Classificationssuc
5 kingdoms:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protoctist
Prokaryotes- Monera (Bacteria)
Characteristics of living organisms
Movement: the antagonistic action of our muscles causing a change in position or
place
Plants:
As they grow, they move slower
Roots move down into the soil
Their leaves and stems move up towards the light
Animals:
Are able to move their whole body
They move to get food
They move to avoid being caught by predators
Some only move some parts
Respiration: A chemical reaction, it is the release of energy from food that happens
in all living cells in the body
Glucose + Oxygen carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
Respiration is used for movement, growth, repair, reproduction; all living organisms
respire because they need energy.
Sensitivity: the ability to detect react and sense changes in their environment
(stimulus)
Plants:
Moving leaves
Leaves open and close depending on the time of day
Animals:
Have sensory cells for detecting light, sound, touch and pressure in air and in
food
Growth: Permanent increase in size and in dry mass- or increase in complexity
Increase in cell number or/and cell size
Plants:
Carry on growth throughout their lives
Animals:
Stop growing when they reach a certain size
Reproduction: The ability to produce more of the same organism or to make new
individuals
Asexual Reproduction:
1 parent giving rise to offspring that are often identical to each other or the
parent
Sexual Reproduction:
2 parent organisms producing gaments which fuse to five the next
generation, the offspring shows variation.
Excretion: The removal of metabolic waste from the body
All living organisms produce toxic waste as a result of metabolism
Respiration is a major part of metabolism
Plants:
Store waste in leaves until they leaves fall off
Animals:
Breath out CO2
Leave body through urine
Nutrition: ability to take in or make food which involves taking materials into the
body to provide energy and nutrients; which are needed for growth and repair
Nutrients are compounds and may be large: carbohydrates, proteins or simple;
mineral ions
Plants:
Photosynthesis; when energy from sunlight is absorbed and used to turn
carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars
Animals:
Make their own food by eating plants or animals to gain energy
The process of taking in food is ingestion the food is digested and absorbed
into the blood and then assimilated by cells for growth and repair
Food which is not digested and absorbed is egested into faeces
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
King Phillip Came Over For
Grape Soda
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Binominal System- (2 names: Genus and species ~trivial name~)
Species: a group of individuals living in the same habitat that breed together to
produce offspring
Genus: a group of species that are closely related but do not interbreed.
INVERTEBRATES
Nematodes
Group of worms such as hookworms which are round
Thread-like bodies that taper at mouth and anus
Round in cross section
No legs
No obvious head
Unsegemented bodies
Often parasites; an organism that lives in another organism( host)
Live in soil or water
Annelids
Group of worms and leeches
Soft bodies
SEGEMENTED bodies
Paddle-like extensions for moving
External bristles or chaetae instead of legs; for making contact with mud
Live in sea or soil
Some produce lubricant and mucus to help them move
Molluscs
Animals like snails and octopus
Soft bodies
Unsegemented bodies
Have 1 or 2 shells for protection or to avoid excessive water loss
Muscular foot for movement
Have tentacles
INVERTEBRATES ARTHROPODS
Segmented bodies / external skeleton (exoskeleton) / jointed legs / bilateral
symmetry
Crustaceans
Crabs, Shrimps, Lobsters
Cephalothorax body (head-thorax and abdomen) -2 regionsChalky exoskeleton
2 pairs of antennae
Compounded eyes
5-20 pairs of legs
Primarily aquatic/ some earthly
Myriapods
Centipede, Millipede
Long segmented bodies
Body isnt divided into regions
Many legs (depends on segment)
1 pair of antennae
Insects
Butterfly, Beetles, Grasshoppers
3 body parts (head-thorax-abdomen)
3 pairs of legs attached to thorax
2 antennae
1 or 2 pairs of wings
Compounded eyes
- Covered by a waterproof cuticle (prevent water loss)
Arachnids
Spiders, Scorpions, Mites
Cephalothorax body (2 regions)
8 legs
Simple eyes
No antennae
No wings
VERTEBRATES those with backbones
Internal skeleton made up of bone or cartilage
Fish
Tuna, shark, cod
Habitat: Water cold blooded
Streamlined
No limbs propulsion
Fins for swimming and balance
Eyes and lateral line for detecting pressure (vibrations)
Uses gills for breathing
Skin covered with overlapping scales
Lay eggs in water
Amphibians
Frogs, toads, salamander
Habitat: Land// return to water for reproduction(eggs external not inside
body)
Smooth moist skin
Gills for breathing or their skin in water
On land they use lungs
Reptiles
Crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles
Birds
Habitat: Land (dry regions)
Dry scaly skin
Fertilization in womens body
Lay eggs with leathery waterproof shells
Lungs for breathing
Mammals
Leopards, Dolphin, Bears
Hair and fur
Internal fertilization
Females suckle their young on
milk from mammary glands
Lunges for breathing
Warm blooded
Pinna
Hawks, eagles, parrots
Feathers
Front limbs are modified as wings
Most can fly
Beaks
Internal fertilization and Internal eardrum
Breath through lungs
Microorganisms
Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses
Bacteria
Some are shaped spherical and some are rod-shaped
Can only be seen with microscope
Bacteria calls are surrounded by cell wall. Some cells are surrounded by slime
capsules
No nucleus
Loop of DNA in cytoplasm, and sometimes additional loops called plasmids
No chloroplasts; some have flagella for moving through fluids
Reproduce by binary fission (divide into 2)
Produce spores for protective covering
Cell wall is made up of a material other than cellulose (like in plants) and
chitin (like in fungi).
Fungi
Many are visible to the naked eye
Multicellular although yeasts are single-celled
Each cell has a nucleus and cell wall which is made out of chitin not cellulose
as in plants
Do not have chlorophyll and cannot carry out photosynthesis
The main fungus body is called the mycelium
The mycelium consists of a branching network of threads or hyphae which
grow over the surface of its food source, releasing enzymes which digest the
food outside the fungus
The digested food is then absorbed by the hyphae
So basically they feed by releasing enzymes on to food and absorbing
products.
A fungus reproduces by making spores that can be carried by the wind which
is made in a structure called a sporangium.
Most fungi are saprotrophs; they feed on dead or decaying matter. But most
are parasites
Reproduce by binary fission. Multicellular use spores.
Cell walls are made up of a substance called chitin.
Animals: They are saprotrophs they feed on other organisms by releasing
enzymes
Plants: cell wall and vacuole
Viruses
Very small (100 times smaller than bacteria)
Not cellular (made up of cells)
Made up of DNA/RNA surrounded by a protein coat/capsid/capsomere.
Do not move, grow, respire, show sensitivity, excrete or feed.
Only reproduce inside host cells.
Viruses can be very harmful because they can reproduce so quickly and do
not respond to antibiotics
Flowering Plants
Referred to as the angiosperms
