Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
3/25/2016
Chapter 1
activities
percentage
Problem sets
attendance
quiz
20%
Finial exam
70%
Signals and systems
10%
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.21(c,f), 1.22(d,h),
1.23( c ), 1.24 (b), 1.31 (b)
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.1.1 Examples and Mathematical
Representations
q 1.1.2 Signal Energy and Power
q
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Can be continuous
Can be discrete
For this course: Focus on a single independent
variable which we call time.
q Continuous-Time (CT) signals: x(t), t
continuous values
q Discrete-Time (DT) signals: x[n], n integer
values only
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
DT signals:
What is the
feature of DT?
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Jan
Weekly Dow-Jones industral average
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Digital image
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
DNA base sequence
q Population of the Nth generation of some
species
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Can be processed by modern digital
computers
q Can be processed by Digital Signal
Processors(DSPs)
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Definitions of DT and
CT Energy and Power
E @ lim
T T
1.6, 1.7 (p6)
1.8, 1.9 (p7)
Signals and systems
x (t ) dt
1
P @ lim
T 2T
x (t ) dt
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x (t ) dt
E @ lim x[n ] x[n ]
2
N
1
2
P @ lim
x[n ]
N 2 N 1
N
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.2.1 Examples of Transformations of the
independent variable
1.2.2 Periodic signals
1.2.3 Even and Odd signals
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.2.1 examples of Transformations of the
Independent Variable
(p8)
q Time shift
q Time reversal
q Time scaling
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Example: given x(t), sketch x(2-t/3)
x(t)
2
1
-1
-1
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Time reversal:
x(-t)
2
-3
-1
-1
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Signals and Systems
Time scaling
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
x(-t/3)
-9
-6
-3
3
-1
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Time shifting:
x(2-t/3)
2
1
-3
-1
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
How to sketch according to steps of :
time shifting- time scaling time reversal ?
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
for signal x(at+b) (see example 1.3, p11)
delay or advance x(t) in accordance with the
value of only b;
perform time scaling (stretch or compress)
and time reversal (reflect about t=0) on the
resulting signal in accordance with the value
of a.
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Definition (see p12)
q
for all t, if x(t)=x(t+kT), x(t) is periodic.
The basic (fundamental) period is T, where T
is positive and k is integer.
q
for all n, if x[n]=x[n+kN], x[n] is periodic.
The basic (fundamental) period is N, where N
is positive and k is integer.
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Definition Even signals and Odd signals:
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q Even:
If x(t)=x(-t) / x[n]=x[-n]
q Odd:
If x(t)= -x(-t) / x[n]= -x[-n]
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Even / Odd part of a signal
q Any
signal can be broken into a sum of two
signals, one of which is even and one of which
is odd:
Ev {x(t)}=1/2{x(t)+x(-t)};
t)}
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Od {x(t)}=1/2{x(t)-x(-
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Examples: break a given signal into odd
part and even part
1) Common signal
2) Odd signal or even signal
q
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.3.1 Continuous-Time complex
exponential and Sinusoidal signals
q 1.3.2 Discrete-Time complex exponential
and sinusoidal signals
q 1.3.3 Periodicity properties of DiscreteTime complex exponentials
q
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Signals and Systems
q
q
q
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
General form
Real exponential signals
Periodic complex exponential and
sinusoidal signals
General complex exponential signals
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x(t ) Ce at
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x(t ) Ce
Signals and systems
at
In general, C and a are complex numbers
Why we are interested in
discussing complex
exponential signals?
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x(t ) Ce
Signals and systems
at
Fig. 1.19
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x(t ) e
Signals and systems
j0t
x(t) is periodic complex exponential
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j 0 t
cos 0 t j sin 0 t
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x ( t ) C e at
Where
C C e j
Signals and systems
Reason why we
discuss complex
exponential signals
a r j 0
then
Ceat C ert cos(0 t ) j C ert sin(0 t )
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
The complex exponential signal or sequence
definition form.
q Real exponential signals
q Sinusoidal signals
q General complex exponential signals
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x[ n ] C
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Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x[ n ] C
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Signals and systems
> 1;
0<<1;
-1<<0;
<-1
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
General form: x [ n ] C n
q Constrain the magnitude of to be 1, that is:
1
Then
Or
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e
x[n] e
j 0
j0 n
x[n] cos(0 n )
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
C C e j , e j0
then
C n C n cos(0 n ) j C n sin(0 n )
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.4.1 The DT unit impulse and unit step
sequences
q 1.4.2 the CT unit step and unit impulse
functions
q
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Unit impulse (or unit sample)
[ n]
q
Signals and systems
0, n 0
1, n 0
Unit step
u[n]
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0, n 0
1, n 0
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
[n] u[n] u[n 1]
u[n]
[ m]
or
u[n] [n k ]
k 0
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Make
sense?
