemetry
12 gram, solar PTT from
Microwave Telemetry,
includes GPS
CNES, NASA, or NOAA,
polar orbiting satellite
Argos processing
center
$5K per node
and
operating costs
E-mail
Medical: Video Pill
Light, video camera, transmitter
Receiver strapped on patient
Swallow
Video pill & standard endoscope
24 hours to travel through body
The pill's view of the stomach and intestine
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06/03/16
Asset Tracking
Terminology
Fleet tracking, Asset Tracking
Combine GPS + Radio (cell phone)
Mature: Turn-key
Marketed as a service. Companies will
Install hardware
Deal with phone companies
Provide tracking software
Monthly charge
Real-time tracking (high-end)
Locator services (low-end)
OnStar
Example of an Asset Tracking Kit
Web-based software
Asset Tracking Cell Modem
Commercial Cell
GPS Interface
Robust
Extended Temperature
Vibration
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06/03/16
Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)
Oil, Telecommunications, Power
industries, Municipal water systems
GOOGLE SCADA Software => 60K
hits
Pressure
Temperature
Flow
Levels
Telemetry vs. Sensor Networks
Similarities
Wireless
Measurements, sensors,
Important Differences
Network vs. non-networked
Embedded intelligence (in-network
processing) vs. centralized processing
Cost
Ad Hoc vs. Specialized
New vs. Old
Genealogy (Engineering vs. CS)
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06/03/16
Wireless Terms
Decibel (dB). Ratio of two powers
dB = 10 * log10 (P1/P2)
Example:
How much is the transmission power loss between Transmitter (Tx) and the receiver
(Rx). The transmit power (PTx) = 1.0 W. The received Power (PRx) = 0.01 W.
Solution:
Transmission Loss in dB
= 10 * log10 (PRx / PTx)
= 10 * log10 (0.01/1)
= 10 * log10 (10-2)
= 10 * -2 * log10 (10)
= -20 dB.
dBm. The reference power is in mW
Wireless Terms
SNR. Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Power, expressed in dB
Attenuation. Power loss (dB)
Antenna gain. How much more power the antenna received
compared to reference (half wave). Expressed in dB
MAC. Medium/Media Access Control
FDMA. Frequency Division Multiple Access
CDMA. Code Division Multiple Access
TDMA. Time-Division Multiple Access
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06/03/16
Wireless Terms
Circuit Switched. Dedicated (virtual) link between
parties. Connection held even when no data
transmitted.
Packet Data. Split information into packets and
route independently through network. Use of
spectrum only when data are transmitted.
Simplex communication. One direction at a time
Duplex communication . Transmit and receive
simultaneously
Received Signal Strength Indicator
(RSSI)
Measure of received signal strength of radio
Indicator of link quality
Radio can be interrogated for RSSI
On-board Software use RSSI
Typically a number 23, 19, etc.
Consult manufacturer for mapping to power
level dBm
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06/03/16
RSSI
OS determines RSSI is
too small for reliable link
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