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
x[n] [n n0 ] x[n0 ] [n n0 ]
when n0 0,
x[n] [n] x[0] [n]
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Unit step function
u (t )
q
Signals and systems
Interpret in
fig.1.33, 1.34
0, t 0
1, t >0
Unit impulse function
Not
differentiable?
du (t )
(t )
dt
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
u (t ) ( )d
or
u (t ) (t )d
0
du (t )
(t )
dt
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
x(t ) (t ) x(0) (t )
x(t ) (t t0 ) x(t0 ) (t t0 )
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
1)
1
(at ) (t )
a
2)
(t ) (t )
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Signals and systems
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
a) sketch (cos t ) and calculate (1 t ) (cos t )dt
q b) given x (t ) as depicted below, sketch
and label the transformation of the original
signal carefully:
x (t )
q
1
x(1 t )u (t 3)
2
(2)
2
1
t
-3
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-1
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.5.1 simple examples of systems
q 1.5.2 Interconnections of systems
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Systems that are symbolically presented or
pictorially presented
q Four basic systems
q
q Summer/accumulator,
delay
multiplier, differential,
Examples
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x (t ) y (t )h(t )
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x[n] y[n]h[n]
Signals and systems
Symbolically presented systems:
x[n] y[n]
x(t ) y (t )
Pictorially presented systems:
x(t )
h(t )
y (t )
x[n]
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h[n]
y[n]
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Summer/accumulator, multiplier, differential,
delay
x1 (t )
y (t )
x(t )
y (t )
x2 (t )
x(t )
dx(t )
dt
y (t )
x[n]
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y[n] x[n 1]
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Differential equations and difference
equations can represent systems in a wide
variety of applications.
For example:
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dy (t )
ay (t ) bx(t )
dt
ay[n] by[n 1] cx[n]
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Requirement: familiar with their
pictorial represents
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Signals and Systems
q
q
q
q
q
q
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.6.1 systems with and without memory
1.6.2 invertibility and Inverse systems
1.6.3 causality
1.6.4 Stability
1.6.5 Time Invariance
1.6.6 Linearity
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
y(t) = x(t); y[n]=x[n]------identical system()
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
y[n]
x[k ]
Signals and systems
y (t ) x( )d
y[n] y[n 1] x[n]
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Is these system memoryless or with memory?
y (t ) (t 1) x(t )
2
y (t ) x(t )
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
y (t ) 2 x(t )
y[n]
Signals and systems
y (t ) x 2 (t )
y[n] 0
x[k ]
Invertible systems
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Noninvertible systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
All causal systems have memory.
q All memoryless systems are causal.
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Example: determine if the following
systems are causal or not
t
y (t ) x( )d
y (t )
t 2
x( )d
M
1
y[n]
x[n k ]
2M 1 k M
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Causal
system
Noncausal
systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
If the input to a stable system is bounded,
then the output must also be bounded and
therefore cannot diverge.
q examples
q
y (t ) e
x (t )
System stable
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y[n]
x[k ]
System nonstable
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
A system is time invariant if the behavior
and characteristics of the system are fixed
over time.
q Example: time-shifting transformation
q Time scaling and reversal transformation
systems are all time varying systems.
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Definition
q Additivity & homogeneity
q Combined statement
q Superposition property
q examples
q
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Additivity property (
if
x1 (t ) y1 (t )
x2 (t ) y2 (t )
then
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x1 (t ) x2 (t ) y1 (t ) y2 (t )
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Signals and Systems
if
then
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
x(t ) y (t )
ax (t ) ay (t )
Where a is any complex constant.
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y (t ) Im{x (t )}
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
y (t ) Im{x(t )}
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Combined statements
x1 (t ) y1 (t )
x2 (t ) y2 (t )
ax1 (t ) bx2 (t ) ay1 (t ) by2 (t )
x1[n] y1[n]
Where a and b are
any complex
constants
x2 [n] y2 [n]
ax1[n] bx2 [n] ay1[n] by2 [n]
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
if
x[n] ak xk [n] a1 x1[n] a2 x2 [n] a3 x3 [n]
then
y[n] ak yk [n] a1 y1[n] a2 y2 [n] a3 y3 [n]
This property holds for linear systems
in both continuous and discrete time.
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
the survey of what we have discussed:
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Scaling, reversal, shift of independent variables
from the given signal x(t), sketch x(at+b)
q Periodic signals
See if it is periodic and determine the fundamental
period
q System properties
Determine if the system is: memoryless,
invertible,causal, stable, time invariant, linear
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Thanks!
Dont forget your
homework!
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